all: Rework page store, add a dynacache, improve partial rebuilds, and some general spring cleaning

There are some breaking changes in this commit, see #11455. Closes #11455 Closes #11549 This fixes a set of bugs (see issue list) and it is also paying some technical debt accumulated over the years. We now build with Staticcheck enabled in the CI build. The performance should be about the same as before for regular sized Hugo sites, but it should perform and scale much better to larger data sets, as objects that uses lots of memory (e.g. rendered Markdown, big JSON files read into maps with transform.Unmarshal etc.) will now get automatically garbage collected if needed. Performance on partial rebuilds when running the server in fast render mode should be the same, but the change detection should be much more accurate. A list of the notable new features: * A new dependency tracker that covers (almost) all of Hugo's API and is used to do fine grained partial rebuilds when running the server. * A new and simpler tree document store which allows fast lookups and prefix-walking in all dimensions (e.g. language) concurrently. * You can now configure an upper memory limit allowing for much larger data sets and/or running on lower specced PCs. We have lifted the "no resources in sub folders" restriction for branch bundles (e.g. sections). Memory Limit * Hugos will, by default, set aside a quarter of the total system memory, but you can set this via the OS environment variable HUGO_MEMORYLIMIT (in gigabytes). This is backed by a partitioned LRU cache used throughout Hugo. A cache that gets dynamically resized in low memory situations, allowing Go's Garbage Collector to free the memory. New Dependency Tracker: Hugo has had a rule based coarse grained approach to server rebuilds that has worked mostly pretty well, but there have been some surprises (e.g. stale content). This is now revamped with a new dependency tracker that can quickly calculate the delta given a changed resource (e.g. a content file, template, JS file etc.). This handles transitive relations, e.g. $page -> js.Build -> JS import, or $page1.Content -> render hook -> site.GetPage -> $page2.Title, or $page1.Content -> shortcode -> partial -> site.RegularPages -> $page2.Content -> shortcode ..., and should also handle changes to aggregated values (e.g. site.Lastmod) effectively. This covers all of Hugo's API with 2 known exceptions (a list that may not be fully exhaustive): Changes to files loaded with template func os.ReadFile may not be handled correctly. We recommend loading resources with resources.Get Changes to Hugo objects (e.g. Page) passed in the template context to lang.Translate may not be detected correctly. We recommend having simple i18n templates without too much data context passed in other than simple types such as strings and numbers. Note that the cachebuster configuration (when A changes then rebuild B) works well with the above, but we recommend that you revise that configuration, as it in most situations should not be needed. One example where it is still needed is with TailwindCSS and using changes to hugo_stats.json to trigger new CSS rebuilds. Document Store: Previously, a little simplified, we split the document store (where we store pages and resources) in a tree per language. This worked pretty well, but the structure made some operations harder than they needed to be. We have now restructured it into one Radix tree for all languages. Internally the language is considered to be a dimension of that tree, and the tree can be viewed in all dimensions concurrently. This makes some operations re. language simpler (e.g. finding translations is just a slice range), but the idea is that it should also be relatively inexpensive to add more dimensions if needed (e.g. role). Fixes #10169 Fixes #10364 Fixes #10482 Fixes #10630 Fixes #10656 Fixes #10694 Fixes #10918 Fixes #11262 Fixes #11439 Fixes #11453 Fixes #11457 Fixes #11466 Fixes #11540 Fixes #11551 Fixes #11556 Fixes #11654 Fixes #11661 Fixes #11663 Fixes #11664 Fixes #11669 Fixes #11671 Fixes #11807 Fixes #11808 Fixes #11809 Fixes #11815 Fixes #11840 Fixes #11853 Fixes #11860 Fixes #11883 Fixes #11904 Fixes #7388 Fixes #7425 Fixes #7436 Fixes #7544 Fixes #7882 Fixes #7960 Fixes #8255 Fixes #8307 Fixes #8863 Fixes #8927 Fixes #9192 Fixes #9324
Merge commit '9b0050e9aabe4be65c78ccf292a348f309d50ccd' as 'docs'
2026-08-25 15:58:53 +00:00 · 2024-01-27 16:28:14 +01:00 · 2024-01-27 10:48:57 +01:00 · 2024-01-27 10:48:33 +01:00 · 2024-01-27 10:47:28 +01:00 · 2024-01-26 16:06:12 +00:00
2625 changed files with 139658 additions and 82457 deletions
@@ -1,51 +1,117 @@
-defaults: &defaults
-  docker:
-      - image: bepsays/ci-goreleaser:1.13-4
-  environment:
-    CGO_ENABLED: "0"
+parameters:

+# v2: 11m.
+defaults: &defaults
+  resource_class: large
+  docker:
+      - image: bepsays/ci-hugoreleaser:1.22100.20600
+environment: &buildenv
+      GOMODCACHE: /root/project/gomodcache
 version: 2
 jobs:
-  build:
-    <<: *defaults
+  prepare_release:
+    <<: *defaults 
+    environment: &buildenv
+        GOMODCACHE: /root/project/gomodcache
    steps:
-      - checkout:
+      - &remote-docker
+        setup_remote_docker: 
+          version: 20.10.14
+      - checkout: 
          path: hugo
+      - &git-config
+        run:
+           command: |
+            git config --global user.email "bjorn.erik.pedersen+hugoreleaser@gmail.com"
+            git config --global user.name "hugoreleaser"
      - run:
-            command: |
-                git clone git@github.com:gohugoio/hugoDocs.git
-                cd hugo
-                go mod download
-                sleep 5
-                go test -p 1 ./...
-      - persist_to_workspace:
-          root: .
-          paths: .
-  release:
-    <<: *defaults
+          command: |
+            cd hugo
+            go mod download
+            go run -tags release main.go release --step 1
+      - save_cache:
+          key: git-sha-{{ .Revision }}
+          paths:
+            - hugo
+            - gomodcache
+  build_container1:
+    <<: [*defaults]
+    environment:
+      <<: [*buildenv]
    steps:
-      - attach_workspace:
-          at: /root/project
+      - &restore-cache
+        restore_cache:
+          key: git-sha-{{ .Revision }}
      - run:
-            command: |
-                    cd hugo
-                    git config --global user.email "bjorn.erik.pedersen+hugoreleaser@gmail.com"
-                    git config --global user.name "hugoreleaser"
-                    go run -tags release main.go release -r ${CIRCLE_BRANCH}
-
+          no_output_timeout: 20m
+          command: |
+            mkdir -p /tmp/files/dist1
+            cd hugo
+            hugoreleaser build -paths "builds/container1/**" -workers 3 -dist /tmp/files/dist1 -chunks $CIRCLE_NODE_TOTAL -chunk-index $CIRCLE_NODE_INDEX
+      - &persist-workspace
+        persist_to_workspace:
+          root: /tmp/files
+          paths:
+            - dist1
+            - dist2
+    parallelism: 7
+  build_container2:
+    <<: [*defaults]
+    environment:
+        <<: [*buildenv]
+    docker:
+    - image: bepsays/ci-hugoreleaser-linux-arm64:1.22100.20600
+    steps:
+      - *restore-cache
+      - &attach-workspace
+        attach_workspace:
+          at: /tmp/workspace
+      - run:
+          command: |
+                  mkdir -p /tmp/files/dist2
+                  cd hugo
+                  hugoreleaser build -paths "builds/container2/**" -workers 1 -dist /tmp/files/dist2
+      - *persist-workspace
+  archive_and_release:
+    <<: [*defaults]
+    environment:
+        <<: [*buildenv]
+    steps:
+      - *restore-cache
+      - *attach-workspace
+      - *git-config
+      - run:
+          name: Add github.com to known hosts
+          command: ssh-keyscan github.com >> ~/.ssh/known_hosts
+      - run:
+          command: |
+            cp -a /tmp/workspace/dist1/. ./hugo/dist
+            cp -a /tmp/workspace/dist2/. ./hugo/dist
+      - run:
+          command: |
+            cd hugo
+            hugoreleaser archive
+            hugoreleaser release
+            go run -tags release main.go release --step 2
 workflows:
  version: 2
  release:
      jobs:  
-        - build:
+        - prepare_release:
            filters:
              branches:
                only: /release-.*/
-        - hold:
-            type: approval
+        - build_container1:
            requires:
-              - build
-        - release:
+            - prepare_release
+        - build_container2:
+            requires:
+            - prepare_release
+        - archive_and_release:
            context: org-global
            requires:
-              - hold
+            - build_container1
+            - build_container2
+     
+  
+       
@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
 ---
 name: 'Bug report'
-labels: ''
+labels: 'Bug, NeedsTriage'
 assignees: ''
 about: Create a report to help us improve
 ---

-  
+<!--
+Please do not use the issue queue for questions or troubleshooting. Unless you are certain that your issue is a software defect, use the forum:
+
+https://discourse.gohugo.io
+-->
+
 <!-- Please answer these questions before submitting your issue. Thanks! -->

 ### What version of Hugo are you using (`hugo version`)?
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+blank_issues_enabled: false
+contact_links:
+    - name: SUPPORT, ISSUES and TROUBLESHOOTING
+      url: https://discourse.gohugo.io/
+      about: Please DO NOT use Github for support requests. Please visit https://discourse.gohugo.io for support! You will be helped much faster there. If you ignore this request your issue might be closed with a discourse label.
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 ---
 name: Proposal
-about: Suggest an idea for Hugo
+about: Propose a new feature for Hugo
 title: ''
-labels: 'Proposal'
+labels: 'Proposal, NeedsTriage'
 assignees: ''

 ---
+
+
+<!-- Describe this new feature. Think about if it really belongs in the Hugo core module; you may want to discuss it on https://discourse.gohugo.io/ first.  -->
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
---
-name: Support (Do not use)
-about: Please do not use Github for support requests. Visit https://discourse.gohugo.io for support
-title: ''
-labels: support
-assignees: ''
-
---
-
-Issues created with this template will be automatically closed. Please visit https://discourse.gohugo.io for the support you really, really, want!
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# See https://docs.github.com/en/github/administering-a-repository/configuration-options-for-dependency-updates#package-ecosystem
+version: 2
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: "gomod"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "daily"
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-# Number of days of inactivity before an issue becomes stale
-daysUntilStale: 120
-# Number of days of inactivity before a stale issue is closed
-daysUntilClose: 30
-# Issues with these labels will never be considered stale
-exemptLabels:
-  - Keep
-  - Security
-# Label to use when marking an issue as stale
-staleLabel: Stale
-# Comment to post when marking an issue as stale. Set to `false` to disable
-markComment: >
-  This issue has been automatically marked as stale because it has not had
-  recent activity. The resources of the Hugo team are limited, and so we are asking for your help.
-
-  If this is a **bug** and you can still reproduce this error on the <code>master</code> branch, please reply with all of the information you have about it in order to keep the issue open.
-
-  If this is a **feature request**, and you feel that it is still relevant and valuable, please tell us why.
-
-  This issue will automatically be closed in the near future if no further activity occurs. Thank you for all your contributions.
-  
-# Comment to post when closing a stale issue. Set to `false` to disable
-closeComment: false
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-on:
-  schedule:
-  - cron: 0 5 * * 3 
-name: Weekly Issue Closure
-jobs:
-  cycle-weekly-close:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@master
-    - name: weekly-issue-closure
-      uses: bdougie/close-issues-based-on-label@master
-      env:
-        LABEL: support
-        GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+name: 'Close stale and lock closed issues and PRs'
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+  schedule:
+    - cron: '30 1 * * *'
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+jobs:
+  stale:
+    permissions:
+      issues: write
+      pull-requests: write
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: dessant/lock-threads@08e671be8ac8944d0e132aa71d0ae8ccfb347675
+        with:
+          issue-inactive-days: 21
+          add-issue-labels: 'Outdated'
+          issue-comment: >
+            This issue has been automatically locked since there
+            has not been any recent activity after it was closed.
+            Please open a new issue for related bugs.
+          pr-comment: >
+            This pull request has been automatically locked since there
+            has not been any recent activity after it was closed.
+            Please open a new issue for related bugs.
+      - uses: actions/stale@04a1828bc18ada028d85a0252a47cd2963a91abe
+        with:
+          operations-per-run: 999
+          days-before-issue-stale: 365
+          days-before-pr-stale: 365
+          days-before-issue-close: 56
+          days-before-pr-close: 56
+          stale-issue-message: >
+            This issue has been automatically marked as stale because it has not had
+            recent activity. The resources of the Hugo team are limited, and so we are asking for your help.
+
+            If this is a **bug** and you can still reproduce this error on the <code>master</code> branch, please reply with all of the information you have about it in order to keep the issue open.
+
+            If this is a **feature request**, and you feel that it is still relevant and valuable, please tell us why.
+
+            This issue will automatically be closed in the near future if no further activity occurs. Thank you for all your contributions.
+          stale-pr-message: This PR has been automatically marked as stale because it has not had
+            recent activity. The resources of the Hugo team are limited, and so we are asking for your help.
+
+            Please check https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#code-contribution and verify that this code contribution fits with the description. If yes, tell is in a comment.
+
+            This PR will automatically be closed in the near future if no further activity occurs. Thank you for all your contributions.
+          stale-issue-label: 'Stale'
+          exempt-issue-labels: 'Keep,Security'
+          stale-pr-label: 'Stale'
+          exempt-pr-labels: 'Keep,Security'
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [ master ]
+  pull_request:
+name: TestDartSassV1
+env:
+    GOPROXY: https://proxy.golang.org
+    GO111MODULE: on
+    DART_SASS_VERSION: 1.62.1
+    DART_SASS_SHA_LINUX: 3574da75a7322a539034648b8ff84ff2cca162eb924d72b663d718cd3936f075
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+jobs:
+  test:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        go-version: [1.21.x]
+        os: [ubuntu-latest]
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    steps:
+    - name: Checkout code
+      uses: actions/checkout@8e5e7e5ab8b370d6c329ec480221332ada57f0ab
+    - name: Install Go
+      uses: actions/setup-go@fac708d6674e30b6ba41289acaab6d4b75aa0753
+      with:
+        go-version: ${{ matrix.go-version }}
+        check-latest: true
+        cache: true
+        cache-dependency-path: |
+          **/go.sum
+          **/go.mod
+    - name: Install Ruby
+      uses: ruby/setup-ruby@036ef458ddccddb148a2b9fb67e95a22fdbf728b
+      with:
+        ruby-version: '2.7' 
+        bundler-cache: true #
+    - name: Install Python
+      uses: actions/setup-python@3105fb18c05ddd93efea5f9e0bef7a03a6e9e7df
+      with:
+        python-version: '3.x'
+    - name: Install Mage
+      run: go install github.com/magefile/mage@v1.15.0
+    - name: Install asciidoctor
+      uses: reitzig/actions-asciidoctor@7570212ae20b63653481675fb1ff62d1073632b0
+    - name: Install docutils
+      run: |
+        pip install docutils
+        rst2html.py --version
+    - if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest'
+      name: Install pandoc on Linux
+      run: |
+          sudo apt-get update -y
+          sudo apt-get install -y pandoc
+    - if: matrix.os == 'macos-latest'
+      run: |
+        brew install pandoc
+    - if: matrix.os == 'windows-latest'
+      run: |
+        Choco-Install -PackageName pandoc
+    - run: pandoc -v
+    - name: Install dart-sass-embedded Linux
+      run: |
+        echo "Install Dart Sass version ${DART_SASS_VERSION} ..."
+        curl -LJO "https://github.com/sass/dart-sass-embedded/releases/download/${DART_SASS_VERSION}/sass_embedded-${DART_SASS_VERSION}-linux-x64.tar.gz";
+        echo "${DART_SASS_SHA_LINUX}  sass_embedded-${DART_SASS_VERSION}-linux-x64.tar.gz" | sha256sum -c;
+        tar -xvf "sass_embedded-${DART_SASS_VERSION}-linux-x64.tar.gz";
+        echo "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/sass_embedded/" >> $GITHUB_PATH
+    - name: Check
+      run: |
+        dart-sass-embedded --version
+        mage -v check;
+      env:
+        HUGO_BUILD_TAGS: extended
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [ master ]
+  pull_request:
+name: Test
+env:
+    GOPROXY: https://proxy.golang.org
+    GO111MODULE: on
+    SASS_VERSION: 1.63.2
+    DART_SASS_SHA_LINUX: 3ea33c95ad5c35fda6e9a0956199eef38a398f496cfb8750e02479d7d1dd42af
+    DART_SASS_SHA_MACOS: 11c70f259836b250b44a9cb57fed70e030f21f45069b467d371685855f1eb4f0
+    DART_SASS_SHA_WINDOWS: cd8cd36a619dd8e27f93d3186c52d70eb7d69472aa6c85f5094b29693e773f64
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+jobs:
+  test:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        go-version: [1.20.x,1.21.x]
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest, windows-latest]
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    steps:
+    - name: Checkout code
+      uses: actions/checkout@8e5e7e5ab8b370d6c329ec480221332ada57f0ab
+    - name: Install Go
+      uses: actions/setup-go@fac708d6674e30b6ba41289acaab6d4b75aa0753
+      with:
+        go-version: ${{ matrix.go-version }}
+        check-latest: true
+        cache: true
+        cache-dependency-path: |
+          **/go.sum
+          **/go.mod
+    - name: Install Ruby
+      uses: ruby/setup-ruby@036ef458ddccddb148a2b9fb67e95a22fdbf728b
+      with:
+        ruby-version: '2.7'
+        bundler-cache: true #
+    - name: Install Python
+      uses: actions/setup-python@3105fb18c05ddd93efea5f9e0bef7a03a6e9e7df
+      with:
+        python-version: '3.x'
+    - name: Install Mage
+      run: go install github.com/magefile/mage@v1.15.0
+    - name: Install asciidoctor
+      uses: reitzig/actions-asciidoctor@7570212ae20b63653481675fb1ff62d1073632b0
+    - name: Install docutils
+      run: |
+        pip install docutils
+        rst2html.py --version
+    - if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest'
+      name: Install pandoc on Linux
+      run: |
+          sudo apt-get update -y
+          sudo apt-get install -y pandoc
+    - if: matrix.os == 'macos-latest'
+      run: |
+        brew install pandoc
+    - if: matrix.os == 'windows-latest'
+      run: |
+        choco install pandoc
+    - run: pandoc -v
+    - if: matrix.os == 'windows-latest'
+      run: |
+        choco install mingw
+    - if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest'
+      name: Install dart-sass Linux
+      run: |
+        echo "Install Dart Sass version ${SASS_VERSION} ..."
+        curl -LJO "https://github.com/sass/dart-sass/releases/download/${SASS_VERSION}/dart-sass-${SASS_VERSION}-linux-x64.tar.gz";
+        echo "${DART_SASS_SHA_LINUX}  dart-sass-${SASS_VERSION}-linux-x64.tar.gz" | sha256sum -c;
+        tar -xvf "dart-sass-${SASS_VERSION}-linux-x64.tar.gz";
+        echo "$GOBIN"
+        echo "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/dart-sass/" >> $GITHUB_PATH
+    - if: matrix.os == 'macos-latest'
+      name: Install dart-sass MacOS
+      run: |
+        echo "Install Dart Sass version ${SASS_VERSION} ..."
+        curl -LJO "https://github.com/sass/dart-sass/releases/download/${SASS_VERSION}/dart-sass-${SASS_VERSION}-macos-x64.tar.gz";
+        echo "${DART_SASS_SHA_MACOS}  dart-sass-${SASS_VERSION}-macos-x64.tar.gz" | shasum -a 256 -c;
+        tar -xvf "dart-sass-${SASS_VERSION}-macos-x64.tar.gz";
+        echo "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/dart-sass/" >> $GITHUB_PATH
+    - if: matrix.os == 'windows-latest'
+      name: Install dart-sass Windows
+      run: |
+        echo "Install Dart Sass version ${env:SASS_VERSION} ..."
+        curl -LJO "https://github.com/sass/dart-sass/releases/download/${env:SASS_VERSION}/dart-sass-${env:SASS_VERSION}-windows-x64.zip";
+        Expand-Archive -Path "dart-sass-${env:SASS_VERSION}-windows-x64.zip" -DestinationPath .;
+        echo  "$env:GITHUB_WORKSPACE/dart-sass/" | Out-File -FilePath $Env:GITHUB_PATH -Encoding utf-8 -Append
+    - if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest'
+      name: Install staticcheck
+      run: go install honnef.co/go/tools/cmd/staticcheck@latest
+    - if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest'
+      name: Run staticcheck
+      run: staticcheck ./...
+    - if: matrix.os != 'windows-latest'
+      name: Check
+      run: |
+        sass --version;
+        mage -v check;
+      env:
+        HUGO_BUILD_TAGS: extended
+    - if: matrix.os == 'windows-latest'
+      # See issue #11052. We limit the build to regular test (no -race flag) on Windows for now.
+      name: Test
+      run: |
+        mage -v test;
+      env:
+        HUGO_BUILD_TAGS: extended
+    - name: Build tags
+      run: |
+        go install -tags extended,nodeploy
+    - if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest'
+      name: Build for dragonfly
+      run: |
+        go install
+      env:
+        GOARCH: amd64
+        GOOS: dragonfly
@@ -1,26 +1,3 @@
-/hugo
-docs/public*
-/.idea
-hugo.exe
+
 *.test
-*.prof
-nohup.out
-cover.out
-*.swp
-*.swo
-.DS_Store
-*~
-vendor/*/
-*.bench
-*.debug
-coverage*.out
-
-dock.sh
-
-GoBuilds
-dist
-
-resources/sunset.jpg
-
-vendor
-
+imports.*
@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-language: go
-
-dist: bionic
-
-env:
-  global:
-    - CACHE_NAME=${TRAVIS_ARCH}
-    - GO111MODULE=on
-    - GOPROXY=https://proxy.golang.org
-    - HUGO_BUILD_TAGS=extended
-
-git:
-  depth: false
-
-go:
-  - "1.12.13"
-  - "1.13.4"
-  - master
-
-arch:
-  - amd64
-  - arm64
-
-os:
-  - linux
-  - osx
-  - windows
-
-jobs:
-  allow_failures:
-    - go: master
-    - arch: arm64
-  fast_finish: true
-  exclude:
-    - os: windows
-      go: master
-    - arch: arm64
-      os: osx
-    - arch: arm64
-      os: windows
-
-cache:
-  directories:
-    - $HOME/gopath/pkg/mod
-    - $HOME/.cache/go-build
-    - $HOME/Library/Caches/go-build
-    - $HOME/AppData/Local/go-build
-
-before_install:
-  - df -h
-    # https://travis-ci.community/t/go-cant-find-gcc-with-go1-11-1-on-windows/293/5
-  - if [ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" = "windows" ]; then
-        choco install mingw -y;
-        export PATH=/c/tools/mingw64/bin:"$PATH";
-    fi
-  - gem install asciidoctor
-  - type asciidoctor
-
-install:
-  - mkdir -p $HOME/src
-  - mv $TRAVIS_BUILD_DIR $HOME/src
-  - export TRAVIS_BUILD_DIR=$HOME/src/hugo
-  - cd $HOME/src/hugo
-  - go get github.com/magefile/mage
-
-script:
-  - go mod download || true
-  - mage -v test
-  - if [ "$TRAVIS_ARCH" = "amd64" ]; then
-        mage -v check;
-    else
-        HUGO_TIMEOUT=30000 mage -v check;
-    fi
-  - mage -v hugo
-  - ./hugo -s docs/
-  - ./hugo --renderToMemory -s docs/
-  - df -h
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+>**Note:** We would apprecitate if you hold on with any big refactorings (like renaming deprecated Go packages), mainly because of potential for extra merge work for future coming in in the near future.
+
 # Contributing to Hugo

 We welcome contributions to Hugo of any kind including documentation, themes,
@@ -48,15 +50,15 @@ Hugo has become a fully featured static site generator, so any new functionality
 * strive not to break existing sites.
 * close or update an open [Hugo issue](https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/issues)

-If it is of some complexity, the contributor is expected to maintain and support the new future (answer questions on the forum, fix any bugs etc.).
+If it is of some complexity, the contributor is expected to maintain and support the new feature in the future (answer questions on the forum, fix any bugs etc.).

-It is recommended to open up a discussion on the [Hugo Forum](https://discourse.gohugo.io/) to get feedback on your idea before you begin. If you are submitting a complex feature, create a small design proposal on the [Hugo issue tracker](https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/issues) before you start.
+Any non-trivial code change needs to update an open [issue](https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/issues). A non-trivial code change without an issue reference with one of the labels `bug` or `enhancement` will not be merged.

+Note that we do not accept new features that require [CGO](https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/cgo).
+We have one exception to this rule which is LibSASS.

 **Bug fixes are, of course, always welcome.**

-
-
 ## Submitting Patches

 The Hugo project welcomes all contributors and contributions regardless of skill or experience level. If you are interested in helping with the project, we will help you with your contribution.
@@ -79,19 +81,22 @@ To make the contribution process as seamless as possible, we ask for the followi

 ### Git Commit Message Guidelines

-This [blog article](http://chris.beams.io/posts/git-commit/) is a good resource for learning how to write good commit messages,
+This [blog article](https://cbea.ms/git-commit/) is a good resource for learning how to write good commit messages,
 the most important part being that each commit message should have a title/subject in imperative mood starting with a capital letter and no trailing period:
-*"Return error on wrong use of the Paginator"*, **NOT** *"returning some error."*
+*"js: Return error when option x is not set"*, **NOT** *"returning some error."*
+
+Most title/subjects should have a lower-cased prefix with a colon and one whitespace. The prefix can be:
+
+* The name of the package where (most of) the changes are made (e.g. `media: Add text/calendar`)
+* If the package name is deeply nested/long, try to shorten it from the left side, e.g. `markup/goldmark` is OK, `resources/resource_transformers/js` can be shortened to `js`.
+* If this commit touches several packages with a common functional topic, use that as a prefix, e.g. `errors: Resolve correct line numbers`)
+* If this commit touches many packages without a common functional topic, prefix with `all:` (e.g. `all: Reformat Go code`)
+* If this is a documentation update, prefix with `docs:`.
+* If nothing of the above applies, just leave the prefix out.

 Also, if your commit references one or more GitHub issues, always end your commit message body with *See #1234* or *Fixes #1234*.
 Replace *1234* with the GitHub issue ID. The last example will close the issue when the commit is merged into *master*.

-Sometimes it makes sense to prefix the commit message with the package name (or docs folder) all lowercased ending with a colon.
-That is fine, but the rest of the rules above apply.
-So it is "tpl: Add emojify template func", not "tpl: add emojify template func.", and "docs: Document emoji", not "doc: document emoji."
-
-Please use a short and descriptive branch name, e.g. **NOT** "patch-1". It's very common but creates a naming conflict each time when a submission is pulled for a review.
-
 An example:

 ```text
@@ -117,12 +122,10 @@ cd hugo
 go install
 ```

->Note: Some Go tools may not be fully updated to support Go Modules yet. One example would be LiteIDE. Follow [this workaround](https://github.com/visualfc/liteide/issues/986#issuecomment-428117702) for how to continue to work with Hugo below `GOPATH`.
-
 For some convenient build and test targets, you also will want to install Mage:

 ```bash
-go get github.com/magefile/mage
+go install github.com/magefile/mage
 ```

 Now, to make a change to Hugo's source:
@@ -144,7 +147,7 @@ Now, to make a change to Hugo's source:
 1. Add your fork as a new remote (the remote name, "fork" in this example, is arbitrary):

    ```bash
-    git remote add fork git://github.com/USERNAME/hugo.git
+    git remote add fork git@github.com:USERNAME/hugo.git
    ```

 1. Push the changes to your new remote:
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 # Twitter:      https://twitter.com/gohugoio
 # Website:      https://gohugo.io/

-FROM golang:1.13-alpine AS build
+FROM golang:1.21-alpine AS build

-# Optionally set HUGO_BUILD_TAGS to "extended" when building like so:
+# Optionally set HUGO_BUILD_TAGS to "extended" or "nodeploy" when building like so:
 #   docker build --build-arg HUGO_BUILD_TAGS=extended .
 ARG HUGO_BUILD_TAGS

@@ -19,21 +19,21 @@ COPY . /go/src/github.com/gohugoio/hugo/

 # gcc/g++ are required to build SASS libraries for extended version
 RUN apk update && \
-    apk add --no-cache gcc g++ musl-dev && \
-    go get github.com/magefile/mage
+    apk add --no-cache gcc g++ musl-dev git && \
+    go install github.com/magefile/mage

 RUN mage hugo && mage install

 # ---

-FROM alpine:3.11
+FROM alpine:3.18

 COPY --from=build /go/bin/hugo /usr/bin/hugo

 # libc6-compat & libstdc++ are required for extended SASS libraries
 # ca-certificates are required to fetch outside resources (like Twitter oEmbeds)
 RUN apk update && \
-    apk add --no-cache ca-certificates libc6-compat libstdc++
+    apk add --no-cache ca-certificates libc6-compat libstdc++ git

 VOLUME /site
 WORKDIR /site
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@
      same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier
      identification within third-party archives.

-   Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
+   Copyright 2022 The Hugo Authors.

   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -1,187 +1,292 @@
-<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gohugoio/gohugoioTheme/master/static/images/hugo-logo-wide.svg?sanitize=true" alt="Hugo" width="565">
+[bep]: https://github.com/bep
+[bugs]: https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3ABug
+[contributing]: CONTRIBUTING.md
+[create a proposal]: https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/issues/new?labels=Proposal%2C+NeedsTriage&template=feature_request.md
+[documentation repository]: https://github.com/gohugoio/hugoDocs
+[documentation]: https://gohugo.io/documentation
+[dragonfly bsd, freebsd, netbsd, and openbsd]: https://gohugo.io/installation/bsd
+[forum]: https://discourse.gohugo.io
+[friends]: https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/graphs/contributors
+[go]: https://go.dev/
+[hugo modules]: https://gohugo.io/hugo-modules/
+[installation]: https://gohugo.io/installation
+[issue queue]: https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/issues
+[linux]: https://gohugo.io/installation/linux
+[macos]: https://gohugo.io/installation/macos
+[prebuilt binary]: https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/releases/latest
+[requesting help]: https://discourse.gohugo.io/t/requesting-help/9132
+[spf13]: https://github.com/spf13
+[static site generator]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_site_generator
+[support]: https://discourse.gohugo.io
+[themes]: https://themes.gohugo.io/
+[twitter]: https://twitter.com/gohugoio
+[website]: https://gohugo.io
+[windows]: https://gohugo.io/installation/windows

-A Fast and Flexible Static Site Generator built with love by [bep](https://github.com/bep), [spf13](http://spf13.com/) and [friends](https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/graphs/contributors) in [Go][].
+<a href="https://gohugo.io/"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gohugoio/gohugoioTheme/master/static/images/hugo-logo-wide.svg?sanitize=true" alt="Hugo" width="565"></a>

-[Website](https://gohugo.io) |
-[Forum](https://discourse.gohugo.io) |
-[Documentation](https://gohugo.io/getting-started/) |
-[Installation Guide](https://gohugo.io/getting-started/installing/) |
-[Contribution Guide](CONTRIBUTING.md) |
-[Twitter](https://twitter.com/gohugoio)
+A fast and flexible static site generator built with love by [bep], [spf13], and [friends] in [Go].
+
+---

 [![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/gohugoio/hugo?status.svg)](https://godoc.org/github.com/gohugoio/hugo)
-[![Linux and macOS Build Status](https://api.travis-ci.org/gohugoio/hugo.svg?branch=master&label=Windows+and+Linux+and+macOS+build "Windows, Linux and macOS Build Status")](https://travis-ci.org/gohugoio/hugo)
+[![Tests on Linux, MacOS and Windows](https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/workflows/Test/badge.svg)](https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/actions?query=workflow%3ATest)
 [![Go Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/gohugoio/hugo)](https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/gohugoio/hugo)

+[Website] | [Installation] | [Documentation] | [Support] | [Contributing] | <a rel="me" href="https://fosstodon.org/@gohugoio">Mastodon</a>
+
 ## Overview

-Hugo is a static HTML and CSS website generator written in [Go][].
-It is optimized for speed, ease of use, and configurability.
-Hugo takes a directory with content and templates and renders them into a full HTML website.
+Hugo is a [static site generator] written in [Go], optimized for speed and designed for flexibility. With its advanced templating system and fast asset pipelines, Hugo renders a complete site in seconds, often less.

-Hugo relies on Markdown files with front matter for metadata, and you can run Hugo from any directory.
-This works well for shared hosts and other systems where you don’t have a privileged account.
+Due to its flexible framework, multilingual support, and powerful taxonomy system, Hugo is widely used to create:

-Hugo renders a typical website of moderate size in a fraction of a second.
-A good rule of thumb is that each piece of content renders in around 1 millisecond.
+- Corporate, government, nonprofit, education, news, event, and project sites
+- Documentation sites
+- Image portfolios
+- Landing pages
+- Business, professional, and personal blogs
+- Resumes and CVs

-Hugo is designed to work well for any kind of website including blogs, tumbles, and docs.
+Use Hugo's embedded web server during development to instantly see changes to content, structure, behavior, and presentation. Then deploy the site to your host, or push changes to your Git provider for automated builds and deployment.

-#### Supported Architectures
+Hugo's fast asset pipelines include:

-Currently, we provide pre-built Hugo binaries for Windows, Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, DragonFly BSD, Open BSD, macOS (Darwin), and [Android](https://gist.github.com/bep/a0d8a26cf6b4f8bc992729b8e50b480b) for x64, i386 and ARM architectures.
+- CSS bundling &ndash; transpilation (Sass), tree shaking, minification, source maps, SRI hashing, and PostCSS integration
+- JavaScript bundling &ndash; transpilation (TypeScript, JSX), tree shaking, minification, source maps, and SRI hashing
+- Image processing &ndash; convert, resize, crop, rotate,  adjust colors, apply filters, overlay text and images, and extract EXIF data

-Hugo may also be compiled from source wherever the Go compiler tool chain can run, e.g. for other operating systems including Plan 9 and Solaris.
+And with [Hugo Modules], you can share content, assets, data, translations, themes, templates, and configuration with other projects via public or private Git repositories.

-**Complete documentation is available at [Hugo Documentation](https://gohugo.io/getting-started/).**
+## Sponsors

-## Choose How to Install
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p float="left">
+  <a href="https://www.linode.com/?utm_campaign=hugosponsor&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hugogithub" target="_blank"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gohugoio/gohugoioTheme/master/assets/images/sponsors/linode-logo_standard_light_medium.png" width="200" alt="Linode"></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+  <a href="https://cloudcannon.com/hugo-cms/?utm_campaign=HugoSponsorship&utm_source=sponsor&utm_content=gohugo" target="_blank"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gohugoio/gohugoioTheme/master/assets/images/sponsors/cloudcannon-blue.svg" width="220" alt="CloudCannon"></a>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>

-If you want to use Hugo as your site generator, simply install the Hugo binaries.
-The Hugo binaries have no external dependencies.
+## Installation

-To contribute to the Hugo source code or documentation, you should [fork the Hugo GitHub project](https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo#fork-destination-box) and clone it to your local machine.
+Install Hugo from a [prebuilt binary], package manager, or package repository. Please see the installation instructions for your operating system:

-Finally, you can install the Hugo source code with `go`, build the binaries yourself, and run Hugo that way.
-Building the binaries is an easy task for an experienced `go` getter.
+- [macOS]
+- [Linux]
+- [Windows]
+- [DragonFly BSD, FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD]

-### Install Hugo as Your Site Generator (Binary Install)
+## Build from source

-Use the [installation instructions in the Hugo documentation](https://gohugo.io/getting-started/installing/).
+Hugo is available in two editions: standard and extended. With the extended edition you can:

-### Build and Install the Binaries from Source (Advanced Install)
+- Encode to the WebP format when processing images. You can decode WebP images with either edition.
+- Transpile Sass to CSS using the embedded LibSass transpiler. The extended edition is not required to use the Dart Sass transpiler.

-#### Prerequisite Tools
+Prerequisites to build Hugo from source:

-* [Git](https://git-scm.com/)
-* [Go (at least Go 1.11)](https://golang.org/dl/)
+- Standard edition: Go 1.20 or later
+- Extended edition: Go 1.20 or later, and GCC

-#### Fetch from GitHub
+Build the standard edition:

-Since Hugo 0.48, Hugo uses the Go Modules support built into Go 1.11 to build. The easiest is to clone Hugo in a directory outside of `GOPATH`, as in the following example:
-
-```bash
-mkdir $HOME/src
-cd $HOME/src
-git clone https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo.git
-cd hugo
-go install
+```text
+go install github.com/gohugoio/hugo@latest
 ```

-**If you are a Windows user, substitute the `$HOME` environment variable above with `%USERPROFILE%`.**
-	
-## The Hugo Documentation
+Build the extended edition:

-The Hugo documentation now lives in its own repository, see https://github.com/gohugoio/hugoDocs. But we do keep a version of that documentation as a `git subtree` in this repository. To build the sub folder `/docs` as a Hugo site, you need to clone this repo:
-
-```bash
-git clone git@github.com:gohugoio/hugo.git
+```text
+CGO_ENABLED=1 go install -tags extended github.com/gohugoio/hugo@latest
 ```
-## Contributing to Hugo
+
+## Documentation
+
+Hugo's [documentation] includes installation instructions, a quick start guide, conceptual explanations, reference information, and examples.
+
+Please submit documentation issues and pull requests to the [documentation repository].
+
+## Support
+
+Please **do not use the issue queue** for questions or troubleshooting. Unless you are certain that your issue is a software defect, use the [forum].
+
+Hugo’s [forum] is an active community of users and developers who answer questions, share knowledge, and provide examples. A quick search of over 20,000 topics will often answer your question. Please be sure to read about [requesting help] before asking your first question.
+
+## Contributing
+
+You can contribute to the Hugo project by:
+
+- Answering questions on the [forum]
+- Improving the [documentation]
+- Monitoring the [issue queue]
+- Creating or improving [themes]
+- Squashing [bugs]
+
+Please submit documentation issues and pull requests to the [documentation repository].
+
+If you have an idea for an enhancement or new feature, create a new topic on the [forum] in the "Feature" category. This will help you to:
+
+- Determine if the capability already exists
+- Measure interest
+- Refine the concept
+
+If there is sufficient interest, [create a proposal]. Do not submit a pull request until the project lead accepts the proposal.

 For a complete guide to contributing to Hugo, see the [Contribution Guide](CONTRIBUTING.md).

-We welcome contributions to Hugo of any kind including documentation, themes,
-organization, tutorials, blog posts, bug reports, issues, feature requests,
-feature implementations, pull requests, answering questions on the forum,
-helping to manage issues, etc.
-
-The Hugo community and maintainers are [very active](https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/pulse/monthly) and helpful, and the project benefits greatly from this activity.
-
-### Asking Support Questions
-
-We have an active [discussion forum](https://discourse.gohugo.io) where users and developers can ask questions.
-Please don't use the GitHub issue tracker to ask questions.
-
-### Reporting Issues
-
-If you believe you have found a defect in Hugo or its documentation, use
-the GitHub issue tracker to report the problem to the Hugo maintainers.
-If you're not sure if it's a bug or not, start by asking in the [discussion forum](https://discourse.gohugo.io).
-When reporting the issue, please provide the version of Hugo in use (`hugo version`).
-
-### Submitting Patches
-
-The Hugo project welcomes all contributors and contributions regardless of skill or experience level.
-If you are interested in helping with the project, we will help you with your contribution.
-Hugo is a very active project with many contributions happening daily.
-
-We want to create the best possible product for our users and the best contribution experience for our developers,
-we have a set of guidelines which ensure that all contributions are acceptable.
-The guidelines are not intended as a filter or barrier to participation.
-If you are unfamiliar with the contribution process, the Hugo team will help you and teach you how to bring your contribution in accordance with the guidelines.
-
-For a complete guide to contributing code to Hugo, see the [Contribution Guide](CONTRIBUTING.md).
-
-[![Analytics](https://ga-beacon.appspot.com/UA-7131036-6/hugo/readme)](https://github.com/igrigorik/ga-beacon)
-
-[Go]: https://golang.org/
-[Hugo Documentation]: https://gohugo.io/overview/introduction/
-
 ## Dependencies

-Hugo stands on the shoulder of many great open source libraries, in lexical order:
+Hugo stands on the shoulders of great open source libraries. Run `hugo env --logLevel info` to display a list of dependencies.

- | Dependency  | License |
- | :------------- | :------------- |
- | [github.com/BurntSushi/locker](https://github.com/BurntSushi/locker) | The Unlicense |
- | [github.com/BurntSushi/toml](https://github.com/BurntSushi/toml) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/PuerkitoBio/purell](https://github.com/PuerkitoBio/purell) | BSD 3-Clause "New" or "Revised" License |
- | [github.com/PuerkitoBio/urlesc](https://github.com/PuerkitoBio/urlesc) | BSD 3-Clause "New" or "Revised" License |
- | [github.com/alecthomas/chroma](https://github.com/alecthomas/chroma) |  MIT License |
- | [github.com/bep/debounce](https://github.com/bep/debounce) |    MIT License |
- | [github.com/bep/gitmap](https://github.com/bep/gitmap) |  MIT License |
- | [github.com/bep/go-tocss](https://github.com/bep/go-tocss) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/niklasfasching/go-org](https://github.com/niklasfasching/go-org) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man](https://github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/danwakefield/fnmatch](https://github.com/danwakefield/fnmatch) | BSD 2-Clause "Simplified" License |
- | [github.com/disintegration/imaging](https://github.com/disintegration/imaging) |  MIT License |
- | [github.com/dlclark/regexp2](https://github.com/dlclark/regexp2) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/eknkc/amber](https://github.com/eknkc/amber) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify](https://github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify) |  BSD 3-Clause "New" or "Revised" License |
- | [github.com/gobwas/glob](https://github.com/gobwas/glob) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/gorilla/websocket](https://github.com/gorilla/websocket) |  BSD 2-Clause "Simplified" License |
- | [github.com/hashicorp/go-immutable-radix](https://github.com/hashicorp/go-immutable-radix) | Mozilla Public License 2.0 |
- | [github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru](https://github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru) | Mozilla Public License 2.0 |
- | [github.com/hashicorp/hcl](https://github.com/hashicorp/hcl) |   Mozilla Public License 2.0 |
- | [github.com/jdkato/prose](https://github.com/jdkato/prose) |    MIT License |
- | [github.com/kyokomi/emoji](https://github.com/kyokomi/emoji) |   MIT License |
- | [github.com/magiconair/properties](https://github.com/magiconair/properties) | BSD 2-Clause "Simplified" License |
- | [github.com/markbates/inflect](https://github.com/markbates/inflect) |  MIT License |
- | [github.com/mattn/go-isatty](https://github.com/mattn/go-isatty) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/mattn/go-runewidth](https://github.com/mattn/go-runewidth) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/miekg/mmark](https://github.com/miekg/mmark) | Simplified BSD License |
- | [github.com/mitchellh/hashstructure](https://github.com/mitchellh/hashstructure) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure](https://github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/muesli/smartcrop](https://github.com/muesli/smartcrop) |   MIT License |
- | [github.com/nicksnyder/go-i18n](https://github.com/nicksnyder/go-i18n) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter](https://github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/pelletier/go-toml](https://github.com/pelletier/go-toml) |  MIT License |
- | [github.com/pkg/errors](https://github.com/pkg/errors) |  BSD 2-Clause "Simplified" License |
- | [github.com/russross/blackfriday](https://github.com/russross/blackfriday)  | Simplified BSD License |
- | [github.com/shurcooL/sanitized_anchor_name](https://github.com/shurcooL/sanitized_anchor_name) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/spf13/afero](https://github.com/spf13/afero) | Apache License 2.0 |
- | [github.com/spf13/cast](https://github.com/spf13/cast) |  MIT License |
- | [github.com/spf13/cobra](https://github.com/spf13/cobra) | Apache License 2.0 |
- | [github.com/spf13/fsync](https://github.com/spf13/fsync) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman](https://github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/spf13/nitro](https://github.com/spf13/nitro) | Apache License 2.0 |
- | [github.com/spf13/pflag](https://github.com/spf13/pflag) | BSD 3-Clause "New" or "Revised" License |
- | [github.com/spf13/viper](https://github.com/spf13/viper) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/tdewolff/minify](https://github.com/tdewolff/minify) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/tdewolff/parse](https://github.com/tdewolff/parse) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/wellington/go-libsass](https://github.com/wellington/go-libsass) | Apache License 2.0 |
- | [github.com/yosssi/ace](https://github.com/yosssi/ace) |  MIT License |
- | [golang.org/x/image](https://golang.org/x/image) | BSD 3-Clause "New" or "Revised" License |
- | [golang.org/x/net](https://golang.org/x/net) | BSD 3-Clause "New" or "Revised" License |
- | [golang.org/x/sync](https://golang.org/x/sync) | BSD 3-Clause "New" or "Revised" License |
- | [golang.org/x/sys](https://golang.org/x/sys) | BSD 3-Clause "New" or "Revised" License |
- | [golang.org/x/text](https://golang.org/x/text) | BSD 3-Clause "New" or "Revised" License
- | [gopkg.in/yaml.v2](https://gopkg.in/yaml.v2) |    Apache License 2.0 |
+<details>
+<summary>See current dependencies</summary>

-  
- 
-  
- 
- 
- 
+```text
+cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata="v0.2.3"
+cloud.google.com/go/iam="v1.1.3"
+cloud.google.com/go/storage="v1.31.0"
+cloud.google.com/go="v0.110.8"
+github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore="v1.7.0"
+github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azidentity="v1.3.0"
+github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/internal="v1.3.0"
+github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/storage/azblob="v1.1.0"
+github.com/Azure/go-autorest/autorest/to="v0.4.0"
+github.com/AzureAD/microsoft-authentication-library-for-go="v1.0.0"
+github.com/BurntSushi/locker="v0.0.0-20171006230638-a6e239ea1c69"
+github.com/PuerkitoBio/purell="v1.1.1"
+github.com/PuerkitoBio/urlesc="v0.0.0-20170810143723-de5bf2ad4578"
+github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2="v2.11.1"
+github.com/armon/go-radix="v1.0.0"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/aws/protocol/eventstream="v1.4.11"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config="v1.18.32"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials="v1.13.31"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds="v1.13.7"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/s3/manager="v1.11.76"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources="v1.1.37"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2="v2.4.31"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/ini="v1.3.38"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/v4a="v1.1.0"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding="v1.9.12"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/checksum="v1.1.32"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url="v1.9.31"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/s3shared="v1.15.0"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/s3="v1.38.1"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso="v1.13.1"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc="v1.15.1"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts="v1.21.1"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2="v1.20.0"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go="v1.48.2"
+github.com/aws/smithy-go="v1.14.0"
+github.com/bep/clocks="v0.5.0"
+github.com/bep/debounce="v1.2.0"
+github.com/bep/gitmap="v1.1.2"
+github.com/bep/goat="v0.5.0"
+github.com/bep/godartsass/v2="v2.0.0"
+github.com/bep/godartsass="v1.2.0"
+github.com/bep/golibsass="v1.1.1"
+github.com/bep/gowebp="v0.3.0"
+github.com/bep/lazycache="v0.2.0"
+github.com/bep/logg="v0.3.0"
+github.com/bep/mclib="v1.20400.20402"
+github.com/bep/overlayfs="v0.6.0"
+github.com/bep/simplecobra="v0.3.2"
+github.com/bep/tmc="v0.5.1"
+github.com/clbanning/mxj/v2="v2.7.0"
+github.com/cli/safeexec="v1.0.1"
+github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2="v2.0.2"
+github.com/disintegration/gift="v1.2.1"
+github.com/dlclark/regexp2="v1.10.0"
+github.com/dustin/go-humanize="v1.0.1"
+github.com/evanw/esbuild="v0.19.7"
+github.com/fatih/color="v1.16.0"
+github.com/frankban/quicktest="v1.14.6"
+github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify="v1.7.0"
+github.com/getkin/kin-openapi="v0.120.0"
+github.com/ghodss/yaml="v1.0.0"
+github.com/go-openapi/jsonpointer="v0.19.6"
+github.com/go-openapi/swag="v0.22.4"
+github.com/gobuffalo/flect="v1.0.2"
+github.com/gobwas/glob="v0.2.3"
+github.com/gohugoio/go-i18n/v2="v2.1.3-0.20230805085216-e63c13218d0e"
+github.com/gohugoio/locales="v0.14.0"
+github.com/gohugoio/localescompressed="v1.0.1"
+github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4="v4.5.0"
+github.com/golang/groupcache="v0.0.0-20210331224755-41bb18bfe9da"
+github.com/golang/protobuf="v1.5.3"
+github.com/google/go-cmp="v0.6.0"
+github.com/google/s2a-go="v0.1.7"
+github.com/google/uuid="v1.4.0"
+github.com/google/wire="v0.5.0"
+github.com/googleapis/enterprise-certificate-proxy="v0.3.2"
+github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2="v2.12.0"
+github.com/gorilla/websocket="v1.5.1"
+github.com/hairyhenderson/go-codeowners="v0.4.0"
+github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru/v2="v2.0.1"
+github.com/invopop/yaml="v0.2.0"
+github.com/jdkato/prose="v1.2.1"
+github.com/jmespath/go-jmespath="v0.4.0"
+github.com/josharian/intern="v1.0.0"
+github.com/kr/pretty="v0.3.1"
+github.com/kr/text="v0.2.0"
+github.com/kylelemons/godebug="v1.1.0"
+github.com/kyokomi/emoji/v2="v2.2.12"
+github.com/mailru/easyjson="v0.7.7"
+github.com/marekm4/color-extractor="v1.2.1"
+github.com/mattn/go-colorable="v0.1.13"
+github.com/mattn/go-isatty="v0.0.20"
+github.com/mattn/go-runewidth="v0.0.9"
+github.com/mitchellh/hashstructure="v1.1.0"
+github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure="v1.5.0"
+github.com/mohae/deepcopy="v0.0.0-20170929034955-c48cc78d4826"
+github.com/muesli/smartcrop="v0.3.0"
+github.com/niklasfasching/go-org="v1.7.0"
+github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter="v0.0.5"
+github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2="v2.1.0"
+github.com/perimeterx/marshmallow="v1.1.5"
+github.com/pkg/browser="v0.0.0-20210911075715-681adbf594b8"
+github.com/pkg/errors="v0.9.1"
+github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal="v1.11.0"
+github.com/russross/blackfriday/v2="v2.1.0"
+github.com/rwcarlsen/goexif="v0.0.0-20190401172101-9e8deecbddbd"
+github.com/sanity-io/litter="v1.5.5"
+github.com/sass/dart-sass/compiler="1.63.2"
+github.com/sass/dart-sass/implementation="1.63.2"
+github.com/sass/dart-sass/protocol="2.0.0"
+github.com/sass/libsass="3.6.5"
+github.com/spf13/afero="v1.10.0"
+github.com/spf13/cast="v1.5.1"
+github.com/spf13/cobra="v1.7.0"
+github.com/spf13/fsync="v0.9.0"
+github.com/spf13/pflag="v1.0.5"
+github.com/tdewolff/minify/v2="v2.20.7"
+github.com/tdewolff/parse/v2="v2.7.5"
+github.com/webmproject/libwebp="v1.3.2"
+github.com/yuin/goldmark-emoji="v1.0.2"
+github.com/yuin/goldmark="v1.6.0"
+go.opencensus.io="v0.24.0"
+go.uber.org/atomic="v1.11.0"
+go.uber.org/automaxprocs="v1.5.3"
+gocloud.dev="v0.34.0"
+golang.org/x/crypto="v0.15.0"
+golang.org/x/exp="v0.0.0-20221031165847-c99f073a8326"
+golang.org/x/image="v0.13.0"
+golang.org/x/mod="v0.14.0"
+golang.org/x/net="v0.18.0"
+golang.org/x/oauth2="v0.13.0"
+golang.org/x/sync="v0.5.0"
+golang.org/x/sys="v0.14.0"
+golang.org/x/text="v0.14.0"
+golang.org/x/time="v0.3.0"
+golang.org/x/tools="v0.15.0"
+golang.org/x/xerrors="v0.0.0-20220907171357-04be3eba64a2"
+google.golang.org/api="v0.151.0"
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api="v0.0.0-20231016165738-49dd2c1f3d0b"
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc="v0.0.0-20231030173426-d783a09b4405"
+google.golang.org/genproto="v0.0.0-20231016165738-49dd2c1f3d0b"
+google.golang.org/grpc="v1.59.0"
+google.golang.org/protobuf="v1.31.0"
+gopkg.in/yaml.v2="v2.4.0"
+gopkg.in/yaml.v3="v3.0.1"
+howett.net/plist="v1.0.0"
+software.sslmate.com/src/go-pkcs12="v0.2.0"
+```
+</details>
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+## Security Policy
+
+### Reporting a Vulnerability
+
+Please report (suspected) security vulnerabilities to **[bjorn.erik.pedersen@gmail.com](mailto:bjorn.erik.pedersen@gmail.com)**. You will receive a response from us within 48 hours. If we can confirm the issue, we will release a patch as soon as possible depending on the complexity of the issue but historically within days.
+
+Also see [Hugo's Security Model](https://gohugo.io/about/security-model/).
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 # allow user to override go executable by running as GOEXE=xxx make ...
 GOEXE="${GOEXE-go}"

-# Send in a regexp mathing the benchmarks you want to run, i.e. './benchSite.sh "YAML"'. 
+# Send in a regexp matching the benchmarks you want to run, i.e. './benchSite.sh "YAML"'.
 # Note the quotes, which will be needed for more complex expressions.
 # The above will run all variations, but only for front matter YAML.

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ import (
 )

 var bufferPool = &sync.Pool{
-	New: func() interface{} {
+	New: func() any {
 		return &bytes.Buffer{}
 	},
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+// Package cache contains the different cache implementations.
+package cache
@@ -0,0 +1,550 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package dynacache
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"path"
+	"regexp"
+	"runtime"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/bep/lazycache"
+	"github.com/bep/logg"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/herrors"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/paths"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/rungroup"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/identity"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources/resource"
+)
+
+const minMaxSize = 10
+
+// New creates a new cache.
+func New(opts Options) *Cache {
+	if opts.CheckInterval == 0 {
+		opts.CheckInterval = time.Second * 2
+	}
+
+	if opts.MaxSize == 0 {
+		opts.MaxSize = 100000
+	}
+	if opts.Log == nil {
+		panic("nil Log")
+	}
+
+	if opts.MinMaxSize == 0 {
+		opts.MinMaxSize = 30
+	}
+
+	stats := &stats{
+		opts:             opts,
+		adjustmentFactor: 1.0,
+		currentMaxSize:   opts.MaxSize,
+		availableMemory:  config.GetMemoryLimit(),
+	}
+
+	infol := opts.Log.InfoCommand("dynacache")
+
+	c := &Cache{
+		partitions: make(map[string]PartitionManager),
+		opts:       opts,
+		stats:      stats,
+		infol:      infol,
+	}
+
+	c.stop = c.start()
+
+	return c
+}
+
+// Options for the cache.
+type Options struct {
+	Log           loggers.Logger
+	CheckInterval time.Duration
+	MaxSize       int
+	MinMaxSize    int
+	Running       bool
+}
+
+// Options for a partition.
+type OptionsPartition struct {
+	// When to clear the this partition.
+	ClearWhen ClearWhen
+
+	// Weight is a number between 1 and 100 that indicates how, in general, how big this partition may get.
+	Weight int
+}
+
+func (o OptionsPartition) WeightFraction() float64 {
+	return float64(o.Weight) / 100
+}
+
+func (o OptionsPartition) CalculateMaxSize(maxSizePerPartition int) int {
+	return int(math.Floor(float64(maxSizePerPartition) * o.WeightFraction()))
+}
+
+// A dynamic partitioned cache.
+type Cache struct {
+	mu sync.RWMutex
+
+	partitions map[string]PartitionManager
+	opts       Options
+	infol      logg.LevelLogger
+
+	stats    *stats
+	stopOnce sync.Once
+	stop     func()
+}
+
+// ClearMatching clears all partition for which the predicate returns true.
+func (c *Cache) ClearMatching(predicate func(k, v any) bool) {
+	g := rungroup.Run[PartitionManager](context.Background(), rungroup.Config[PartitionManager]{
+		NumWorkers: len(c.partitions),
+		Handle: func(ctx context.Context, partition PartitionManager) error {
+			partition.clearMatching(predicate)
+			return nil
+		},
+	})
+
+	for _, p := range c.partitions {
+		g.Enqueue(p)
+	}
+
+	g.Wait()
+}
+
+// ClearOnRebuild prepares the cache for a new rebuild taking the given changeset into account.
+func (c *Cache) ClearOnRebuild(changeset ...identity.Identity) {
+	g := rungroup.Run[PartitionManager](context.Background(), rungroup.Config[PartitionManager]{
+		NumWorkers: len(c.partitions),
+		Handle: func(ctx context.Context, partition PartitionManager) error {
+			partition.clearOnRebuild(changeset...)
+			return nil
+		},
+	})
+
+	for _, p := range c.partitions {
+		g.Enqueue(p)
+	}
+
+	g.Wait()
+
+	// Clear any entries marked as stale above.
+	g = rungroup.Run[PartitionManager](context.Background(), rungroup.Config[PartitionManager]{
+		NumWorkers: len(c.partitions),
+		Handle: func(ctx context.Context, partition PartitionManager) error {
+			partition.clearStale()
+			return nil
+		},
+	})
+
+	for _, p := range c.partitions {
+		g.Enqueue(p)
+	}
+
+	g.Wait()
+}
+
+type keysProvider interface {
+	Keys() []string
+}
+
+// Keys returns a list of keys in all partitions.
+func (c *Cache) Keys(predicate func(s string) bool) []string {
+	if predicate == nil {
+		predicate = func(s string) bool { return true }
+	}
+	var keys []string
+	for pn, g := range c.partitions {
+		pkeys := g.(keysProvider).Keys()
+		for _, k := range pkeys {
+			p := path.Join(pn, k)
+			if predicate(p) {
+				keys = append(keys, p)
+			}
+		}
+
+	}
+	return keys
+}
+
+func calculateMaxSizePerPartition(maxItemsTotal, totalWeightQuantity, numPartitions int) int {
+	if numPartitions == 0 {
+		panic("numPartitions must be > 0")
+	}
+	if totalWeightQuantity == 0 {
+		panic("totalWeightQuantity must be > 0")
+	}
+
+	avgWeight := float64(totalWeightQuantity) / float64(numPartitions)
+	return int(math.Floor(float64(maxItemsTotal) / float64(numPartitions) * (100.0 / avgWeight)))
+}
+
+// Stop stops the cache.
+func (c *Cache) Stop() {
+	c.stopOnce.Do(func() {
+		c.stop()
+	})
+}
+
+func (c *Cache) adjustCurrentMaxSize() {
+	c.mu.RLock()
+	defer c.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	if len(c.partitions) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	var m runtime.MemStats
+	runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
+	s := c.stats
+	s.memstatsCurrent = m
+	// fmt.Printf("\n\nAvailable = %v\nAlloc = %v\nTotalAlloc = %v\nSys = %v\nNumGC = %v\nMaxSize = %d\nAdjustmentFactor=%f\n\n", helpers.FormatByteCount(s.availableMemory), helpers.FormatByteCount(m.Alloc), helpers.FormatByteCount(m.TotalAlloc), helpers.FormatByteCount(m.Sys), m.NumGC, c.stats.currentMaxSize, s.adjustmentFactor)
+
+	if s.availableMemory >= s.memstatsCurrent.Alloc {
+		if s.adjustmentFactor <= 1.0 {
+			s.adjustmentFactor += 0.2
+		}
+	} else {
+		// We're low on memory.
+		s.adjustmentFactor -= 0.4
+	}
+
+	if s.adjustmentFactor <= 0 {
+		s.adjustmentFactor = 0.05
+	}
+
+	if !s.adjustCurrentMaxSize() {
+		return
+	}
+
+	totalWeight := 0
+	for _, pm := range c.partitions {
+		totalWeight += pm.getOptions().Weight
+	}
+
+	maxSizePerPartition := calculateMaxSizePerPartition(c.stats.currentMaxSize, totalWeight, len(c.partitions))
+
+	evicted := 0
+	for _, p := range c.partitions {
+		evicted += p.adjustMaxSize(p.getOptions().CalculateMaxSize(maxSizePerPartition))
+	}
+
+	if evicted > 0 {
+		c.infol.
+			WithFields(
+				logg.Fields{
+					{Name: "evicted", Value: evicted},
+					{Name: "numGC", Value: m.NumGC},
+					{Name: "limit", Value: helpers.FormatByteCount(c.stats.availableMemory)},
+					{Name: "alloc", Value: helpers.FormatByteCount(m.Alloc)},
+					{Name: "totalAlloc", Value: helpers.FormatByteCount(m.TotalAlloc)},
+				},
+			).Logf("adjusted partitions' max size")
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *Cache) start() func() {
+	ticker := time.NewTicker(c.opts.CheckInterval)
+	quit := make(chan struct{})
+
+	go func() {
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-ticker.C:
+				c.adjustCurrentMaxSize()
+			case <-quit:
+				ticker.Stop()
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return func() {
+		close(quit)
+	}
+}
+
+var partitionNameRe = regexp.MustCompile(`^\/[a-zA-Z0-9]{4}(\/[a-zA-Z0-9]+)?(\/[a-zA-Z0-9]+)?`)
+
+// GetOrCreatePartition gets or creates a partition with the given name.
+func GetOrCreatePartition[K comparable, V any](c *Cache, name string, opts OptionsPartition) *Partition[K, V] {
+	if c == nil {
+		panic("nil Cache")
+	}
+	if opts.Weight < 1 || opts.Weight > 100 {
+		panic("invalid Weight, must be between 1 and 100")
+	}
+
+	if partitionNameRe.FindString(name) != name {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("invalid partition name %q", name))
+	}
+
+	c.mu.RLock()
+	p, found := c.partitions[name]
+	c.mu.RUnlock()
+	if found {
+		return p.(*Partition[K, V])
+	}
+
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+
+	// Double check.
+	p, found = c.partitions[name]
+	if found {
+		return p.(*Partition[K, V])
+	}
+
+	// At this point, we don't know the the number of partitions or their configuration, but
+	// this will be re-adjusted later.
+	const numberOfPartitionsEstimate = 10
+	maxSize := opts.CalculateMaxSize(c.opts.MaxSize / numberOfPartitionsEstimate)
+
+	// Create a new partition and cache it.
+	partition := &Partition[K, V]{
+		c:       lazycache.New(lazycache.Options[K, V]{MaxEntries: maxSize}),
+		maxSize: maxSize,
+		trace:   c.opts.Log.Logger().WithLevel(logg.LevelTrace).WithField("partition", name),
+		opts:    opts,
+	}
+	c.partitions[name] = partition
+
+	return partition
+}
+
+// Partition is a partition in the cache.
+type Partition[K comparable, V any] struct {
+	c *lazycache.Cache[K, V]
+
+	zero V
+
+	trace logg.LevelLogger
+	opts  OptionsPartition
+
+	maxSize int
+}
+
+// GetOrCreate gets or creates a value for the given key.
+func (p *Partition[K, V]) GetOrCreate(key K, create func(key K) (V, error)) (V, error) {
+	v, _, err := p.c.GetOrCreate(key, create)
+	return v, err
+}
+
+// GetOrCreateWitTimeout gets or creates a value for the given key and times out if the create function
+// takes too long.
+func (p *Partition[K, V]) GetOrCreateWitTimeout(key K, duration time.Duration, create func(key K) (V, error)) (V, error) {
+	resultch := make(chan V, 1)
+	errch := make(chan error, 1)
+
+	go func() {
+		v, _, err := p.c.GetOrCreate(key, create)
+		if err != nil {
+			errch <- err
+			return
+		}
+		resultch <- v
+	}()
+
+	select {
+	case v := <-resultch:
+		return v, nil
+	case err := <-errch:
+		return p.zero, err
+	case <-time.After(duration):
+		return p.zero, &herrors.TimeoutError{
+			Duration: duration,
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (p *Partition[K, V]) clearMatching(predicate func(k, v any) bool) {
+	p.c.DeleteFunc(func(key K, v V) bool {
+		if predicate(key, v) {
+			p.trace.Log(
+				logg.StringFunc(
+					func() string {
+						return fmt.Sprintf("clearing cache key %v", key)
+					},
+				),
+			)
+			return true
+		}
+		return false
+	})
+}
+
+func (p *Partition[K, V]) clearOnRebuild(changeset ...identity.Identity) {
+	opts := p.getOptions()
+	if opts.ClearWhen == ClearNever {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if opts.ClearWhen == ClearOnRebuild {
+		// Clear all.
+		p.Clear()
+		return
+	}
+
+	depsFinder := identity.NewFinder(identity.FinderConfig{})
+
+	shouldDelete := func(key K, v V) bool {
+		// We always clear elements marked as stale.
+		if resource.IsStaleAny(v) {
+			return true
+		}
+
+		// Now check if this entry has changed based on the changeset
+		// based on filesystem events.
+		if len(changeset) == 0 {
+			// Nothing changed.
+			return false
+		}
+
+		var probablyDependent bool
+		identity.WalkIdentitiesShallow(v, func(level int, id2 identity.Identity) bool {
+			for _, id := range changeset {
+				if r := depsFinder.Contains(id, id2, -1); r > 0 {
+					// It's probably dependent, evict from cache.
+					probablyDependent = true
+					return true
+				}
+			}
+			return false
+		})
+
+		return probablyDependent
+	}
+
+	// First pass.
+	// Second pass needs to be done in a separate loop to catch any
+	// elements marked as stale in the other partitions.
+	p.c.DeleteFunc(func(key K, v V) bool {
+		if shouldDelete(key, v) {
+			p.trace.Log(
+				logg.StringFunc(
+					func() string {
+						return fmt.Sprintf("first pass: clearing cache key %v", key)
+					},
+				),
+			)
+			resource.MarkStale(v)
+			return true
+		}
+		return false
+	})
+}
+
+func (p *Partition[K, V]) Keys() []K {
+	var keys []K
+	p.c.DeleteFunc(func(key K, v V) bool {
+		keys = append(keys, key)
+		return false
+	})
+	return keys
+}
+
+func (p *Partition[K, V]) clearStale() {
+	p.c.DeleteFunc(func(key K, v V) bool {
+		isStale := resource.IsStaleAny(v)
+		if isStale {
+			p.trace.Log(
+				logg.StringFunc(
+					func() string {
+						return fmt.Sprintf("second pass: clearing cache key %v", key)
+					},
+				),
+			)
+		}
+
+		return isStale
+	})
+}
+
+// adjustMaxSize adjusts the max size of the and returns the number of items evicted.
+func (p *Partition[K, V]) adjustMaxSize(newMaxSize int) int {
+	if newMaxSize < minMaxSize {
+		newMaxSize = minMaxSize
+	}
+	p.maxSize = newMaxSize
+	// fmt.Println("Adjusting max size of partition from", oldMaxSize, "to", newMaxSize)
+	return p.c.Resize(newMaxSize)
+}
+
+func (p *Partition[K, V]) getMaxSize() int {
+	return p.maxSize
+}
+
+func (p *Partition[K, V]) getOptions() OptionsPartition {
+	return p.opts
+}
+
+func (p *Partition[K, V]) Clear() {
+	p.c.DeleteFunc(func(key K, v V) bool {
+		return true
+	})
+}
+
+func (p *Partition[K, V]) Get(ctx context.Context, key K) (V, bool) {
+	return p.c.Get(key)
+}
+
+type PartitionManager interface {
+	adjustMaxSize(addend int) int
+	getMaxSize() int
+	getOptions() OptionsPartition
+	clearOnRebuild(changeset ...identity.Identity)
+	clearMatching(predicate func(k, v any) bool)
+	clearStale()
+}
+
+const (
+	ClearOnRebuild ClearWhen = iota + 1
+	ClearOnChange
+	ClearNever
+)
+
+type ClearWhen int
+
+type stats struct {
+	opts            Options
+	memstatsCurrent runtime.MemStats
+	currentMaxSize  int
+	availableMemory uint64
+
+	adjustmentFactor float64
+}
+
+func (s *stats) adjustCurrentMaxSize() bool {
+	newCurrentMaxSize := int(math.Floor(float64(s.opts.MaxSize) * s.adjustmentFactor))
+
+	if newCurrentMaxSize < s.opts.MaxSize {
+		newCurrentMaxSize = int(s.opts.MinMaxSize)
+	}
+	changed := newCurrentMaxSize != s.currentMaxSize
+	s.currentMaxSize = newCurrentMaxSize
+	return changed
+}
+
+// CleanKey turns s into a format suitable for a cache key for this package.
+// The key will be a Unix-styled path with a leading slash but no trailing slash.
+func CleanKey(s string) string {
+	return path.Clean(paths.ToSlashPreserveLeading(s))
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package dynacache
+
+import (
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/identity"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources/resource"
+)
+
+var (
+	_ resource.StaleInfo = (*testItem)(nil)
+	_ identity.Identity  = (*testItem)(nil)
+)
+
+type testItem struct {
+	name    string
+	isStale bool
+}
+
+func (t testItem) IsStale() bool {
+	return t.isStale
+}
+
+func (t testItem) IdentifierBase() string {
+	return t.name
+}
+
+func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	cache := New(Options{
+		Log: loggers.NewDefault(),
+	})
+
+	c.Cleanup(func() {
+		cache.Stop()
+	})
+
+	opts := OptionsPartition{Weight: 30}
+
+	c.Assert(cache, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
+
+	p1 := GetOrCreatePartition[string, testItem](cache, "/aaaa/bbbb", opts)
+	c.Assert(p1, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
+
+	p2 := GetOrCreatePartition[string, testItem](cache, "/aaaa/bbbb", opts)
+
+	c.Assert(func() { GetOrCreatePartition[string, testItem](cache, "foo bar", opts) }, qt.PanicMatches, ".*invalid partition name.*")
+	c.Assert(func() { GetOrCreatePartition[string, testItem](cache, "/aaaa/cccc", OptionsPartition{Weight: 1234}) }, qt.PanicMatches, ".*invalid Weight.*")
+
+	c.Assert(p2, qt.Equals, p1)
+
+	p3 := GetOrCreatePartition[string, testItem](cache, "/aaaa/cccc", opts)
+	c.Assert(p3, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
+	c.Assert(p3, qt.Not(qt.Equals), p1)
+
+	c.Assert(func() { New(Options{}) }, qt.PanicMatches, ".*nil Log.*")
+}
+
+func TestCalculateMaxSizePerPartition(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	c.Assert(calculateMaxSizePerPartition(1000, 500, 5), qt.Equals, 200)
+	c.Assert(calculateMaxSizePerPartition(1000, 250, 5), qt.Equals, 400)
+	c.Assert(func() { calculateMaxSizePerPartition(1000, 250, 0) }, qt.PanicMatches, ".*must be > 0.*")
+	c.Assert(func() { calculateMaxSizePerPartition(1000, 0, 1) }, qt.PanicMatches, ".*must be > 0.*")
+}
+
+func TestCleanKey(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	c.Assert(CleanKey("a/b/c"), qt.Equals, "/a/b/c")
+	c.Assert(CleanKey("/a/b/c"), qt.Equals, "/a/b/c")
+	c.Assert(CleanKey("a/b/c/"), qt.Equals, "/a/b/c")
+	c.Assert(CleanKey(filepath.FromSlash("/a/b/c/")), qt.Equals, "/a/b/c")
+}
+
+func newTestCache(t *testing.T) *Cache {
+	cache := New(
+		Options{
+			Log: loggers.NewDefault(),
+		},
+	)
+
+	p1 := GetOrCreatePartition[string, testItem](cache, "/aaaa/bbbb", OptionsPartition{Weight: 30, ClearWhen: ClearOnRebuild})
+	p2 := GetOrCreatePartition[string, testItem](cache, "/aaaa/cccc", OptionsPartition{Weight: 30, ClearWhen: ClearOnChange})
+
+	p1.GetOrCreate("clearOnRebuild", func(string) (testItem, error) {
+		return testItem{}, nil
+	})
+
+	p2.GetOrCreate("clearBecauseStale", func(string) (testItem, error) {
+		return testItem{
+			isStale: true,
+		}, nil
+	})
+
+	p2.GetOrCreate("clearBecauseIdentityChanged", func(string) (testItem, error) {
+		return testItem{
+			name: "changed",
+		}, nil
+	})
+
+	p2.GetOrCreate("clearNever", func(string) (testItem, error) {
+		return testItem{
+			isStale: false,
+		}, nil
+	})
+
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		cache.Stop()
+	})
+
+	return cache
+}
+
+func TestClear(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	predicateAll := func(string) bool {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	cache := newTestCache(t)
+
+	c.Assert(cache.Keys(predicateAll), qt.HasLen, 4)
+
+	cache.ClearOnRebuild()
+
+	// Stale items are always cleared.
+	c.Assert(cache.Keys(predicateAll), qt.HasLen, 2)
+
+	cache = newTestCache(t)
+	cache.ClearOnRebuild(identity.StringIdentity("changed"))
+
+	c.Assert(cache.Keys(nil), qt.HasLen, 1)
+
+	cache = newTestCache(t)
+
+	cache.ClearMatching(func(k, v any) bool {
+		return k.(string) == "clearOnRebuild"
+	})
+
+	c.Assert(cache.Keys(predicateAll), qt.HasLen, 3)
+
+	cache.adjustCurrentMaxSize()
+}
+
+func TestAdjustCurrentMaxSize(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	c := qt.New(t)
+	cache := newTestCache(t)
+	alloc := cache.stats.memstatsCurrent.Alloc
+	cache.adjustCurrentMaxSize()
+	c.Assert(cache.stats.memstatsCurrent.Alloc, qt.Not(qt.Equals), alloc)
+}
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"errors"
 	"io"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
@@ -25,6 +24,7 @@ import (
 	"time"

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugio"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ import (
 var ErrFatal = errors.New("fatal filecache error")

 const (
-	filecacheRootDirname = "filecache"
+	FilecacheRootDirname = "filecache"
 )

 // Cache caches a set of files in a directory. This is usually a file on
@@ -52,6 +52,9 @@ type Cache struct {
 	pruneAllRootDir string

 	nlocker *lockTracker
+
+	initOnce sync.Once
+	initErr  error
 }

 type lockTracker struct {
@@ -104,9 +107,23 @@ func (l *lockedFile) Close() error {
 	return l.File.Close()
 }

+func (c *Cache) init() error {
+	c.initOnce.Do(func() {
+		// Create the base dir if it does not exist.
+		if err := c.Fs.MkdirAll("", 0o777); err != nil && !os.IsExist(err) {
+			c.initErr = err
+		}
+	})
+	return c.initErr
+}
+
 // WriteCloser returns a transactional writer into the cache.
 // It's important that it's closed when done.
 func (c *Cache) WriteCloser(id string) (ItemInfo, io.WriteCloser, error) {
+	if err := c.init(); err != nil {
+		return ItemInfo{}, nil, err
+	}
+
 	id = cleanID(id)
 	c.nlocker.Lock(id)

@@ -130,7 +147,12 @@ func (c *Cache) WriteCloser(id string) (ItemInfo, io.WriteCloser, error) {
 // it when done.
 func (c *Cache) ReadOrCreate(id string,
 	read func(info ItemInfo, r io.ReadSeeker) error,
-	create func(info ItemInfo, w io.WriteCloser) error) (info ItemInfo, err error) {
+	create func(info ItemInfo, w io.WriteCloser) error,
+) (info ItemInfo, err error) {
+	if err := c.init(); err != nil {
+		return ItemInfo{}, err
+	}
+
 	id = cleanID(id)

 	c.nlocker.Lock(id)
@@ -158,13 +180,15 @@ func (c *Cache) ReadOrCreate(id string,
 	err = create(info, f)

 	return
-
 }

 // GetOrCreate tries to get the file with the given id from cache. If not found or expired, create will
 // be invoked and the result cached.
 // This method is protected by a named lock using the given id as identifier.
 func (c *Cache) GetOrCreate(id string, create func() (io.ReadCloser, error)) (ItemInfo, io.ReadCloser, error) {
+	if err := c.init(); err != nil {
+		return ItemInfo{}, nil, err
+	}
 	id = cleanID(id)

 	c.nlocker.Lock(id)
@@ -176,7 +200,12 @@ func (c *Cache) GetOrCreate(id string, create func() (io.ReadCloser, error)) (It
 		return info, r, nil
 	}

-	r, err := create()
+	var (
+		r   io.ReadCloser
+		err error
+	)
+
+	r, err = create()
 	if err != nil {
 		return info, nil, err
 	}
@@ -194,6 +223,9 @@ func (c *Cache) GetOrCreate(id string, create func() (io.ReadCloser, error)) (It

 // GetOrCreateBytes is the same as GetOrCreate, but produces a byte slice.
 func (c *Cache) GetOrCreateBytes(id string, create func() ([]byte, error)) (ItemInfo, []byte, error) {
+	if err := c.init(); err != nil {
+		return ItemInfo{}, nil, err
+	}
 	id = cleanID(id)

 	c.nlocker.Lock(id)
@@ -203,11 +235,16 @@ func (c *Cache) GetOrCreateBytes(id string, create func() ([]byte, error)) (Item

 	if r := c.getOrRemove(id); r != nil {
 		defer r.Close()
-		b, err := ioutil.ReadAll(r)
+		b, err := io.ReadAll(r)
 		return info, b, err
 	}

-	b, err := create()
+	var (
+		b   []byte
+		err error
+	)
+
+	b, err = create()
 	if err != nil {
 		return info, nil, err
 	}
@@ -220,11 +257,13 @@ func (c *Cache) GetOrCreateBytes(id string, create func() ([]byte, error)) (Item
 		return info, nil, err
 	}
 	return info, b, nil
-
 }

-// GetBytes gets the file content with the given id from the cahce, nil if none found.
+// GetBytes gets the file content with the given id from the cache, nil if none found.
 func (c *Cache) GetBytes(id string) (ItemInfo, []byte, error) {
+	if err := c.init(); err != nil {
+		return ItemInfo{}, nil, err
+	}
 	id = cleanID(id)

 	c.nlocker.Lock(id)
@@ -234,15 +273,18 @@ func (c *Cache) GetBytes(id string) (ItemInfo, []byte, error) {

 	if r := c.getOrRemove(id); r != nil {
 		defer r.Close()
-		b, err := ioutil.ReadAll(r)
+		b, err := io.ReadAll(r)
 		return info, b, err
 	}

 	return info, nil, nil
 }

-// Get gets the file with the given id from the cahce, nil if none found.
+// Get gets the file with the given id from the cache, nil if none found.
 func (c *Cache) Get(id string) (ItemInfo, io.ReadCloser, error) {
+	if err := c.init(); err != nil {
+		return ItemInfo{}, nil, err
+	}
 	id = cleanID(id)

 	c.nlocker.Lock(id)
@@ -276,7 +318,6 @@ func (c *Cache) getOrRemove(id string) hugio.ReadSeekCloser {
 	}

 	f, err := c.Fs.Open(id)
-
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -288,26 +329,27 @@ func (c *Cache) isExpired(modTime time.Time) bool {
 	if c.maxAge < 0 {
 		return false
 	}
+
+	// Note the use of time.Since here.
+	// We cannot use Hugo's global Clock for this.
 	return c.maxAge == 0 || time.Since(modTime) > c.maxAge
 }

 // For testing
-func (c *Cache) getString(id string) string {
+func (c *Cache) GetString(id string) string {
 	id = cleanID(id)

 	c.nlocker.Lock(id)
 	defer c.nlocker.Unlock(id)

 	f, err := c.Fs.Open(id)
-
 	if err != nil {
 		return ""
 	}
 	defer f.Close()

-	b, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(f)
+	b, _ := io.ReadAll(f)
 	return string(b)
-
 }

 // Caches is a named set of caches.
@@ -321,47 +363,29 @@ func (f Caches) Get(name string) *Cache {
 // NewCaches creates a new set of file caches from the given
 // configuration.
 func NewCaches(p *helpers.PathSpec) (Caches, error) {
-	var dcfg Configs
-	if c, ok := p.Cfg.Get("filecacheConfigs").(Configs); ok {
-		dcfg = c
-	} else {
-		var err error
-		dcfg, err = DecodeConfig(p.Fs.Source, p.Cfg)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-	}
-
+	dcfg := p.Cfg.GetConfigSection("caches").(Configs)
 	fs := p.Fs.Source

 	m := make(Caches)
 	for k, v := range dcfg {
 		var cfs afero.Fs

-		if v.isResourceDir {
+		if v.IsResourceDir {
 			cfs = p.BaseFs.ResourcesCache
 		} else {
 			cfs = fs
 		}

 		if cfs == nil {
-			// TODO(bep) we still have some places that do not initialize the
-			// full dependencies of a site, e.g. the import Jekyll command.
-			// That command does not need these caches, so let us just continue
-			// for now.
-			continue
+			panic("nil fs")
 		}

-		baseDir := v.Dir
+		baseDir := v.DirCompiled

-		if err := cfs.MkdirAll(baseDir, 0777); err != nil && !os.IsExist(err) {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-
-		bfs := afero.NewBasePathFs(cfs, baseDir)
+		bfs := hugofs.NewBasePathFs(cfs, baseDir)

 		var pruneAllRootDir string
-		if k == cacheKeyModules {
+		if k == CacheKeyModules {
 			pruneAllRootDir = "pkg"
 		}

@@ -11,105 +11,122 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

+// Package filecache provides a file based cache for Hugo.
 package filecache

 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"path"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"time"

+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"

-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
+	"errors"

 	"github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure"
-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/spf13/afero"
 )

 const (
-	cachesConfigKey = "caches"
-
 	resourcesGenDir = ":resourceDir/_gen"
+	cacheDirProject = ":cacheDir/:project"
 )

-var defaultCacheConfig = Config{
+var defaultCacheConfig = FileCacheConfig{
 	MaxAge: -1, // Never expire
-	Dir:    ":cacheDir/:project",
+	Dir:    cacheDirProject,
 }

 const (
-	cacheKeyGetJSON = "getjson"
-	cacheKeyGetCSV  = "getcsv"
-	cacheKeyImages  = "images"
-	cacheKeyAssets  = "assets"
-	cacheKeyModules = "modules"
+	CacheKeyGetJSON     = "getjson"
+	CacheKeyGetCSV      = "getcsv"
+	CacheKeyImages      = "images"
+	CacheKeyAssets      = "assets"
+	CacheKeyModules     = "modules"
+	CacheKeyGetResource = "getresource"
 )

-type Configs map[string]Config
+type Configs map[string]FileCacheConfig

+// For internal use.
 func (c Configs) CacheDirModules() string {
-	return c[cacheKeyModules].Dir
+	return c[CacheKeyModules].DirCompiled
 }

 var defaultCacheConfigs = Configs{
-	cacheKeyModules: {
+	CacheKeyModules: {
 		MaxAge: -1,
 		Dir:    ":cacheDir/modules",
 	},
-	cacheKeyGetJSON: defaultCacheConfig,
-	cacheKeyGetCSV:  defaultCacheConfig,
-	cacheKeyImages: {
+	CacheKeyGetJSON: defaultCacheConfig,
+	CacheKeyGetCSV:  defaultCacheConfig,
+	CacheKeyImages: {
 		MaxAge: -1,
 		Dir:    resourcesGenDir,
 	},
-	cacheKeyAssets: {
+	CacheKeyAssets: {
 		MaxAge: -1,
 		Dir:    resourcesGenDir,
 	},
+	CacheKeyGetResource: FileCacheConfig{
+		MaxAge: -1, // Never expire
+		Dir:    cacheDirProject,
+	},
 }

-type Config struct {
+type FileCacheConfig struct {
 	// Max age of cache entries in this cache. Any items older than this will
 	// be removed and not returned from the cache.
-	// a negative value means forever, 0 means cache is disabled.
+	// A negative value means forever, 0 means cache is disabled.
+	// Hugo is lenient with what types it accepts here, but we recommend using
+	// a duration string, a sequence of  decimal numbers, each with optional fraction and a unit suffix,
+	// such as "300ms", "1.5h" or "2h45m".
+	// Valid time units are "ns", "us" (or "µs"), "ms", "s", "m", "h".
 	MaxAge time.Duration

 	// The directory where files are stored.
-	Dir string
+	Dir         string
+	DirCompiled string `json:"-"`

 	// Will resources/_gen will get its own composite filesystem that
 	// also checks any theme.
-	isResourceDir bool
+	IsResourceDir bool `json:"-"`
 }

 // GetJSONCache gets the file cache for getJSON.
 func (f Caches) GetJSONCache() *Cache {
-	return f[cacheKeyGetJSON]
+	return f[CacheKeyGetJSON]
 }

 // GetCSVCache gets the file cache for getCSV.
 func (f Caches) GetCSVCache() *Cache {
-	return f[cacheKeyGetCSV]
+	return f[CacheKeyGetCSV]
 }

 // ImageCache gets the file cache for processed images.
 func (f Caches) ImageCache() *Cache {
-	return f[cacheKeyImages]
+	return f[CacheKeyImages]
 }

 // ModulesCache gets the file cache for Hugo Modules.
 func (f Caches) ModulesCache() *Cache {
-	return f[cacheKeyModules]
+	return f[CacheKeyModules]
 }

 // AssetsCache gets the file cache for assets (processed resources, SCSS etc.).
 func (f Caches) AssetsCache() *Cache {
-	return f[cacheKeyAssets]
+	return f[CacheKeyAssets]
 }

-func DecodeConfig(fs afero.Fs, cfg config.Provider) (Configs, error) {
+// GetResourceCache gets the file cache for remote resources.
+func (f Caches) GetResourceCache() *Cache {
+	return f[CacheKeyGetResource]
+}
+
+func DecodeConfig(fs afero.Fs, bcfg config.BaseConfig, m map[string]any) (Configs, error) {
 	c := make(Configs)
 	valid := make(map[string]bool)
 	// Add defaults
@@ -118,11 +135,12 @@ func DecodeConfig(fs afero.Fs, cfg config.Provider) (Configs, error) {
 		valid[k] = true
 	}

-	m := cfg.GetStringMap(cachesConfigKey)
-
 	_, isOsFs := fs.(*afero.OsFs)

 	for k, v := range m {
+		if _, ok := v.(maps.Params); !ok {
+			continue
+		}
 		cc := defaultCacheConfig

 		dc := &mapstructure.DecoderConfig{
@@ -137,7 +155,7 @@ func DecodeConfig(fs afero.Fs, cfg config.Provider) (Configs, error) {
 		}

 		if err := decoder.Decode(v); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode filecache config: %w", err)
 		}

 		if cc.Dir == "" {
@@ -146,15 +164,12 @@ func DecodeConfig(fs afero.Fs, cfg config.Provider) (Configs, error) {

 		name := strings.ToLower(k)
 		if !valid[name] {
-			return nil, errors.Errorf("%q is not a valid cache name", name)
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%q is not a valid cache name", name)
 		}

 		c[name] = cc
 	}

-	// This is a very old flag in Hugo, but we need to respect it.
-	disabled := cfg.GetBool("ignoreCache")
-
 	for k, v := range c {
 		dir := filepath.ToSlash(filepath.Clean(v.Dir))
 		hadSlash := strings.HasPrefix(dir, "/")
@@ -162,12 +177,12 @@ func DecodeConfig(fs afero.Fs, cfg config.Provider) (Configs, error) {

 		for i, part := range parts {
 			if strings.HasPrefix(part, ":") {
-				resolved, isResource, err := resolveDirPlaceholder(fs, cfg, part)
+				resolved, isResource, err := resolveDirPlaceholder(fs, bcfg, part)
 				if err != nil {
 					return c, err
 				}
 				if isResource {
-					v.isResourceDir = true
+					v.IsResourceDir = true
 				}
 				parts[i] = resolved
 			}
@@ -177,33 +192,29 @@ func DecodeConfig(fs afero.Fs, cfg config.Provider) (Configs, error) {
 		if hadSlash {
 			dir = "/" + dir
 		}
-		v.Dir = filepath.Clean(filepath.FromSlash(dir))
+		v.DirCompiled = filepath.Clean(filepath.FromSlash(dir))

-		if !v.isResourceDir {
-			if isOsFs && !filepath.IsAbs(v.Dir) {
-				return c, errors.Errorf("%q must resolve to an absolute directory", v.Dir)
+		if !v.IsResourceDir {
+			if isOsFs && !filepath.IsAbs(v.DirCompiled) {
+				return c, fmt.Errorf("%q must resolve to an absolute directory", v.DirCompiled)
 			}

 			// Avoid cache in root, e.g. / (Unix) or c:\ (Windows)
-			if len(strings.TrimPrefix(v.Dir, filepath.VolumeName(v.Dir))) == 1 {
-				return c, errors.Errorf("%q is a root folder and not allowed as cache dir", v.Dir)
+			if len(strings.TrimPrefix(v.DirCompiled, filepath.VolumeName(v.DirCompiled))) == 1 {
+				return c, fmt.Errorf("%q is a root folder and not allowed as cache dir", v.DirCompiled)
 			}
 		}

-		if !strings.HasPrefix(v.Dir, "_gen") {
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(v.DirCompiled, "_gen") {
 			// We do cache eviction (file removes) and since the user can set
 			// his/hers own cache directory, we really want to make sure
 			// we do not delete any files that do not belong to this cache.
 			// We do add the cache name as the root, but this is an extra safe
 			// guard. We skip the files inside /resources/_gen/ because
 			// that would be breaking.
-			v.Dir = filepath.Join(v.Dir, filecacheRootDirname, k)
+			v.DirCompiled = filepath.Join(v.DirCompiled, FilecacheRootDirname, k)
 		} else {
-			v.Dir = filepath.Join(v.Dir, k)
-		}
-
-		if disabled {
-			v.MaxAge = 0
+			v.DirCompiled = filepath.Join(v.DirCompiled, k)
 		}

 		c[k] = v
@@ -213,18 +224,16 @@ func DecodeConfig(fs afero.Fs, cfg config.Provider) (Configs, error) {
 }

 // Resolves :resourceDir => /myproject/resources etc., :cacheDir => ...
-func resolveDirPlaceholder(fs afero.Fs, cfg config.Provider, placeholder string) (cacheDir string, isResource bool, err error) {
-	workingDir := cfg.GetString("workingDir")
+func resolveDirPlaceholder(fs afero.Fs, bcfg config.BaseConfig, placeholder string) (cacheDir string, isResource bool, err error) {

 	switch strings.ToLower(placeholder) {
 	case ":resourcedir":
 		return "", true, nil
 	case ":cachedir":
-		d, err := helpers.GetCacheDir(fs, cfg)
-		return d, false, err
+		return bcfg.CacheDir, false, nil
 	case ":project":
-		return filepath.Base(workingDir), false, nil
+		return filepath.Base(bcfg.WorkingDir), false, nil
 	}

-	return "", false, errors.Errorf("%q is not a valid placeholder (valid values are :cacheDir or :resourceDir)", placeholder)
+	return "", false, fmt.Errorf("%q is not a valid placeholder (valid values are :cacheDir or :resourceDir)", placeholder)
 }
@@ -11,21 +11,21 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-package filecache
+package filecache_test

 import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"runtime"
-	"strings"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/spf13/afero"

+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/cache/filecache"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config/testconfig"

 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
-	"github.com/spf13/viper"
 )

 func TestDecodeConfig(t *testing.T) {
@@ -51,25 +51,27 @@ maxAge = "11h"
 dir = "/path/to/c2"
 [caches.images]
 dir = "/path/to/c3"
-
+[caches.getResource]
+dir = "/path/to/c4"
 `

 	cfg, err := config.FromConfigString(configStr, "toml")
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 	fs := afero.NewMemMapFs()
-	decoded, err := DecodeConfig(fs, cfg)
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-
-	c.Assert(len(decoded), qt.Equals, 5)
+	decoded := testconfig.GetTestConfigs(fs, cfg).Base.Caches
+	c.Assert(len(decoded), qt.Equals, 6)

 	c2 := decoded["getcsv"]
 	c.Assert(c2.MaxAge.String(), qt.Equals, "11h0m0s")
-	c.Assert(c2.Dir, qt.Equals, filepath.FromSlash("/path/to/c2/filecache/getcsv"))
+	c.Assert(c2.DirCompiled, qt.Equals, filepath.FromSlash("/path/to/c2/filecache/getcsv"))

 	c3 := decoded["images"]
 	c.Assert(c3.MaxAge, qt.Equals, time.Duration(-1))
-	c.Assert(c3.Dir, qt.Equals, filepath.FromSlash("/path/to/c3/filecache/images"))
+	c.Assert(c3.DirCompiled, qt.Equals, filepath.FromSlash("/path/to/c3/filecache/images"))

+	c4 := decoded["getresource"]
+	c.Assert(c4.MaxAge, qt.Equals, time.Duration(-1))
+	c.Assert(c4.DirCompiled, qt.Equals, filepath.FromSlash("/path/to/c4/filecache/getresource"))
 }

 func TestDecodeConfigIgnoreCache(t *testing.T) {
@@ -96,26 +98,24 @@ maxAge = 3456
 dir = "/path/to/c2"
 [caches.images]
 dir = "/path/to/c3"
-
+[caches.getResource]
+dir = "/path/to/c4"
 `

 	cfg, err := config.FromConfigString(configStr, "toml")
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 	fs := afero.NewMemMapFs()
-	decoded, err := DecodeConfig(fs, cfg)
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-
-	c.Assert(len(decoded), qt.Equals, 5)
+	decoded := testconfig.GetTestConfigs(fs, cfg).Base.Caches
+	c.Assert(len(decoded), qt.Equals, 6)

 	for _, v := range decoded {
 		c.Assert(v.MaxAge, qt.Equals, time.Duration(0))
 	}
-
 }

 func TestDecodeConfigDefault(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)
-	cfg := newTestConfig()
+	cfg := config.New()

 	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
 		cfg.Set("resourceDir", "c:\\cache\\resources")
@@ -125,72 +125,22 @@ func TestDecodeConfigDefault(t *testing.T) {
 		cfg.Set("resourceDir", "/cache/resources")
 		cfg.Set("cacheDir", "/cache/thecache")
 	}
-
-	fs := afero.NewMemMapFs()
-
-	decoded, err := DecodeConfig(fs, cfg)
-
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-
-	c.Assert(len(decoded), qt.Equals, 5)
-
-	imgConfig := decoded[cacheKeyImages]
-	jsonConfig := decoded[cacheKeyGetJSON]
-
-	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
-		c.Assert(imgConfig.Dir, qt.Equals, filepath.FromSlash("_gen/images"))
-	} else {
-		c.Assert(imgConfig.Dir, qt.Equals, "_gen/images")
-		c.Assert(jsonConfig.Dir, qt.Equals, "/cache/thecache/hugoproject/filecache/getjson")
-	}
-
-	c.Assert(imgConfig.isResourceDir, qt.Equals, true)
-	c.Assert(jsonConfig.isResourceDir, qt.Equals, false)
-}
-
-func TestDecodeConfigInvalidDir(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	configStr := `
-resourceDir = "myresources"
-contentDir = "content"
-dataDir = "data"
-i18nDir = "i18n"
-layoutDir = "layouts"
-assetDir = "assets"
-archeTypedir = "archetypes"
-
-[caches]
-[caches.getJSON]
-maxAge = "10m"
-dir = "/"
-
-`
-	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
-		configStr = strings.Replace(configStr, "/", "c:\\\\", 1)
-	}
-
-	cfg, err := config.FromConfigString(configStr, "toml")
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	fs := afero.NewMemMapFs()
-
-	_, err = DecodeConfig(fs, cfg)
-	c.Assert(err, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
-
-}
-
-func newTestConfig() *viper.Viper {
-	cfg := viper.New()
 	cfg.Set("workingDir", filepath.FromSlash("/my/cool/hugoproject"))
-	cfg.Set("contentDir", "content")
-	cfg.Set("dataDir", "data")
-	cfg.Set("resourceDir", "resources")
-	cfg.Set("i18nDir", "i18n")
-	cfg.Set("layoutDir", "layouts")
-	cfg.Set("archetypeDir", "archetypes")
-	cfg.Set("assetDir", "assets")

-	return cfg
+	fs := afero.NewMemMapFs()
+	decoded := testconfig.GetTestConfigs(fs, cfg).Base.Caches
+	c.Assert(len(decoded), qt.Equals, 6)
+
+	imgConfig := decoded[filecache.CacheKeyImages]
+	jsonConfig := decoded[filecache.CacheKeyGetJSON]
+
+	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
+		c.Assert(imgConfig.DirCompiled, qt.Equals, filepath.FromSlash("_gen/images"))
+	} else {
+		c.Assert(imgConfig.DirCompiled, qt.Equals, "_gen/images")
+		c.Assert(jsonConfig.DirCompiled, qt.Equals, "/cache/thecache/hugoproject/filecache/getjson")
+	}
+
+	c.Assert(imgConfig.IsResourceDir, qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(jsonConfig.IsResourceDir, qt.Equals, false)
 }
@@ -14,10 +14,13 @@
 package filecache

 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"os"

-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/herrors"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
+
 	"github.com/spf13/afero"
 )

@@ -28,16 +31,15 @@ import (
 func (c Caches) Prune() (int, error) {
 	counter := 0
 	for k, cache := range c {
-
 		count, err := cache.Prune(false)

 		counter += count

 		if err != nil {
-			if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			if herrors.IsNotExist(err) {
 				continue
 			}
-			return counter, errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to prune cache %q", k)
+			return counter, fmt.Errorf("failed to prune cache %q: %w", k, err)
 		}

 	}
@@ -51,10 +53,14 @@ func (c *Cache) Prune(force bool) (int, error) {
 	if c.pruneAllRootDir != "" {
 		return c.pruneRootDir(force)
 	}
+	if err := c.init(); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}

 	counter := 0

 	err := afero.Walk(c.Fs, "", func(name string, info os.FileInfo, err error) error {
+
 		if info == nil {
 			return nil
 		}
@@ -63,18 +69,24 @@ func (c *Cache) Prune(force bool) (int, error) {

 		if info.IsDir() {
 			f, err := c.Fs.Open(name)
+
 			if err != nil {
 				// This cache dir may not exist.
 				return nil
 			}
-			defer f.Close()
 			_, err = f.Readdirnames(1)
+			f.Close()
 			if err == io.EOF {
 				// Empty dir.
-				err = c.Fs.Remove(name)
+				if name == "." {
+					// e.g. /_gen/images -- keep it even if empty.
+					err = nil
+				} else {
+					err = c.Fs.Remove(name)
+				}
 			}

-			if err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			if err != nil && !herrors.IsNotExist(err) {
 				return err
 			}

@@ -95,7 +107,7 @@ func (c *Cache) Prune(force bool) (int, error) {
 				counter++
 			}

-			if err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			if err != nil && !herrors.IsNotExist(err) {
 				return err
 			}

@@ -108,10 +120,12 @@ func (c *Cache) Prune(force bool) (int, error) {
 }

 func (c *Cache) pruneRootDir(force bool) (int, error) {
-
+	if err := c.init(); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
 	info, err := c.Fs.Stat(c.pruneAllRootDir)
 	if err != nil {
-		if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		if herrors.IsNotExist(err) {
 			return 0, nil
 		}
 		return 0, err
@@ -121,18 +135,5 @@ func (c *Cache) pruneRootDir(force bool) (int, error) {
 		return 0, nil
 	}

-	counter := 0
-	// Module cache has 0555 directories; make them writable in order to remove content.
-	afero.Walk(c.Fs, c.pruneAllRootDir, func(path string, info os.FileInfo, err error) error {
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil
-		}
-		if info.IsDir() {
-			counter++
-			c.Fs.Chmod(path, 0777)
-		}
-		return nil
-	})
-	return 1, c.Fs.RemoveAll(c.pruneAllRootDir)
-
+	return hugofs.MakeReadableAndRemoveAllModulePkgDir(c.Fs, c.pruneAllRootDir)
 }
@@ -11,13 +11,14 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-package filecache
+package filecache_test

 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/cache/filecache"
 	"github.com/spf13/afero"

 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
@@ -52,10 +53,10 @@ maxAge = "200ms"
 dir = ":resourceDir/_gen"
 `

-	for _, name := range []string{cacheKeyGetCSV, cacheKeyGetJSON, cacheKeyAssets, cacheKeyImages} {
+	for _, name := range []string{filecache.CacheKeyGetCSV, filecache.CacheKeyGetJSON, filecache.CacheKeyAssets, filecache.CacheKeyImages} {
 		msg := qt.Commentf("cache: %s", name)
 		p := newPathsSpec(t, afero.NewMemMapFs(), configStr)
-		caches, err := NewCaches(p)
+		caches, err := filecache.NewCaches(p)
 		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 		cache := caches[name]
 		for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
@@ -75,7 +76,7 @@ dir = ":resourceDir/_gen"

 		for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
 			id := fmt.Sprintf("i%d", i)
-			v := cache.getString(id)
+			v := cache.GetString(id)
 			if i < 5 {
 				c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, "")
 			} else {
@@ -83,7 +84,7 @@ dir = ":resourceDir/_gen"
 			}
 		}

-		caches, err = NewCaches(p)
+		caches, err = filecache.NewCaches(p)
 		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 		cache = caches[name]
 		// Touch one and then prune.
@@ -98,7 +99,7 @@ dir = ":resourceDir/_gen"
 		// Now only the i5 should be left.
 		for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
 			id := fmt.Sprintf("i%d", i)
-			v := cache.getString(id)
+			v := cache.GetString(id)
 			if i != 5 {
 				c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, "")
 			} else {
@@ -107,5 +108,4 @@ dir = ":resourceDir/_gen"
 		}

 	}
-
 }
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -11,25 +11,21 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-package filecache
+package filecache_test

 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"io/ioutil"
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/langs"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/modules"
-
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/cache/filecache"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugio"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config/testconfig"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
@@ -42,13 +38,8 @@ func TestFileCache(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	c := qt.New(t)

-	tempWorkingDir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "hugo_filecache_test_work")
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	defer os.Remove(tempWorkingDir)
-
-	tempCacheDir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "hugo_filecache_test_cache")
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	defer os.Remove(tempCacheDir)
+	tempWorkingDir := t.TempDir()
+	tempCacheDir := t.TempDir()

 	osfs := afero.NewOsFs()

@@ -88,31 +79,14 @@ dir = ":cacheDir/c"

 		p := newPathsSpec(t, osfs, configStr)

-		caches, err := NewCaches(p)
+		caches, err := filecache.NewCaches(p)
 		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)

 		cache := caches.Get("GetJSON")
 		c.Assert(cache, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
-		c.Assert(cache.maxAge.String(), qt.Equals, "10h0m0s")
-
-		bfs, ok := cache.Fs.(*afero.BasePathFs)
-		c.Assert(ok, qt.Equals, true)
-		filename, err := bfs.RealPath("key")
-		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-		if test.cacheDir != "" {
-			c.Assert(filename, qt.Equals, filepath.Join(test.cacheDir, "c/"+filecacheRootDirname+"/getjson/key"))
-		} else {
-			// Temp dir.
-			c.Assert(filename, qt.Matches, ".*hugo_cache.*"+filecacheRootDirname+".*key")
-		}

 		cache = caches.Get("Images")
 		c.Assert(cache, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
-		c.Assert(cache.maxAge, qt.Equals, time.Duration(-1))
-		bfs, ok = cache.Fs.(*afero.BasePathFs)
-		c.Assert(ok, qt.Equals, true)
-		filename, _ = bfs.RealPath("key")
-		c.Assert(filename, qt.Equals, filepath.FromSlash("_gen/images/key"))

 		rf := func(s string) func() (io.ReadCloser, error) {
 			return func() (io.ReadCloser, error) {
@@ -121,7 +95,7 @@ dir = ":cacheDir/c"
 					io.Closer
 				}{
 					strings.NewReader(s),
-					ioutil.NopCloser(nil),
+					io.NopCloser(nil),
 				}, nil
 			}
 		}
@@ -130,13 +104,13 @@ dir = ":cacheDir/c"
 			return []byte("bcd"), nil
 		}

-		for _, ca := range []*Cache{caches.ImageCache(), caches.AssetsCache(), caches.GetJSONCache(), caches.GetCSVCache()} {
+		for _, ca := range []*filecache.Cache{caches.ImageCache(), caches.AssetsCache(), caches.GetJSONCache(), caches.GetCSVCache()} {
 			for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
 				info, r, err := ca.GetOrCreate("a", rf("abc"))
 				c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 				c.Assert(r, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
 				c.Assert(info.Name, qt.Equals, "a")
-				b, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(r)
+				b, _ := io.ReadAll(r)
 				r.Close()
 				c.Assert(string(b), qt.Equals, "abc")

@@ -152,7 +126,7 @@ dir = ":cacheDir/c"

 				_, r, err = ca.GetOrCreate("a", rf("bcd"))
 				c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-				b, _ = ioutil.ReadAll(r)
+				b, _ = io.ReadAll(r)
 				r.Close()
 				c.Assert(string(b), qt.Equals, "abc")
 			}
@@ -165,13 +139,13 @@ dir = ":cacheDir/c"
 		c.Assert(info.Name, qt.Equals, "mykey")
 		io.WriteString(w, "Hugo is great!")
 		w.Close()
-		c.Assert(caches.ImageCache().getString("mykey"), qt.Equals, "Hugo is great!")
+		c.Assert(caches.ImageCache().GetString("mykey"), qt.Equals, "Hugo is great!")

 		info, r, err := caches.ImageCache().Get("mykey")
 		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 		c.Assert(r, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
 		c.Assert(info.Name, qt.Equals, "mykey")
-		b, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(r)
+		b, _ := io.ReadAll(r)
 		r.Close()
 		c.Assert(string(b), qt.Equals, "Hugo is great!")

@@ -181,7 +155,6 @@ dir = ":cacheDir/c"
 		c.Assert(string(b), qt.Equals, "Hugo is great!")

 	}
-
 }

 func TestFileCacheConcurrent(t *testing.T) {
@@ -207,7 +180,7 @@ dir = "/cache/c"

 	p := newPathsSpec(t, afero.NewMemMapFs(), configStr)

-	caches, err := NewCaches(p)
+	caches, err := filecache.NewCaches(p)
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)

 	const cacheName = "getjson"
@@ -232,7 +205,7 @@ dir = "/cache/c"
 					return hugio.ToReadCloser(strings.NewReader(data)), nil
 				})
 				c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-				b, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(r)
+				b, _ := io.ReadAll(r)
 				r.Close()
 				c.Assert(string(b), qt.Equals, data)
 				// Trigger some expiration.
@@ -250,25 +223,24 @@ func TestFileCacheReadOrCreateErrorInRead(t *testing.T) {

 	var result string

-	rf := func(failLevel int) func(info ItemInfo, r io.ReadSeeker) error {
-
-		return func(info ItemInfo, r io.ReadSeeker) error {
+	rf := func(failLevel int) func(info filecache.ItemInfo, r io.ReadSeeker) error {
+		return func(info filecache.ItemInfo, r io.ReadSeeker) error {
 			if failLevel > 0 {
 				if failLevel > 1 {
-					return ErrFatal
+					return filecache.ErrFatal
 				}
 				return errors.New("fail")
 			}

-			b, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(r)
+			b, _ := io.ReadAll(r)
 			result = string(b)

 			return nil
 		}
 	}

-	bf := func(s string) func(info ItemInfo, w io.WriteCloser) error {
-		return func(info ItemInfo, w io.WriteCloser) error {
+	bf := func(s string) func(info filecache.ItemInfo, w io.WriteCloser) error {
+		return func(info filecache.ItemInfo, w io.WriteCloser) error {
 			defer w.Close()
 			result = s
 			_, err := w.Write([]byte(s))
@@ -276,7 +248,7 @@ func TestFileCacheReadOrCreateErrorInRead(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}

-	cache := NewCache(afero.NewMemMapFs(), 100*time.Hour, "")
+	cache := filecache.NewCache(afero.NewMemMapFs(), 100*time.Hour, "")

 	const id = "a32"

@@ -290,59 +262,15 @@ func TestFileCacheReadOrCreateErrorInRead(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 	c.Assert(result, qt.Equals, "v3")
 	_, err = cache.ReadOrCreate(id, rf(2), bf("v3"))
-	c.Assert(err, qt.Equals, ErrFatal)
-}
-
-func TestCleanID(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-	c.Assert(cleanID(filepath.FromSlash("/a/b//c.txt")), qt.Equals, filepath.FromSlash("a/b/c.txt"))
-	c.Assert(cleanID(filepath.FromSlash("a/b//c.txt")), qt.Equals, filepath.FromSlash("a/b/c.txt"))
-}
-
-func initConfig(fs afero.Fs, cfg config.Provider) error {
-	if _, err := langs.LoadLanguageSettings(cfg, nil); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	modConfig, err := modules.DecodeConfig(cfg)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	workingDir := cfg.GetString("workingDir")
-	themesDir := cfg.GetString("themesDir")
-	if !filepath.IsAbs(themesDir) {
-		themesDir = filepath.Join(workingDir, themesDir)
-	}
-	modulesClient := modules.NewClient(modules.ClientConfig{
-		Fs:           fs,
-		WorkingDir:   workingDir,
-		ThemesDir:    themesDir,
-		ModuleConfig: modConfig,
-		IgnoreVendor: true,
-	})
-
-	moduleConfig, err := modulesClient.Collect()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if err := modules.ApplyProjectConfigDefaults(cfg, moduleConfig.ActiveModules[len(moduleConfig.ActiveModules)-1]); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	cfg.Set("allModules", moduleConfig.ActiveModules)
-
-	return nil
+	c.Assert(err, qt.Equals, filecache.ErrFatal)
 }

 func newPathsSpec(t *testing.T, fs afero.Fs, configStr string) *helpers.PathSpec {
 	c := qt.New(t)
 	cfg, err := config.FromConfigString(configStr, "toml")
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	initConfig(fs, cfg)
-	p, err := helpers.NewPathSpec(hugofs.NewFrom(fs, cfg), cfg, nil)
+	acfg := testconfig.GetTestConfig(fs, cfg)
+	p, err := helpers.NewPathSpec(hugofs.NewFrom(fs, acfg.BaseConfig()), acfg, nil)
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 	return p
-
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package filecache_test
+
+import (
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/bep/logg"
+	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/htesting"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib"
+)
+
+// See issue #10781. That issue wouldn't have been triggered if we kept
+// the empty root directories (e.g. _resources/gen/images).
+// It's still an upstream Go issue that we also need to handle, but
+// this is a test for the first part.
+func TestPruneShouldPreserveEmptyCacheRoots(t *testing.T) {
+	files := `
+-- hugo.toml --
+baseURL = "https://example.com"
+-- content/_index.md --
+---
+title: "Home"
+---
+
+`
+
+	b := hugolib.NewIntegrationTestBuilder(
+		hugolib.IntegrationTestConfig{T: t, TxtarString: files, RunGC: true, NeedsOsFS: true},
+	).Build()
+
+	_, err := b.H.BaseFs.ResourcesCache.Stat(filepath.Join("_gen", "images"))
+
+	b.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+}
+
+func TestPruneImages(t *testing.T) {
+	if htesting.IsCI() {
+		// TODO(bep)
+		t.Skip("skip flaky test on CI server")
+	}
+	t.Skip("skip flaky test")
+	files := `
+-- hugo.toml --
+baseURL = "https://example.com"
+[caches]
+[caches.images]
+maxAge = "200ms"
+dir = ":resourceDir/_gen"
+-- content/_index.md --
+---
+title: "Home"
+---
+-- assets/a/pixel.png --
+iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mNkYPhfDwAChwGA60e6kgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==
+-- layouts/index.html --
+{{ warnf "HOME!" }}
+{{ $img := resources.GetMatch "**.png" }}
+{{ $img = $img.Resize "3x3" }}
+{{ $img.RelPermalink }}
+
+
+
+`
+
+	b := hugolib.NewIntegrationTestBuilder(
+		hugolib.IntegrationTestConfig{T: t, TxtarString: files, Running: true, RunGC: true, NeedsOsFS: true, LogLevel: logg.LevelInfo},
+	).Build()
+
+	b.Assert(b.GCCount, qt.Equals, 0)
+	b.Assert(b.H, qt.IsNotNil)
+
+	imagesCacheDir := filepath.Join("_gen", "images")
+	_, err := b.H.BaseFs.ResourcesCache.Stat(imagesCacheDir)
+
+	b.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+
+	// TODO(bep) we need a way to test full rebuilds.
+	// For now, just sleep a little so the cache elements expires.
+	time.Sleep(500 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	b.RenameFile("assets/a/pixel.png", "assets/b/pixel2.png").Build()
+
+	b.Assert(b.GCCount, qt.Equals, 1)
+	// Build it again to GC the empty a dir.
+	b.Build()
+
+	_, err = b.H.BaseFs.ResourcesCache.Stat(filepath.Join(imagesCacheDir, "a"))
+	b.Assert(err, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
+	_, err = b.H.BaseFs.ResourcesCache.Stat(imagesCacheDir)
+	b.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+}
@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-// Package namedmemcache provides a memory cache with a named lock. This is suitable
-// for situations where creating the cached resource can be time consuming or otherwise
-// resource hungry, or in situations where a "once only per key" is a requirement.
-package namedmemcache
-
-import (
-	"sync"
-
-	"github.com/BurntSushi/locker"
-)
-
-// Cache holds the cached values.
-type Cache struct {
-	nlocker *locker.Locker
-	cache   map[string]cacheEntry
-	mu      sync.RWMutex
-}
-
-type cacheEntry struct {
-	value interface{}
-	err   error
-}
-
-// New creates a new cache.
-func New() *Cache {
-	return &Cache{
-		nlocker: locker.NewLocker(),
-		cache:   make(map[string]cacheEntry),
-	}
-}
-
-// Clear clears the cache state.
-func (c *Cache) Clear() {
-	c.mu.Lock()
-	defer c.mu.Unlock()
-
-	c.cache = make(map[string]cacheEntry)
-	c.nlocker = locker.NewLocker()
-
-}
-
-// GetOrCreate tries to get the value with the given cache key, if not found
-// create will be called and cached.
-// This method is thread safe. It also guarantees that the create func for a given
-// key is invoced only once for this cache.
-func (c *Cache) GetOrCreate(key string, create func() (interface{}, error)) (interface{}, error) {
-	c.mu.RLock()
-	entry, found := c.cache[key]
-	c.mu.RUnlock()
-
-	if found {
-		return entry.value, entry.err
-	}
-
-	c.nlocker.Lock(key)
-	defer c.nlocker.Unlock(key)
-
-	// Create it.
-	value, err := create()
-
-	c.mu.Lock()
-	c.cache[key] = cacheEntry{value: value, err: err}
-	c.mu.Unlock()
-
-	return value, err
-}
@@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package namedmemcache
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"sync"
-	"testing"
-
-	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
-)
-
-func TestNamedCache(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	cache := New()
-
-	counter := 0
-	create := func() (interface{}, error) {
-		counter++
-		return counter, nil
-	}
-
-	for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
-		v1, err := cache.GetOrCreate("a1", create)
-		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-		c.Assert(v1, qt.Equals, 1)
-		v2, err := cache.GetOrCreate("a2", create)
-		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-		c.Assert(v2, qt.Equals, 2)
-	}
-
-	cache.Clear()
-
-	v3, err := cache.GetOrCreate("a2", create)
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(v3, qt.Equals, 3)
-}
-
-func TestNamedCacheConcurrent(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	var wg sync.WaitGroup
-
-	cache := New()
-
-	create := func(i int) func() (interface{}, error) {
-		return func() (interface{}, error) {
-			return i, nil
-		}
-	}
-
-	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
-		wg.Add(1)
-		go func() {
-			defer wg.Done()
-			for j := 0; j < 100; j++ {
-				id := fmt.Sprintf("id%d", j)
-				v, err := cache.GetOrCreate(id, create(j))
-				c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-				c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, j)
-			}
-		}()
-	}
-	wg.Wait()
-}
@@ -1,99 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2017-present The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package cache
-
-import (
-	"sync"
-)
-
-// Partition represents a cache partition where Load is the callback
-// for when the partition is needed.
-type Partition struct {
-	Key  string
-	Load func() (map[string]interface{}, error)
-}
-
-// Lazy represents a lazily loaded cache.
-type Lazy struct {
-	initSync sync.Once
-	initErr  error
-	cache    map[string]interface{}
-	load     func() (map[string]interface{}, error)
-}
-
-// NewLazy creates a lazy cache with the given load func.
-func NewLazy(load func() (map[string]interface{}, error)) *Lazy {
-	return &Lazy{load: load}
-}
-
-func (l *Lazy) init() error {
-	l.initSync.Do(func() {
-		c, err := l.load()
-		l.cache = c
-		l.initErr = err
-
-	})
-
-	return l.initErr
-}
-
-// Get initializes the cache if not already initialized, then looks up the
-// given key.
-func (l *Lazy) Get(key string) (interface{}, bool, error) {
-	l.init()
-	if l.initErr != nil {
-		return nil, false, l.initErr
-	}
-	v, found := l.cache[key]
-	return v, found, nil
-}
-
-// PartitionedLazyCache is a lazily loaded cache paritioned by a supplied string key.
-type PartitionedLazyCache struct {
-	partitions map[string]*Lazy
-}
-
-// NewPartitionedLazyCache creates a new NewPartitionedLazyCache with the supplied
-// partitions.
-func NewPartitionedLazyCache(partitions ...Partition) *PartitionedLazyCache {
-	lazyPartitions := make(map[string]*Lazy, len(partitions))
-	for _, partition := range partitions {
-		lazyPartitions[partition.Key] = NewLazy(partition.Load)
-	}
-	cache := &PartitionedLazyCache{partitions: lazyPartitions}
-
-	return cache
-}
-
-// Get initializes the partition if not already done so, then looks up the given
-// key in the given partition, returns nil if no value found.
-func (c *PartitionedLazyCache) Get(partition, key string) (interface{}, error) {
-	p, found := c.partitions[partition]
-
-	if !found {
-		return nil, nil
-	}
-
-	v, found, err := p.Get(key)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	if found {
-		return v, nil
-	}
-
-	return nil, nil
-
-}
@@ -1,138 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2017-present The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package cache
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-	"sync"
-	"testing"
-
-	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
-)
-
-func TestNewPartitionedLazyCache(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	p1 := Partition{
-		Key: "p1",
-		Load: func() (map[string]interface{}, error) {
-			return map[string]interface{}{
-				"p1_1":   "p1v1",
-				"p1_2":   "p1v2",
-				"p1_nil": nil,
-			}, nil
-		},
-	}
-
-	p2 := Partition{
-		Key: "p2",
-		Load: func() (map[string]interface{}, error) {
-			return map[string]interface{}{
-				"p2_1": "p2v1",
-				"p2_2": "p2v2",
-				"p2_3": "p2v3",
-			}, nil
-		},
-	}
-
-	cache := NewPartitionedLazyCache(p1, p2)
-
-	v, err := cache.Get("p1", "p1_1")
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, "p1v1")
-
-	v, err = cache.Get("p1", "p2_1")
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(v, qt.IsNil)
-
-	v, err = cache.Get("p1", "p1_nil")
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(v, qt.IsNil)
-
-	v, err = cache.Get("p2", "p2_3")
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, "p2v3")
-
-	v, err = cache.Get("doesnotexist", "p1_1")
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(v, qt.IsNil)
-
-	v, err = cache.Get("p1", "doesnotexist")
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(v, qt.IsNil)
-
-	errorP := Partition{
-		Key: "p3",
-		Load: func() (map[string]interface{}, error) {
-			return nil, errors.New("Failed")
-		},
-	}
-
-	cache = NewPartitionedLazyCache(errorP)
-
-	v, err = cache.Get("p1", "doesnotexist")
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(v, qt.IsNil)
-
-	_, err = cache.Get("p3", "doesnotexist")
-	c.Assert(err, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
-
-}
-
-func TestConcurrentPartitionedLazyCache(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	var wg sync.WaitGroup
-
-	p1 := Partition{
-		Key: "p1",
-		Load: func() (map[string]interface{}, error) {
-			return map[string]interface{}{
-				"p1_1":   "p1v1",
-				"p1_2":   "p1v2",
-				"p1_nil": nil,
-			}, nil
-		},
-	}
-
-	p2 := Partition{
-		Key: "p2",
-		Load: func() (map[string]interface{}, error) {
-			return map[string]interface{}{
-				"p2_1": "p2v1",
-				"p2_2": "p2v2",
-				"p2_3": "p2v3",
-			}, nil
-		},
-	}
-
-	cache := NewPartitionedLazyCache(p1, p2)
-
-	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
-		wg.Add(1)
-		go func() {
-			defer wg.Done()
-			for j := 0; j < 10; j++ {
-				v, err := cache.Get("p1", "p1_1")
-				c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-				c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, "p1v1")
-			}
-		}()
-	}
-	wg.Wait()
-}
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ func (c *Inspector) MethodsFromTypes(include []reflect.Type, exclude []reflect.T

 	var methods Methods

-	var excludes = make(map[string]bool)
+	excludes := make(map[string]bool)

 	if len(exclude) > 0 {
 		for _, m := range c.MethodsFromTypes(exclude, nil) {
@@ -99,11 +99,9 @@ func (c *Inspector) MethodsFromTypes(include []reflect.Type, exclude []reflect.T
 		name = pkgPrefix + name

 		return name, pkg
-
 	}

 	for _, t := range include {
-
 		for i := 0; i < t.NumMethod(); i++ {

 			m := t.Method(i)
@@ -153,7 +151,6 @@ func (c *Inspector) MethodsFromTypes(include []reflect.Type, exclude []reflect.T

 			methods = append(methods, method)
 		}
-
 	}

 	sort.SliceStable(methods, func(i, j int) bool {
@@ -167,16 +164,13 @@ func (c *Inspector) MethodsFromTypes(include []reflect.Type, exclude []reflect.T
 		}

 		return wi < wj
-
 	})

 	return methods
-
 }

 func (c *Inspector) parseSource() {
 	c.init.Do(func() {
-
 		if !strings.Contains(c.ProjectRootDir, "hugo") {
 			panic("dir must be set to the Hugo root")
 		}
@@ -200,7 +194,6 @@ func (c *Inspector) parseSource() {
 			filenames = append(filenames, path)

 			return nil
-
 		})

 		for _, filename := range filenames {
@@ -230,7 +223,6 @@ func (c *Inspector) parseSource() {
 							c.methodWeight[iface] = weights
 						}
 					}
-
 				}
 				return true
 			})
@@ -247,7 +239,6 @@ func (c *Inspector) parseSource() {
 				}
 			}
 		}
-
 	})
 }

@@ -374,7 +365,7 @@ func (m Methods) Imports() []string {
 }

 // ToMarshalJSON creates a MarshalJSON method for these methods. Any method name
-// matchin any of the regexps in excludes will be ignored.
+// matching any of the regexps in excludes will be ignored.
 func (m Methods) ToMarshalJSON(receiver, pkgPath string, excludes ...string) (string, []string) {
 	var sb strings.Builder

@@ -385,7 +376,7 @@ func (m Methods) ToMarshalJSON(receiver, pkgPath string, excludes ...string) (st
 	fmt.Fprintf(&sb, "func Marshal%sToJSON(%s %s) ([]byte, error) {\n", what, r, receiver)

 	var methods Methods
-	var excludeRes = make([]*regexp.Regexp, len(excludes))
+	excludeRes := make([]*regexp.Regexp, len(excludes))

 	for i, exclude := range excludes {
 		excludeRes[i] = regexp.MustCompile(exclude)
@@ -450,7 +441,6 @@ func (m Methods) ToMarshalJSON(receiver, pkgPath string, excludes ...string) (st
 	}

 	return sb.String(), pkgImports
-
 }

 func collectMethodsRecursive(pkg string, f []*ast.Field) []string {
@@ -462,12 +452,16 @@ func collectMethodsRecursive(pkg string, f []*ast.Field) []string {
 		}

 		if ident, ok := m.Type.(*ast.Ident); ok && ident.Obj != nil {
-			// Embedded interface
-			methodNames = append(
-				methodNames,
-				collectMethodsRecursive(
-					pkg,
-					ident.Obj.Decl.(*ast.TypeSpec).Type.(*ast.InterfaceType).Methods.List)...)
+			switch tt := ident.Obj.Decl.(*ast.TypeSpec).Type.(type) {
+			case *ast.InterfaceType:
+				// Embedded interface
+				methodNames = append(
+					methodNames,
+					collectMethodsRecursive(
+						pkg,
+						tt.Methods.List)...)
+			}
+
 		} else {
 			// Embedded, but in a different file/package. Return the
 			// package.Name and deal with that later.
@@ -481,7 +475,6 @@ func collectMethodsRecursive(pkg string, f []*ast.Field) []string {
 	}

 	return methodNames
-
 }

 func firstToLower(name string) string {
@@ -516,7 +509,7 @@ func typeName(name, pkg string) string {

 func uniqueNonEmptyStrings(s []string) []string {
 	var unique []string
-	set := map[string]interface{}{}
+	set := map[string]any{}
 	for _, val := range s {
 		if val == "" {
 			continue
@@ -544,5 +537,4 @@ func varName(name string) string {
 	}

 	return name
-
 }
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestMethods(t *testing.T) {
-
 	var (
 		zeroIE     = reflect.TypeOf((*IEmbed)(nil)).Elem()
 		zeroIEOnly = reflect.TypeOf((*IEOnly)(nil)).Elem()
@@ -58,7 +57,6 @@ func TestMethods(t *testing.T) {
 		methodsStr := fmt.Sprint(methods)

 		c.Assert(methodsStr, qt.Contains, "MethodEmbed3(arg0 string) string")
-
 	})

 	t.Run("ToMarshalJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -76,9 +74,7 @@ func TestMethods(t *testing.T) {
 		c.Assert(pkg, qt.Contains, "encoding/json")

 		fmt.Println(pkg)
-
 	})
-
 }

 type I interface {
@@ -89,7 +85,7 @@ type I interface {
 	Method3(myint int, mystring string)
 	Method5() (string, error)
 	Method6() *net.IP
-	Method7() interface{}
+	Method7() any
 	Method8() herrors.ErrorContext
 	method2()
 	method9() os.FileInfo
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2019 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -14,410 +14,611 @@
 package commands

 import (
-	"bytes"
+	"context"
 	"errors"
-	"sync"
-
-	"golang.org/x/sync/semaphore"
-
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/modules"
-
-	"io/ioutil"
-
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/herrors"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugo"
-
-	jww "github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman"
-
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"log"
 	"os"
+	"os/signal"
 	"path/filepath"
-	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"syscall"
 	"time"

+	"go.uber.org/automaxprocs/maxprocs"
+
+	"github.com/bep/clocks"
+	"github.com/bep/lazycache"
+	"github.com/bep/logg"
+	"github.com/bep/overlayfs"
+	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
+
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hstrings"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/htime"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugo"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/paths"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
-
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib"
-	"github.com/spf13/afero"
-
-	"github.com/bep/debounce"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/types"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config/allconfig"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/deps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/langs"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib"
+	"github.com/spf13/afero"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )

-type commandeerHugoState struct {
-	*deps.DepsCfg
-	hugoSites *hugolib.HugoSites
-	fsCreate  sync.Once
-	created   chan struct{}
-}
+var errHelp = errors.New("help requested")

-type commandeer struct {
-	*commandeerHugoState
-
-	logger *loggers.Logger
-
-	// Currently only set when in "fast render mode". But it seems to
-	// be fast enough that we could maybe just add it for all server modes.
-	changeDetector *fileChangeDetector
-
-	// We need to reuse this on server rebuilds.
-	destinationFs afero.Fs
-
-	h    *hugoBuilderCommon
-	ftch flagsToConfigHandler
-
-	visitedURLs *types.EvictingStringQueue
-
-	doWithCommandeer func(c *commandeer) error
-
-	// We watch these for changes.
-	configFiles []string
-
-	// Used in cases where we get flooded with events in server mode.
-	debounce func(f func())
-
-	serverPorts         []int
-	languagesConfigured bool
-	languages           langs.Languages
-	doLiveReload        bool
-	fastRenderMode      bool
-	showErrorInBrowser  bool
-	wasError            bool
-
-	configured bool
-	paused     bool
-
-	fullRebuildSem *semaphore.Weighted
-
-	// Any error from the last build.
-	buildErr error
-}
-
-func newCommandeerHugoState() *commandeerHugoState {
-	return &commandeerHugoState{
-		created: make(chan struct{}),
+// Execute executes a command.
+func Execute(args []string) error {
+	// Default GOMAXPROCS to be CPU limit aware, still respecting GOMAXPROCS env.
+	maxprocs.Set()
+	x, err := newExec()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
-}
-
-func (c *commandeerHugoState) hugo() *hugolib.HugoSites {
-	<-c.created
-	return c.hugoSites
-}
-
-func (c *commandeer) errCount() int {
-	return int(c.logger.ErrorCounter.Count())
-}
-
-func (c *commandeer) getErrorWithContext() interface{} {
-	errCount := c.errCount()
-
-	if errCount == 0 {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	m := make(map[string]interface{})
-
-	m["Error"] = errors.New(removeErrorPrefixFromLog(c.logger.Errors()))
-	m["Version"] = hugo.BuildVersionString()
-
-	fe := herrors.UnwrapErrorWithFileContext(c.buildErr)
-	if fe != nil {
-		m["File"] = fe
-	}
-
-	if c.h.verbose {
-		var b bytes.Buffer
-		herrors.FprintStackTrace(&b, c.buildErr)
-		m["StackTrace"] = b.String()
-	}
-
-	return m
-}
-
-func (c *commandeer) Set(key string, value interface{}) {
-	if c.configured {
-		panic("commandeer cannot be changed")
-	}
-	c.Cfg.Set(key, value)
-}
-
-func (c *commandeer) initFs(fs *hugofs.Fs) error {
-	c.destinationFs = fs.Destination
-	c.DepsCfg.Fs = fs
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func newCommandeer(mustHaveConfigFile, running bool, h *hugoBuilderCommon, f flagsToConfigHandler, doWithCommandeer func(c *commandeer) error, subCmdVs ...*cobra.Command) (*commandeer, error) {
-
-	var rebuildDebouncer func(f func())
-	if running {
-		// The time value used is tested with mass content replacements in a fairly big Hugo site.
-		// It is better to wait for some seconds in those cases rather than get flooded
-		// with rebuilds.
-		rebuildDebouncer = debounce.New(4 * time.Second)
-	}
-
-	out := ioutil.Discard
-	if !h.quiet {
-		out = os.Stdout
-	}
-
-	c := &commandeer{
-		h:                   h,
-		ftch:                f,
-		commandeerHugoState: newCommandeerHugoState(),
-		doWithCommandeer:    doWithCommandeer,
-		visitedURLs:         types.NewEvictingStringQueue(10),
-		debounce:            rebuildDebouncer,
-		fullRebuildSem:      semaphore.NewWeighted(1),
-		// This will be replaced later, but we need something to log to before the configuration is read.
-		logger: loggers.NewLogger(jww.LevelError, jww.LevelError, out, ioutil.Discard, running),
-	}
-
-	return c, c.loadConfig(mustHaveConfigFile, running)
-}
-
-type fileChangeDetector struct {
-	sync.Mutex
-	current map[string]string
-	prev    map[string]string
-
-	irrelevantRe *regexp.Regexp
-}
-
-func (f *fileChangeDetector) OnFileClose(name, md5sum string) {
-	f.Lock()
-	defer f.Unlock()
-	f.current[name] = md5sum
-}
-
-func (f *fileChangeDetector) changed() []string {
-	if f == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	f.Lock()
-	defer f.Unlock()
-	var c []string
-	for k, v := range f.current {
-		vv, found := f.prev[k]
-		if !found || v != vv {
-			c = append(c, k)
-		}
-	}
-
-	return f.filterIrrelevant(c)
-}
-
-func (f *fileChangeDetector) filterIrrelevant(in []string) []string {
-	var filtered []string
-	for _, v := range in {
-		if !f.irrelevantRe.MatchString(v) {
-			filtered = append(filtered, v)
-		}
-	}
-	return filtered
-}
-
-func (f *fileChangeDetector) PrepareNew() {
-	if f == nil {
-		return
-	}
-
-	f.Lock()
-	defer f.Unlock()
-
-	if f.current == nil {
-		f.current = make(map[string]string)
-		f.prev = make(map[string]string)
-		return
-	}
-
-	f.prev = make(map[string]string)
-	for k, v := range f.current {
-		f.prev[k] = v
-	}
-	f.current = make(map[string]string)
-}
-
-func (c *commandeer) loadConfig(mustHaveConfigFile, running bool) error {
-
-	if c.DepsCfg == nil {
-		c.DepsCfg = &deps.DepsCfg{}
-	}
-
-	if c.logger != nil {
-		// Truncate the error log if this is a reload.
-		c.logger.Reset()
-	}
-
-	cfg := c.DepsCfg
-	c.configured = false
-	cfg.Running = running
-
-	var dir string
-	if c.h.source != "" {
-		dir, _ = filepath.Abs(c.h.source)
-	} else {
-		dir, _ = os.Getwd()
-	}
-
-	var sourceFs afero.Fs = hugofs.Os
-	if c.DepsCfg.Fs != nil {
-		sourceFs = c.DepsCfg.Fs.Source
-	}
-
-	environment := c.h.getEnvironment(running)
-
-	doWithConfig := func(cfg config.Provider) error {
-
-		if c.ftch != nil {
-			c.ftch.flagsToConfig(cfg)
-		}
-
-		cfg.Set("workingDir", dir)
-		cfg.Set("environment", environment)
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	doWithCommandeer := func(cfg config.Provider) error {
-		c.Cfg = cfg
-		if c.doWithCommandeer == nil {
+	args = mapLegacyArgs(args)
+	cd, err := x.Execute(context.Background(), args)
+	if err != nil {
+		if err == errHelp {
+			cd.CobraCommand.Help()
+			fmt.Println()
 			return nil
 		}
-		err := c.doWithCommandeer(c)
-		return err
+		if simplecobra.IsCommandError(err) {
+			// Print the help, but also return the error to fail the command.
+			cd.CobraCommand.Help()
+			fmt.Println()
+		}
 	}
+	return err
+}

-	configPath := c.h.source
-	if configPath == "" {
-		configPath = dir
-	}
-	config, configFiles, err := hugolib.LoadConfig(
-		hugolib.ConfigSourceDescriptor{
-			Fs:           sourceFs,
-			Logger:       c.logger,
-			Path:         configPath,
-			WorkingDir:   dir,
-			Filename:     c.h.cfgFile,
-			AbsConfigDir: c.h.getConfigDir(dir),
-			Environ:      os.Environ(),
-			Environment:  environment},
-		doWithCommandeer,
-		doWithConfig)
+type commonConfig struct {
+	mu      *sync.Mutex
+	configs *allconfig.Configs
+	cfg     config.Provider
+	fs      *hugofs.Fs
+}

+// This is the root command.
+type rootCommand struct {
+	Printf  func(format string, v ...interface{})
+	Println func(a ...interface{})
+	Out     io.Writer
+
+	logger loggers.Logger
+
+	// The main cache busting key for the caches below.
+	configVersionID atomic.Int32
+
+	// Some, but not all commands need access to these.
+	// Some needs more than one, so keep them in a small cache.
+	commonConfigs *lazycache.Cache[int32, *commonConfig]
+	hugoSites     *lazycache.Cache[int32, *hugolib.HugoSites]
+
+	commands []simplecobra.Commander
+
+	// Flags
+	source      string
+	buildWatch  bool
+	environment string
+
+	// Common build flags.
+	baseURL         string
+	gc              bool
+	poll            string
+	forceSyncStatic bool
+
+	// Profile flags (for debugging of performance problems)
+	cpuprofile   string
+	memprofile   string
+	mutexprofile string
+	traceprofile string
+	printm       bool
+
+	logLevel string
+
+	verbose bool
+	debug   bool
+	quiet   bool
+
+	renderToMemory bool
+
+	cfgFile string
+	cfgDir  string
+}
+
+func (r *rootCommand) isVerbose() bool {
+	return r.logger.Level() <= logg.LevelInfo
+}
+
+func (r *rootCommand) Build(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, bcfg hugolib.BuildCfg, cfg config.Provider) (*hugolib.HugoSites, error) {
+	h, err := r.Hugo(cfg)
 	if err != nil {
-		if mustHaveConfigFile {
-			return err
-		}
-		if err != hugolib.ErrNoConfigFile && !modules.IsNotExist(err) {
-			return err
-		}
-
-	} else if mustHaveConfigFile && len(configFiles) == 0 {
-		return hugolib.ErrNoConfigFile
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err := h.Build(bcfg); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}

-	c.configFiles = configFiles
+	return h, nil
+}

-	if l, ok := c.Cfg.Get("languagesSorted").(langs.Languages); ok {
-		c.languagesConfigured = true
-		c.languages = l
-	}
+func (r *rootCommand) Commands() []simplecobra.Commander {
+	return r.commands
+}

-	// Set some commonly used flags
-	c.doLiveReload = running && !c.Cfg.GetBool("disableLiveReload")
-	c.fastRenderMode = c.doLiveReload && !c.Cfg.GetBool("disableFastRender")
-	c.showErrorInBrowser = c.doLiveReload && !c.Cfg.GetBool("disableBrowserError")
-
-	// This is potentially double work, but we need to do this one more time now
-	// that all the languages have been configured.
-	if c.doWithCommandeer != nil {
-		if err := c.doWithCommandeer(c); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-
-	logger, err := c.createLogger(config, running)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	cfg.Logger = logger
-	c.logger = logger
-
-	createMemFs := config.GetBool("renderToMemory")
-
-	if createMemFs {
-		// Rendering to memoryFS, publish to Root regardless of publishDir.
-		config.Set("publishDir", "/")
-	}
-
-	c.fsCreate.Do(func() {
-		fs := hugofs.NewFrom(sourceFs, config)
-
-		if c.destinationFs != nil {
-			// Need to reuse the destination on server rebuilds.
-			fs.Destination = c.destinationFs
-		} else if createMemFs {
-			// Hugo writes the output to memory instead of the disk.
-			fs.Destination = new(afero.MemMapFs)
-		}
-
-		if c.fastRenderMode {
-			// For now, fast render mode only. It should, however, be fast enough
-			// for the full variant, too.
-			changeDetector := &fileChangeDetector{
-				// We use this detector to decide to do a Hot reload of a single path or not.
-				// We need to filter out source maps and possibly some other to be able
-				// to make that decision.
-				irrelevantRe: regexp.MustCompile(`\.map$`),
-			}
-
-			changeDetector.PrepareNew()
-			fs.Destination = hugofs.NewHashingFs(fs.Destination, changeDetector)
-			c.changeDetector = changeDetector
-		}
-
-		if c.Cfg.GetBool("logPathWarnings") {
-			fs.Destination = hugofs.NewCreateCountingFs(fs.Destination)
-		}
-
-		// To debug hard-to-find path issues.
-		//fs.Destination = hugofs.NewStacktracerFs(fs.Destination, `fr/fr`)
-
-		err = c.initFs(fs)
+func (r *rootCommand) ConfigFromConfig(key int32, oldConf *commonConfig) (*commonConfig, error) {
+	cc, _, err := r.commonConfigs.GetOrCreate(key, func(key int32) (*commonConfig, error) {
+		fs := oldConf.fs
+		configs, err := allconfig.LoadConfig(
+			allconfig.ConfigSourceDescriptor{
+				Flags:       oldConf.cfg,
+				Fs:          fs.Source,
+				Filename:    r.cfgFile,
+				ConfigDir:   r.cfgDir,
+				Logger:      r.logger,
+				Environment: r.environment,
+			},
+		)
 		if err != nil {
-			close(c.created)
-			return
+			return nil, err
 		}

-		var h *hugolib.HugoSites
-
-		h, err = hugolib.NewHugoSites(*c.DepsCfg)
-		c.hugoSites = h
-		close(c.created)
+		if !configs.Base.C.Clock.IsZero() {
+			// TODO(bep) find a better place for this.
+			htime.Clock = clocks.Start(configs.Base.C.Clock)
+		}

+		return &commonConfig{
+			mu:      oldConf.mu,
+			configs: configs,
+			cfg:     oldConf.cfg,
+			fs:      fs,
+		}, nil
 	})

+	return cc, err
+}
+
+func (r *rootCommand) ConfigFromProvider(key int32, cfg config.Provider) (*commonConfig, error) {
+	if cfg == nil {
+		panic("cfg must be set")
+	}
+	cc, _, err := r.commonConfigs.GetOrCreate(key, func(key int32) (*commonConfig, error) {
+		var dir string
+		if r.source != "" {
+			dir, _ = filepath.Abs(r.source)
+		} else {
+			dir, _ = os.Getwd()
+		}
+
+		if cfg == nil {
+			cfg = config.New()
+		}
+
+		if !cfg.IsSet("renderToDisk") {
+			cfg.Set("renderToDisk", true)
+		}
+		if !cfg.IsSet("workingDir") {
+			cfg.Set("workingDir", dir)
+		} else {
+			if err := os.MkdirAll(cfg.GetString("workingDir"), 0o777); err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create workingDir: %w", err)
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Load the config first to allow publishDir to be configured in config file.
+		configs, err := allconfig.LoadConfig(
+			allconfig.ConfigSourceDescriptor{
+				Flags:       cfg,
+				Fs:          hugofs.Os,
+				Filename:    r.cfgFile,
+				ConfigDir:   r.cfgDir,
+				Environment: r.environment,
+				Logger:      r.logger,
+			},
+		)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		base := configs.Base
+
+		cfg.Set("publishDir", base.PublishDir)
+		cfg.Set("publishDirStatic", base.PublishDir)
+		cfg.Set("publishDirDynamic", base.PublishDir)
+
+		renderStaticToDisk := cfg.GetBool("renderStaticToDisk")
+
+		sourceFs := hugofs.Os
+		var destinationFs afero.Fs
+		if cfg.GetBool("renderToDisk") {
+			destinationFs = hugofs.Os
+		} else {
+			destinationFs = afero.NewMemMapFs()
+			if renderStaticToDisk {
+				// Hybrid, render dynamic content to Root.
+				cfg.Set("publishDirDynamic", "/")
+			} else {
+				// Rendering to memoryFS, publish to Root regardless of publishDir.
+				cfg.Set("publishDirDynamic", "/")
+				cfg.Set("publishDirStatic", "/")
+			}
+		}
+
+		fs := hugofs.NewFromSourceAndDestination(sourceFs, destinationFs, cfg)
+
+		if renderStaticToDisk {
+			dynamicFs := fs.PublishDir
+			publishDirStatic := cfg.GetString("publishDirStatic")
+			workingDir := cfg.GetString("workingDir")
+			absPublishDirStatic := paths.AbsPathify(workingDir, publishDirStatic)
+			staticFs := hugofs.NewBasePathFs(afero.NewOsFs(), absPublishDirStatic)
+
+			// Serve from both the static and dynamic fs,
+			// the first will take priority.
+			// THis is a read-only filesystem,
+			// we do all the writes to
+			// fs.Destination and fs.DestinationStatic.
+			fs.PublishDirServer = overlayfs.New(
+				overlayfs.Options{
+					Fss: []afero.Fs{
+						dynamicFs,
+						staticFs,
+					},
+				},
+			)
+			fs.PublishDirStatic = staticFs
+
+		}
+
+		if !base.C.Clock.IsZero() {
+			// TODO(bep) find a better place for this.
+			htime.Clock = clocks.Start(configs.Base.C.Clock)
+		}
+
+		if base.PrintPathWarnings {
+			// Note that we only care about the "dynamic creates" here,
+			// so skip the static fs.
+			fs.PublishDir = hugofs.NewCreateCountingFs(fs.PublishDir)
+		}
+
+		commonConfig := &commonConfig{
+			mu:      &sync.Mutex{},
+			configs: configs,
+			cfg:     cfg,
+			fs:      fs,
+		}
+
+		return commonConfig, nil
+	})
+
+	return cc, err
+}
+
+func (r *rootCommand) HugFromConfig(conf *commonConfig) (*hugolib.HugoSites, error) {
+	h, _, err := r.hugoSites.GetOrCreate(r.configVersionID.Load(), func(key int32) (*hugolib.HugoSites, error) {
+		depsCfg := deps.DepsCfg{Configs: conf.configs, Fs: conf.fs, LogOut: r.logger.Out(), LogLevel: r.logger.Level()}
+		return hugolib.NewHugoSites(depsCfg)
+	})
+	return h, err
+}
+
+func (r *rootCommand) Hugo(cfg config.Provider) (*hugolib.HugoSites, error) {
+	h, _, err := r.hugoSites.GetOrCreate(r.configVersionID.Load(), func(key int32) (*hugolib.HugoSites, error) {
+		conf, err := r.ConfigFromProvider(key, cfg)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		depsCfg := deps.DepsCfg{Configs: conf.configs, Fs: conf.fs, LogOut: r.logger.Out(), LogLevel: r.logger.Level()}
+		return hugolib.NewHugoSites(depsCfg)
+	})
+	return h, err
+}
+
+func (r *rootCommand) Name() string {
+	return "hugo"
+}
+
+func (r *rootCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, args []string) error {
+	if !r.buildWatch {
+		defer r.timeTrack(time.Now(), "Total")
+	}
+
+	b := newHugoBuilder(r, nil)
+
+	if err := b.loadConfig(cd, false); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	err := func() error {
+		if r.buildWatch {
+			defer r.timeTrack(time.Now(), "Built")
+		}
+		err := b.build()
+		return err
+	}()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	cacheDir, err := helpers.GetCacheDir(sourceFs, config)
+	if !r.buildWatch {
+		// Done.
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	watchDirs, err := b.getDirList()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	config.Set("cacheDir", cacheDir)

-	cfg.Logger.INFO.Println("Using config file:", config.ConfigFileUsed())
+	watchGroups := helpers.ExtractAndGroupRootPaths(watchDirs)
+
+	for _, group := range watchGroups {
+		r.Printf("Watching for changes in %s\n", group)
+	}
+	watcher, err := b.newWatcher(r.poll, watchDirs...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	defer watcher.Close()
+
+	r.Println("Press Ctrl+C to stop")
+
+	sigs := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
+	signal.Notify(sigs, syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM)
+
+	<-sigs

 	return nil
-
+}
+
+func (r *rootCommand) PreRun(cd, runner *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
+	r.Out = os.Stdout
+	if r.quiet {
+		r.Out = io.Discard
+	}
+	// Used by mkcert (server).
+	log.SetOutput(r.Out)
+
+	r.Printf = func(format string, v ...interface{}) {
+		if !r.quiet {
+			fmt.Fprintf(r.Out, format, v...)
+		}
+	}
+	r.Println = func(a ...interface{}) {
+		if !r.quiet {
+			fmt.Fprintln(r.Out, a...)
+		}
+	}
+	_, running := runner.Command.(*serverCommand)
+	var err error
+	r.logger, err = r.createLogger(running)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	r.commonConfigs = lazycache.New(lazycache.Options[int32, *commonConfig]{MaxEntries: 5})
+	// We don't want to keep stale HugoSites in memory longer than needed.
+	r.hugoSites = lazycache.New(lazycache.Options[int32, *hugolib.HugoSites]{
+		MaxEntries: 1,
+		OnEvict: func(key int32, value *hugolib.HugoSites) {
+			value.Close()
+		},
+	})
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (r *rootCommand) createLogger(running bool) (loggers.Logger, error) {
+	level := logg.LevelWarn
+
+	if r.logLevel != "" {
+		switch strings.ToLower(r.logLevel) {
+		case "debug":
+			level = logg.LevelDebug
+		case "info":
+			level = logg.LevelInfo
+		case "warn", "warning":
+			level = logg.LevelWarn
+		case "error":
+			level = logg.LevelError
+		default:
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid log level: %q, must be one of debug, warn, info or error", r.logLevel)
+		}
+	} else {
+		if r.verbose {
+			hugo.Deprecate("--verbose", "use --logLevel info", "v0.114.0")
+			hugo.Deprecate("--verbose", "use --logLevel info", "v0.114.0")
+			level = logg.LevelInfo
+		}
+
+		if r.debug {
+			hugo.Deprecate("--debug", "use --logLevel debug", "v0.114.0")
+			level = logg.LevelDebug
+		}
+	}
+
+	optsLogger := loggers.Options{
+		DistinctLevel: logg.LevelWarn,
+		Level:         level,
+		Stdout:        r.Out,
+		Stderr:        r.Out,
+		StoreErrors:   running,
+	}
+
+	return loggers.New(optsLogger), nil
+}
+
+func (r *rootCommand) Reset() {
+	r.logger.Reset()
+	loggers.Log().Reset()
+}
+
+// IsTestRun reports whether the command is running as a test.
+func (r *rootCommand) IsTestRun() bool {
+	return os.Getenv("HUGO_TESTRUN") != ""
+}
+
+func (r *rootCommand) Init(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
+	cmd := cd.CobraCommand
+	cmd.Use = "hugo [flags]"
+	cmd.Short = "hugo builds your site"
+	cmd.Long = `hugo is the main command, used to build your Hugo site.
+
+Hugo is a Fast and Flexible Static Site Generator
+built with love by spf13 and friends in Go.
+
+Complete documentation is available at https://gohugo.io/.`
+
+	// Configure persistent flags
+	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&r.source, "source", "s", "", "filesystem path to read files relative from")
+	cmd.PersistentFlags().SetAnnotation("source", cobra.BashCompSubdirsInDir, []string{})
+	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringP("destination", "d", "", "filesystem path to write files to")
+	cmd.PersistentFlags().SetAnnotation("destination", cobra.BashCompSubdirsInDir, []string{})
+
+	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&r.environment, "environment", "e", "", "build environment")
+	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringP("themesDir", "", "", "filesystem path to themes directory")
+	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringP("ignoreVendorPaths", "", "", "ignores any _vendor for module paths matching the given Glob pattern")
+	cmd.PersistentFlags().String("clock", "", "set the clock used by Hugo, e.g. --clock 2021-11-06T22:30:00.00+09:00")
+
+	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&r.cfgFile, "config", "", "config file (default is hugo.yaml|json|toml)")
+	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&r.cfgDir, "configDir", "config", "config dir")
+	cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&r.quiet, "quiet", false, "build in quiet mode")
+
+	// Set bash-completion
+	_ = cmd.PersistentFlags().SetAnnotation("config", cobra.BashCompFilenameExt, config.ValidConfigFileExtensions)
+
+	cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&r.verbose, "verbose", "v", false, "verbose output")
+	cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&r.debug, "debug", "", false, "debug output")
+	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&r.logLevel, "logLevel", "", "log level (debug|info|warn|error)")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&r.buildWatch, "watch", "w", false, "watch filesystem for changes and recreate as needed")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&r.renderToMemory, "renderToMemory", false, "render to memory (only useful for benchmark testing)")
+
+	// Configure local flags
+	applyLocalFlagsBuild(cmd, r)
+
+	// Set bash-completion.
+	// Each flag must first be defined before using the SetAnnotation() call.
+	_ = cmd.Flags().SetAnnotation("source", cobra.BashCompSubdirsInDir, []string{})
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// A sub set of the complete build flags. These flags are used by new and mod.
+func applyLocalFlagsBuildConfig(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
+	cmd.Flags().StringSliceP("theme", "t", []string{}, "themes to use (located in /themes/THEMENAME/)")
+	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&r.baseURL, "baseURL", "b", "", "hostname (and path) to the root, e.g. https://spf13.com/")
+	cmd.Flags().StringP("cacheDir", "", "", "filesystem path to cache directory")
+	_ = cmd.Flags().SetAnnotation("cacheDir", cobra.BashCompSubdirsInDir, []string{})
+	cmd.Flags().StringP("contentDir", "c", "", "filesystem path to content directory")
+	_ = cmd.Flags().SetAnnotation("theme", cobra.BashCompSubdirsInDir, []string{"themes"})
+}
+
+// Flags needed to do a build (used by hugo and hugo server commands)
+func applyLocalFlagsBuild(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
+	applyLocalFlagsBuildConfig(cmd, r)
+	cmd.Flags().Bool("cleanDestinationDir", false, "remove files from destination not found in static directories")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolP("buildDrafts", "D", false, "include content marked as draft")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolP("buildFuture", "F", false, "include content with publishdate in the future")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolP("buildExpired", "E", false, "include expired content")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolP("ignoreCache", "", false, "ignores the cache directory")
+	cmd.Flags().Bool("enableGitInfo", false, "add Git revision, date, author, and CODEOWNERS info to the pages")
+	cmd.Flags().StringP("layoutDir", "l", "", "filesystem path to layout directory")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&r.gc, "gc", false, "enable to run some cleanup tasks (remove unused cache files) after the build")
+	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&r.poll, "poll", "", "set this to a poll interval, e.g --poll 700ms, to use a poll based approach to watch for file system changes")
+	cmd.Flags().Bool("panicOnWarning", false, "panic on first WARNING log")
+	cmd.Flags().Bool("templateMetrics", false, "display metrics about template executions")
+	cmd.Flags().Bool("templateMetricsHints", false, "calculate some improvement hints when combined with --templateMetrics")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&r.forceSyncStatic, "forceSyncStatic", false, "copy all files when static is changed.")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolP("noTimes", "", false, "don't sync modification time of files")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolP("noChmod", "", false, "don't sync permission mode of files")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolP("noBuildLock", "", false, "don't create .hugo_build.lock file")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolP("printI18nWarnings", "", false, "print missing translations")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolP("printPathWarnings", "", false, "print warnings on duplicate target paths etc.")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolP("printUnusedTemplates", "", false, "print warnings on unused templates.")
+	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&r.cpuprofile, "profile-cpu", "", "", "write cpu profile to `file`")
+	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&r.memprofile, "profile-mem", "", "", "write memory profile to `file`")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&r.printm, "printMemoryUsage", "", false, "print memory usage to screen at intervals")
+	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&r.mutexprofile, "profile-mutex", "", "", "write Mutex profile to `file`")
+	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&r.traceprofile, "trace", "", "", "write trace to `file` (not useful in general)")
+
+	// Hide these for now.
+	cmd.Flags().MarkHidden("profile-cpu")
+	cmd.Flags().MarkHidden("profile-mem")
+	cmd.Flags().MarkHidden("profile-mutex")
+
+	cmd.Flags().StringSlice("disableKinds", []string{}, "disable different kind of pages (home, RSS etc.)")
+	cmd.Flags().Bool("minify", false, "minify any supported output format (HTML, XML etc.)")
+	_ = cmd.Flags().SetAnnotation("destination", cobra.BashCompSubdirsInDir, []string{})
+}
+
+func (r *rootCommand) timeTrack(start time.Time, name string) {
+	elapsed := time.Since(start)
+	r.Printf("%s in %v ms\n", name, int(1000*elapsed.Seconds()))
+}
+
+type simpleCommand struct {
+	use   string
+	name  string
+	short string
+	long  string
+	run   func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, rootCmd *rootCommand, args []string) error
+	withc func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand)
+	initc func(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer) error
+
+	commands []simplecobra.Commander
+
+	rootCmd *rootCommand
+}
+
+func (c *simpleCommand) Commands() []simplecobra.Commander {
+	return c.commands
+}
+
+func (c *simpleCommand) Name() string {
+	return c.name
+}
+
+func (c *simpleCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, args []string) error {
+	if c.run == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return c.run(ctx, cd, c.rootCmd, args)
+}
+
+func (c *simpleCommand) Init(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
+	c.rootCmd = cd.Root.Command.(*rootCommand)
+	cmd := cd.CobraCommand
+	cmd.Short = c.short
+	cmd.Long = c.long
+	if c.use != "" {
+		cmd.Use = c.use
+	}
+	if c.withc != nil {
+		c.withc(cmd, c.rootCmd)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *simpleCommand) PreRun(cd, runner *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
+	if c.initc != nil {
+		return c.initc(cd)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func mapLegacyArgs(args []string) []string {
+	if len(args) > 1 && args[0] == "new" && !hstrings.EqualAny(args[1], "site", "theme", "content") {
+		// Insert "content" as the second argument
+		args = append(args[:1], append([]string{"content"}, args[1:]...)...)
+	}
+	return args
 }
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2019 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -14,315 +14,27 @@
 package commands

 import (
-	"fmt"
-	"os"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib/paths"
-
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugo"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
 )

-type commandsBuilder struct {
-	hugoBuilderCommon
-
-	commands []cmder
-}
-
-func newCommandsBuilder() *commandsBuilder {
-	return &commandsBuilder{}
-}
-
-func (b *commandsBuilder) addCommands(commands ...cmder) *commandsBuilder {
-	b.commands = append(b.commands, commands...)
-	return b
-}
-
-func (b *commandsBuilder) addAll() *commandsBuilder {
-	b.addCommands(
-		b.newServerCmd(),
-		newVersionCmd(),
-		newEnvCmd(),
-		newConfigCmd(),
-		newCheckCmd(),
-		newDeployCmd(),
-		newConvertCmd(),
-		b.newNewCmd(),
-		newListCmd(),
-		newImportCmd(),
-		newGenCmd(),
-		createReleaser(),
-		b.newModCmd(),
-	)
-
-	return b
-}
-
-func (b *commandsBuilder) build() *hugoCmd {
-	h := b.newHugoCmd()
-	addCommands(h.getCommand(), b.commands...)
-	return h
-}
-
-func addCommands(root *cobra.Command, commands ...cmder) {
-	for _, command := range commands {
-		cmd := command.getCommand()
-		if cmd == nil {
-			continue
-		}
-		root.AddCommand(cmd)
-	}
-}
-
-type baseCmd struct {
-	cmd *cobra.Command
-}
-
-var _ commandsBuilderGetter = (*baseBuilderCmd)(nil)
-
-// Used in tests.
-type commandsBuilderGetter interface {
-	getCommandsBuilder() *commandsBuilder
-}
-type baseBuilderCmd struct {
-	*baseCmd
-	*commandsBuilder
-}
-
-func (b *baseBuilderCmd) getCommandsBuilder() *commandsBuilder {
-	return b.commandsBuilder
-}
-
-func (c *baseCmd) getCommand() *cobra.Command {
-	return c.cmd
-}
-
-func newBaseCmd(cmd *cobra.Command) *baseCmd {
-	return &baseCmd{cmd: cmd}
-}
-
-func (b *commandsBuilder) newBuilderCmd(cmd *cobra.Command) *baseBuilderCmd {
-	bcmd := &baseBuilderCmd{commandsBuilder: b, baseCmd: &baseCmd{cmd: cmd}}
-	bcmd.hugoBuilderCommon.handleFlags(cmd)
-	return bcmd
-}
-
-func (c *baseCmd) flagsToConfig(cfg config.Provider) {
-	initializeFlags(c.cmd, cfg)
-}
-
-type hugoCmd struct {
-	*baseBuilderCmd
-
-	// Need to get the sites once built.
-	c *commandeer
-}
-
-var _ cmder = (*nilCommand)(nil)
-
-type nilCommand struct {
-}
-
-func (c *nilCommand) getCommand() *cobra.Command {
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (c *nilCommand) flagsToConfig(cfg config.Provider) {
-
-}
-
-func (b *commandsBuilder) newHugoCmd() *hugoCmd {
-	cc := &hugoCmd{}
-
-	cc.baseBuilderCmd = b.newBuilderCmd(&cobra.Command{
-		Use:   "hugo",
-		Short: "hugo builds your site",
-		Long: `hugo is the main command, used to build your Hugo site.
-
-Hugo is a Fast and Flexible Static Site Generator
-built with love by spf13 and friends in Go.
-
-Complete documentation is available at http://gohugo.io/.`,
-		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-			defer cc.timeTrack(time.Now(), "Total")
-			cfgInit := func(c *commandeer) error {
-				if cc.buildWatch {
-					c.Set("disableLiveReload", true)
-				}
-				return nil
-			}
-
-			c, err := initializeConfig(true, cc.buildWatch, &cc.hugoBuilderCommon, cc, cfgInit)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			cc.c = c
-
-			return c.build()
+// newExec wires up all of Hugo's CLI.
+func newExec() (*simplecobra.Exec, error) {
+	rootCmd := &rootCommand{
+		commands: []simplecobra.Commander{
+			newVersionCmd(),
+			newEnvCommand(),
+			newServerCommand(),
+			newDeployCommand(),
+			newConfigCommand(),
+			newNewCommand(),
+			newConvertCommand(),
+			newImportCommand(),
+			newListCommand(),
+			newModCommands(),
+			newGenCommand(),
+			newReleaseCommand(),
 		},
-	})
+	}

-	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&cc.cfgFile, "config", "", "config file (default is path/config.yaml|json|toml)")
-	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&cc.cfgDir, "configDir", "config", "config dir")
-	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&cc.quiet, "quiet", false, "build in quiet mode")
-
-	// Set bash-completion
-	_ = cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().SetAnnotation("config", cobra.BashCompFilenameExt, config.ValidConfigFileExtensions)
-
-	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&cc.verbose, "verbose", "v", false, "verbose output")
-	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&cc.debug, "debug", "", false, "debug output")
-	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&cc.logging, "log", false, "enable Logging")
-	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&cc.logFile, "logFile", "", "log File path (if set, logging enabled automatically)")
-	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&cc.verboseLog, "verboseLog", false, "verbose logging")
-
-	cc.cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&cc.buildWatch, "watch", "w", false, "watch filesystem for changes and recreate as needed")
-
-	cc.cmd.Flags().Bool("renderToMemory", false, "render to memory (only useful for benchmark testing)")
-
-	// Set bash-completion
-	_ = cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().SetAnnotation("logFile", cobra.BashCompFilenameExt, []string{})
-
-	cc.cmd.SetGlobalNormalizationFunc(helpers.NormalizeHugoFlags)
-	cc.cmd.SilenceUsage = true
-
-	return cc
-}
-
-type hugoBuilderCommon struct {
-	source      string
-	baseURL     string
-	environment string
-
-	buildWatch bool
-
-	gc bool
-
-	// Profile flags (for debugging of performance problems)
-	cpuprofile   string
-	memprofile   string
-	mutexprofile string
-	traceprofile string
-
-	// TODO(bep) var vs string
-	logging    bool
-	verbose    bool
-	verboseLog bool
-	debug      bool
-	quiet      bool
-
-	cfgFile string
-	cfgDir  string
-	logFile string
-}
-
-func (cc *hugoBuilderCommon) timeTrack(start time.Time, name string) {
-	if cc.quiet {
-		return
-	}
-	elapsed := time.Since(start)
-	fmt.Printf("%s in %v ms\n", name, int(1000*elapsed.Seconds()))
-}
-
-func (cc *hugoBuilderCommon) getConfigDir(baseDir string) string {
-	if cc.cfgDir != "" {
-		return paths.AbsPathify(baseDir, cc.cfgDir)
-	}
-
-	if v, found := os.LookupEnv("HUGO_CONFIGDIR"); found {
-		return paths.AbsPathify(baseDir, v)
-	}
-
-	return paths.AbsPathify(baseDir, "config")
-}
-
-func (cc *hugoBuilderCommon) getEnvironment(isServer bool) string {
-	if cc.environment != "" {
-		return cc.environment
-	}
-
-	if v, found := os.LookupEnv("HUGO_ENVIRONMENT"); found {
-		return v
-	}
-
-	//  Used by Netlify and Forestry
-	if v, found := os.LookupEnv("HUGO_ENV"); found {
-		return v
-	}
-
-	if isServer {
-		return hugo.EnvironmentDevelopment
-	}
-
-	return hugo.EnvironmentProduction
-}
-
-func (cc *hugoBuilderCommon) handleCommonBuilderFlags(cmd *cobra.Command) {
-	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&cc.source, "source", "s", "", "filesystem path to read files relative from")
-	cmd.PersistentFlags().SetAnnotation("source", cobra.BashCompSubdirsInDir, []string{})
-	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&cc.environment, "environment", "e", "", "build environment")
-	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringP("themesDir", "", "", "filesystem path to themes directory")
-	cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolP("ignoreVendor", "", false, "ignores any _vendor directory")
-}
-
-func (cc *hugoBuilderCommon) handleFlags(cmd *cobra.Command) {
-	cc.handleCommonBuilderFlags(cmd)
-	cmd.Flags().Bool("cleanDestinationDir", false, "remove files from destination not found in static directories")
-	cmd.Flags().BoolP("buildDrafts", "D", false, "include content marked as draft")
-	cmd.Flags().BoolP("buildFuture", "F", false, "include content with publishdate in the future")
-	cmd.Flags().BoolP("buildExpired", "E", false, "include expired content")
-	cmd.Flags().StringP("contentDir", "c", "", "filesystem path to content directory")
-	cmd.Flags().StringP("layoutDir", "l", "", "filesystem path to layout directory")
-	cmd.Flags().StringP("cacheDir", "", "", "filesystem path to cache directory. Defaults: $TMPDIR/hugo_cache/")
-	cmd.Flags().BoolP("ignoreCache", "", false, "ignores the cache directory")
-	cmd.Flags().StringP("destination", "d", "", "filesystem path to write files to")
-	cmd.Flags().StringSliceP("theme", "t", []string{}, "themes to use (located in /themes/THEMENAME/)")
-	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&cc.baseURL, "baseURL", "b", "", "hostname (and path) to the root, e.g. http://spf13.com/")
-	cmd.Flags().Bool("enableGitInfo", false, "add Git revision, date and author info to the pages")
-	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&cc.gc, "gc", false, "enable to run some cleanup tasks (remove unused cache files) after the build")
-
-	cmd.Flags().Bool("templateMetrics", false, "display metrics about template executions")
-	cmd.Flags().Bool("templateMetricsHints", false, "calculate some improvement hints when combined with --templateMetrics")
-	cmd.Flags().BoolP("forceSyncStatic", "", false, "copy all files when static is changed.")
-	cmd.Flags().BoolP("noTimes", "", false, "don't sync modification time of files")
-	cmd.Flags().BoolP("noChmod", "", false, "don't sync permission mode of files")
-	cmd.Flags().BoolP("i18n-warnings", "", false, "print missing translations")
-	cmd.Flags().BoolP("path-warnings", "", false, "print warnings on duplicate target paths etc.")
-	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&cc.cpuprofile, "profile-cpu", "", "", "write cpu profile to `file`")
-	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&cc.memprofile, "profile-mem", "", "", "write memory profile to `file`")
-	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&cc.mutexprofile, "profile-mutex", "", "", "write Mutex profile to `file`")
-	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&cc.traceprofile, "trace", "", "", "write trace to `file` (not useful in general)")
-
-	// Hide these for now.
-	cmd.Flags().MarkHidden("profile-cpu")
-	cmd.Flags().MarkHidden("profile-mem")
-	cmd.Flags().MarkHidden("profile-mutex")
-
-	cmd.Flags().StringSlice("disableKinds", []string{}, "disable different kind of pages (home, RSS etc.)")
-
-	cmd.Flags().Bool("minify", false, "minify any supported output format (HTML, XML etc.)")
-
-	// Set bash-completion.
-	// Each flag must first be defined before using the SetAnnotation() call.
-	_ = cmd.Flags().SetAnnotation("source", cobra.BashCompSubdirsInDir, []string{})
-	_ = cmd.Flags().SetAnnotation("cacheDir", cobra.BashCompSubdirsInDir, []string{})
-	_ = cmd.Flags().SetAnnotation("destination", cobra.BashCompSubdirsInDir, []string{})
-	_ = cmd.Flags().SetAnnotation("theme", cobra.BashCompSubdirsInDir, []string{"themes"})
-}
-
-func checkErr(logger *loggers.Logger, err error, s ...string) {
-	if err == nil {
-		return
-	}
-	if len(s) == 0 {
-		logger.CRITICAL.Println(err)
-		return
-	}
-	for _, message := range s {
-		logger.ERROR.Println(message)
-	}
-	logger.ERROR.Println(err)
+	return simplecobra.New(rootCmd)
 }
@@ -1,286 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2019 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package commands
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/types"
-
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	"github.com/spf13/viper"
-
-	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
-)
-
-func TestExecute(t *testing.T) {
-
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	dir, err := createSimpleTestSite(t, testSiteConfig{})
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-
-	defer func() {
-		os.RemoveAll(dir)
-	}()
-
-	resp := Execute([]string{"-s=" + dir})
-	c.Assert(resp.Err, qt.IsNil)
-	result := resp.Result
-	c.Assert(len(result.Sites) == 1, qt.Equals, true)
-	c.Assert(len(result.Sites[0].RegularPages()) == 1, qt.Equals, true)
-}
-
-func TestCommandsPersistentFlags(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	noOpRunE := func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	tests := []struct {
-		args  []string
-		check func(command []cmder)
-	}{{[]string{"server",
-		"--config=myconfig.toml",
-		"--configDir=myconfigdir",
-		"--contentDir=mycontent",
-		"--disableKinds=page,home",
-		"--environment=testing",
-		"--configDir=myconfigdir",
-		"--layoutDir=mylayouts",
-		"--theme=mytheme",
-		"--gc",
-		"--themesDir=mythemes",
-		"--cleanDestinationDir",
-		"--navigateToChanged",
-		"--disableLiveReload",
-		"--noHTTPCache",
-		"--i18n-warnings",
-		"--destination=/tmp/mydestination",
-		"-b=https://example.com/b/",
-		"--port=1366",
-		"--renderToDisk",
-		"--source=mysource",
-		"--path-warnings",
-	}, func(commands []cmder) {
-		var sc *serverCmd
-		for _, command := range commands {
-			if b, ok := command.(commandsBuilderGetter); ok {
-				v := b.getCommandsBuilder().hugoBuilderCommon
-				c.Assert(v.cfgFile, qt.Equals, "myconfig.toml")
-				c.Assert(v.cfgDir, qt.Equals, "myconfigdir")
-				c.Assert(v.source, qt.Equals, "mysource")
-				c.Assert(v.baseURL, qt.Equals, "https://example.com/b/")
-			}
-
-			if srvCmd, ok := command.(*serverCmd); ok {
-				sc = srvCmd
-			}
-		}
-
-		c.Assert(sc, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
-		c.Assert(sc.navigateToChanged, qt.Equals, true)
-		c.Assert(sc.disableLiveReload, qt.Equals, true)
-		c.Assert(sc.noHTTPCache, qt.Equals, true)
-		c.Assert(sc.renderToDisk, qt.Equals, true)
-		c.Assert(sc.serverPort, qt.Equals, 1366)
-		c.Assert(sc.environment, qt.Equals, "testing")
-
-		cfg := viper.New()
-		sc.flagsToConfig(cfg)
-		c.Assert(cfg.GetString("publishDir"), qt.Equals, "/tmp/mydestination")
-		c.Assert(cfg.GetString("contentDir"), qt.Equals, "mycontent")
-		c.Assert(cfg.GetString("layoutDir"), qt.Equals, "mylayouts")
-		c.Assert(cfg.GetStringSlice("theme"), qt.DeepEquals, []string{"mytheme"})
-		c.Assert(cfg.GetString("themesDir"), qt.Equals, "mythemes")
-		c.Assert(cfg.GetString("baseURL"), qt.Equals, "https://example.com/b/")
-
-		c.Assert(cfg.Get("disableKinds"), qt.DeepEquals, []string{"page", "home"})
-
-		c.Assert(cfg.GetBool("gc"), qt.Equals, true)
-
-		// The flag is named path-warnings
-		c.Assert(cfg.GetBool("logPathWarnings"), qt.Equals, true)
-
-		// The flag is named i18n-warnings
-		c.Assert(cfg.GetBool("logI18nWarnings"), qt.Equals, true)
-
-	}}}
-
-	for _, test := range tests {
-		b := newCommandsBuilder()
-		root := b.addAll().build()
-
-		for _, c := range b.commands {
-			if c.getCommand() == nil {
-				continue
-			}
-			// We are only intereseted in the flag handling here.
-			c.getCommand().RunE = noOpRunE
-		}
-		rootCmd := root.getCommand()
-		rootCmd.SetArgs(test.args)
-		c.Assert(rootCmd.Execute(), qt.IsNil)
-		test.check(b.commands)
-	}
-
-}
-
-func TestCommandsExecute(t *testing.T) {
-
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	dir, err := createSimpleTestSite(t, testSiteConfig{})
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-
-	dirOut, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "hugo-cli-out")
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-
-	defer func() {
-		os.RemoveAll(dir)
-		os.RemoveAll(dirOut)
-	}()
-
-	sourceFlag := fmt.Sprintf("-s=%s", dir)
-
-	tests := []struct {
-		commands           []string
-		flags              []string
-		expectErrToContain string
-	}{
-		// TODO(bep) permission issue on my OSX? "operation not permitted" {[]string{"check", "ulimit"}, nil, false},
-		{[]string{"env"}, nil, ""},
-		{[]string{"version"}, nil, ""},
-		// no args = hugo build
-		{nil, []string{sourceFlag}, ""},
-		{nil, []string{sourceFlag, "--renderToMemory"}, ""},
-		{[]string{"config"}, []string{sourceFlag}, ""},
-		{[]string{"convert", "toTOML"}, []string{sourceFlag, "-o=" + filepath.Join(dirOut, "toml")}, ""},
-		{[]string{"convert", "toYAML"}, []string{sourceFlag, "-o=" + filepath.Join(dirOut, "yaml")}, ""},
-		{[]string{"convert", "toJSON"}, []string{sourceFlag, "-o=" + filepath.Join(dirOut, "json")}, ""},
-		{[]string{"gen", "autocomplete"}, []string{"--completionfile=" + filepath.Join(dirOut, "autocomplete.txt")}, ""},
-		{[]string{"gen", "chromastyles"}, []string{"--style=manni"}, ""},
-		{[]string{"gen", "doc"}, []string{"--dir=" + filepath.Join(dirOut, "doc")}, ""},
-		{[]string{"gen", "man"}, []string{"--dir=" + filepath.Join(dirOut, "man")}, ""},
-		{[]string{"list", "drafts"}, []string{sourceFlag}, ""},
-		{[]string{"list", "expired"}, []string{sourceFlag}, ""},
-		{[]string{"list", "future"}, []string{sourceFlag}, ""},
-		{[]string{"new", "new-page.md"}, []string{sourceFlag}, ""},
-		{[]string{"new", "site", filepath.Join(dirOut, "new-site")}, nil, ""},
-		{[]string{"unknowncommand"}, nil, "unknown command"},
-		// TODO(bep) cli refactor fix https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/issues/4450
-		//{[]string{"new", "theme", filepath.Join(dirOut, "new-theme")}, nil,false},
-	}
-
-	for _, test := range tests {
-		b := newCommandsBuilder().addAll().build()
-		hugoCmd := b.getCommand()
-		test.flags = append(test.flags, "--quiet")
-		hugoCmd.SetArgs(append(test.commands, test.flags...))
-
-		// TODO(bep) capture output and add some simple asserts
-		// TODO(bep) misspelled subcommands does not return an error. We should investigate this
-		// but before that, check for "Error: unknown command".
-
-		_, err := hugoCmd.ExecuteC()
-		if test.expectErrToContain != "" {
-			c.Assert(err, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
-			c.Assert(err.Error(), qt.Contains, test.expectErrToContain)
-		} else {
-			c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-		}
-
-		// Assert that we have not left any development debug artifacts in
-		// the code.
-		if b.c != nil {
-			_, ok := b.c.destinationFs.(types.DevMarker)
-			c.Assert(ok, qt.Equals, false)
-		}
-
-	}
-
-}
-
-type testSiteConfig struct {
-	configTOML string
-	contentDir string
-}
-
-func createSimpleTestSite(t *testing.T, cfg testSiteConfig) (string, error) {
-	d, e := ioutil.TempDir("", "hugo-cli")
-	if e != nil {
-		return "", e
-	}
-
-	cfgStr := `
-
-baseURL = "https://example.org"
-title = "Hugo Commands"
-
-`
-
-	contentDir := "content"
-
-	if cfg.configTOML != "" {
-		cfgStr = cfg.configTOML
-	}
-	if cfg.contentDir != "" {
-		contentDir = cfg.contentDir
-	}
-
-	// Just the basic. These are for CLI tests, not site testing.
-	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(d, "config.toml"), cfgStr)
-
-	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(d, contentDir, "p1.md"), `
---
-title: "P1"
-weight: 1
---
-
-Content
-
-`)
-
-	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(d, "layouts", "_default", "single.html"), `
-
-Single: {{ .Title }}
-
-`)
-
-	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(d, "layouts", "_default", "list.html"), `
-
-List: {{ .Title }}
-Environment: {{ hugo.Environment }}
-
-`)
-
-	return d, nil
-
-}
-
-func writeFile(t *testing.T, filename, content string) {
-	must(t, os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(filename), os.FileMode(0755)))
-	must(t, ioutil.WriteFile(filename, []byte(content), os.FileMode(0755)))
-}
-
-func must(t *testing.T, err error) {
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-}
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2015 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -9,139 +9,225 @@
 // distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 // WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.Print the version number of Hug
+// limitations under the License.

 package commands

 import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
 	"os"
-	"reflect"
-	"regexp"
-	"sort"
 	"strings"
+	"time"

+	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config/allconfig"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/modules"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser/metadecoders"
-
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/modules"
-
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	jww "github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman"
-	"github.com/spf13/viper"
 )

-var _ cmder = (*configCmd)(nil)
-
-type configCmd struct {
-	hugoBuilderCommon
-	*baseCmd
-}
-
-func newConfigCmd() *configCmd {
-	cc := &configCmd{}
-	cc.baseCmd = newBaseCmd(&cobra.Command{
-		Use:   "config",
-		Short: "Print the site configuration",
-		Long:  `Print the site configuration, both default and custom settings.`,
-		RunE:  cc.printConfig,
-	})
-
-	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&cc.source, "source", "s", "", "filesystem path to read files relative from")
-
-	printMountsCmd := &cobra.Command{
-		Use:   "mounts",
-		Short: "Print the configured file mounts",
-		RunE:  cc.printMounts,
+// newConfigCommand creates a new config command and its subcommands.
+func newConfigCommand() *configCommand {
+	return &configCommand{
+		commands: []simplecobra.Commander{
+			&configMountsCommand{},
+		},
 	}
-
-	cc.cmd.AddCommand(printMountsCmd)
-
-	return cc
 }

-func (c *configCmd) printMounts(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-	cfg, err := initializeConfig(true, false, &c.hugoBuilderCommon, c, nil)
+type configCommand struct {
+	r *rootCommand
+
+	format string
+	lang   string
+
+	commands []simplecobra.Commander
+}
+
+func (c *configCommand) Commands() []simplecobra.Commander {
+	return c.commands
+}
+
+func (c *configCommand) Name() string {
+	return "config"
+}
+
+func (c *configCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, args []string) error {
+	conf, err := c.r.ConfigFromProvider(c.r.configVersionID.Load(), flagsToCfg(cd, nil))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	var config *allconfig.Config
+	if c.lang != "" {
+		var found bool
+		config, found = conf.configs.LanguageConfigMap[c.lang]
+		if !found {
+			return fmt.Errorf("language %q not found", c.lang)
+		}
+	} else {
+		config = conf.configs.LanguageConfigSlice[0]
+	}

-	allModules := cfg.Cfg.Get("allmodules").(modules.Modules)
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	dec := json.NewEncoder(&buf)
+	dec.SetIndent("", "  ")
+	dec.SetEscapeHTML(false)

-	for _, m := range allModules {
-		if err := parser.InterfaceToConfig(&modMounts{m: m}, metadecoders.JSON, os.Stdout); err != nil {
+	if err := dec.Encode(parser.ReplacingJSONMarshaller{Value: config, KeysToLower: true, OmitEmpty: true}); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	format := strings.ToLower(c.format)
+
+	switch format {
+	case "json":
+		os.Stdout.Write(buf.Bytes())
+	default:
+		// Decode the JSON to a map[string]interface{} and then unmarshal it again to the correct format.
+		var m map[string]interface{}
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(buf.Bytes(), &m); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (c *configCmd) printConfig(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-	cfg, err := initializeConfig(true, false, &c.hugoBuilderCommon, c, nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	allSettings := cfg.Cfg.(*viper.Viper).AllSettings()
-
-	// We need to clean up this, but we store objects in the config that
-	// isn't really interesting to the end user, so filter these.
-	ignoreKeysRe := regexp.MustCompile("client|sorted|filecacheconfigs|allmodules|multilingual")
-
-	separator := ": "
-
-	if len(cfg.configFiles) > 0 && strings.HasSuffix(cfg.configFiles[0], ".toml") {
-		separator = " = "
-	}
-
-	var keys []string
-	for k := range allSettings {
-		if ignoreKeysRe.MatchString(k) {
-			continue
-		}
-		keys = append(keys, k)
-	}
-	sort.Strings(keys)
-	for _, k := range keys {
-		kv := reflect.ValueOf(allSettings[k])
-		if kv.Kind() == reflect.String {
-			jww.FEEDBACK.Printf("%s%s\"%+v\"\n", k, separator, allSettings[k])
-		} else {
-			jww.FEEDBACK.Printf("%s%s%+v\n", k, separator, allSettings[k])
+		maps.ConvertFloat64WithNoDecimalsToInt(m)
+		switch format {
+		case "yaml":
+			return parser.InterfaceToConfig(m, metadecoders.YAML, os.Stdout)
+		case "toml":
+			return parser.InterfaceToConfig(m, metadecoders.TOML, os.Stdout)
+		default:
+			return fmt.Errorf("unsupported format: %q", format)
 		}
 	}

 	return nil
 }

-type modMounts struct {
-	m modules.Module
+func (c *configCommand) Init(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
+	c.r = cd.Root.Command.(*rootCommand)
+	cmd := cd.CobraCommand
+	cmd.Short = "Print the site configuration"
+	cmd.Long = `Print the site configuration, both default and custom settings.`
+	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&c.format, "format", "toml", "preferred file format (toml, yaml or json)")
+	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&c.lang, "lang", "", "the language to display config for. Defaults to the first language defined.")
+	applyLocalFlagsBuildConfig(cmd, c.r)
+
+	return nil
 }

-type modMount struct {
+func (c *configCommand) PreRun(cd, runner *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+type configModMount struct {
 	Source string `json:"source"`
 	Target string `json:"target"`
 	Lang   string `json:"lang,omitempty"`
 }

-func (m *modMounts) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
-	var mounts []modMount
+type configModMounts struct {
+	verbose bool
+	m       modules.Module
+}
+
+// MarshalJSON is for internal use only.
+func (m *configModMounts) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	var mounts []configModMount

 	for _, mount := range m.m.Mounts() {
-		mounts = append(mounts, modMount{
+		mounts = append(mounts, configModMount{
 			Source: mount.Source,
 			Target: mount.Target,
 			Lang:   mount.Lang,
 		})
 	}

+	var ownerPath string
+	if m.m.Owner() != nil {
+		ownerPath = m.m.Owner().Path()
+	}
+
+	if m.verbose {
+		config := m.m.Config()
+		return json.Marshal(&struct {
+			Path        string              `json:"path"`
+			Version     string              `json:"version"`
+			Time        time.Time           `json:"time"`
+			Owner       string              `json:"owner"`
+			Dir         string              `json:"dir"`
+			Meta        map[string]any      `json:"meta"`
+			HugoVersion modules.HugoVersion `json:"hugoVersion"`
+
+			Mounts []configModMount `json:"mounts"`
+		}{
+			Path:        m.m.Path(),
+			Version:     m.m.Version(),
+			Time:        m.m.Time(),
+			Owner:       ownerPath,
+			Dir:         m.m.Dir(),
+			Meta:        config.Params,
+			HugoVersion: config.HugoVersion,
+			Mounts:      mounts,
+		})
+	}
+
 	return json.Marshal(&struct {
-		Path   string     `json:"path"`
-		Dir    string     `json:"dir"`
-		Mounts []modMount `json:"mounts"`
+		Path    string           `json:"path"`
+		Version string           `json:"version"`
+		Time    time.Time        `json:"time"`
+		Owner   string           `json:"owner"`
+		Dir     string           `json:"dir"`
+		Mounts  []configModMount `json:"mounts"`
 	}{
-		Path:   m.m.Path(),
-		Dir:    m.m.Dir(),
-		Mounts: mounts,
+		Path:    m.m.Path(),
+		Version: m.m.Version(),
+		Time:    m.m.Time(),
+		Owner:   ownerPath,
+		Dir:     m.m.Dir(),
+		Mounts:  mounts,
 	})
 }
+
+type configMountsCommand struct {
+	r         *rootCommand
+	configCmd *configCommand
+}
+
+func (c *configMountsCommand) Commands() []simplecobra.Commander {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *configMountsCommand) Name() string {
+	return "mounts"
+}
+
+func (c *configMountsCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, args []string) error {
+	r := c.configCmd.r
+	conf, err := r.ConfigFromProvider(r.configVersionID.Load(), flagsToCfg(cd, nil))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	for _, m := range conf.configs.Modules {
+		if err := parser.InterfaceToConfig(&configModMounts{m: m, verbose: r.isVerbose()}, metadecoders.JSON, os.Stdout); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *configMountsCommand) Init(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
+	c.r = cd.Root.Command.(*rootCommand)
+	cmd := cd.CobraCommand
+	cmd.Short = "Print the configured file mounts"
+	applyLocalFlagsBuildConfig(cmd, c.r)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *configMountsCommand) PreRun(cd, runner *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
+	c.configCmd = cd.Parent.Command.(*configCommand)
+	return nil
+}
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2019 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -15,153 +15,145 @@ package commands

 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"context"
 	"fmt"
-	"io"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources/page"
-
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
-
+	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
-
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser/metadecoders"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser/pageparser"
-
-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
-
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib"
-
-	"path/filepath"
-
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources/page"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )

-var (
-	_ cmder = (*convertCmd)(nil)
-)
-
-type convertCmd struct {
-	hugoBuilderCommon
+func newConvertCommand() *convertCommand {
+	var c *convertCommand
+	c = &convertCommand{
+		commands: []simplecobra.Commander{
+			&simpleCommand{
+				name:  "toJSON",
+				short: "Convert front matter to JSON",
+				long: `toJSON converts all front matter in the content directory
+to use JSON for the front matter.`,
+				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
+					return c.convertContents(metadecoders.JSON)
+				},
+				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
+				},
+			},
+			&simpleCommand{
+				name:  "toTOML",
+				short: "Convert front matter to TOML",
+				long: `toTOML converts all front matter in the content directory
+to use TOML for the front matter.`,
+				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
+					return c.convertContents(metadecoders.TOML)
+				},
+				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
+				},
+			},
+			&simpleCommand{
+				name:  "toYAML",
+				short: "Convert front matter to YAML",
+				long: `toYAML converts all front matter in the content directory
+to use YAML for the front matter.`,
+				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
+					return c.convertContents(metadecoders.YAML)
+				},
+				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	return c
+}

+type convertCommand struct {
+	// Flags.
 	outputDir string
 	unsafe    bool

-	*baseCmd
+	// Deps.
+	r *rootCommand
+	h *hugolib.HugoSites
+
+	// Commands.
+	commands []simplecobra.Commander
 }

-func newConvertCmd() *convertCmd {
-	cc := &convertCmd{}
-
-	cc.baseCmd = newBaseCmd(&cobra.Command{
-		Use:   "convert",
-		Short: "Convert your content to different formats",
-		Long: `Convert your content (e.g. front matter) to different formats.
-
-See convert's subcommands toJSON, toTOML and toYAML for more information.`,
-		RunE: nil,
-	})
-
-	cc.cmd.AddCommand(
-		&cobra.Command{
-			Use:   "toJSON",
-			Short: "Convert front matter to JSON",
-			Long: `toJSON converts all front matter in the content directory
-to use JSON for the front matter.`,
-			RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-				return cc.convertContents(metadecoders.JSON)
-			},
-		},
-		&cobra.Command{
-			Use:   "toTOML",
-			Short: "Convert front matter to TOML",
-			Long: `toTOML converts all front matter in the content directory
-to use TOML for the front matter.`,
-			RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-				return cc.convertContents(metadecoders.TOML)
-			},
-		},
-		&cobra.Command{
-			Use:   "toYAML",
-			Short: "Convert front matter to YAML",
-			Long: `toYAML converts all front matter in the content directory
-to use YAML for the front matter.`,
-			RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-				return cc.convertContents(metadecoders.YAML)
-			},
-		},
-	)
-
-	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&cc.outputDir, "output", "o", "", "filesystem path to write files to")
-	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&cc.source, "source", "s", "", "filesystem path to read files relative from")
-	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&cc.unsafe, "unsafe", false, "enable less safe operations, please backup first")
-	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().SetAnnotation("source", cobra.BashCompSubdirsInDir, []string{})
-
-	return cc
+func (c *convertCommand) Commands() []simplecobra.Commander {
+	return c.commands
 }

-func (cc *convertCmd) convertContents(format metadecoders.Format) error {
-	if cc.outputDir == "" && !cc.unsafe {
-		return newUserError("Unsafe operation not allowed, use --unsafe or set a different output path")
-	}
+func (c *convertCommand) Name() string {
+	return "convert"
+}

-	c, err := initializeConfig(true, false, &cc.hugoBuilderCommon, cc, nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	c.Cfg.Set("buildDrafts", true)
-
-	h, err := hugolib.NewHugoSites(*c.DepsCfg)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if err := h.Build(hugolib.BuildCfg{SkipRender: true}); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	site := h.Sites[0]
-
-	site.Log.FEEDBACK.Println("processing", len(site.AllPages()), "content files")
-	for _, p := range site.AllPages() {
-		if err := cc.convertAndSavePage(p, site, format); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
+func (c *convertCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, args []string) error {
 	return nil
 }

-func (cc *convertCmd) convertAndSavePage(p page.Page, site *hugolib.Site, targetFormat metadecoders.Format) error {
+func (c *convertCommand) Init(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
+	cmd := cd.CobraCommand
+	cmd.Short = "Convert your content to different formats"
+	cmd.Long = `Convert your content (e.g. front matter) to different formats.
+
+See convert's subcommands toJSON, toTOML and toYAML for more information.`
+
+	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&c.outputDir, "output", "o", "", "filesystem path to write files to")
+	cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&c.unsafe, "unsafe", false, "enable less safe operations, please backup first")
+
+	cmd.RunE = nil
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *convertCommand) PreRun(cd, runner *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
+	c.r = cd.Root.Command.(*rootCommand)
+	cfg := config.New()
+	cfg.Set("buildDrafts", true)
+	h, err := c.r.Hugo(flagsToCfg(cd, cfg))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	c.h = h
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *convertCommand) convertAndSavePage(p page.Page, site *hugolib.Site, targetFormat metadecoders.Format) error {
 	// The resources are not in .Site.AllPages.
 	for _, r := range p.Resources().ByType("page") {
-		if err := cc.convertAndSavePage(r.(page.Page), site, targetFormat); err != nil {
+		if err := c.convertAndSavePage(r.(page.Page), site, targetFormat); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}

-	if p.File().IsZero() {
+	if p.File() == nil {
 		// No content file.
 		return nil
 	}

-	errMsg := fmt.Errorf("Error processing file %q", p.Path())
+	errMsg := fmt.Errorf("error processing file %q", p.File().Path())

-	site.Log.INFO.Println("Attempting to convert", p.File().Filename())
+	site.Log.Infoln("attempting to convert", p.File().Filename())

 	f := p.File()
 	file, err := f.FileInfo().Meta().Open()
 	if err != nil {
-		site.Log.ERROR.Println(errMsg)
+		site.Log.Errorln(errMsg)
 		file.Close()
 		return nil
 	}

-	pf, err := parseContentFile(file)
+	pf, err := pageparser.ParseFrontMatterAndContent(file)
 	if err != nil {
-		site.Log.ERROR.Println(errMsg)
+		site.Log.Errorln(errMsg)
 		file.Close()
 		return err
 	}
@@ -169,82 +161,65 @@ func (cc *convertCmd) convertAndSavePage(p page.Page, site *hugolib.Site, target
 	file.Close()

 	// better handling of dates in formats that don't have support for them
-	if pf.frontMatterFormat == metadecoders.JSON || pf.frontMatterFormat == metadecoders.YAML || pf.frontMatterFormat == metadecoders.TOML {
-		for k, v := range pf.frontMatter {
+	if pf.FrontMatterFormat == metadecoders.JSON || pf.FrontMatterFormat == metadecoders.YAML || pf.FrontMatterFormat == metadecoders.TOML {
+		for k, v := range pf.FrontMatter {
 			switch vv := v.(type) {
 			case time.Time:
-				pf.frontMatter[k] = vv.Format(time.RFC3339)
+				pf.FrontMatter[k] = vv.Format(time.RFC3339)
 			}
 		}
 	}

 	var newContent bytes.Buffer
-	err = parser.InterfaceToFrontMatter(pf.frontMatter, targetFormat, &newContent)
+	err = parser.InterfaceToFrontMatter(pf.FrontMatter, targetFormat, &newContent)
 	if err != nil {
-		site.Log.ERROR.Println(errMsg)
+		site.Log.Errorln(errMsg)
 		return err
 	}

-	newContent.Write(pf.content)
+	newContent.Write(pf.Content)

 	newFilename := p.File().Filename()

-	if cc.outputDir != "" {
-		contentDir := strings.TrimSuffix(newFilename, p.Path())
+	if c.outputDir != "" {
+		contentDir := strings.TrimSuffix(newFilename, p.File().Path())
 		contentDir = filepath.Base(contentDir)

-		newFilename = filepath.Join(cc.outputDir, contentDir, p.Path())
+		newFilename = filepath.Join(c.outputDir, contentDir, p.File().Path())
 	}

 	fs := hugofs.Os
 	if err := helpers.WriteToDisk(newFilename, &newContent, fs); err != nil {
-		return errors.Wrapf(err, "Failed to save file %q:", newFilename)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to save file %q:: %w", newFilename, err)
 	}

 	return nil
 }

-type parsedFile struct {
-	frontMatterFormat metadecoders.Format
-	frontMatterSource []byte
-	frontMatter       map[string]interface{}
-
-	// Everything after Front Matter
-	content []byte
-}
-
-func parseContentFile(r io.Reader) (parsedFile, error) {
-	var pf parsedFile
-
-	psr, err := pageparser.Parse(r, pageparser.Config{})
-	if err != nil {
-		return pf, err
+func (c *convertCommand) convertContents(format metadecoders.Format) error {
+	if c.outputDir == "" && !c.unsafe {
+		return newUserError("Unsafe operation not allowed, use --unsafe or set a different output path")
 	}

-	iter := psr.Iterator()
+	if err := c.h.Build(hugolib.BuildCfg{SkipRender: true}); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}

-	walkFn := func(item pageparser.Item) bool {
-		if pf.frontMatterSource != nil {
-			// The rest is content.
-			pf.content = psr.Input()[item.Pos:]
-			// Done
-			return false
-		} else if item.IsFrontMatter() {
-			pf.frontMatterFormat = metadecoders.FormatFromFrontMatterType(item.Type)
-			pf.frontMatterSource = item.Val
+	site := c.h.Sites[0]
+
+	var pagesBackedByFile page.Pages
+	for _, p := range site.AllPages() {
+		if p.File() == nil {
+			continue
 		}
-		return true
-
+		pagesBackedByFile = append(pagesBackedByFile, p)
 	}

-	iter.PeekWalk(walkFn)
-
-	metadata, err := metadecoders.Default.UnmarshalToMap(pf.frontMatterSource, pf.frontMatterFormat)
-	if err != nil {
-		return pf, err
+	site.Log.Println("processing", len(pagesBackedByFile), "content files")
+	for _, p := range site.AllPages() {
+		if err := c.convertAndSavePage(p, site, format); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 	}
-	pf.frontMatter = metadata
-
-	return pf, nil
-
+	return nil
 }
@@ -1,4 +1,20 @@
-// Copyright 2019 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+//go:build !nodeploy
+// +build !nodeploy
+
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -16,62 +32,39 @@ package commands
 import (
 	"context"

+	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/deploy"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )

-var _ cmder = (*deployCmd)(nil)
-
-// deployCmd supports deploying sites to Cloud providers.
-type deployCmd struct {
-	hugoBuilderCommon
-	*baseCmd
-}
-
-// TODO: In addition to the "deploy" command, consider adding a "--deploy"
-// flag for the default command; this would build the site and then deploy it.
-// It's not obvious how to do this; would all of the deploy-specific flags
-// have to exist at the top level as well?
-
-// TODO:  The output files change every time "hugo" is executed, it looks
-// like because of map order randomization. This means that you can
-// run "hugo && hugo deploy" again and again and upload new stuff every time. Is
-// this intended?
-
-func newDeployCmd() *deployCmd {
-	cc := &deployCmd{}
-
-	cc.baseCmd = newBaseCmd(&cobra.Command{
-		Use:   "deploy",
-		Short: "Deploy your site to a Cloud provider.",
-		Long: `Deploy your site to a Cloud provider.
+func newDeployCommand() simplecobra.Commander {
+	return &simpleCommand{
+		name:  "deploy",
+		short: "Deploy your site to a Cloud provider.",
+		long: `Deploy your site to a Cloud provider.

 See https://gohugo.io/hosting-and-deployment/hugo-deploy/ for detailed
 documentation.
 `,
-
-		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-			cfgInit := func(c *commandeer) error {
-				return nil
-			}
-			comm, err := initializeConfig(true, false, &cc.hugoBuilderCommon, cc, cfgInit)
+		run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
+			h, err := r.Hugo(flagsToCfgWithAdditionalConfigBase(cd, nil, "deployment"))
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
-			deployer, err := deploy.New(comm.Cfg, comm.hugo().PathSpec.PublishFs)
+			deployer, err := deploy.New(h.Configs.GetFirstLanguageConfig(), h.Log, h.PathSpec.PublishFs)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
-			return deployer.Deploy(context.Background())
+			return deployer.Deploy(ctx)
 		},
-	})
-
-	cc.cmd.Flags().String("target", "", "target deployment from deployments section in config file; defaults to the first one")
-	cc.cmd.Flags().Bool("confirm", false, "ask for confirmation before making changes to the target")
-	cc.cmd.Flags().Bool("dryRun", false, "dry run")
-	cc.cmd.Flags().Bool("force", false, "force upload of all files")
-	cc.cmd.Flags().Bool("invalidateCDN", true, "invalidate the CDN cache listed in the deployment target")
-	cc.cmd.Flags().Int("maxDeletes", 256, "maximum # of files to delete, or -1 to disable")
-
-	return cc
+		withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
+			cmd.Flags().String("target", "", "target deployment from deployments section in config file; defaults to the first one")
+			cmd.Flags().Bool("confirm", false, "ask for confirmation before making changes to the target")
+			cmd.Flags().Bool("dryRun", false, "dry run")
+			cmd.Flags().Bool("force", false, "force upload of all files")
+			cmd.Flags().Bool("invalidateCDN", deploy.DefaultConfig.InvalidateCDN, "invalidate the CDN cache listed in the deployment target")
+			cmd.Flags().Int("maxDeletes", deploy.DefaultConfig.MaxDeletes, "maximum # of files to delete, or -1 to disable")
+			cmd.Flags().Int("workers", deploy.DefaultConfig.Workers, "number of workers to transfer files. defaults to 10")
+		},
+	}
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+//go:build nodeploy
+// +build nodeploy
+
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package commands
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+func newDeployCommand() simplecobra.Commander {
+	return &simpleCommand{
+		name: "deploy",
+		run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
+			return nil
+		},
+		withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
+			cmd.Hidden = true
+		},
+	}
+}
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2016 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -14,31 +14,50 @@
 package commands

 import (
+	"context"
 	"runtime"

-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	jww "github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman"
+	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugo"
 )

-var _ cmder = (*envCmd)(nil)
-
-type envCmd struct {
-	*baseCmd
-}
-
-func newEnvCmd() *envCmd {
-	return &envCmd{baseCmd: newBaseCmd(&cobra.Command{
-		Use:   "env",
-		Short: "Print Hugo version and environment info",
-		Long:  `Print Hugo version and environment info. This is useful in Hugo bug reports.`,
-		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-			printHugoVersion()
-			jww.FEEDBACK.Printf("GOOS=%q\n", runtime.GOOS)
-			jww.FEEDBACK.Printf("GOARCH=%q\n", runtime.GOARCH)
-			jww.FEEDBACK.Printf("GOVERSION=%q\n", runtime.Version())
+func newEnvCommand() simplecobra.Commander {
+	return &simpleCommand{
+		name:  "env",
+		short: "Print Hugo version and environment info",
+		long:  "Print Hugo version and environment info. This is useful in Hugo bug reports",
+		run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
+			r.Printf("%s\n", hugo.BuildVersionString())
+			r.Printf("GOOS=%q\n", runtime.GOOS)
+			r.Printf("GOARCH=%q\n", runtime.GOARCH)
+			r.Printf("GOVERSION=%q\n", runtime.Version())

+			if r.isVerbose() {
+				deps := hugo.GetDependencyList()
+				for _, dep := range deps {
+					r.Printf("%s\n", dep)
+				}
+			} else {
+				// These are also included in the GetDependencyList above;
+				// always print these as these are most likely the most useful to know about.
+				deps := hugo.GetDependencyListNonGo()
+				for _, dep := range deps {
+					r.Printf("%s\n", dep)
+				}
+			}
 			return nil
 		},
-	}),
+	}
+}
+
+func newVersionCmd() simplecobra.Commander {
+	return &simpleCommand{
+		name: "version",
+		run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
+			r.Println(hugo.BuildVersionString())
+			return nil
+		},
+		short: "Print Hugo version and environment info",
+		long:  "Print Hugo version and environment info. This is useful in Hugo bug reports.",
 	}
 }
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2015 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -14,28 +14,261 @@
 package commands

 import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2"
+	"github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2/formatters/html"
+	"github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2/styles"
+	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugo"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/docshelper"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra/doc"
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
 )

-var _ cmder = (*genCmd)(nil)
+func newGenCommand() *genCommand {
+	var (
+		// Flags.
+		gendocdir string
+		genmandir string

-type genCmd struct {
-	*baseCmd
+		// Chroma flags.
+		style          string
+		highlightStyle string
+		linesStyle     string
+	)
+
+	newChromaStyles := func() simplecobra.Commander {
+		return &simpleCommand{
+			name:  "chromastyles",
+			short: "Generate CSS stylesheet for the Chroma code highlighter",
+			long: `Generate CSS stylesheet for the Chroma code highlighter for a given style. This stylesheet is needed if markup.highlight.noClasses is disabled in config.
+
+See https://xyproto.github.io/splash/docs/all.html for a preview of the available styles`,
+
+			run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
+				builder := styles.Get(style).Builder()
+				if highlightStyle != "" {
+					builder.Add(chroma.LineHighlight, highlightStyle)
+				}
+				if linesStyle != "" {
+					builder.Add(chroma.LineNumbers, linesStyle)
+				}
+				style, err := builder.Build()
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				formatter := html.New(html.WithAllClasses(true))
+				formatter.WriteCSS(os.Stdout, style)
+				return nil
+			},
+			withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
+				cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&style, "style", "friendly", "highlighter style (see https://xyproto.github.io/splash/docs/)")
+				cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&highlightStyle, "highlightStyle", "", "style used for highlighting lines (see https://github.com/alecthomas/chroma)")
+				cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&linesStyle, "linesStyle", "", "style used for line numbers (see https://github.com/alecthomas/chroma)")
+			},
+		}
+	}
+
+	newMan := func() simplecobra.Commander {
+		return &simpleCommand{
+			name:  "man",
+			short: "Generate man pages for the Hugo CLI",
+			long: `This command automatically generates up-to-date man pages of Hugo's
+	command-line interface.  By default, it creates the man page files
+	in the "man" directory under the current directory.`,
+
+			run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
+				header := &doc.GenManHeader{
+					Section: "1",
+					Manual:  "Hugo Manual",
+					Source:  fmt.Sprintf("Hugo %s", hugo.CurrentVersion),
+				}
+				if !strings.HasSuffix(genmandir, helpers.FilePathSeparator) {
+					genmandir += helpers.FilePathSeparator
+				}
+				if found, _ := helpers.Exists(genmandir, hugofs.Os); !found {
+					r.Println("Directory", genmandir, "does not exist, creating...")
+					if err := hugofs.Os.MkdirAll(genmandir, 0o777); err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+				}
+				cd.CobraCommand.Root().DisableAutoGenTag = true
+
+				r.Println("Generating Hugo man pages in", genmandir, "...")
+				doc.GenManTree(cd.CobraCommand.Root(), header, genmandir)
+
+				r.Println("Done.")
+
+				return nil
+			},
+			withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
+				cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&genmandir, "dir", "man/", "the directory to write the man pages.")
+				// For bash-completion
+				cmd.PersistentFlags().SetAnnotation("dir", cobra.BashCompSubdirsInDir, []string{})
+			},
+		}
+	}
+
+	newGen := func() simplecobra.Commander {
+		const gendocFrontmatterTemplate = `---
+title: "%s"
+slug: %s
+url: %s
+---
+`
+
+		return &simpleCommand{
+			name:  "doc",
+			short: "Generate Markdown documentation for the Hugo CLI.",
+			long: `Generate Markdown documentation for the Hugo CLI.
+			This command is, mostly, used to create up-to-date documentation
+	of Hugo's command-line interface for https://gohugo.io/.
+
+	It creates one Markdown file per command with front matter suitable
+	for rendering in Hugo.`,
+			run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
+				cd.CobraCommand.VisitParents(func(c *cobra.Command) {
+					// Disable the "Auto generated by spf13/cobra on DATE"
+					// as it creates a lot of diffs.
+					c.DisableAutoGenTag = true
+				})
+				if !strings.HasSuffix(gendocdir, helpers.FilePathSeparator) {
+					gendocdir += helpers.FilePathSeparator
+				}
+				if found, _ := helpers.Exists(gendocdir, hugofs.Os); !found {
+					r.Println("Directory", gendocdir, "does not exist, creating...")
+					if err := hugofs.Os.MkdirAll(gendocdir, 0o777); err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+				}
+				prepender := func(filename string) string {
+					name := filepath.Base(filename)
+					base := strings.TrimSuffix(name, path.Ext(name))
+					url := "/commands/" + strings.ToLower(base) + "/"
+					return fmt.Sprintf(gendocFrontmatterTemplate, strings.Replace(base, "_", " ", -1), base, url)
+				}
+
+				linkHandler := func(name string) string {
+					base := strings.TrimSuffix(name, path.Ext(name))
+					return "/commands/" + strings.ToLower(base) + "/"
+				}
+				r.Println("Generating Hugo command-line documentation in", gendocdir, "...")
+				doc.GenMarkdownTreeCustom(cd.CobraCommand.Root(), gendocdir, prepender, linkHandler)
+				r.Println("Done.")
+
+				return nil
+			},
+			withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
+				cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&gendocdir, "dir", "/tmp/hugodoc/", "the directory to write the doc.")
+				// For bash-completion
+				cmd.PersistentFlags().SetAnnotation("dir", cobra.BashCompSubdirsInDir, []string{})
+			},
+		}
+	}
+
+	var docsHelperTarget string
+
+	newDocsHelper := func() simplecobra.Commander {
+		return &simpleCommand{
+			name:  "docshelper",
+			short: "Generate some data files for the Hugo docs.",
+
+			run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
+				r.Println("Generate docs data to", docsHelperTarget)
+
+				var buf bytes.Buffer
+				jsonEnc := json.NewEncoder(&buf)
+
+				configProvider := func() docshelper.DocProvider {
+					conf := hugolib.DefaultConfig()
+					conf.CacheDir = "" // The default value does not make sense in the docs.
+					defaultConfig := parser.LowerCaseCamelJSONMarshaller{Value: conf}
+					return docshelper.DocProvider{"config": defaultConfig}
+				}
+
+				docshelper.AddDocProviderFunc(configProvider)
+				if err := jsonEnc.Encode(docshelper.GetDocProvider()); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+
+				// Decode the JSON to a map[string]interface{} and then unmarshal it again to the correct format.
+				var m map[string]interface{}
+				if err := json.Unmarshal(buf.Bytes(), &m); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+
+				targetFile := filepath.Join(docsHelperTarget, "docs.yaml")
+
+				f, err := os.Create(targetFile)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				defer f.Close()
+				yamlEnc := yaml.NewEncoder(f)
+				if err := yamlEnc.Encode(m); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+
+				r.Println("Done!")
+				return nil
+			},
+			withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
+				cmd.Hidden = true
+				cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&docsHelperTarget, "dir", "", "docs/data", "data dir")
+			},
+		}
+	}
+
+	return &genCommand{
+		commands: []simplecobra.Commander{
+			newChromaStyles(),
+			newGen(),
+			newMan(),
+			newDocsHelper(),
+		},
+	}
 }

-func newGenCmd() *genCmd {
-	cc := &genCmd{}
-	cc.baseCmd = newBaseCmd(&cobra.Command{
-		Use:   "gen",
-		Short: "A collection of several useful generators.",
-	})
+type genCommand struct {
+	rootCmd *rootCommand

-	cc.cmd.AddCommand(
-		newGenautocompleteCmd().getCommand(),
-		newGenDocCmd().getCommand(),
-		newGenManCmd().getCommand(),
-		createGenDocsHelper().getCommand(),
-		createGenChromaStyles().getCommand())
-
-	return cc
+	commands []simplecobra.Commander
+}
+
+func (c *genCommand) Commands() []simplecobra.Commander {
+	return c.commands
+}
+
+func (c *genCommand) Name() string {
+	return "gen"
+}
+
+func (c *genCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, args []string) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *genCommand) Init(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
+	cmd := cd.CobraCommand
+	cmd.Short = "A collection of several useful generators."
+
+	cmd.RunE = nil
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *genCommand) PreRun(cd, runner *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
+	c.rootCmd = cd.Root.Command.(*rootCommand)
+	return nil
 }
@@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2015 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package commands
-
-import (
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	jww "github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman"
-)
-
-var _ cmder = (*genautocompleteCmd)(nil)
-
-type genautocompleteCmd struct {
-	autocompleteTarget string
-
-	// bash for now (zsh and others will come)
-	autocompleteType string
-
-	*baseCmd
-}
-
-func newGenautocompleteCmd() *genautocompleteCmd {
-	cc := &genautocompleteCmd{}
-
-	cc.baseCmd = newBaseCmd(&cobra.Command{
-		Use:   "autocomplete",
-		Short: "Generate shell autocompletion script for Hugo",
-		Long: `Generates a shell autocompletion script for Hugo.
-
-NOTE: The current version supports Bash only.
-      This should work for *nix systems with Bash installed.
-
-By default, the file is written directly to /etc/bash_completion.d
-for convenience, and the command may need superuser rights, e.g.:
-
-	$ sudo hugo gen autocomplete
-
-Add ` + "`--completionfile=/path/to/file`" + ` flag to set alternative
-file-path and name.
-
-Logout and in again to reload the completion scripts,
-or just source them in directly:
-
-	$ . /etc/bash_completion`,
-
-		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-			if cc.autocompleteType != "bash" {
-				return newUserError("Only Bash is supported for now")
-			}
-
-			err := cmd.Root().GenBashCompletionFile(cc.autocompleteTarget)
-
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-
-			jww.FEEDBACK.Println("Bash completion file for Hugo saved to", cc.autocompleteTarget)
-
-			return nil
-		},
-	})
-
-	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&cc.autocompleteTarget, "completionfile", "", "/etc/bash_completion.d/hugo.sh", "autocompletion file")
-	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&cc.autocompleteType, "type", "", "bash", "autocompletion type (currently only bash supported)")
-
-	// For bash-completion
-	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().SetAnnotation("completionfile", cobra.BashCompFilenameExt, []string{})
-
-	return cc
-}
@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2017-present The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package commands
-
-import (
-	"os"
-
-	"github.com/alecthomas/chroma"
-	"github.com/alecthomas/chroma/formatters/html"
-	"github.com/alecthomas/chroma/styles"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-)
-
-var (
-	_ cmder = (*genChromaStyles)(nil)
-)
-
-type genChromaStyles struct {
-	style          string
-	highlightStyle string
-	linesStyle     string
-	*baseCmd
-}
-
-// TODO(bep) highlight
-func createGenChromaStyles() *genChromaStyles {
-	g := &genChromaStyles{
-		baseCmd: newBaseCmd(&cobra.Command{
-			Use:   "chromastyles",
-			Short: "Generate CSS stylesheet for the Chroma code highlighter",
-			Long: `Generate CSS stylesheet for the Chroma code highlighter for a given style. This stylesheet is needed if pygmentsUseClasses is enabled in config.
-
-See https://help.farbox.com/pygments.html for preview of available styles`,
-		}),
-	}
-
-	g.cmd.RunE = func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-		return g.generate()
-	}
-
-	g.cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&g.style, "style", "friendly", "highlighter style (see https://help.farbox.com/pygments.html)")
-	g.cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&g.highlightStyle, "highlightStyle", "bg:#ffffcc", "style used for highlighting lines (see https://github.com/alecthomas/chroma)")
-	g.cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&g.linesStyle, "linesStyle", "", "style used for line numbers (see https://github.com/alecthomas/chroma)")
-
-	return g
-}
-
-func (g *genChromaStyles) generate() error {
-	builder := styles.Get(g.style).Builder()
-	if g.highlightStyle != "" {
-		builder.Add(chroma.LineHighlight, g.highlightStyle)
-	}
-	if g.linesStyle != "" {
-		builder.Add(chroma.LineNumbers, g.linesStyle)
-	}
-	style, err := builder.Build()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	formatter := html.New(html.WithClasses(true))
-	formatter.WriteCSS(os.Stdout, style)
-	return nil
-}
@@ -1,96 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2016 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package commands
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"path"
-	"path/filepath"
-	"strings"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra/doc"
-	jww "github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman"
-)
-
-var _ cmder = (*genDocCmd)(nil)
-
-type genDocCmd struct {
-	gendocdir string
-	*baseCmd
-}
-
-func newGenDocCmd() *genDocCmd {
-	const gendocFrontmatterTemplate = `---
-date: %s
-title: "%s"
-slug: %s
-url: %s
---
-`
-
-	cc := &genDocCmd{}
-
-	cc.baseCmd = newBaseCmd(&cobra.Command{
-		Use:   "doc",
-		Short: "Generate Markdown documentation for the Hugo CLI.",
-		Long: `Generate Markdown documentation for the Hugo CLI.
-
-This command is, mostly, used to create up-to-date documentation
-of Hugo's command-line interface for http://gohugo.io/.
-
-It creates one Markdown file per command with front matter suitable
-for rendering in Hugo.`,
-
-		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-			if !strings.HasSuffix(cc.gendocdir, helpers.FilePathSeparator) {
-				cc.gendocdir += helpers.FilePathSeparator
-			}
-			if found, _ := helpers.Exists(cc.gendocdir, hugofs.Os); !found {
-				jww.FEEDBACK.Println("Directory", cc.gendocdir, "does not exist, creating...")
-				if err := hugofs.Os.MkdirAll(cc.gendocdir, 0777); err != nil {
-					return err
-				}
-			}
-			now := time.Now().Format("2006-01-02")
-			prepender := func(filename string) string {
-				name := filepath.Base(filename)
-				base := strings.TrimSuffix(name, path.Ext(name))
-				url := "/commands/" + strings.ToLower(base) + "/"
-				return fmt.Sprintf(gendocFrontmatterTemplate, now, strings.Replace(base, "_", " ", -1), base, url)
-			}
-
-			linkHandler := func(name string) string {
-				base := strings.TrimSuffix(name, path.Ext(name))
-				return "/commands/" + strings.ToLower(base) + "/"
-			}
-
-			jww.FEEDBACK.Println("Generating Hugo command-line documentation in", cc.gendocdir, "...")
-			doc.GenMarkdownTreeCustom(cmd.Root(), cc.gendocdir, prepender, linkHandler)
-			jww.FEEDBACK.Println("Done.")
-
-			return nil
-		},
-	})
-
-	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&cc.gendocdir, "dir", "/tmp/hugodoc/", "the directory to write the doc.")
-
-	// For bash-completion
-	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().SetAnnotation("dir", cobra.BashCompSubdirsInDir, []string{})
-
-	return cc
-}
@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2017-present The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package commands
-
-import (
-	"encoding/json"
-	"fmt"
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
-
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/docshelper"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-)
-
-var (
-	_ cmder = (*genDocsHelper)(nil)
-)
-
-type genDocsHelper struct {
-	target string
-	*baseCmd
-}
-
-func createGenDocsHelper() *genDocsHelper {
-	g := &genDocsHelper{
-		baseCmd: newBaseCmd(&cobra.Command{
-			Use:    "docshelper",
-			Short:  "Generate some data files for the Hugo docs.",
-			Hidden: true,
-		}),
-	}
-
-	g.cmd.RunE = func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-		return g.generate()
-	}
-
-	g.cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&g.target, "dir", "", "docs/data", "data dir")
-
-	return g
-}
-
-func (g *genDocsHelper) generate() error {
-	fmt.Println("Generate docs data to", g.target)
-
-	targetFile := filepath.Join(g.target, "docs.json")
-
-	f, err := os.Create(targetFile)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	defer f.Close()
-
-	enc := json.NewEncoder(f)
-	enc.SetIndent("", "  ")
-
-	if err := enc.Encode(docshelper.DocProviders); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	fmt.Println("Done!")
-	return nil
-
-}
@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2016 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package commands
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"strings"
-
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugo"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra/doc"
-	jww "github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman"
-)
-
-var _ cmder = (*genManCmd)(nil)
-
-type genManCmd struct {
-	genmandir string
-	*baseCmd
-}
-
-func newGenManCmd() *genManCmd {
-	cc := &genManCmd{}
-
-	cc.baseCmd = newBaseCmd(&cobra.Command{
-		Use:   "man",
-		Short: "Generate man pages for the Hugo CLI",
-		Long: `This command automatically generates up-to-date man pages of Hugo's
-command-line interface.  By default, it creates the man page files
-in the "man" directory under the current directory.`,
-
-		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-			header := &doc.GenManHeader{
-				Section: "1",
-				Manual:  "Hugo Manual",
-				Source:  fmt.Sprintf("Hugo %s", hugo.CurrentVersion),
-			}
-			if !strings.HasSuffix(cc.genmandir, helpers.FilePathSeparator) {
-				cc.genmandir += helpers.FilePathSeparator
-			}
-			if found, _ := helpers.Exists(cc.genmandir, hugofs.Os); !found {
-				jww.FEEDBACK.Println("Directory", cc.genmandir, "does not exist, creating...")
-				if err := hugofs.Os.MkdirAll(cc.genmandir, 0777); err != nil {
-					return err
-				}
-			}
-			cmd.Root().DisableAutoGenTag = true
-
-			jww.FEEDBACK.Println("Generating Hugo man pages in", cc.genmandir, "...")
-			doc.GenManTree(cmd.Root(), header, cc.genmandir)
-
-			jww.FEEDBACK.Println("Done.")
-
-			return nil
-		},
-	})
-
-	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&cc.genmandir, "dir", "man/", "the directory to write the man pages.")
-
-	// For bash-completion
-	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().SetAnnotation("dir", cobra.BashCompSubdirsInDir, []string{})
-
-	return cc
-}
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -11,16 +11,19 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-// Package commands defines and implements command-line commands and flags
-// used by Hugo. Commands and flags are implemented using Cobra.
 package commands

 import (
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"regexp"
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"

+	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
 )

 const (
@@ -30,50 +33,89 @@ const (
 	showCursor = ansiEsc + "[?25h"
 )

-type flagsToConfigHandler interface {
-	flagsToConfig(cfg config.Provider)
+func newUserError(a ...any) *simplecobra.CommandError {
+	return &simplecobra.CommandError{Err: errors.New(fmt.Sprint(a...))}
 }

-type cmder interface {
-	flagsToConfigHandler
-	getCommand() *cobra.Command
+func setValueFromFlag(flags *pflag.FlagSet, key string, cfg config.Provider, targetKey string, force bool) {
+	key = strings.TrimSpace(key)
+	if (force && flags.Lookup(key) != nil) || flags.Changed(key) {
+		f := flags.Lookup(key)
+		configKey := key
+		if targetKey != "" {
+			configKey = targetKey
+		}
+		// Gotta love this API.
+		switch f.Value.Type() {
+		case "bool":
+			bv, _ := flags.GetBool(key)
+			cfg.Set(configKey, bv)
+		case "string":
+			cfg.Set(configKey, f.Value.String())
+		case "stringSlice":
+			bv, _ := flags.GetStringSlice(key)
+			cfg.Set(configKey, bv)
+		case "int":
+			iv, _ := flags.GetInt(key)
+			cfg.Set(configKey, iv)
+		default:
+			panic(fmt.Sprintf("update switch with %s", f.Value.Type()))
+		}
+
+	}
 }

-// commandError is an error used to signal different error situations in command handling.
-type commandError struct {
-	s         string
-	userError bool
+func flagsToCfg(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, cfg config.Provider) config.Provider {
+	return flagsToCfgWithAdditionalConfigBase(cd, cfg, "")
 }

-func (c commandError) Error() string {
-	return c.s
-}
-
-func (c commandError) isUserError() bool {
-	return c.userError
-}
-
-func newUserError(a ...interface{}) commandError {
-	return commandError{s: fmt.Sprintln(a...), userError: true}
-}
-
-func newSystemError(a ...interface{}) commandError {
-	return commandError{s: fmt.Sprintln(a...), userError: false}
-}
-
-func newSystemErrorF(format string, a ...interface{}) commandError {
-	return commandError{s: fmt.Sprintf(format, a...), userError: false}
-}
-
-// Catch some of the obvious user errors from Cobra.
-// We don't want to show the usage message for every error.
-// The below may be to generic. Time will show.
-var userErrorRegexp = regexp.MustCompile("argument|flag|shorthand")
-
-func isUserError(err error) bool {
-	if cErr, ok := err.(commandError); ok && cErr.isUserError() {
-		return true
+func flagsToCfgWithAdditionalConfigBase(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, cfg config.Provider, additionalConfigBase string) config.Provider {
+	if cfg == nil {
+		cfg = config.New()
 	}

-	return userErrorRegexp.MatchString(err.Error())
+	// Flags with a different name in the config.
+	keyMap := map[string]string{
+		"minify":      "minifyOutput",
+		"destination": "publishDir",
+		"editor":      "newContentEditor",
+	}
+
+	// Flags that we for some reason don't want to expose in the site config.
+	internalKeySet := map[string]bool{
+		"quiet":          true,
+		"verbose":        true,
+		"watch":          true,
+		"liveReloadPort": true,
+		"renderToMemory": true,
+		"clock":          true,
+	}
+
+	cmd := cd.CobraCommand
+	flags := cmd.Flags()
+
+	flags.VisitAll(func(f *pflag.Flag) {
+		if f.Changed {
+			targetKey := f.Name
+			if internalKeySet[targetKey] {
+				targetKey = "internal." + targetKey
+			} else if mapped, ok := keyMap[targetKey]; ok {
+				targetKey = mapped
+			}
+			setValueFromFlag(flags, f.Name, cfg, targetKey, false)
+			if additionalConfigBase != "" {
+				setValueFromFlag(flags, f.Name, cfg, additionalConfigBase+"."+targetKey, true)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	return cfg
+}
+
+func mkdir(x ...string) {
+	p := filepath.Join(x...)
+	err := os.MkdirAll(p, 0o777) // before umask
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
 }
@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2019 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package commands
-
-import (
-	"os"
-	"testing"
-
-	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
-)
-
-// Issue #5662
-func TestHugoWithContentDirOverride(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	hugoCmd := newCommandsBuilder().addAll().build()
-	cmd := hugoCmd.getCommand()
-
-	contentDir := "contentOverride"
-
-	cfgStr := `
-
-baseURL = "https://example.org"
-title = "Hugo Commands"
-
-contentDir = "thisdoesnotexist"
-
-`
-	dir, err := createSimpleTestSite(t, testSiteConfig{configTOML: cfgStr, contentDir: contentDir})
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-
-	defer func() {
-		os.RemoveAll(dir)
-	}()
-
-	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"-s=" + dir, "-c=" + contentDir})
-
-	_, err = cmd.ExecuteC()
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-
-}
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2015 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -13,15 +13,21 @@

 package commands

-import "github.com/spf13/cobra"
+import (
+	// For time zone lookups on Windows without Go installed.
+	// See #8892
+	_ "time/tzdata"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)

 func init() {
 	// This message to show to Windows users if Hugo is opened from explorer.exe
 	cobra.MousetrapHelpText = `

-  Hugo is a command-line tool for generating static website.
+  Hugo is a command-line tool for generating static websites.
+
+  You need to open PowerShell and run Hugo from there.

-  You need to open cmd.exe and run Hugo from there.
-  
  Visit https://gohugo.io/ for more information.`
 }
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2019 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -15,9 +15,11 @@ package commands

 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
+	"log"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"regexp"
@@ -26,248 +28,82 @@ import (
 	"time"
 	"unicode"

+	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/htime"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugio"
-
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser/metadecoders"
-
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser/metadecoders"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser/pageparser"
 	"github.com/spf13/afero"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	jww "github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman"
 )

-var _ cmder = (*importCmd)(nil)
-
-type importCmd struct {
-	*baseCmd
-}
-
-func newImportCmd() *importCmd {
-	cc := &importCmd{}
-
-	cc.baseCmd = newBaseCmd(&cobra.Command{
-		Use:   "import",
-		Short: "Import your site from others.",
-		Long: `Import your site from other web site generators like Jekyll.
-
-Import requires a subcommand, e.g. ` + "`hugo import jekyll jekyll_root_path target_path`.",
-		RunE: nil,
-	})
-
-	importJekyllCmd := &cobra.Command{
-		Use:   "jekyll",
-		Short: "hugo import from Jekyll",
-		Long: `hugo import from Jekyll.
-
+func newImportCommand() *importCommand {
+	var c *importCommand
+	c = &importCommand{
+		commands: []simplecobra.Commander{
+			&simpleCommand{
+				name:  "jekyll",
+				short: "hugo import from Jekyll",
+				long: `hugo import from Jekyll.
+		
 Import from Jekyll requires two paths, e.g. ` + "`hugo import jekyll jekyll_root_path target_path`.",
-		RunE: cc.importFromJekyll,
-	}
-
-	importJekyllCmd.Flags().Bool("force", false, "allow import into non-empty target directory")
-
-	cc.cmd.AddCommand(importJekyllCmd)
-
-	return cc
-
-}
-
-func (i *importCmd) importFromJekyll(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-
-	if len(args) < 2 {
-		return newUserError(`import from jekyll requires two paths, e.g. ` + "`hugo import jekyll jekyll_root_path target_path`.")
-	}
-
-	jekyllRoot, err := filepath.Abs(filepath.Clean(args[0]))
-	if err != nil {
-		return newUserError("path error:", args[0])
-	}
-
-	targetDir, err := filepath.Abs(filepath.Clean(args[1]))
-	if err != nil {
-		return newUserError("path error:", args[1])
-	}
-
-	jww.INFO.Println("Import Jekyll from:", jekyllRoot, "to:", targetDir)
-
-	if strings.HasPrefix(filepath.Dir(targetDir), jekyllRoot) {
-		return newUserError("abort: target path should not be inside the Jekyll root")
-	}
-
-	forceImport, _ := cmd.Flags().GetBool("force")
-
-	fs := afero.NewOsFs()
-	jekyllPostDirs, hasAnyPost := i.getJekyllDirInfo(fs, jekyllRoot)
-	if !hasAnyPost {
-		return errors.New("abort: jekyll root contains neither posts nor drafts")
-	}
-
-	err = i.createSiteFromJekyll(jekyllRoot, targetDir, jekyllPostDirs, forceImport)
-
-	if err != nil {
-		return newUserError(err)
-	}
-
-	jww.FEEDBACK.Println("Importing...")
-
-	fileCount := 0
-	callback := func(path string, fi hugofs.FileMetaInfo, err error) error {
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		if fi.IsDir() {
-			return nil
-		}
-
-		relPath, err := filepath.Rel(jekyllRoot, path)
-		if err != nil {
-			return newUserError("get rel path error:", path)
-		}
-
-		relPath = filepath.ToSlash(relPath)
-		draft := false
-
-		switch {
-		case strings.Contains(relPath, "_posts/"):
-			relPath = filepath.Join("content/post", strings.Replace(relPath, "_posts/", "", -1))
-		case strings.Contains(relPath, "_drafts/"):
-			relPath = filepath.Join("content/draft", strings.Replace(relPath, "_drafts/", "", -1))
-			draft = true
-		default:
-			return nil
-		}
-
-		fileCount++
-		return convertJekyllPost(path, relPath, targetDir, draft)
-	}
-
-	for jekyllPostDir, hasAnyPostInDir := range jekyllPostDirs {
-		if hasAnyPostInDir {
-			if err = helpers.SymbolicWalk(hugofs.Os, filepath.Join(jekyllRoot, jekyllPostDir), callback); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	jww.FEEDBACK.Println("Congratulations!", fileCount, "post(s) imported!")
-	jww.FEEDBACK.Println("Now, start Hugo by yourself:\n" +
-		"$ git clone https://github.com/spf13/herring-cove.git " + args[1] + "/themes/herring-cove")
-	jww.FEEDBACK.Println("$ cd " + args[1] + "\n$ hugo server --theme=herring-cove")
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (i *importCmd) getJekyllDirInfo(fs afero.Fs, jekyllRoot string) (map[string]bool, bool) {
-	postDirs := make(map[string]bool)
-	hasAnyPost := false
-	if entries, err := ioutil.ReadDir(jekyllRoot); err == nil {
-		for _, entry := range entries {
-			if entry.IsDir() {
-				subDir := filepath.Join(jekyllRoot, entry.Name())
-				if isPostDir, hasAnyPostInDir := i.retrieveJekyllPostDir(fs, subDir); isPostDir {
-					postDirs[entry.Name()] = hasAnyPostInDir
-					if hasAnyPostInDir {
-						hasAnyPost = true
+				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
+					if len(args) < 2 {
+						return newUserError(`import from jekyll requires two paths, e.g. ` + "`hugo import jekyll jekyll_root_path target_path`.")
 					}
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return postDirs, hasAnyPost
-}
-
-func (i *importCmd) retrieveJekyllPostDir(fs afero.Fs, dir string) (bool, bool) {
-	if strings.HasSuffix(dir, "_posts") || strings.HasSuffix(dir, "_drafts") {
-		isEmpty, _ := helpers.IsEmpty(dir, fs)
-		return true, !isEmpty
-	}
-
-	if entries, err := ioutil.ReadDir(dir); err == nil {
-		for _, entry := range entries {
-			if entry.IsDir() {
-				subDir := filepath.Join(dir, entry.Name())
-				if isPostDir, hasAnyPost := i.retrieveJekyllPostDir(fs, subDir); isPostDir {
-					return isPostDir, hasAnyPost
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	return false, true
-}
-
-func (i *importCmd) createSiteFromJekyll(jekyllRoot, targetDir string, jekyllPostDirs map[string]bool, force bool) error {
-	s, err := hugolib.NewSiteDefaultLang()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	fs := s.Fs.Source
-	if exists, _ := helpers.Exists(targetDir, fs); exists {
-		if isDir, _ := helpers.IsDir(targetDir, fs); !isDir {
-			return errors.New("target path \"" + targetDir + "\" exists but is not a directory")
-		}
-
-		isEmpty, _ := helpers.IsEmpty(targetDir, fs)
-
-		if !isEmpty && !force {
-			return errors.New("target path \"" + targetDir + "\" exists and is not empty")
-		}
-	}
-
-	jekyllConfig := i.loadJekyllConfig(fs, jekyllRoot)
-
-	mkdir(targetDir, "layouts")
-	mkdir(targetDir, "content")
-	mkdir(targetDir, "archetypes")
-	mkdir(targetDir, "static")
-	mkdir(targetDir, "data")
-	mkdir(targetDir, "themes")
-
-	i.createConfigFromJekyll(fs, targetDir, "yaml", jekyllConfig)
-
-	i.copyJekyllFilesAndFolders(jekyllRoot, filepath.Join(targetDir, "static"), jekyllPostDirs)
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (i *importCmd) loadJekyllConfig(fs afero.Fs, jekyllRoot string) map[string]interface{} {
-	path := filepath.Join(jekyllRoot, "_config.yml")
-
-	exists, err := helpers.Exists(path, fs)
-
-	if err != nil || !exists {
-		jww.WARN.Println("_config.yaml not found: Is the specified Jekyll root correct?")
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	f, err := fs.Open(path)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	defer f.Close()
-
-	b, err := ioutil.ReadAll(f)
-
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	c, err := metadecoders.Default.UnmarshalToMap(b, metadecoders.YAML)
-
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil
+					return c.importFromJekyll(args)
+				},
+				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
+					cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&c.force, "force", false, "allow import into non-empty target directory")
+				},
+			},
+		},
 	}

 	return c
 }

-func (i *importCmd) createConfigFromJekyll(fs afero.Fs, inpath string, kind metadecoders.Format, jekyllConfig map[string]interface{}) (err error) {
+type importCommand struct {
+	r *rootCommand
+
+	force bool
+
+	commands []simplecobra.Commander
+}
+
+func (c *importCommand) Commands() []simplecobra.Commander {
+	return c.commands
+}
+
+func (c *importCommand) Name() string {
+	return "import"
+}
+
+func (c *importCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, args []string) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *importCommand) Init(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
+	cmd := cd.CobraCommand
+	cmd.Short = "Import your site from others."
+	cmd.Long = `Import your site from other web site generators like Jekyll.
+
+Import requires a subcommand, e.g. ` + "`hugo import jekyll jekyll_root_path target_path`."
+
+	cmd.RunE = nil
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *importCommand) PreRun(cd, runner *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
+	c.r = cd.Root.Command.(*rootCommand)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (i *importCommand) createConfigFromJekyll(fs afero.Fs, inpath string, kind metadecoders.Format, jekyllConfig map[string]any) (err error) {
 	title := "My New Hugo Site"
 	baseURL := "http://example.org/"

@@ -287,7 +123,7 @@ func (i *importCmd) createConfigFromJekyll(fs afero.Fs, inpath string, kind meta
 		}
 	}

-	in := map[string]interface{}{
+	in := map[string]any{
 		"baseURL":            baseURL,
 		"title":              title,
 		"languageCode":       "en-us",
@@ -300,130 +136,115 @@ func (i *importCmd) createConfigFromJekyll(fs afero.Fs, inpath string, kind meta
 		return err
 	}

-	return helpers.WriteToDisk(filepath.Join(inpath, "config."+string(kind)), &buf, fs)
+	return helpers.WriteToDisk(filepath.Join(inpath, "hugo."+string(kind)), &buf, fs)
 }

-func (i *importCmd) copyJekyllFilesAndFolders(jekyllRoot, dest string, jekyllPostDirs map[string]bool) (err error) {
-	fs := hugofs.Os
-
-	fi, err := fs.Stat(jekyllRoot)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	if !fi.IsDir() {
-		return errors.New(jekyllRoot + " is not a directory")
-	}
-	err = os.MkdirAll(dest, fi.Mode())
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	entries, err := ioutil.ReadDir(jekyllRoot)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	for _, entry := range entries {
-		sfp := filepath.Join(jekyllRoot, entry.Name())
-		dfp := filepath.Join(dest, entry.Name())
-		if entry.IsDir() {
-			if entry.Name()[0] != '_' && entry.Name()[0] != '.' {
-				if _, ok := jekyllPostDirs[entry.Name()]; !ok {
-					err = hugio.CopyDir(fs, sfp, dfp, nil)
-					if err != nil {
-						jww.ERROR.Println(err)
+func (c *importCommand) getJekyllDirInfo(fs afero.Fs, jekyllRoot string) (map[string]bool, bool) {
+	postDirs := make(map[string]bool)
+	hasAnyPost := false
+	if entries, err := os.ReadDir(jekyllRoot); err == nil {
+		for _, entry := range entries {
+			if entry.IsDir() {
+				subDir := filepath.Join(jekyllRoot, entry.Name())
+				if isPostDir, hasAnyPostInDir := c.retrieveJekyllPostDir(fs, subDir); isPostDir {
+					postDirs[entry.Name()] = hasAnyPostInDir
+					if hasAnyPostInDir {
+						hasAnyPost = true
 					}
 				}
 			}
-		} else {
-			lowerEntryName := strings.ToLower(entry.Name())
-			exceptSuffix := []string{".md", ".markdown", ".html", ".htm",
-				".xml", ".textile", "rakefile", "gemfile", ".lock"}
-			isExcept := false
-			for _, suffix := range exceptSuffix {
-				if strings.HasSuffix(lowerEntryName, suffix) {
-					isExcept = true
-					break
-				}
-			}
+		}
+	}
+	return postDirs, hasAnyPost
+}

-			if !isExcept && entry.Name()[0] != '.' && entry.Name()[0] != '_' {
-				err = hugio.CopyFile(fs, sfp, dfp)
-				if err != nil {
-					jww.ERROR.Println(err)
-				}
-			}
+func (c *importCommand) createSiteFromJekyll(jekyllRoot, targetDir string, jekyllPostDirs map[string]bool) error {
+	fs := &afero.OsFs{}
+	if exists, _ := helpers.Exists(targetDir, fs); exists {
+		if isDir, _ := helpers.IsDir(targetDir, fs); !isDir {
+			return errors.New("target path \"" + targetDir + "\" exists but is not a directory")
 		}

-	}
-	return nil
-}
+		isEmpty, _ := helpers.IsEmpty(targetDir, fs)

-func parseJekyllFilename(filename string) (time.Time, string, error) {
-	re := regexp.MustCompile(`(\d+-\d+-\d+)-(.+)\..*`)
-	r := re.FindAllStringSubmatch(filename, -1)
-	if len(r) == 0 {
-		return time.Now(), "", errors.New("filename not match")
+		if !isEmpty && !c.force {
+			return errors.New("target path \"" + targetDir + "\" exists and is not empty")
+		}
 	}

-	postDate, err := time.Parse("2006-1-2", r[0][1])
-	if err != nil {
-		return time.Now(), "", err
-	}
+	jekyllConfig := c.loadJekyllConfig(fs, jekyllRoot)

-	postName := r[0][2]
+	mkdir(targetDir, "layouts")
+	mkdir(targetDir, "content")
+	mkdir(targetDir, "archetypes")
+	mkdir(targetDir, "static")
+	mkdir(targetDir, "data")
+	mkdir(targetDir, "themes")

-	return postDate, postName, nil
-}
+	c.createConfigFromJekyll(fs, targetDir, "yaml", jekyllConfig)

-func convertJekyllPost(path, relPath, targetDir string, draft bool) error {
-	jww.TRACE.Println("Converting", path)
-
-	filename := filepath.Base(path)
-	postDate, postName, err := parseJekyllFilename(filename)
-	if err != nil {
-		jww.WARN.Printf("Failed to parse filename '%s': %s. Skipping.", filename, err)
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	jww.TRACE.Println(filename, postDate, postName)
-
-	targetFile := filepath.Join(targetDir, relPath)
-	targetParentDir := filepath.Dir(targetFile)
-	os.MkdirAll(targetParentDir, 0777)
-
-	contentBytes, err := ioutil.ReadFile(path)
-	if err != nil {
-		jww.ERROR.Println("Read file error:", path)
-		return err
-	}
-
-	pf, err := parseContentFile(bytes.NewReader(contentBytes))
-	if err != nil {
-		jww.ERROR.Println("Parse file error:", path)
-		return err
-	}
-
-	newmetadata, err := convertJekyllMetaData(pf.frontMatter, postName, postDate, draft)
-	if err != nil {
-		jww.ERROR.Println("Convert metadata error:", path)
-		return err
-	}
-
-	content, err := convertJekyllContent(newmetadata, string(pf.content))
-	if err != nil {
-		jww.ERROR.Println("Converting Jekyll error:", path)
-		return err
-	}
-
-	fs := hugofs.Os
-	if err := helpers.WriteToDisk(targetFile, strings.NewReader(content), fs); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to save file %q: %s", filename, err)
-	}
+	c.copyJekyllFilesAndFolders(jekyllRoot, filepath.Join(targetDir, "static"), jekyllPostDirs)

 	return nil
 }

-func convertJekyllMetaData(m interface{}, postName string, postDate time.Time, draft bool) (interface{}, error) {
+func (c *importCommand) convertJekyllContent(m any, content string) (string, error) {
+	metadata, _ := maps.ToStringMapE(m)
+
+	lines := strings.Split(content, "\n")
+	var resultLines []string
+	for _, line := range lines {
+		resultLines = append(resultLines, strings.Trim(line, "\r\n"))
+	}
+
+	content = strings.Join(resultLines, "\n")
+
+	excerptSep := "<!--more-->"
+	if value, ok := metadata["excerpt_separator"]; ok {
+		if str, strOk := value.(string); strOk {
+			content = strings.Replace(content, strings.TrimSpace(str), excerptSep, -1)
+		}
+	}
+
+	replaceList := []struct {
+		re      *regexp.Regexp
+		replace string
+	}{
+		{regexp.MustCompile("(?i)<!-- more -->"), "<!--more-->"},
+		{regexp.MustCompile(`\{%\s*raw\s*%\}\s*(.*?)\s*\{%\s*endraw\s*%\}`), "$1"},
+		{regexp.MustCompile(`{%\s*endhighlight\s*%}`), "{{< / highlight >}}"},
+	}
+
+	for _, replace := range replaceList {
+		content = replace.re.ReplaceAllString(content, replace.replace)
+	}
+
+	replaceListFunc := []struct {
+		re      *regexp.Regexp
+		replace func(string) string
+	}{
+		// Octopress image tag: http://octopress.org/docs/plugins/image-tag/
+		{regexp.MustCompile(`{%\s+img\s*(.*?)\s*%}`), c.replaceImageTag},
+		{regexp.MustCompile(`{%\s*highlight\s*(.*?)\s*%}`), c.replaceHighlightTag},
+	}
+
+	for _, replace := range replaceListFunc {
+		content = replace.re.ReplaceAllStringFunc(content, replace.replace)
+	}
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	if len(metadata) != 0 {
+		err := parser.InterfaceToFrontMatter(m, metadecoders.YAML, &buf)
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", err
+		}
+	}
+	buf.WriteString(content)
+
+	return buf.String(), nil
+}
+
+func (c *importCommand) convertJekyllMetaData(m any, postName string, postDate time.Time, draft bool) (any, error) {
 	metadata, err := maps.ToStringMapE(m)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -475,63 +296,230 @@ func convertJekyllMetaData(m interface{}, postName string, postDate time.Time, d
 	return metadata, nil
 }

-func convertJekyllContent(m interface{}, content string) (string, error) {
-	metadata, _ := maps.ToStringMapE(m)
+func (c *importCommand) convertJekyllPost(path, relPath, targetDir string, draft bool) error {
+	log.Println("Converting", path)

-	lines := strings.Split(content, "\n")
-	var resultLines []string
-	for _, line := range lines {
-		resultLines = append(resultLines, strings.Trim(line, "\r\n"))
+	filename := filepath.Base(path)
+	postDate, postName, err := c.parseJekyllFilename(filename)
+	if err != nil {
+		c.r.Printf("Failed to parse filename '%s': %s. Skipping.", filename, err)
+		return nil
 	}

-	content = strings.Join(resultLines, "\n")
+	log.Println(filename, postDate, postName)

-	excerptSep := "<!--more-->"
-	if value, ok := metadata["excerpt_separator"]; ok {
-		if str, strOk := value.(string); strOk {
-			content = strings.Replace(content, strings.TrimSpace(str), excerptSep, -1)
-		}
+	targetFile := filepath.Join(targetDir, relPath)
+	targetParentDir := filepath.Dir(targetFile)
+	os.MkdirAll(targetParentDir, 0o777)
+
+	contentBytes, err := os.ReadFile(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		c.r.logger.Errorln("Read file error:", path)
+		return err
+	}
+	pf, err := pageparser.ParseFrontMatterAndContent(bytes.NewReader(contentBytes))
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to parse file %q: %s", filename, err)
+	}
+	newmetadata, err := c.convertJekyllMetaData(pf.FrontMatter, postName, postDate, draft)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to convert metadata for file %q: %s", filename, err)
 	}

-	replaceList := []struct {
-		re      *regexp.Regexp
-		replace string
-	}{
-		{regexp.MustCompile("(?i)<!-- more -->"), "<!--more-->"},
-		{regexp.MustCompile(`\{%\s*raw\s*%\}\s*(.*?)\s*\{%\s*endraw\s*%\}`), "$1"},
-		{regexp.MustCompile(`{%\s*endhighlight\s*%}`), "{{< / highlight >}}"},
+	content, err := c.convertJekyllContent(newmetadata, string(pf.Content))
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to convert content for file %q: %s", filename, err)
 	}

-	for _, replace := range replaceList {
-		content = replace.re.ReplaceAllString(content, replace.replace)
+	fs := hugofs.Os
+	if err := helpers.WriteToDisk(targetFile, strings.NewReader(content), fs); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to save file %q: %s", filename, err)
 	}
-
-	replaceListFunc := []struct {
-		re      *regexp.Regexp
-		replace func(string) string
-	}{
-		// Octopress image tag: http://octopress.org/docs/plugins/image-tag/
-		{regexp.MustCompile(`{%\s+img\s*(.*?)\s*%}`), replaceImageTag},
-		{regexp.MustCompile(`{%\s*highlight\s*(.*?)\s*%}`), replaceHighlightTag},
-	}
-
-	for _, replace := range replaceListFunc {
-		content = replace.re.ReplaceAllStringFunc(content, replace.replace)
-	}
-
-	var buf bytes.Buffer
-	if len(metadata) != 0 {
-		err := parser.InterfaceToFrontMatter(m, metadecoders.YAML, &buf)
-		if err != nil {
-			return "", err
-		}
-	}
-	buf.WriteString(content)
-
-	return buf.String(), nil
+	return nil
 }

-func replaceHighlightTag(match string) string {
+func (c *importCommand) copyJekyllFilesAndFolders(jekyllRoot, dest string, jekyllPostDirs map[string]bool) (err error) {
+	fs := hugofs.Os
+
+	fi, err := fs.Stat(jekyllRoot)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if !fi.IsDir() {
+		return errors.New(jekyllRoot + " is not a directory")
+	}
+	err = os.MkdirAll(dest, fi.Mode())
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	entries, err := os.ReadDir(jekyllRoot)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	for _, entry := range entries {
+		sfp := filepath.Join(jekyllRoot, entry.Name())
+		dfp := filepath.Join(dest, entry.Name())
+		if entry.IsDir() {
+			if entry.Name()[0] != '_' && entry.Name()[0] != '.' {
+				if _, ok := jekyllPostDirs[entry.Name()]; !ok {
+					err = hugio.CopyDir(fs, sfp, dfp, nil)
+					if err != nil {
+						c.r.logger.Errorln(err)
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			lowerEntryName := strings.ToLower(entry.Name())
+			exceptSuffix := []string{
+				".md", ".markdown", ".html", ".htm",
+				".xml", ".textile", "rakefile", "gemfile", ".lock",
+			}
+			isExcept := false
+			for _, suffix := range exceptSuffix {
+				if strings.HasSuffix(lowerEntryName, suffix) {
+					isExcept = true
+					break
+				}
+			}
+
+			if !isExcept && entry.Name()[0] != '.' && entry.Name()[0] != '_' {
+				err = hugio.CopyFile(fs, sfp, dfp)
+				if err != nil {
+					c.r.logger.Errorln(err)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *importCommand) importFromJekyll(args []string) error {
+	jekyllRoot, err := filepath.Abs(filepath.Clean(args[0]))
+	if err != nil {
+		return newUserError("path error:", args[0])
+	}
+
+	targetDir, err := filepath.Abs(filepath.Clean(args[1]))
+	if err != nil {
+		return newUserError("path error:", args[1])
+	}
+
+	c.r.Println("Import Jekyll from:", jekyllRoot, "to:", targetDir)
+
+	if strings.HasPrefix(filepath.Dir(targetDir), jekyllRoot) {
+		return newUserError("abort: target path should not be inside the Jekyll root")
+	}
+
+	fs := afero.NewOsFs()
+	jekyllPostDirs, hasAnyPost := c.getJekyllDirInfo(fs, jekyllRoot)
+	if !hasAnyPost {
+		return errors.New("abort: jekyll root contains neither posts nor drafts")
+	}
+
+	err = c.createSiteFromJekyll(jekyllRoot, targetDir, jekyllPostDirs)
+	if err != nil {
+		return newUserError(err)
+	}
+
+	c.r.Println("Importing...")
+
+	fileCount := 0
+	callback := func(path string, fi hugofs.FileMetaInfo) error {
+		if fi.IsDir() {
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		relPath, err := filepath.Rel(jekyllRoot, path)
+		if err != nil {
+			return newUserError("get rel path error:", path)
+		}
+
+		relPath = filepath.ToSlash(relPath)
+		draft := false
+
+		switch {
+		case strings.Contains(relPath, "_posts/"):
+			relPath = filepath.Join("content/post", strings.Replace(relPath, "_posts/", "", -1))
+		case strings.Contains(relPath, "_drafts/"):
+			relPath = filepath.Join("content/draft", strings.Replace(relPath, "_drafts/", "", -1))
+			draft = true
+		default:
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		fileCount++
+		return c.convertJekyllPost(path, relPath, targetDir, draft)
+	}
+
+	for jekyllPostDir, hasAnyPostInDir := range jekyllPostDirs {
+		if hasAnyPostInDir {
+			if err = helpers.Walk(hugofs.Os, filepath.Join(jekyllRoot, jekyllPostDir), callback); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	c.r.Println("Congratulations!", fileCount, "post(s) imported!")
+	c.r.Println("Now, start Hugo by yourself:\n")
+	c.r.Println("cd " + args[1])
+	c.r.Println("git init")
+	c.r.Println("git submodule add https://github.com/theNewDynamic/gohugo-theme-ananke themes/ananke")
+	c.r.Println("echo \"theme = 'ananke'\" > hugo.toml")
+	c.r.Println("hugo server")
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *importCommand) loadJekyllConfig(fs afero.Fs, jekyllRoot string) map[string]any {
+	path := filepath.Join(jekyllRoot, "_config.yml")
+
+	exists, err := helpers.Exists(path, fs)
+
+	if err != nil || !exists {
+		c.r.Println("_config.yaml not found: Is the specified Jekyll root correct?")
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	f, err := fs.Open(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	defer f.Close()
+
+	b, err := io.ReadAll(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	m, err := metadecoders.Default.UnmarshalToMap(b, metadecoders.YAML)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	return m
+}
+
+func (c *importCommand) parseJekyllFilename(filename string) (time.Time, string, error) {
+	re := regexp.MustCompile(`(\d+-\d+-\d+)-(.+)\..*`)
+	r := re.FindAllStringSubmatch(filename, -1)
+	if len(r) == 0 {
+		return htime.Now(), "", errors.New("filename not match")
+	}
+
+	postDate, err := time.Parse("2006-1-2", r[0][1])
+	if err != nil {
+		return htime.Now(), "", err
+	}
+
+	postName := r[0][2]
+
+	return postDate, postName, nil
+}
+
+func (c *importCommand) replaceHighlightTag(match string) string {
 	r := regexp.MustCompile(`{%\s*highlight\s*(.*?)\s*%}`)
 	parts := r.FindStringSubmatch(match)
 	lastQuote := rune(0)
@@ -575,35 +563,55 @@ func replaceHighlightTag(match string) string {
 	return result.String()
 }

-func replaceImageTag(match string) string {
+func (c *importCommand) replaceImageTag(match string) string {
 	r := regexp.MustCompile(`{%\s+img\s*(\p{L}*)\s+([\S]*/[\S]+)\s+(\d*)\s*(\d*)\s*(.*?)\s*%}`)
 	result := bytes.NewBufferString("{{< figure ")
 	parts := r.FindStringSubmatch(match)
 	// Index 0 is the entire string, ignore
-	replaceOptionalPart(result, "class", parts[1])
-	replaceOptionalPart(result, "src", parts[2])
-	replaceOptionalPart(result, "width", parts[3])
-	replaceOptionalPart(result, "height", parts[4])
+	c.replaceOptionalPart(result, "class", parts[1])
+	c.replaceOptionalPart(result, "src", parts[2])
+	c.replaceOptionalPart(result, "width", parts[3])
+	c.replaceOptionalPart(result, "height", parts[4])
 	// title + alt
 	part := parts[5]
 	if len(part) > 0 {
 		splits := strings.Split(part, "'")
 		lenSplits := len(splits)
 		if lenSplits == 1 {
-			replaceOptionalPart(result, "title", splits[0])
+			c.replaceOptionalPart(result, "title", splits[0])
 		} else if lenSplits == 3 {
-			replaceOptionalPart(result, "title", splits[1])
+			c.replaceOptionalPart(result, "title", splits[1])
 		} else if lenSplits == 5 {
-			replaceOptionalPart(result, "title", splits[1])
-			replaceOptionalPart(result, "alt", splits[3])
+			c.replaceOptionalPart(result, "title", splits[1])
+			c.replaceOptionalPart(result, "alt", splits[3])
 		}
 	}
 	result.WriteString(">}}")
 	return result.String()
-
 }
-func replaceOptionalPart(buffer *bytes.Buffer, partName string, part string) {
+
+func (c *importCommand) replaceOptionalPart(buffer *bytes.Buffer, partName string, part string) {
 	if len(part) > 0 {
 		buffer.WriteString(partName + "=\"" + part + "\" ")
 	}
 }
+
+func (c *importCommand) retrieveJekyllPostDir(fs afero.Fs, dir string) (bool, bool) {
+	if strings.HasSuffix(dir, "_posts") || strings.HasSuffix(dir, "_drafts") {
+		isEmpty, _ := helpers.IsEmpty(dir, fs)
+		return true, !isEmpty
+	}
+
+	if entries, err := os.ReadDir(dir); err == nil {
+		for _, entry := range entries {
+			if entry.IsDir() {
+				subDir := filepath.Join(dir, entry.Name())
+				if isPostDir, hasAnyPost := c.retrieveJekyllPostDir(fs, subDir); isPostDir {
+					return isPostDir, hasAnyPost
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return false, true
+}
@@ -1,137 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2015 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package commands
-
-import (
-	"encoding/json"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
-)
-
-func TestParseJekyllFilename(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-	filenameArray := []string{
-		"2015-01-02-test.md",
-		"2012-03-15-中文.markup",
-	}
-
-	expectResult := []struct {
-		postDate time.Time
-		postName string
-	}{
-		{time.Date(2015, time.January, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC), "test"},
-		{time.Date(2012, time.March, 15, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC), "中文"},
-	}
-
-	for i, filename := range filenameArray {
-		postDate, postName, err := parseJekyllFilename(filename)
-		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-		c.Assert(expectResult[i].postDate.Format("2006-01-02"), qt.Equals, postDate.Format("2006-01-02"))
-		c.Assert(expectResult[i].postName, qt.Equals, postName)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestConvertJekyllMetadata(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-	testDataList := []struct {
-		metadata interface{}
-		postName string
-		postDate time.Time
-		draft    bool
-		expect   string
-	}{
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{}, "testPost", time.Date(2015, 10, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC), false,
-			`{"date":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z"}`},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{}, "testPost", time.Date(2015, 10, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC), true,
-			`{"date":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","draft":true}`},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{"Permalink": "/permalink.html", "layout": "post"},
-			"testPost", time.Date(2015, 10, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC), false,
-			`{"date":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","url":"/permalink.html"}`},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{"permalink": "/permalink.html"},
-			"testPost", time.Date(2015, 10, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC), false,
-			`{"date":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","url":"/permalink.html"}`},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{"category": nil, "permalink": 123},
-			"testPost", time.Date(2015, 10, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC), false,
-			`{"date":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z"}`},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{"Excerpt_Separator": "sep"},
-			"testPost", time.Date(2015, 10, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC), false,
-			`{"date":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","excerpt_separator":"sep"}`},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{"category": "book", "layout": "post", "Others": "Goods", "Date": "2015-10-01 12:13:11"},
-			"testPost", time.Date(2015, 10, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC), false,
-			`{"Others":"Goods","categories":["book"],"date":"2015-10-01T12:13:11Z"}`},
-	}
-
-	for _, data := range testDataList {
-		result, err := convertJekyllMetaData(data.metadata, data.postName, data.postDate, data.draft)
-		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-		jsonResult, err := json.Marshal(result)
-		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-		c.Assert(string(jsonResult), qt.Equals, data.expect)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestConvertJekyllContent(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-	testDataList := []struct {
-		metadata interface{}
-		content  string
-		expect   string
-	}{
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{},
-			"Test content\r\n<!-- more -->\npart2 content", "Test content\n<!--more-->\npart2 content"},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{},
-			"Test content\n<!-- More -->\npart2 content", "Test content\n<!--more-->\npart2 content"},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{"excerpt_separator": "<!--sep-->"},
-			"Test content\n<!--sep-->\npart2 content",
-			"---\nexcerpt_separator: <!--sep-->\n---\nTest content\n<!--more-->\npart2 content"},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{}, "{% raw %}text{% endraw %}", "text"},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{}, "{%raw%} text2 {%endraw %}", "text2"},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{},
-			"{% highlight go %}\nvar s int\n{% endhighlight %}",
-			"{{< highlight go >}}\nvar s int\n{{< / highlight >}}"},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{},
-			"{% highlight go linenos hl_lines=\"1 2\" %}\nvar s string\nvar i int\n{% endhighlight %}",
-			"{{< highlight go \"linenos=table,hl_lines=1 2\" >}}\nvar s string\nvar i int\n{{< / highlight >}}"},
-
-		// Octopress image tag
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{},
-			"{% img http://placekitten.com/890/280 %}",
-			"{{< figure src=\"http://placekitten.com/890/280\" >}}"},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{},
-			"{% img left http://placekitten.com/320/250 Place Kitten #2 %}",
-			"{{< figure class=\"left\" src=\"http://placekitten.com/320/250\" title=\"Place Kitten #2\" >}}"},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{},
-			"{% img right http://placekitten.com/300/500 150 250 'Place Kitten #3' %}",
-			"{{< figure class=\"right\" src=\"http://placekitten.com/300/500\" width=\"150\" height=\"250\" title=\"Place Kitten #3\" >}}"},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{},
-			"{% img right http://placekitten.com/300/500 150 250 'Place Kitten #4' 'An image of a very cute kitten' %}",
-			"{{< figure class=\"right\" src=\"http://placekitten.com/300/500\" width=\"150\" height=\"250\" title=\"Place Kitten #4\" alt=\"An image of a very cute kitten\" >}}"},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{},
-			"{% img http://placekitten.com/300/500 150 250 'Place Kitten #4' 'An image of a very cute kitten' %}",
-			"{{< figure src=\"http://placekitten.com/300/500\" width=\"150\" height=\"250\" title=\"Place Kitten #4\" alt=\"An image of a very cute kitten\" >}}"},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{},
-			"{% img right /placekitten/300/500 'Place Kitten #4' 'An image of a very cute kitten' %}",
-			"{{< figure class=\"right\" src=\"/placekitten/300/500\" title=\"Place Kitten #4\" alt=\"An image of a very cute kitten\" >}}"},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{"category": "book", "layout": "post", "Date": "2015-10-01 12:13:11"},
-			"somecontent",
-			"---\nDate: \"2015-10-01 12:13:11\"\ncategory: book\nlayout: post\n---\nsomecontent"},
-	}
-	for _, data := range testDataList {
-		result, err := convertJekyllContent(data.metadata, data.content)
-		c.Assert(result, qt.Equals, data.expect)
-		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	}
-}
@@ -1,84 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package commands
-
-import (
-	"syscall"
-
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	jww "github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman"
-)
-
-var _ cmder = (*limitCmd)(nil)
-
-type limitCmd struct {
-	*baseCmd
-}
-
-func newLimitCmd() *limitCmd {
-	ccmd := &cobra.Command{
-		Use:   "ulimit",
-		Short: "Check system ulimit settings",
-		Long: `Hugo will inspect the current ulimit settings on the system.
-This is primarily to ensure that Hugo can watch enough files on some OSs`,
-		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-			var rLimit syscall.Rlimit
-			err := syscall.Getrlimit(syscall.RLIMIT_NOFILE, &rLimit)
-			if err != nil {
-				return newSystemError("Error Getting rlimit ", err)
-			}
-
-			jww.FEEDBACK.Println("Current rLimit:", rLimit)
-
-			if rLimit.Cur >= newRlimit {
-				return nil
-			}
-
-			jww.FEEDBACK.Println("Attempting to increase limit")
-			rLimit.Cur = newRlimit
-			err = syscall.Setrlimit(syscall.RLIMIT_NOFILE, &rLimit)
-			if err != nil {
-				return newSystemError("Error Setting rLimit ", err)
-			}
-			err = syscall.Getrlimit(syscall.RLIMIT_NOFILE, &rLimit)
-			if err != nil {
-				return newSystemError("Error Getting rLimit ", err)
-			}
-			jww.FEEDBACK.Println("rLimit after change:", rLimit)
-
-			return nil
-		},
-	}
-
-	return &limitCmd{baseCmd: newBaseCmd(ccmd)}
-}
-
-const newRlimit = 10240
-
-func tweakLimit() {
-	var rLimit syscall.Rlimit
-	err := syscall.Getrlimit(syscall.RLIMIT_NOFILE, &rLimit)
-	if err != nil {
-		jww.WARN.Println("Unable to get rlimit:", err)
-		return
-	}
-	if rLimit.Cur < newRlimit {
-		rLimit.Cur = newRlimit
-		err = syscall.Setrlimit(syscall.RLIMIT_NOFILE, &rLimit)
-		if err != nil {
-			// This may not succeed, see https://github.com/golang/go/issues/30401
-			jww.INFO.Println("Unable to increase number of open files limit:", err)
-		}
-	}
-}
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2019 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -14,196 +14,173 @@
 package commands

 import (
+	"context"
 	"encoding/csv"
 	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"time"

+	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources/page"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources/resource"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	jww "github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman"
 )

-var _ cmder = (*listCmd)(nil)
-
-type listCmd struct {
-	hugoBuilderCommon
-	*baseCmd
-}
-
-func (lc *listCmd) buildSites(config map[string]interface{}) (*hugolib.HugoSites, error) {
-	cfgInit := func(c *commandeer) error {
-		for key, value := range config {
-			c.Set(key, value)
+// newListCommand creates a new list command and its subcommands.
+func newListCommand() *listCommand {
+	createRecord := func(workingDir string, p page.Page) []string {
+		return []string{
+			filepath.ToSlash(strings.TrimPrefix(p.File().Filename(), workingDir+string(os.PathSeparator))),
+			p.Slug(),
+			p.Title(),
+			p.Date().Format(time.RFC3339),
+			p.ExpiryDate().Format(time.RFC3339),
+			p.PublishDate().Format(time.RFC3339),
+			strconv.FormatBool(p.Draft()),
+			p.Permalink(),
 		}
+	}
+
+	list := func(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, shouldInclude func(page.Page) bool, opts ...any) error {
+		bcfg := hugolib.BuildCfg{SkipRender: true}
+		cfg := config.New()
+		for i := 0; i < len(opts); i += 2 {
+			cfg.Set(opts[i].(string), opts[i+1])
+		}
+		h, err := r.Build(cd, bcfg, cfg)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		writer := csv.NewWriter(r.Out)
+		defer writer.Flush()
+
+		writer.Write([]string{
+			"path",
+			"slug",
+			"title",
+			"date",
+			"expiryDate",
+			"publishDate",
+			"draft",
+			"permalink",
+		})
+
+		for _, p := range h.Pages() {
+			if shouldInclude(p) {
+				record := createRecord(h.Conf.BaseConfig().WorkingDir, p)
+				if err := writer.Write(record); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
 		return nil
 	}

-	c, err := initializeConfig(true, false, &lc.hugoBuilderCommon, lc, cfgInit)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+	return &listCommand{
+		commands: []simplecobra.Commander{
+			&simpleCommand{
+				name:  "drafts",
+				short: "List all drafts",
+				long:  `List all of the drafts in your content directory.`,
+				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
+					shouldInclude := func(p page.Page) bool {
+						if !p.Draft() || p.File() == nil {
+							return false
+						}
+						return true
+					}
+					return list(cd, r, shouldInclude,
+						"buildDrafts", true,
+						"buildFuture", true,
+						"buildExpired", true,
+					)
+				},
+			},
+			&simpleCommand{
+				name:  "future",
+				short: "List all posts dated in the future",
+				long:  `List all of the posts in your content directory which will be posted in the future.`,
+				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
+					shouldInclude := func(p page.Page) bool {
+						if !resource.IsFuture(p) || p.File() == nil {
+							return false
+						}
+						return true
+					}
+					return list(cd, r, shouldInclude,
+						"buildFuture", true,
+						"buildDrafts", true,
+					)
+				},
+			},
+			&simpleCommand{
+				name:  "expired",
+				short: "List all posts already expired",
+				long:  `List all of the posts in your content directory which has already expired.`,
+				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
+					shouldInclude := func(p page.Page) bool {
+						if !resource.IsExpired(p) || p.File() == nil {
+							return false
+						}
+						return true
+					}
+					return list(cd, r, shouldInclude,
+						"buildExpired", true,
+						"buildDrafts", true,
+					)
+				},
+			},
+			&simpleCommand{
+				name:  "all",
+				short: "List all posts",
+				long:  `List all of the posts in your content directory, include drafts, future and expired pages.`,
+				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
+					shouldInclude := func(p page.Page) bool {
+						return p.File() != nil
+					}
+					return list(cd, r, shouldInclude, "buildDrafts", true, "buildFuture", true, "buildExpired", true)
+				},
+			},
+		},
 	}
-
-	sites, err := hugolib.NewHugoSites(*c.DepsCfg)
-
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, newSystemError("Error creating sites", err)
-	}
-
-	if err := sites.Build(hugolib.BuildCfg{SkipRender: true}); err != nil {
-		return nil, newSystemError("Error Processing Source Content", err)
-	}
-
-	return sites, nil
 }

-func newListCmd() *listCmd {
-	cc := &listCmd{}
-
-	cc.baseCmd = newBaseCmd(&cobra.Command{
-		Use:   "list",
-		Short: "Listing out various types of content",
-		Long: `Listing out various types of content.
-
-List requires a subcommand, e.g. ` + "`hugo list drafts`.",
-		RunE: nil,
-	})
-
-	cc.cmd.AddCommand(
-		&cobra.Command{
-			Use:   "drafts",
-			Short: "List all drafts",
-			Long:  `List all of the drafts in your content directory.`,
-			RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-				sites, err := cc.buildSites(map[string]interface{}{"buildDrafts": true})
-
-				if err != nil {
-					return newSystemError("Error building sites", err)
-				}
-
-				for _, p := range sites.Pages() {
-					if p.Draft() {
-						jww.FEEDBACK.Println(strings.TrimPrefix(p.File().Filename(), sites.WorkingDir+string(os.PathSeparator)))
-					}
-				}
-
-				return nil
-			},
-		},
-		&cobra.Command{
-			Use:   "future",
-			Short: "List all posts dated in the future",
-			Long:  `List all of the posts in your content directory which will be posted in the future.`,
-			RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-				sites, err := cc.buildSites(map[string]interface{}{"buildFuture": true})
-
-				if err != nil {
-					return newSystemError("Error building sites", err)
-				}
-
-				writer := csv.NewWriter(os.Stdout)
-				defer writer.Flush()
-
-				for _, p := range sites.Pages() {
-					if resource.IsFuture(p) {
-						err := writer.Write([]string{
-							strings.TrimPrefix(p.File().Filename(), sites.WorkingDir+string(os.PathSeparator)),
-							p.PublishDate().Format(time.RFC3339),
-						})
-						if err != nil {
-							return newSystemError("Error writing future posts to stdout", err)
-						}
-					}
-				}
-
-				return nil
-			},
-		},
-		&cobra.Command{
-			Use:   "expired",
-			Short: "List all posts already expired",
-			Long:  `List all of the posts in your content directory which has already expired.`,
-			RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-				sites, err := cc.buildSites(map[string]interface{}{"buildExpired": true})
-
-				if err != nil {
-					return newSystemError("Error building sites", err)
-				}
-
-				writer := csv.NewWriter(os.Stdout)
-				defer writer.Flush()
-
-				for _, p := range sites.Pages() {
-					if resource.IsExpired(p) {
-						err := writer.Write([]string{
-							strings.TrimPrefix(p.File().Filename(), sites.WorkingDir+string(os.PathSeparator)),
-							p.ExpiryDate().Format(time.RFC3339),
-						})
-						if err != nil {
-							return newSystemError("Error writing expired posts to stdout", err)
-						}
-					}
-				}
-
-				return nil
-			},
-		},
-		&cobra.Command{
-			Use:   "all",
-			Short: "List all posts",
-			Long:  `List all of the posts in your content directory, include drafts, future and expired pages.`,
-			RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-				sites, err := cc.buildSites(map[string]interface{}{
-					"buildExpired": true,
-					"buildDrafts":  true,
-					"buildFuture":  true,
-				})
-
-				if err != nil {
-					return newSystemError("Error building sites", err)
-				}
-
-				writer := csv.NewWriter(os.Stdout)
-				defer writer.Flush()
-
-				writer.Write([]string{
-					"path",
-					"slug",
-					"title",
-					"date",
-					"expiryDate",
-					"publishDate",
-					"draft",
-					"permalink",
-				})
-				for _, p := range sites.Pages() {
-					if !p.IsPage() {
-						continue
-					}
-					err := writer.Write([]string{
-						strings.TrimPrefix(p.File().Filename(), sites.WorkingDir+string(os.PathSeparator)),
-						p.Slug(),
-						p.Title(),
-						p.Date().Format(time.RFC3339),
-						p.ExpiryDate().Format(time.RFC3339),
-						p.PublishDate().Format(time.RFC3339),
-						strconv.FormatBool(p.Draft()),
-						p.Permalink(),
-					})
-					if err != nil {
-						return newSystemError("Error writing posts to stdout", err)
-					}
-				}
-
-				return nil
-			},
-		},
-	)
-
-	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&cc.source, "source", "s", "", "filesystem path to read files relative from")
-	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().SetAnnotation("source", cobra.BashCompSubdirsInDir, []string{})
-
-	return cc
+type listCommand struct {
+	commands []simplecobra.Commander
+}
+
+func (c *listCommand) Commands() []simplecobra.Commander {
+	return c.commands
+}
+
+func (c *listCommand) Name() string {
+	return "list"
+}
+
+func (c *listCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, args []string) error {
+	// Do nothing.
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *listCommand) Init(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
+	cmd := cd.CobraCommand
+	cmd.Short = "Listing out various types of content"
+	cmd.Long = `Listing out various types of content.
+
+List requires a subcommand, e.g. hugo list drafts`
+
+	cmd.RunE = nil
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *listCommand) PreRun(cd, runner *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
+	return nil
 }
@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-package commands
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"encoding/csv"
-	"io"
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
-	"strings"
-	"testing"
-
-	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-)
-
-func captureStdout(f func() (*cobra.Command, error)) (string, error) {
-	old := os.Stdout
-	r, w, _ := os.Pipe()
-	os.Stdout = w
-
-	_, err := f()
-
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-
-	w.Close()
-	os.Stdout = old
-
-	var buf bytes.Buffer
-	io.Copy(&buf, r)
-	return buf.String(), nil
-}
-
-func TestListAll(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-	dir, err := createSimpleTestSite(t, testSiteConfig{})
-
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-
-	hugoCmd := newCommandsBuilder().addAll().build()
-	cmd := hugoCmd.getCommand()
-
-	defer func() {
-		os.RemoveAll(dir)
-	}()
-
-	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"-s=" + dir, "list", "all"})
-
-	out, err := captureStdout(cmd.ExecuteC)
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-
-	r := csv.NewReader(strings.NewReader(out))
-
-	header, err := r.Read()
-
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(header, qt.DeepEquals, []string{
-		"path", "slug", "title",
-		"date", "expiryDate", "publishDate",
-		"draft", "permalink",
-	})
-
-	record, err := r.Read()
-
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(record, qt.DeepEquals, []string{
-		filepath.Join("content", "p1.md"), "", "P1",
-		"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z", "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z", "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z",
-		"false", "https://example.org/p1/",
-	})
-}
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2019 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -14,49 +14,191 @@
 package commands

 import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"os"
+	"path/filepath"

-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/modules"
+	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/modules/npm"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )

-var _ cmder = (*modCmd)(nil)
-
-type modCmd struct {
-	*baseBuilderCmd
-}
-
-func (b *commandsBuilder) newModCmd() *modCmd {
-	c := &modCmd{}
-
-	const commonUsage = `
+const commonUsageMod = `
 Note that Hugo will always start out by resolving the components defined in the site
-configuration, provided by a _vendor directory (if no --ignoreVendor flag provided),
+configuration, provided by a _vendor directory (if no --ignoreVendorPaths flag provided),
 Go Modules, or a folder inside the themes directory, in that order.

 See https://gohugo.io/hugo-modules/ for more information.

 `

-	cmd := &cobra.Command{
-		Use:   "mod",
-		Short: "Various Hugo Modules helpers.",
-		Long: `Various helpers to help manage the modules in your project's dependency graph.
+// buildConfigCommands creates a new config command and its subcommands.
+func newModCommands() *modCommands {
+	var (
+		clean   bool
+		pattern string
+		all     bool
+	)

-Most operations here requires a Go version installed on your system (>= Go 1.12) and the relevant VCS client (typically Git).
-This is not needed if you only operate on modules inside /themes or if you have vendored them via "hugo mod vendor".
+	npmCommand := &simpleCommand{
+		name:  "npm",
+		short: "Various npm helpers.",
+		long:  `Various npm (Node package manager) helpers.`,
+		commands: []simplecobra.Commander{
+			&simpleCommand{
+				name:  "pack",
+				short: "Experimental: Prepares and writes a composite package.json file for your project.",
+				long: `Prepares and writes a composite package.json file for your project.

-` + commonUsage,
+On first run it creates a "package.hugo.json" in the project root if not already there. This file will be used as a template file
+with the base dependency set. 

-		RunE: nil,
+This set will be merged with all "package.hugo.json" files found in the dependency tree, picking the version closest to the project.
+
+This command is marked as 'Experimental'. We think it's a great idea, so it's not likely to be
+removed from Hugo, but we need to test this out in "real life" to get a feel of it,
+so this may/will change in future versions of Hugo.
+`,
+				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
+					applyLocalFlagsBuildConfig(cmd, r)
+				},
+				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
+					h, err := r.Hugo(flagsToCfg(cd, nil))
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+					return npm.Pack(h.BaseFs.ProjectSourceFs, h.BaseFs.AssetsWithDuplicatesPreserved.Fs)
+				},
+			},
+		},
 	}

-	cmd.AddCommand(
-		&cobra.Command{
-			Use:                "get",
-			DisableFlagParsing: true,
-			Short:              "Resolves dependencies in your current Hugo Project.",
-			Long: `
+	return &modCommands{
+		commands: []simplecobra.Commander{
+			&simpleCommand{
+				name:  "init",
+				short: "Initialize this project as a Hugo Module.",
+				long: `Initialize this project as a Hugo Module.
+	It will try to guess the module path, but you may help by passing it as an argument, e.g:
+	
+		hugo mod init github.com/gohugoio/testshortcodes
+	
+	Note that Hugo Modules supports multi-module projects, so you can initialize a Hugo Module
+	inside a subfolder on GitHub, as one example.
+	`,
+				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
+					applyLocalFlagsBuildConfig(cmd, r)
+				},
+				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
+					h, err := r.Hugo(flagsToCfg(cd, nil))
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+					var initPath string
+					if len(args) >= 1 {
+						initPath = args[0]
+					}
+					return h.Configs.ModulesClient.Init(initPath)
+				},
+			},
+			&simpleCommand{
+				name:  "verify",
+				short: "Verify dependencies.",
+				long:  `Verify checks that the dependencies of the current module, which are stored in a local downloaded source cache, have not been modified since being downloaded.`,
+				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
+					applyLocalFlagsBuildConfig(cmd, r)
+					cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&clean, "clean", "", false, "delete module cache for dependencies that fail verification")
+				},
+				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
+					conf, err := r.ConfigFromProvider(r.configVersionID.Load(), flagsToCfg(cd, nil))
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+					client := conf.configs.ModulesClient
+					return client.Verify(clean)
+				},
+			},
+			&simpleCommand{
+				name:  "graph",
+				short: "Print a module dependency graph.",
+				long: `Print a module dependency graph with information about module status (disabled, vendored).
+Note that for vendored modules, that is the version listed and not the one from go.mod.
+`,
+				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
+					applyLocalFlagsBuildConfig(cmd, r)
+					cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&clean, "clean", "", false, "delete module cache for dependencies that fail verification")
+				},
+				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
+					conf, err := r.ConfigFromProvider(r.configVersionID.Load(), flagsToCfg(cd, nil))
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+					client := conf.configs.ModulesClient
+					return client.Graph(os.Stdout)
+				},
+			},
+			&simpleCommand{
+				name:  "clean",
+				short: "Delete the Hugo Module cache for the current project.",
+				long:  `Delete the Hugo Module cache for the current project.`,
+				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
+					applyLocalFlagsBuildConfig(cmd, r)
+					cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&pattern, "pattern", "", "", `pattern matching module paths to clean (all if not set), e.g. "**hugo*"`)
+					cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&all, "all", "", false, "clean entire module cache")
+				},
+				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
+					h, err := r.Hugo(flagsToCfg(cd, nil))
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+					if all {
+						modCache := h.ResourceSpec.FileCaches.ModulesCache()
+						count, err := modCache.Prune(true)
+						r.Printf("Deleted %d files from module cache.", count)
+						return err
+					}
+
+					return h.Configs.ModulesClient.Clean(pattern)
+				},
+			},
+			&simpleCommand{
+				name:  "tidy",
+				short: "Remove unused entries in go.mod and go.sum.",
+				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
+					applyLocalFlagsBuildConfig(cmd, r)
+				},
+				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
+					h, err := r.Hugo(flagsToCfg(cd, nil))
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+					return h.Configs.ModulesClient.Tidy()
+				},
+			},
+			&simpleCommand{
+				name:  "vendor",
+				short: "Vendor all module dependencies into the _vendor directory.",
+				long: `Vendor all module dependencies into the _vendor directory.
+	If a module is vendored, that is where Hugo will look for it's dependencies.
+	`,
+				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
+					applyLocalFlagsBuildConfig(cmd, r)
+				},
+				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
+					h, err := r.Hugo(flagsToCfg(cd, nil))
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+					return h.Configs.ModulesClient.Vendor()
+				},
+			},
+
+			&simpleCommand{
+				name:  "get",
+				short: "Resolves dependencies in your current Hugo Project.",
+				long: `
 Resolves dependencies in your current Hugo Project.

 Some examples:
@@ -69,120 +211,120 @@ Install a specific version:

    hugo mod get github.com/gohugoio/testshortcodes@v0.3.0

-Install the latest versions of all module dependencies:
+Install the latest versions of all direct module dependencies:
+
+    hugo mod get
+    hugo mod get ./... (recursive)
+
+Install the latest versions of all module dependencies (direct and indirect):

    hugo mod get -u
+    hugo mod get -u ./... (recursive)

 Run "go help get" for more information. All flags available for "go get" is also relevant here.
-` + commonUsage,
-			RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-				return c.withModsClient(false, func(c *modules.Client) error {
+` + commonUsageMod,
+				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
+					cmd.DisableFlagParsing = true
+				},
+				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
 					// We currently just pass on the flags we get to Go and
 					// need to do the flag handling manually.
-					if len(args) == 1 && args[0] == "-h" {
-						return cmd.Help()
+					if len(args) == 1 && (args[0] == "-h" || args[0] == "--help") {
+						return errHelp
 					}
-					return c.Get(args...)
-				})
+
+					var lastArg string
+					if len(args) != 0 {
+						lastArg = args[len(args)-1]
+					}
+
+					if lastArg == "./..." {
+						args = args[:len(args)-1]
+						// Do a recursive update.
+						dirname, err := os.Getwd()
+						if err != nil {
+							return err
+						}
+
+						// Sanity chesimplecobra. We do recursive walking and want to avoid
+						// accidents.
+						if len(dirname) < 5 {
+							return errors.New("must not be run from the file system root")
+						}
+
+						filepath.Walk(dirname, func(path string, info os.FileInfo, err error) error {
+							if info.IsDir() {
+								return nil
+							}
+							if info.Name() == "go.mod" {
+								// Found a module.
+								dir := filepath.Dir(path)
+								r.Println("Update module in", dir)
+								cfg := config.New()
+								cfg.Set("workingDir", dir)
+								conf, err := r.ConfigFromProvider(r.configVersionID.Load(), flagsToCfg(cd, cfg))
+								if err != nil {
+									return err
+								}
+								client := conf.configs.ModulesClient
+								return client.Get(args...)
+
+							}
+							return nil
+						})
+						return nil
+					} else {
+						conf, err := r.ConfigFromProvider(r.configVersionID.Load(), flagsToCfg(cd, nil))
+						if err != nil {
+							return err
+						}
+						client := conf.configs.ModulesClient
+						return client.Get(args...)
+					}
+				},
 			},
+			npmCommand,
 		},
-		&cobra.Command{
-			Use:   "graph",
-			Short: "Print a module dependency graph.",
-			Long: `Print a module dependency graph with information about module status (disabled, vendored).
-Note that for vendored modules, that is the version listed and not the one from go.mod.
-`,
-			RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-				return c.withModsClient(true, func(c *modules.Client) error {
-					return c.Graph(os.Stdout)
-				})
-			},
-		},
-		&cobra.Command{
-			Use:   "init",
-			Short: "Initialize this project as a Hugo Module.",
-			Long: `Initialize this project as a Hugo Module.
-It will try to guess the module path, but you may help by passing it as an argument, e.g:
-
-    hugo mod init github.com/gohugoio/testshortcodes
-
-Note that Hugo Modules supports multi-module projects, so you can initialize a Hugo Module
-inside a subfolder on GitHub, as one example.
-`,
-			RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-				var path string
-				if len(args) >= 1 {
-					path = args[0]
-				}
-				return c.withModsClient(false, func(c *modules.Client) error {
-					return c.Init(path)
-				})
-			},
-		},
-		&cobra.Command{
-			Use:   "vendor",
-			Short: "Vendor all module dependencies into the _vendor directory.",
-			Long: `Vendor all module dependencies into the _vendor directory.
-
-If a module is vendored, that is where Hugo will look for it's dependencies.
-`,
-			RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-				return c.withModsClient(true, func(c *modules.Client) error {
-					return c.Vendor()
-				})
-			},
-		},
-		&cobra.Command{
-			Use:   "tidy",
-			Short: "Remove unused entries in go.mod and go.sum.",
-			RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-				return c.withModsClient(true, func(c *modules.Client) error {
-					return c.Tidy()
-				})
-			},
-		},
-		&cobra.Command{
-			Use:   "clean",
-			Short: "Delete the entire Hugo Module cache.",
-			Long: `Delete the entire Hugo Module cache.
-
-Note that after you run this command, all of your dependencies will be re-downloaded next time you run "hugo".
-
-Also note that if you configure a positive maxAge for the "modules" file cache, it will also be cleaned as part of "hugo --gc".
- 
-`,
-			RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-				com, err := c.initConfig(true)
-				if err != nil {
-					return err
-				}
-
-				_, err = com.hugo().FileCaches.ModulesCache().Prune(true)
-				return err
-
-			},
-		},
-	)
-
-	c.baseBuilderCmd = b.newBuilderCmd(cmd)
-
-	return c
-
+	}
 }

-func (c *modCmd) withModsClient(failOnMissingConfig bool, f func(*modules.Client) error) error {
-	com, err := c.initConfig(failOnMissingConfig)
+type modCommands struct {
+	r *rootCommand
+
+	commands []simplecobra.Commander
+}
+
+func (c *modCommands) Commands() []simplecobra.Commander {
+	return c.commands
+}
+
+func (c *modCommands) Name() string {
+	return "mod"
+}
+
+func (c *modCommands) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, args []string) error {
+	_, err := c.r.ConfigFromProvider(c.r.configVersionID.Load(), nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	// config := conf.configs.Base

-	return f(com.hugo().ModulesClient)
+	return nil
 }

-func (c *modCmd) initConfig(failOnNoConfig bool) (*commandeer, error) {
-	com, err := initializeConfig(failOnNoConfig, false, &c.hugoBuilderCommon, c, nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return com, nil
+func (c *modCommands) Init(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
+	cmd := cd.CobraCommand
+	cmd.Short = "Various Hugo Modules helpers."
+	cmd.Long = `Various helpers to help manage the modules in your project's dependency graph.
+Most operations here requires a Go version installed on your system (>= Go 1.12) and the relevant VCS client (typically Git).
+This is not needed if you only operate on modules inside /themes or if you have vendored them via "hugo mod vendor".
+
+` + commonUsageMod
+	cmd.RunE = nil
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *modCommands) PreRun(cd, runner *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
+	c.r = cd.Root.Command.(*rootCommand)
+	return nil
 }
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -15,32 +15,33 @@ package commands

 import (
 	"bytes"
-	"os"
+	"context"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"

+	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/paths"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/create"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib"
-	"github.com/spf13/afero"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/create/skeletons"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	jww "github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman"
 )

-var _ cmder = (*newCmd)(nil)
+func newNewCommand() *newCommand {
+	var (
+		force       bool
+		contentType string
+		format      string
+	)

-type newCmd struct {
-	contentEditor string
-	contentType   string
-
-	*baseBuilderCmd
-}
-
-func (b *commandsBuilder) newNewCmd() *newCmd {
-	cmd := &cobra.Command{
-		Use:   "new [path]",
-		Short: "Create new content for your site",
-		Long: `Create a new content file and automatically set the date and title.
+	var c *newCommand
+	c = &newCommand{
+		commands: []simplecobra.Commander{
+			&simpleCommand{
+				name:  "content",
+				use:   "content [path]",
+				short: "Create new content for your site",
+				long: `Create a new content file and automatically set the date and title.
 It will guess which kind of file to create based on the path provided.

 You can also specify the kind with ` + "`-k KIND`" + `.
@@ -48,90 +49,159 @@ You can also specify the kind with ` + "`-k KIND`" + `.
 If archetypes are provided in your theme or site, they will be used.

 Ensure you run this within the root directory of your site.`,
+				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
+					if len(args) < 1 {
+						return newUserError("path needs to be provided")
+					}
+					h, err := r.Hugo(flagsToCfg(cd, nil))
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+					return create.NewContent(h, contentType, args[0], force)
+				},
+				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
+					cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&contentType, "kind", "k", "", "content type to create")
+					cmd.Flags().String("editor", "", "edit new content with this editor, if provided")
+					cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&force, "force", "f", false, "overwrite file if it already exists")
+					applyLocalFlagsBuildConfig(cmd, r)
+				},
+			},
+			&simpleCommand{
+				name:  "site",
+				use:   "site [path]",
+				short: "Create a new site (skeleton)",
+				long: `Create a new site in the provided directory.
+The new site will have the correct structure, but no content or theme yet.
+Use ` + "`hugo new [contentPath]`" + ` to create new content.`,
+				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
+					if len(args) < 1 {
+						return newUserError("path needs to be provided")
+					}
+					createpath, err := filepath.Abs(filepath.Clean(args[0]))
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+
+					cfg := config.New()
+					cfg.Set("workingDir", createpath)
+					cfg.Set("publishDir", "public")
+
+					conf, err := r.ConfigFromProvider(r.configVersionID.Load(), flagsToCfg(cd, cfg))
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+					sourceFs := conf.fs.Source
+
+					err = skeletons.CreateSite(createpath, sourceFs, force, format)
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+
+					r.Printf("Congratulations! Your new Hugo site was created in %s.\n\n", createpath)
+					r.Println(c.newSiteNextStepsText(createpath, format))
+
+					return nil
+				},
+				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
+					cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&force, "force", "f", false, "init inside non-empty directory")
+					cmd.Flags().StringVar(&format, "format", "toml", "preferred file format (toml, yaml or json)")
+				},
+			},
+			&simpleCommand{
+				name:  "theme",
+				use:   "theme [name]",
+				short: "Create a new theme (skeleton)",
+				long: `Create a new theme (skeleton) called [name] in ./themes.
+New theme is a skeleton. Please add content to the touched files. Add your
+name to the copyright line in the license and adjust the theme.toml file
+according to your needs.`,
+				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
+					if len(args) < 1 {
+						return newUserError("theme name needs to be provided")
+					}
+					cfg := config.New()
+					cfg.Set("publishDir", "public")
+
+					conf, err := r.ConfigFromProvider(r.configVersionID.Load(), flagsToCfg(cd, cfg))
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+					sourceFs := conf.fs.Source
+					createpath := paths.AbsPathify(conf.configs.Base.WorkingDir, filepath.Join(conf.configs.Base.ThemesDir, args[0]))
+					r.Println("Creating new theme in", createpath)
+
+					err = skeletons.CreateTheme(createpath, sourceFs)
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+
+					return nil
+				},
+			},
+		},
 	}

-	cc := &newCmd{baseBuilderCmd: b.newBuilderCmd(cmd)}
-
-	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&cc.contentType, "kind", "k", "", "content type to create")
-	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&cc.contentEditor, "editor", "", "edit new content with this editor, if provided")
-
-	cmd.AddCommand(newNewSiteCmd().getCommand())
-	cmd.AddCommand(newNewThemeCmd().getCommand())
-
-	cmd.RunE = cc.newContent
-
-	return cc
+	return c
 }

-func (n *newCmd) newContent(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-	cfgInit := func(c *commandeer) error {
-		if cmd.Flags().Changed("editor") {
-			c.Set("newContentEditor", n.contentEditor)
-		}
-		return nil
-	}
+type newCommand struct {
+	rootCmd *rootCommand

-	c, err := initializeConfig(true, false, &n.hugoBuilderCommon, n, cfgInit)
-
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if len(args) < 1 {
-		return newUserError("path needs to be provided")
-	}
-
-	createPath := args[0]
-
-	var kind string
-
-	createPath, kind = newContentPathSection(c.hugo(), createPath)
-
-	if n.contentType != "" {
-		kind = n.contentType
-	}
-
-	return create.NewContent(c.hugo(), kind, createPath)
+	commands []simplecobra.Commander
 }

-func mkdir(x ...string) {
-	p := filepath.Join(x...)
-
-	err := os.MkdirAll(p, 0777) // before umask
-	if err != nil {
-		jww.FATAL.Fatalln(err)
-	}
+func (c *newCommand) Commands() []simplecobra.Commander {
+	return c.commands
 }

-func touchFile(fs afero.Fs, x ...string) {
-	inpath := filepath.Join(x...)
-	mkdir(filepath.Dir(inpath))
-	err := helpers.WriteToDisk(inpath, bytes.NewReader([]byte{}), fs)
-	if err != nil {
-		jww.FATAL.Fatalln(err)
-	}
+func (c *newCommand) Name() string {
+	return "new"
 }

-func newContentPathSection(h *hugolib.HugoSites, path string) (string, string) {
-	// Forward slashes is used in all examples. Convert if needed.
-	// Issue #1133
-	createpath := filepath.FromSlash(path)
-
-	if h != nil {
-		for _, dir := range h.BaseFs.Content.Dirs {
-			createpath = strings.TrimPrefix(createpath, dir.Meta().Filename())
-		}
-	}
-
-	var section string
-	// assume the first directory is the section (kind)
-	if strings.Contains(createpath[1:], helpers.FilePathSeparator) {
-		parts := strings.Split(strings.TrimPrefix(createpath, helpers.FilePathSeparator), helpers.FilePathSeparator)
-		if len(parts) > 0 {
-			section = parts[0]
-		}
-
-	}
-
-	return createpath, section
+func (c *newCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, args []string) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *newCommand) Init(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
+	cmd := cd.CobraCommand
+	cmd.Short = "Create new content for your site"
+	cmd.Long = `Create a new content file and automatically set the date and title.
+It will guess which kind of file to create based on the path provided.
+
+You can also specify the kind with ` + "`-k KIND`" + `.
+
+If archetypes are provided in your theme or site, they will be used.
+
+Ensure you run this within the root directory of your site.`
+
+	cmd.RunE = nil
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *newCommand) PreRun(cd, runner *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
+	c.rootCmd = cd.Root.Command.(*rootCommand)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *newCommand) newSiteNextStepsText(path string, format string) string {
+	format = strings.ToLower(format)
+	var nextStepsText bytes.Buffer
+
+	nextStepsText.WriteString(`Just a few more steps...
+
+1. Change the current directory to ` + path + `.
+2. Create or install a theme:
+   - Create a new theme with the command "hugo new theme <THEMENAME>"
+   - Install a theme from https://themes.gohugo.io/
+3. Edit hugo.` + format + `, setting the "theme" property to the theme name.
+4. Create new content with the command "hugo new content `)
+
+	nextStepsText.WriteString(filepath.Join("<SECTIONNAME>", "<FILENAME>.<FORMAT>"))
+
+	nextStepsText.WriteString(`".
+5. Start the embedded web server with the command "hugo server --buildDrafts".
+
+See documentation at https://gohugo.io/.`)
+
+	return nextStepsText.String()
 }
@@ -1,134 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2019 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package commands
-
-import (
-	"path/filepath"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
-	"github.com/spf13/viper"
-
-	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
-)
-
-// Issue #1133
-func TestNewContentPathSectionWithForwardSlashes(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-	p, s := newContentPathSection(nil, "/post/new.md")
-	c.Assert(p, qt.Equals, filepath.FromSlash("/post/new.md"))
-	c.Assert(s, qt.Equals, "post")
-}
-
-func checkNewSiteInited(fs *hugofs.Fs, basepath string, t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-	paths := []string{
-		filepath.Join(basepath, "layouts"),
-		filepath.Join(basepath, "content"),
-		filepath.Join(basepath, "archetypes"),
-		filepath.Join(basepath, "static"),
-		filepath.Join(basepath, "data"),
-		filepath.Join(basepath, "config.toml"),
-	}
-
-	for _, path := range paths {
-		_, err := fs.Source.Stat(path)
-		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestDoNewSite(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-	n := newNewSiteCmd()
-	basepath := filepath.Join("base", "blog")
-	_, fs := newTestCfg()
-
-	c.Assert(n.doNewSite(fs, basepath, false), qt.IsNil)
-
-	checkNewSiteInited(fs, basepath, t)
-}
-
-func TestDoNewSite_noerror_base_exists_but_empty(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-	basepath := filepath.Join("base", "blog")
-	_, fs := newTestCfg()
-	n := newNewSiteCmd()
-
-	c.Assert(fs.Source.MkdirAll(basepath, 0777), qt.IsNil)
-
-	c.Assert(n.doNewSite(fs, basepath, false), qt.IsNil)
-}
-
-func TestDoNewSite_error_base_exists(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-	basepath := filepath.Join("base", "blog")
-	_, fs := newTestCfg()
-	n := newNewSiteCmd()
-
-	c.Assert(fs.Source.MkdirAll(basepath, 0777), qt.IsNil)
-	_, err := fs.Source.Create(filepath.Join(basepath, "foo"))
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	// Since the directory already exists and isn't empty, expect an error
-	c.Assert(n.doNewSite(fs, basepath, false), qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
-
-}
-
-func TestDoNewSite_force_empty_dir(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-	basepath := filepath.Join("base", "blog")
-	_, fs := newTestCfg()
-	n := newNewSiteCmd()
-
-	c.Assert(fs.Source.MkdirAll(basepath, 0777), qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(n.doNewSite(fs, basepath, true), qt.IsNil)
-
-	checkNewSiteInited(fs, basepath, t)
-}
-
-func TestDoNewSite_error_force_dir_inside_exists(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-	basepath := filepath.Join("base", "blog")
-	_, fs := newTestCfg()
-	n := newNewSiteCmd()
-
-	contentPath := filepath.Join(basepath, "content")
-
-	c.Assert(fs.Source.MkdirAll(contentPath, 0777), qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(n.doNewSite(fs, basepath, true), qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
-}
-
-func TestDoNewSite_error_force_config_inside_exists(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-	basepath := filepath.Join("base", "blog")
-	_, fs := newTestCfg()
-	n := newNewSiteCmd()
-
-	configPath := filepath.Join(basepath, "config.toml")
-	c.Assert(fs.Source.MkdirAll(basepath, 0777), qt.IsNil)
-	_, err := fs.Source.Create(configPath)
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-
-	c.Assert(n.doNewSite(fs, basepath, true), qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
-}
-
-func newTestCfg() (*viper.Viper, *hugofs.Fs) {
-
-	v := viper.New()
-	fs := hugofs.NewMem(v)
-
-	v.SetFs(fs.Source)
-
-	return v, fs
-
-}
@@ -1,165 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package commands
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"errors"
-	"path/filepath"
-	"strings"
-
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser/metadecoders"
-
-	_errors "github.com/pkg/errors"
-
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/create"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	jww "github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman"
-	"github.com/spf13/viper"
-)
-
-var _ cmder = (*newSiteCmd)(nil)
-
-type newSiteCmd struct {
-	configFormat string
-
-	*baseCmd
-}
-
-func newNewSiteCmd() *newSiteCmd {
-	ccmd := &newSiteCmd{}
-
-	cmd := &cobra.Command{
-		Use:   "site [path]",
-		Short: "Create a new site (skeleton)",
-		Long: `Create a new site in the provided directory.
-The new site will have the correct structure, but no content or theme yet.
-Use ` + "`hugo new [contentPath]`" + ` to create new content.`,
-		RunE: ccmd.newSite,
-	}
-
-	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&ccmd.configFormat, "format", "f", "toml", "config & frontmatter format")
-	cmd.Flags().Bool("force", false, "init inside non-empty directory")
-
-	ccmd.baseCmd = newBaseCmd(cmd)
-
-	return ccmd
-
-}
-
-func (n *newSiteCmd) doNewSite(fs *hugofs.Fs, basepath string, force bool) error {
-	archeTypePath := filepath.Join(basepath, "archetypes")
-	dirs := []string{
-		filepath.Join(basepath, "layouts"),
-		filepath.Join(basepath, "content"),
-		archeTypePath,
-		filepath.Join(basepath, "static"),
-		filepath.Join(basepath, "data"),
-		filepath.Join(basepath, "themes"),
-	}
-
-	if exists, _ := helpers.Exists(basepath, fs.Source); exists {
-		if isDir, _ := helpers.IsDir(basepath, fs.Source); !isDir {
-			return errors.New(basepath + " already exists but not a directory")
-		}
-
-		isEmpty, _ := helpers.IsEmpty(basepath, fs.Source)
-
-		switch {
-		case !isEmpty && !force:
-			return errors.New(basepath + " already exists and is not empty. See --force.")
-
-		case !isEmpty && force:
-			all := append(dirs, filepath.Join(basepath, "config."+n.configFormat))
-			for _, path := range all {
-				if exists, _ := helpers.Exists(path, fs.Source); exists {
-					return errors.New(path + " already exists")
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	for _, dir := range dirs {
-		if err := fs.Source.MkdirAll(dir, 0777); err != nil {
-			return _errors.Wrap(err, "Failed to create dir")
-		}
-	}
-
-	createConfig(fs, basepath, n.configFormat)
-
-	// Create a default archetype file.
-	helpers.SafeWriteToDisk(filepath.Join(archeTypePath, "default.md"),
-		strings.NewReader(create.ArchetypeTemplateTemplate), fs.Source)
-
-	jww.FEEDBACK.Printf("Congratulations! Your new Hugo site is created in %s.\n\n", basepath)
-	jww.FEEDBACK.Println(nextStepsText())
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-// newSite creates a new Hugo site and initializes a structured Hugo directory.
-func (n *newSiteCmd) newSite(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-	if len(args) < 1 {
-		return newUserError("path needs to be provided")
-	}
-
-	createpath, err := filepath.Abs(filepath.Clean(args[0]))
-	if err != nil {
-		return newUserError(err)
-	}
-
-	forceNew, _ := cmd.Flags().GetBool("force")
-
-	return n.doNewSite(hugofs.NewDefault(viper.New()), createpath, forceNew)
-}
-
-func createConfig(fs *hugofs.Fs, inpath string, kind string) (err error) {
-	in := map[string]string{
-		"baseURL":      "http://example.org/",
-		"title":        "My New Hugo Site",
-		"languageCode": "en-us",
-	}
-
-	var buf bytes.Buffer
-	err = parser.InterfaceToConfig(in, metadecoders.FormatFromString(kind), &buf)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return helpers.WriteToDisk(filepath.Join(inpath, "config."+kind), &buf, fs.Source)
-}
-
-func nextStepsText() string {
-	var nextStepsText bytes.Buffer
-
-	nextStepsText.WriteString(`Just a few more steps and you're ready to go:
-
-1. Download a theme into the same-named folder.
-   Choose a theme from https://themes.gohugo.io/ or
-   create your own with the "hugo new theme <THEMENAME>" command.
-2. Perhaps you want to add some content. You can add single files
-   with "hugo new `)
-
-	nextStepsText.WriteString(filepath.Join("<SECTIONNAME>", "<FILENAME>.<FORMAT>"))
-
-	nextStepsText.WriteString(`".
-3. Start the built-in live server via "hugo server".
-
-Visit https://gohugo.io/ for quickstart guide and full documentation.`)
-
-	return nextStepsText.String()
-}
@@ -1,179 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package commands
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"errors"
-	"path/filepath"
-	"strings"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	jww "github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman"
-)
-
-var _ cmder = (*newThemeCmd)(nil)
-
-type newThemeCmd struct {
-	*baseCmd
-	hugoBuilderCommon
-}
-
-func newNewThemeCmd() *newThemeCmd {
-	ccmd := &newThemeCmd{baseCmd: newBaseCmd(nil)}
-
-	cmd := &cobra.Command{
-		Use:   "theme [name]",
-		Short: "Create a new theme",
-		Long: `Create a new theme (skeleton) called [name] in the current directory.
-New theme is a skeleton. Please add content to the touched files. Add your
-name to the copyright line in the license and adjust the theme.toml file
-as you see fit.`,
-		RunE: ccmd.newTheme,
-	}
-
-	ccmd.cmd = cmd
-
-	return ccmd
-}
-
-// newTheme creates a new Hugo theme template
-func (n *newThemeCmd) newTheme(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-	c, err := initializeConfig(false, false, &n.hugoBuilderCommon, n, nil)
-
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if len(args) < 1 {
-		return newUserError("theme name needs to be provided")
-	}
-
-	createpath := c.hugo().PathSpec.AbsPathify(filepath.Join(c.Cfg.GetString("themesDir"), args[0]))
-	jww.FEEDBACK.Println("Creating theme at", createpath)
-
-	cfg := c.DepsCfg
-
-	if x, _ := helpers.Exists(createpath, cfg.Fs.Source); x {
-		return errors.New(createpath + " already exists")
-	}
-
-	mkdir(createpath, "layouts", "_default")
-	mkdir(createpath, "layouts", "partials")
-
-	touchFile(cfg.Fs.Source, createpath, "layouts", "index.html")
-	touchFile(cfg.Fs.Source, createpath, "layouts", "404.html")
-	touchFile(cfg.Fs.Source, createpath, "layouts", "_default", "list.html")
-	touchFile(cfg.Fs.Source, createpath, "layouts", "_default", "single.html")
-
-	baseofDefault := []byte(`<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html>
-    {{- partial "head.html" . -}}
-    <body>
-        {{- partial "header.html" . -}}
-        <div id="content">
-        {{- block "main" . }}{{- end }}
-        </div>
-        {{- partial "footer.html" . -}}
-    </body>
-</html>
-`)
-	err = helpers.WriteToDisk(filepath.Join(createpath, "layouts", "_default", "baseof.html"), bytes.NewReader(baseofDefault), cfg.Fs.Source)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	touchFile(cfg.Fs.Source, createpath, "layouts", "partials", "head.html")
-	touchFile(cfg.Fs.Source, createpath, "layouts", "partials", "header.html")
-	touchFile(cfg.Fs.Source, createpath, "layouts", "partials", "footer.html")
-
-	mkdir(createpath, "archetypes")
-
-	archDefault := []byte("+++\n+++\n")
-
-	err = helpers.WriteToDisk(filepath.Join(createpath, "archetypes", "default.md"), bytes.NewReader(archDefault), cfg.Fs.Source)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	mkdir(createpath, "static", "js")
-	mkdir(createpath, "static", "css")
-
-	by := []byte(`The MIT License (MIT)
-
-Copyright (c) ` + time.Now().Format("2006") + ` YOUR_NAME_HERE
-
-Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
-this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
-the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
-use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
-the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
-subject to the following conditions:
-
-The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
-copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
-FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
-COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
-IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
-CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
-`)
-
-	err = helpers.WriteToDisk(filepath.Join(createpath, "LICENSE"), bytes.NewReader(by), cfg.Fs.Source)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	n.createThemeMD(cfg.Fs, createpath)
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (n *newThemeCmd) createThemeMD(fs *hugofs.Fs, inpath string) (err error) {
-
-	by := []byte(`# theme.toml template for a Hugo theme
-# See https://github.com/gohugoio/hugoThemes#themetoml for an example
-
-name = "` + strings.Title(helpers.MakeTitle(filepath.Base(inpath))) + `"
-license = "MIT"
-licenselink = "https://github.com/yourname/yourtheme/blob/master/LICENSE"
-description = ""
-homepage = "http://example.com/"
-tags = []
-features = []
-min_version = "0.41"
-
-[author]
-  name = ""
-  homepage = ""
-
-# If porting an existing theme
-[original]
-  name = ""
-  homepage = ""
-  repo = ""
-`)
-
-	err = helpers.WriteToDisk(filepath.Join(inpath, "theme.toml"), bytes.NewReader(by), fs.Source)
-	if err != nil {
-		return
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-// +build release
-
-// Copyright 2017-present The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -16,57 +14,38 @@
 package commands

 import (
-	"errors"
+	"context"

-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
+	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/releaser"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )

-var _ cmder = (*releaseCommandeer)(nil)
+// Note: This is a command only meant for internal use and must be run
+// via "go run -tags release main.go release" on the actual code base that is in the release.
+func newReleaseCommand() simplecobra.Commander {
+	var (
+		step     int
+		skipPush bool
+		try      bool
+	)

-type releaseCommandeer struct {
-	cmd *cobra.Command
+	return &simpleCommand{
+		name:  "release",
+		short: "Release a new version of Hugo.",
+		run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
+			rel, err := releaser.New(skipPush, try, step)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}

-	version string
-
-	skipPublish bool
-	try         bool
-}
-
-func createReleaser() cmder {
-	// Note: This is a command only meant for internal use and must be run
-	// via "go run -tags release main.go release" on the actual code base that is in the release.
-	r := &releaseCommandeer{
-		cmd: &cobra.Command{
-			Use:    "release",
-			Short:  "Release a new version of Hugo.",
-			Hidden: true,
+			return rel.Run()
+		},
+		withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
+			cmd.Hidden = true
+			cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&skipPush, "skip-push", "", false, "skip pushing to remote")
+			cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&try, "try", "", false, "no changes")
+			cmd.PersistentFlags().IntVarP(&step, "step", "", 0, "step to run (1: set new version 2: prepare next dev version)")
 		},
 	}
-
-	r.cmd.RunE = func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-		return r.release()
-	}
-
-	r.cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&r.version, "rel", "r", "", "new release version, i.e. 0.25.1")
-	r.cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&r.skipPublish, "skip-publish", "", false, "skip all publishing pipes of the release")
-	r.cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&r.try, "try", "", false, "simulate a release, i.e. no changes")
-
-	return r
-}
-
-func (c *releaseCommandeer) getCommand() *cobra.Command {
-	return c.cmd
-}
-
-func (c *releaseCommandeer) flagsToConfig(cfg config.Provider) {
-
-}
-
-func (r *releaseCommandeer) release() error {
-	if r.version == "" {
-		return errors.New("must set the --rel flag to the relevant version number")
-	}
-	return releaser.New(r.version, r.skipPublish, r.try).Run()
 }
@@ -1,95 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package commands
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"io"
-
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/transform"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/transform/livereloadinject"
-)
-
-var buildErrorTemplate = `<!doctype html>
-<html class="no-js" lang="">
-	<head>
-		<meta charset="utf-8">
-		<title>Hugo Server: Error</title>
-		<style type="text/css">
-		body {
-			font-family: "Muli",avenir, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol";
-			font-size: 16px;
-			background-color: black;
-			color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9);
-		}
-		main {
-			margin: auto;
-			width: 95%;
-			padding: 1rem;
-		}		
-		.version {
-			color: #ccc;
-			padding: 1rem 0;
-		}
-		.stack {
-			margin-top: 6rem;
-		}
-		pre {
-			white-space: pre-wrap;      
-			white-space: -moz-pre-wrap;  
-			white-space: -pre-wrap;     
-			white-space: -o-pre-wrap;    
-			word-wrap: break-word;     
-		}
-		.highlight {
-			overflow-x: auto;
-			padding: 0.75rem;
-			margin-bottom: 1rem;
-			background-color: #272822;
-			border: 1px solid black;
-		}
-		a {
-			color: #0594cb;
-			text-decoration: none;
-		}
-		a:hover {
-			color: #ccc;
-		}
-		</style>
-	</head>
-	<body>
-		<main>
-			{{ highlight .Error "apl" "noclasses=true,style=monokai" }}
-			{{ with .File }}
-			{{ $params := printf "noclasses=true,style=monokai,linenos=table,hl_lines=%d,linenostart=%d" (add .LinesPos 1) (sub .Position.LineNumber .LinesPos) }}
-			{{ $lexer := .ChromaLexer | default "go-html-template" }}
-			{{  highlight (delimit .Lines "\n") $lexer $params }}
-			{{ end }}
-			{{ with .StackTrace }}
-			{{ highlight . "apl" "noclasses=true,style=monokai" }}
-			{{ end }}
-			<p class="version">{{ .Version }}</p>
-			<a href="">Reload Page</a>
-		</main>
-</body>
-</html>
-`
-
-func injectLiveReloadScript(src io.Reader, port int) string {
-	var b bytes.Buffer
-	chain := transform.Chain{livereloadinject.New(port)}
-	chain.Apply(&b, src)
-
-	return b.String()
-}
@@ -1,134 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2015 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package commands
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"net/http"
-	"os"
-	"runtime"
-	"strings"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
-
-	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
-	"github.com/spf13/viper"
-)
-
-func TestServer(t *testing.T) {
-	if isWindowsCI() {
-		// TODO(bep) not sure why server tests have started to fail on the Windows CI server.
-		t.Skip("Skip server test on appveyor")
-	}
-	c := qt.New(t)
-	dir, err := createSimpleTestSite(t, testSiteConfig{})
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-
-	// Let us hope that this port is available on all systems ...
-	port := 1331
-
-	defer func() {
-		os.RemoveAll(dir)
-	}()
-
-	stop := make(chan bool)
-
-	b := newCommandsBuilder()
-	scmd := b.newServerCmdSignaled(stop)
-
-	cmd := scmd.getCommand()
-	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"-s=" + dir, fmt.Sprintf("-p=%d", port)})
-
-	go func() {
-		_, err = cmd.ExecuteC()
-		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	}()
-
-	// There is no way to know exactly when the server is ready for connections.
-	// We could improve by something like https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/httptest/#Server
-	// But for now, let us sleep and pray!
-	time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
-
-	resp, err := http.Get("http://localhost:1331/")
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	defer resp.Body.Close()
-	homeContent := helpers.ReaderToString(resp.Body)
-
-	c.Assert(homeContent, qt.Contains, "List: Hugo Commands")
-	c.Assert(homeContent, qt.Contains, "Environment: development")
-
-	// Stop the server.
-	stop <- true
-
-}
-
-func TestFixURL(t *testing.T) {
-	type data struct {
-		TestName   string
-		CLIBaseURL string
-		CfgBaseURL string
-		AppendPort bool
-		Port       int
-		Result     string
-	}
-	tests := []data{
-		{"Basic http localhost", "", "http://foo.com", true, 1313, "http://localhost:1313/"},
-		{"Basic https production, http localhost", "", "https://foo.com", true, 1313, "http://localhost:1313/"},
-		{"Basic subdir", "", "http://foo.com/bar", true, 1313, "http://localhost:1313/bar/"},
-		{"Basic production", "http://foo.com", "http://foo.com", false, 80, "http://foo.com/"},
-		{"Production subdir", "http://foo.com/bar", "http://foo.com/bar", false, 80, "http://foo.com/bar/"},
-		{"No http", "", "foo.com", true, 1313, "//localhost:1313/"},
-		{"Override configured port", "", "foo.com:2020", true, 1313, "//localhost:1313/"},
-		{"No http production", "foo.com", "foo.com", false, 80, "//foo.com/"},
-		{"No http production with port", "foo.com", "foo.com", true, 2020, "//foo.com:2020/"},
-		{"No config", "", "", true, 1313, "//localhost:1313/"},
-	}
-
-	for _, test := range tests {
-		t.Run(test.TestName, func(t *testing.T) {
-			b := newCommandsBuilder()
-			s := b.newServerCmd()
-			v := viper.New()
-			baseURL := test.CLIBaseURL
-			v.Set("baseURL", test.CfgBaseURL)
-			s.serverAppend = test.AppendPort
-			s.serverPort = test.Port
-			result, err := s.fixURL(v, baseURL, s.serverPort)
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Errorf("Unexpected error %s", err)
-			}
-			if result != test.Result {
-				t.Errorf("Expected %q, got %q", test.Result, result)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestRemoveErrorPrefixFromLog(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-	content := `ERROR 2018/10/07 13:11:12 Error while rendering "home": template: _default/baseof.html:4:3: executing "main" at <partial "logo" .>: error calling partial: template: partials/logo.html:5:84: executing "partials/logo.html" at <$resized.AHeight>: can't evaluate field AHeight in type *resource.Image
-ERROR 2018/10/07 13:11:12 Rebuild failed: logged 1 error(s)
-`
-
-	withoutError := removeErrorPrefixFromLog(content)
-
-	c.Assert(strings.Contains(withoutError, "ERROR"), qt.Equals, false)
-
-}
-
-func isWindowsCI() bool {
-	return runtime.GOOS == "windows" && os.Getenv("CI") != ""
-}
@@ -1,132 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2017 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package commands
-
-import (
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
-
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib/filesystems"
-
-	"github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
-	"github.com/spf13/fsync"
-)
-
-type staticSyncer struct {
-	c *commandeer
-}
-
-func newStaticSyncer(c *commandeer) (*staticSyncer, error) {
-	return &staticSyncer{c: c}, nil
-}
-
-func (s *staticSyncer) isStatic(filename string) bool {
-	return s.c.hugo().BaseFs.SourceFilesystems.IsStatic(filename)
-}
-
-func (s *staticSyncer) syncsStaticEvents(staticEvents []fsnotify.Event) error {
-	c := s.c
-
-	syncFn := func(sourceFs *filesystems.SourceFilesystem) (uint64, error) {
-		publishDir := c.hugo().PathSpec.PublishDir
-		// If root, remove the second '/'
-		if publishDir == "//" {
-			publishDir = helpers.FilePathSeparator
-		}
-
-		if sourceFs.PublishFolder != "" {
-			publishDir = filepath.Join(publishDir, sourceFs.PublishFolder)
-		}
-
-		syncer := fsync.NewSyncer()
-		syncer.NoTimes = c.Cfg.GetBool("noTimes")
-		syncer.NoChmod = c.Cfg.GetBool("noChmod")
-		syncer.ChmodFilter = chmodFilter
-		syncer.SrcFs = sourceFs.Fs
-		syncer.DestFs = c.Fs.Destination
-
-		// prevent spamming the log on changes
-		logger := helpers.NewDistinctFeedbackLogger()
-
-		for _, ev := range staticEvents {
-			// Due to our approach of layering both directories and the content's rendered output
-			// into one we can't accurately remove a file not in one of the source directories.
-			// If a file is in the local static dir and also in the theme static dir and we remove
-			// it from one of those locations we expect it to still exist in the destination
-			//
-			// If Hugo generates a file (from the content dir) over a static file
-			// the content generated file should take precedence.
-			//
-			// Because we are now watching and handling individual events it is possible that a static
-			// event that occupies the same path as a content generated file will take precedence
-			// until a regeneration of the content takes places.
-			//
-			// Hugo assumes that these cases are very rare and will permit this bad behavior
-			// The alternative is to track every single file and which pipeline rendered it
-			// and then to handle conflict resolution on every event.
-
-			fromPath := ev.Name
-
-			relPath := sourceFs.MakePathRelative(fromPath)
-
-			if relPath == "" {
-				// Not member of this virtual host.
-				continue
-			}
-
-			// Remove || rename is harder and will require an assumption.
-			// Hugo takes the following approach:
-			// If the static file exists in any of the static source directories after this event
-			// Hugo will re-sync it.
-			// If it does not exist in all of the static directories Hugo will remove it.
-			//
-			// This assumes that Hugo has not generated content on top of a static file and then removed
-			// the source of that static file. In this case Hugo will incorrectly remove that file
-			// from the published directory.
-			if ev.Op&fsnotify.Rename == fsnotify.Rename || ev.Op&fsnotify.Remove == fsnotify.Remove {
-				if _, err := sourceFs.Fs.Stat(relPath); os.IsNotExist(err) {
-					// If file doesn't exist in any static dir, remove it
-					toRemove := filepath.Join(publishDir, relPath)
-
-					logger.Println("File no longer exists in static dir, removing", toRemove)
-					_ = c.Fs.Destination.RemoveAll(toRemove)
-				} else if err == nil {
-					// If file still exists, sync it
-					logger.Println("Syncing", relPath, "to", publishDir)
-
-					if err := syncer.Sync(filepath.Join(publishDir, relPath), relPath); err != nil {
-						c.logger.ERROR.Println(err)
-					}
-				} else {
-					c.logger.ERROR.Println(err)
-				}
-
-				continue
-			}
-
-			// For all other event operations Hugo will sync static.
-			logger.Println("Syncing", relPath, "to", publishDir)
-			if err := syncer.Sync(filepath.Join(publishDir, relPath), relPath); err != nil {
-				c.logger.ERROR.Println(err)
-			}
-		}
-
-		return 0, nil
-	}
-
-	_, err := c.doWithPublishDirs(syncFn)
-	return err
-
-}
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2015 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package commands
-
-import (
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugo"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	jww "github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman"
-)
-
-var _ cmder = (*versionCmd)(nil)
-
-type versionCmd struct {
-	*baseCmd
-}
-
-func newVersionCmd() *versionCmd {
-	return &versionCmd{
-		newBaseCmd(&cobra.Command{
-			Use:   "version",
-			Short: "Print the version number of Hugo",
-			Long:  `All software has versions. This is Hugo's.`,
-			RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-				printHugoVersion()
-				return nil
-			},
-		}),
-	}
-}
-
-func printHugoVersion() {
-	jww.FEEDBACK.Println(hugo.BuildVersionString())
-}
@@ -21,38 +21,73 @@ import (
 // Append appends from to a slice to and returns the resulting slice.
 // If length of from is one and the only element is a slice of same type as to,
 // it will be appended.
-func Append(to interface{}, from ...interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
+func Append(to any, from ...any) (any, error) {
+	if len(from) == 0 {
+		return to, nil
+	}
 	tov, toIsNil := indirect(reflect.ValueOf(to))

 	toIsNil = toIsNil || to == nil
 	var tot reflect.Type

 	if !toIsNil {
+		if tov.Kind() == reflect.Slice {
+			// Create a copy of tov, so we don't modify the original.
+			c := reflect.MakeSlice(tov.Type(), tov.Len(), tov.Len()+len(from))
+			reflect.Copy(c, tov)
+			tov = c
+		}
+
 		if tov.Kind() != reflect.Slice {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("expected a slice, got %T", to)
 		}

 		tot = tov.Type().Elem()
+		if tot.Kind() == reflect.Slice {
+			totvt := tot.Elem()
+			fromvs := make([]reflect.Value, len(from))
+			for i, f := range from {
+				fromv := reflect.ValueOf(f)
+				fromt := fromv.Type()
+				if fromt.Kind() == reflect.Slice {
+					fromt = fromt.Elem()
+				}
+				if totvt != fromt {
+					return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot append slice of %s to slice of %s", fromt, totvt)
+				} else {
+					fromvs[i] = fromv
+				}
+			}
+			return reflect.Append(tov, fromvs...).Interface(), nil
+
+		}
+
 		toIsNil = tov.Len() == 0

 		if len(from) == 1 {
 			fromv := reflect.ValueOf(from[0])
+			if !fromv.IsValid() {
+				// from[0] is nil
+				return appendToInterfaceSliceFromValues(tov, fromv)
+			}
+			fromt := fromv.Type()
+			if fromt.Kind() == reflect.Slice {
+				fromt = fromt.Elem()
+			}
 			if fromv.Kind() == reflect.Slice {
 				if toIsNil {
 					// If we get nil []string, we just return the []string
 					return from[0], nil
 				}

-				fromt := reflect.TypeOf(from[0]).Elem()
-
 				// If we get []string []string, we append the from slice to to
 				if tot == fromt {
 					return reflect.AppendSlice(tov, fromv).Interface(), nil
 				} else if !fromt.AssignableTo(tot) {
 					// Fall back to a []interface{} slice.
 					return appendToInterfaceSliceFromValues(tov, fromv)
-
 				}
+
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -63,7 +98,7 @@ func Append(to interface{}, from ...interface{}) (interface{}, error) {

 	for _, f := range from {
 		fv := reflect.ValueOf(f)
-		if !fv.Type().AssignableTo(tot) {
+		if !fv.IsValid() || !fv.Type().AssignableTo(tot) {
 			// Fall back to a []interface{} slice.
 			tov, _ := indirect(reflect.ValueOf(to))
 			return appendToInterfaceSlice(tov, from...)
@@ -74,10 +109,14 @@ func Append(to interface{}, from ...interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
 	return tov.Interface(), nil
 }

-func appendToInterfaceSliceFromValues(slice1, slice2 reflect.Value) ([]interface{}, error) {
-	var tos []interface{}
+func appendToInterfaceSliceFromValues(slice1, slice2 reflect.Value) ([]any, error) {
+	var tos []any

 	for _, slice := range []reflect.Value{slice1, slice2} {
+		if !slice.IsValid() {
+			tos = append(tos, nil)
+			continue
+		}
 		for i := 0; i < slice.Len(); i++ {
 			tos = append(tos, slice.Index(i).Interface())
 		}
@@ -86,8 +125,8 @@ func appendToInterfaceSliceFromValues(slice1, slice2 reflect.Value) ([]interface
 	return tos, nil
 }

-func appendToInterfaceSlice(tov reflect.Value, from ...interface{}) ([]interface{}, error) {
-	var tos []interface{}
+func appendToInterfaceSlice(tov reflect.Value, from ...any) ([]any, error) {
+	var tos []any

 	for i := 0; i < tov.Len(); i++ {
 		tos = append(tos, tov.Index(i).Interface())
@@ -24,40 +24,59 @@ func TestAppend(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	c := qt.New(t)

-	for _, test := range []struct {
-		start    interface{}
-		addend   []interface{}
-		expected interface{}
+	for i, test := range []struct {
+		start    any
+		addend   []any
+		expected any
 	}{
-		{[]string{"a", "b"}, []interface{}{"c"}, []string{"a", "b", "c"}},
-		{[]string{"a", "b"}, []interface{}{"c", "d", "e"}, []string{"a", "b", "c", "d", "e"}},
-		{[]string{"a", "b"}, []interface{}{[]string{"c", "d", "e"}}, []string{"a", "b", "c", "d", "e"}},
-		{[]string{"a"}, []interface{}{"b", template.HTML("c")}, []interface{}{"a", "b", template.HTML("c")}},
-		{nil, []interface{}{"a", "b"}, []string{"a", "b"}},
-		{nil, []interface{}{nil}, []interface{}{nil}},
-		{[]interface{}{}, []interface{}{[]string{"c", "d", "e"}}, []string{"c", "d", "e"}},
-		{tstSlicers{&tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}},
-			[]interface{}{&tstSlicer{"c"}},
-			tstSlicers{&tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}, &tstSlicer{"c"}}},
-		{&tstSlicers{&tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}},
-			[]interface{}{&tstSlicer{"c"}},
-			tstSlicers{&tstSlicer{"a"},
+		{[]string{"a", "b"}, []any{"c"}, []string{"a", "b", "c"}},
+		{[]string{"a", "b"}, []any{"c", "d", "e"}, []string{"a", "b", "c", "d", "e"}},
+		{[]string{"a", "b"}, []any{[]string{"c", "d", "e"}}, []string{"a", "b", "c", "d", "e"}},
+		{[]string{"a"}, []any{"b", template.HTML("c")}, []any{"a", "b", template.HTML("c")}},
+		{nil, []any{"a", "b"}, []string{"a", "b"}},
+		{nil, []any{nil}, []any{nil}},
+		{[]any{}, []any{[]string{"c", "d", "e"}}, []string{"c", "d", "e"}},
+		{
+			tstSlicers{&tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}},
+			[]any{&tstSlicer{"c"}},
+			tstSlicers{&tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}, &tstSlicer{"c"}},
+		},
+		{
+			&tstSlicers{&tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}},
+			[]any{&tstSlicer{"c"}},
+			tstSlicers{
+				&tstSlicer{"a"},
 				&tstSlicer{"b"},
-				&tstSlicer{"c"}}},
-		{testSlicerInterfaces{&tstSlicerIn1{"a"}, &tstSlicerIn1{"b"}},
-			[]interface{}{&tstSlicerIn1{"c"}},
-			testSlicerInterfaces{&tstSlicerIn1{"a"}, &tstSlicerIn1{"b"}, &tstSlicerIn1{"c"}}},
+				&tstSlicer{"c"},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			testSlicerInterfaces{&tstSlicerIn1{"a"}, &tstSlicerIn1{"b"}},
+			[]any{&tstSlicerIn1{"c"}},
+			testSlicerInterfaces{&tstSlicerIn1{"a"}, &tstSlicerIn1{"b"}, &tstSlicerIn1{"c"}},
+		},
 		//https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/issues/5361
-		{[]string{"a", "b"}, []interface{}{tstSlicers{&tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}}},
-			[]interface{}{"a", "b", &tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}}},
-		{[]string{"a", "b"}, []interface{}{&tstSlicer{"a"}},
-			[]interface{}{"a", "b", &tstSlicer{"a"}}},
+		{
+			[]string{"a", "b"},
+			[]any{tstSlicers{&tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}}},
+			[]any{"a", "b", &tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}},
+		},
+		{
+			[]string{"a", "b"},
+			[]any{&tstSlicer{"a"}},
+			[]any{"a", "b", &tstSlicer{"a"}},
+		},
 		// Errors
-		{"", []interface{}{[]string{"a", "b"}}, false},
+		{"", []any{[]string{"a", "b"}}, false},
 		// No string concatenation.
-		{"ab",
-			[]interface{}{"c"},
-			false},
+		{
+			"ab",
+			[]any{"c"},
+			false,
+		},
+		{[]string{"a", "b"}, []any{nil}, []any{"a", "b", nil}},
+		{[]string{"a", "b"}, []any{nil, "d", nil}, []any{"a", "b", nil, "d", nil}},
+		{[]any{"a", nil, "c"}, []any{"d", nil, "f"}, []any{"a", nil, "c", "d", nil, "f"}},
 	} {

 		result, err := Append(test.start, test.addend...)
@@ -69,7 +88,59 @@ func TestAppend(t *testing.T) {
 		}

 		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-		c.Assert(result, qt.DeepEquals, test.expected)
+		c.Assert(result, qt.DeepEquals, test.expected, qt.Commentf("test: [%d] %v", i, test))
+	}
+}
+
+// #11093
+func TestAppendToMultiDimensionalSlice(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	for _, test := range []struct {
+		to       any
+		from     []any
+		expected any
+	}{
+		{[][]string{{"a", "b"}},
+			[]any{[]string{"c", "d"}},
+			[][]string{
+				{"a", "b"},
+				{"c", "d"},
+			},
+		},
+		{[][]string{{"a", "b"}},
+			[]any{[]string{"c", "d"}, []string{"e", "f"}},
+			[][]string{
+				{"a", "b"},
+				{"c", "d"},
+				{"e", "f"},
+			},
+		},
+		{[][]string{{"a", "b"}},
+			[]any{[]int{1, 2}},
+			false,
+		},
+	} {
+		result, err := Append(test.to, test.from...)
+		if b, ok := test.expected.(bool); ok && !b {
+			c.Assert(err, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
+		} else {
+			c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+			c.Assert(result, qt.DeepEquals, test.expected)
+		}
 	}

 }
+
+func TestAppendShouldMakeACopyOfTheInputSlice(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	c := qt.New(t)
+	slice := make([]string, 0, 100)
+	slice = append(slice, "a", "b")
+	result, err := Append(slice, "c")
+	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+	slice[0] = "d"
+	c.Assert(result, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"a", "b", "c"})
+	c.Assert(slice, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"d", "b"})
+}
@@ -17,5 +17,5 @@ package collections

 // Grouper defines a very generic way to group items by a given key.
 type Grouper interface {
-	Group(key interface{}, items interface{}) (interface{}, error)
+	Group(key any, items any) (any, error)
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package collections
+
+type Order interface {
+	// Ordinal is a zero-based ordinal that represents the order of an object
+	// in a collection.
+	Ordinal() int
+}
@@ -15,17 +15,18 @@ package collections

 import (
 	"reflect"
+	"sort"
 )

 // Slicer defines a very generic way to create a typed slice. This is used
 // in collections.Slice template func to get types such as Pages, PageGroups etc.
 // instead of the less useful []interface{}.
 type Slicer interface {
-	Slice(items interface{}) (interface{}, error)
+	Slice(items any) (any, error)
 }

 // Slice returns a slice of all passed arguments.
-func Slice(args ...interface{}) interface{} {
+func Slice(args ...any) any {
 	if len(args) == 0 {
 		return args
 	}
@@ -64,3 +65,32 @@ func Slice(args ...interface{}) interface{} {
 	}
 	return slice.Interface()
 }
+
+// StringSliceToInterfaceSlice converts ss to []interface{}.
+func StringSliceToInterfaceSlice(ss []string) []any {
+	result := make([]any, len(ss))
+	for i, s := range ss {
+		result[i] = s
+	}
+	return result
+
+}
+
+type SortedStringSlice []string
+
+// Contains returns true if s is in ss.
+func (ss SortedStringSlice) Contains(s string) bool {
+	i := sort.SearchStrings(ss, s)
+	return i < len(ss) && ss[i] == s
+}
+
+// Count returns the number of times s is in ss.
+func (ss SortedStringSlice) Count(s string) int {
+	var count int
+	i := sort.SearchStrings(ss, s)
+	for i < len(ss) && ss[i] == s {
+		count++
+		i++
+	}
+	return count
+}
@@ -20,11 +20,13 @@ import (
 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
 )

-var _ Slicer = (*tstSlicer)(nil)
-var _ Slicer = (*tstSlicerIn1)(nil)
-var _ Slicer = (*tstSlicerIn2)(nil)
-var _ testSlicerInterface = (*tstSlicerIn1)(nil)
-var _ testSlicerInterface = (*tstSlicerIn1)(nil)
+var (
+	_ Slicer              = (*tstSlicer)(nil)
+	_ Slicer              = (*tstSlicerIn1)(nil)
+	_ Slicer              = (*tstSlicerIn2)(nil)
+	_ testSlicerInterface = (*tstSlicerIn1)(nil)
+	_ testSlicerInterface = (*tstSlicerIn1)(nil)
+)

 type testSlicerInterface interface {
 	Name() string
@@ -44,8 +46,8 @@ type tstSlicer struct {
 	TheName string
 }

-func (p *tstSlicerIn1) Slice(in interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
-	items := in.([]interface{})
+func (p *tstSlicerIn1) Slice(in any) (any, error) {
+	items := in.([]any)
 	result := make(testSlicerInterfaces, len(items))
 	for i, v := range items {
 		switch vv := v.(type) {
@@ -54,13 +56,12 @@ func (p *tstSlicerIn1) Slice(in interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
 		default:
 			return nil, errors.New("invalid type")
 		}
-
 	}
 	return result, nil
 }

-func (p *tstSlicerIn2) Slice(in interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
-	items := in.([]interface{})
+func (p *tstSlicerIn2) Slice(in any) (any, error) {
+	items := in.([]any)
 	result := make(testSlicerInterfaces, len(items))
 	for i, v := range items {
 		switch vv := v.(type) {
@@ -81,8 +82,8 @@ func (p *tstSlicerIn2) Name() string {
 	return p.TheName
 }

-func (p *tstSlicer) Slice(in interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
-	items := in.([]interface{})
+func (p *tstSlicer) Slice(in any) (any, error) {
+	items := in.([]any)
 	result := make(tstSlicers, len(items))
 	for i, v := range items {
 		switch vv := v.(type) {
@@ -102,17 +103,17 @@ func TestSlice(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)

 	for i, test := range []struct {
-		args     []interface{}
-		expected interface{}
+		args     []any
+		expected any
 	}{
-		{[]interface{}{"a", "b"}, []string{"a", "b"}},
-		{[]interface{}{&tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}}, tstSlicers{&tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}}},
-		{[]interface{}{&tstSlicer{"a"}, "b"}, []interface{}{&tstSlicer{"a"}, "b"}},
-		{[]interface{}{}, []interface{}{}},
-		{[]interface{}{nil}, []interface{}{nil}},
-		{[]interface{}{5, "b"}, []interface{}{5, "b"}},
-		{[]interface{}{&tstSlicerIn1{"a"}, &tstSlicerIn2{"b"}}, testSlicerInterfaces{&tstSlicerIn1{"a"}, &tstSlicerIn2{"b"}}},
-		{[]interface{}{&tstSlicerIn1{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}}, []interface{}{&tstSlicerIn1{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}}},
+		{[]any{"a", "b"}, []string{"a", "b"}},
+		{[]any{&tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}}, tstSlicers{&tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}}},
+		{[]any{&tstSlicer{"a"}, "b"}, []any{&tstSlicer{"a"}, "b"}},
+		{[]any{}, []any{}},
+		{[]any{nil}, []any{nil}},
+		{[]any{5, "b"}, []any{5, "b"}},
+		{[]any{&tstSlicerIn1{"a"}, &tstSlicerIn2{"b"}}, testSlicerInterfaces{&tstSlicerIn1{"a"}, &tstSlicerIn2{"b"}}},
+		{[]any{&tstSlicerIn1{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}}, []any{&tstSlicerIn1{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}}},
 	} {
 		errMsg := qt.Commentf("[%d] %v", i, test.args)

@@ -120,5 +121,19 @@ func TestSlice(t *testing.T) {

 		c.Assert(test.expected, qt.DeepEquals, result, errMsg)
 	}
+}
+
+func TestSortedStringSlice(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	var s SortedStringSlice = []string{"a", "b", "b", "b", "c", "d"}
+
+	c.Assert(s.Contains("a"), qt.IsTrue)
+	c.Assert(s.Contains("b"), qt.IsTrue)
+	c.Assert(s.Contains("z"), qt.IsFalse)
+	c.Assert(s.Count("b"), qt.Equals, 3)
+	c.Assert(s.Count("z"), qt.Equals, 0)
+	c.Assert(s.Count("a"), qt.Equals, 1)

 }
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package constants
+
+// Error IDs.
+// Do not change these values.
+const (
+	// IDs for remote errors in tpl/data.
+	ErrRemoteGetJSON = "error-remote-getjson"
+	ErrRemoteGetCSV  = "error-remote-getcsv"
+)
+
+// Field/method names with special meaning.
+const (
+	FieldRelPermalink = "RelPermalink"
+	FieldPermalink    = "Permalink"
+)
+
+// IsFieldRelOrPermalink returns whether the given name is a RelPermalink or Permalink.
+func IsFieldRelOrPermalink(name string) bool {
+	return name == FieldRelPermalink || name == FieldPermalink
+}
+
+// Resource transformations.
+const (
+	ResourceTransformationFingerprint = "fingerprint"
+)
+
+// IsResourceTransformationLinkChange returns whether the given name is a resource transformation that changes the permalink based on the content.
+func IsResourceTransformationPermalinkHash(name string) bool {
+	return name == ResourceTransformationFingerprint
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+// Package common provides common helper functionality for Hugo.
+package common
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package hcontext
+
+import "context"
+
+// ContextDispatcher is a generic interface for setting and getting values from a context.
+type ContextDispatcher[T any] interface {
+	Set(ctx context.Context, value T) context.Context
+	Get(ctx context.Context) T
+}
+
+// NewContextDispatcher creates a new ContextDispatcher with the given key.
+func NewContextDispatcher[T any, R comparable](key R) ContextDispatcher[T] {
+	return keyInContext[T, R]{
+		id: key,
+	}
+}
+
+type keyInContext[T any, R comparable] struct {
+	zero T
+	id   R
+}
+
+func (f keyInContext[T, R]) Get(ctx context.Context) T {
+	v := ctx.Value(f.id)
+	if v == nil {
+		return f.zero
+	}
+	return v.(T)
+}
+
+func (f keyInContext[T, R]) Set(ctx context.Context, value T) context.Context {
+	return context.WithValue(ctx, f.id, value)
+}
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -11,18 +11,15 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-// Package errors contains common Hugo errors and error related utilities.
+// Package herrors contains common Hugo errors and error related utilities.
 package herrors

 import (
 	"io"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/text"
-
-	"github.com/spf13/afero"
 )

 // LineMatcher contains the elements used to match an error to a line
@@ -36,19 +33,47 @@ type LineMatcher struct {
 }

 // LineMatcherFn is used to match a line with an error.
-type LineMatcherFn func(m LineMatcher) bool
+// It returns the column number or 0 if the line was found, but column could not be determined. Returns -1 if no line match.
+type LineMatcherFn func(m LineMatcher) int

 // SimpleLineMatcher simply matches by line number.
-var SimpleLineMatcher = func(m LineMatcher) bool {
-	return m.Position.LineNumber == m.LineNumber
+var SimpleLineMatcher = func(m LineMatcher) int {
+	if m.Position.LineNumber == m.LineNumber {
+		// We found the line, but don't know the column.
+		return 0
+	}
+	return -1
 }

-var _ text.Positioner = ErrorContext{}
+// NopLineMatcher is a matcher that always returns 1.
+// This will effectively give line 1, column 1.
+var NopLineMatcher = func(m LineMatcher) int {
+	return 1
+}
+
+// OffsetMatcher is a line matcher that matches by offset.
+var OffsetMatcher = func(m LineMatcher) int {
+	if m.Offset+len(m.Line) >= m.Position.Offset {
+		// We found the line, but return 0 to signal that we want to determine
+		// the column from the error.
+		return 0
+	}
+	return -1
+}
+
+// ContainsMatcher is a line matcher that matches by line content.
+func ContainsMatcher(text string) func(m LineMatcher) int {
+	return func(m LineMatcher) int {
+		if idx := strings.Index(m.Line, text); idx != -1 {
+			return idx + 1
+		}
+		return -1
+	}
+}

 // ErrorContext contains contextual information about an error. This will
 // typically be the lines surrounding some problem in a file.
 type ErrorContext struct {
-
 	// If a match will contain the matched line and up to 2 lines before and after.
 	// Will be empty if no match.
 	Lines []string
@@ -56,114 +81,15 @@ type ErrorContext struct {
 	// The position of the error in the Lines above. 0 based.
 	LinesPos int

-	position text.Position
+	// The position of the content in the file. Note that this may be different from the error's position set
+	// in FileError.
+	Position text.Position

 	// The lexer to use for syntax highlighting.
 	// https://gohugo.io/content-management/syntax-highlighting/#list-of-chroma-highlighting-languages
 	ChromaLexer string
 }

-// Position returns the text position of this error.
-func (e ErrorContext) Position() text.Position {
-	return e.position
-}
-
-var _ causer = (*ErrorWithFileContext)(nil)
-
-// ErrorWithFileContext is an error with some additional file context related
-// to that error.
-type ErrorWithFileContext struct {
-	cause error
-	ErrorContext
-}
-
-func (e *ErrorWithFileContext) Error() string {
-	pos := e.Position()
-	if pos.IsValid() {
-		return pos.String() + ": " + e.cause.Error()
-	}
-	return e.cause.Error()
-}
-
-func (e *ErrorWithFileContext) Cause() error {
-	return e.cause
-}
-
-// WithFileContextForFile will try to add a file context with lines matching the given matcher.
-// If no match could be found, the original error is returned with false as the second return value.
-func WithFileContextForFile(e error, realFilename, filename string, fs afero.Fs, matcher LineMatcherFn) (error, bool) {
-	f, err := fs.Open(filename)
-	if err != nil {
-		return e, false
-	}
-	defer f.Close()
-	return WithFileContext(e, realFilename, f, matcher)
-}
-
-// WithFileContextForFile will try to add a file context with lines matching the given matcher.
-// If no match could be found, the original error is returned with false as the second return value.
-func WithFileContext(e error, realFilename string, r io.Reader, matcher LineMatcherFn) (error, bool) {
-	if e == nil {
-		panic("error missing")
-	}
-	le := UnwrapFileError(e)
-
-	if le == nil {
-		var ok bool
-		if le, ok = ToFileError("", e).(FileError); !ok {
-			return e, false
-		}
-	}
-
-	var errCtx ErrorContext
-
-	posle := le.Position()
-
-	if posle.Offset != -1 {
-		errCtx = locateError(r, le, func(m LineMatcher) bool {
-			if posle.Offset >= m.Offset && posle.Offset < m.Offset+len(m.Line) {
-				lno := posle.LineNumber - m.Position.LineNumber + m.LineNumber
-				m.Position = text.Position{LineNumber: lno}
-			}
-			return matcher(m)
-		})
-	} else {
-		errCtx = locateError(r, le, matcher)
-	}
-
-	pos := &errCtx.position
-
-	if pos.LineNumber == -1 {
-		return e, false
-	}
-
-	pos.Filename = realFilename
-
-	if le.Type() != "" {
-		errCtx.ChromaLexer = chromaLexerFromType(le.Type())
-	} else {
-		errCtx.ChromaLexer = chromaLexerFromFilename(realFilename)
-	}
-
-	return &ErrorWithFileContext{cause: e, ErrorContext: errCtx}, true
-}
-
-// UnwrapErrorWithFileContext tries to unwrap an ErrorWithFileContext from err.
-// It returns nil if this is not possible.
-func UnwrapErrorWithFileContext(err error) *ErrorWithFileContext {
-	for err != nil {
-		switch v := err.(type) {
-		case *ErrorWithFileContext:
-			return v
-		case causer:
-			err = v.Cause()
-		default:
-			return nil
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
 func chromaLexerFromType(fileType string) string {
 	switch fileType {
 	case "html", "htm":
@@ -185,31 +111,24 @@ func chromaLexerFromFilename(filename string) string {
 	return chromaLexerFromType(ext)
 }

-func locateErrorInString(src string, matcher LineMatcherFn) ErrorContext {
+func locateErrorInString(src string, matcher LineMatcherFn) *ErrorContext {
 	return locateError(strings.NewReader(src), &fileError{}, matcher)
 }

-func locateError(r io.Reader, le FileError, matches LineMatcherFn) ErrorContext {
+func locateError(r io.Reader, le FileError, matches LineMatcherFn) *ErrorContext {
 	if le == nil {
 		panic("must provide an error")
 	}

-	errCtx := ErrorContext{position: text.Position{LineNumber: -1, ColumnNumber: 1, Offset: -1}, LinesPos: -1}
+	ectx := &ErrorContext{LinesPos: -1, Position: text.Position{Offset: -1}}

-	b, err := ioutil.ReadAll(r)
+	b, err := io.ReadAll(r)
 	if err != nil {
-		return errCtx
+		return ectx
 	}

-	pos := &errCtx.position
-	lepos := le.Position()
-
 	lines := strings.Split(string(b), "\n")

-	if lepos.ColumnNumber >= 0 {
-		pos.ColumnNumber = lepos.ColumnNumber
-	}
-
 	lineNo := 0
 	posBytes := 0

@@ -222,34 +141,36 @@ func locateError(r io.Reader, le FileError, matches LineMatcherFn) ErrorContext
 			Offset:     posBytes,
 			Line:       line,
 		}
-		if errCtx.LinesPos == -1 && matches(m) {
-			pos.LineNumber = lineNo
+		v := matches(m)
+		if ectx.LinesPos == -1 && v != -1 {
+			ectx.Position.LineNumber = lineNo
+			ectx.Position.ColumnNumber = v
 			break
 		}

 		posBytes += len(line)
 	}

-	if pos.LineNumber != -1 {
-		low := pos.LineNumber - 3
+	if ectx.Position.LineNumber > 0 {
+		low := ectx.Position.LineNumber - 3
 		if low < 0 {
 			low = 0
 		}

-		if pos.LineNumber > 2 {
-			errCtx.LinesPos = 2
+		if ectx.Position.LineNumber > 2 {
+			ectx.LinesPos = 2
 		} else {
-			errCtx.LinesPos = pos.LineNumber - 1
+			ectx.LinesPos = ectx.Position.LineNumber - 1
 		}

-		high := pos.LineNumber + 2
+		high := ectx.Position.LineNumber + 2
 		if high > len(lines) {
 			high = len(lines)
 		}

-		errCtx.Lines = lines[low:high]
+		ectx.Lines = lines[low:high]

 	}

-	return errCtx
+	return ectx
 }
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-// Package errors contains common Hugo errors and error related utilities.
+// Package herrors contains common Hugo errors and error related utilities.
 package herrors

 import (
@@ -24,8 +24,11 @@ import (
 func TestErrorLocator(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)

-	lineMatcher := func(m LineMatcher) bool {
-		return strings.Contains(m.Line, "THEONE")
+	lineMatcher := func(m LineMatcher) int {
+		if strings.Contains(m.Line, "THEONE") {
+			return 1
+		}
+		return -1
 	}

 	lines := `LINE 1
@@ -39,35 +42,41 @@ LINE 8
 `

 	location := locateErrorInString(lines, lineMatcher)
+	pos := location.Position
 	c.Assert(location.Lines, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"LINE 3", "LINE 4", "This is THEONE", "LINE 6", "LINE 7"})

-	pos := location.Position()
 	c.Assert(pos.LineNumber, qt.Equals, 5)
 	c.Assert(location.LinesPos, qt.Equals, 2)

-	c.Assert(locateErrorInString(`This is THEONE`, lineMatcher).Lines, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"This is THEONE"})
+	locate := func(s string, m LineMatcherFn) *ErrorContext {
+		ctx := locateErrorInString(s, m)
+		return ctx
+	}
+
+	c.Assert(locate(`This is THEONE`, lineMatcher).Lines, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"This is THEONE"})

 	location = locateErrorInString(`L1
 This is THEONE
 L2
 `, lineMatcher)
-	c.Assert(location.Position().LineNumber, qt.Equals, 2)
+	pos = location.Position
+	c.Assert(pos.LineNumber, qt.Equals, 2)
 	c.Assert(location.LinesPos, qt.Equals, 1)
 	c.Assert(location.Lines, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"L1", "This is THEONE", "L2", ""})

-	location = locateErrorInString(`This is THEONE
+	location = locate(`This is THEONE
 L2
 `, lineMatcher)
 	c.Assert(location.LinesPos, qt.Equals, 0)
 	c.Assert(location.Lines, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"This is THEONE", "L2", ""})

-	location = locateErrorInString(`L1
+	location = locate(`L1
 This THEONE
 `, lineMatcher)
 	c.Assert(location.Lines, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"L1", "This THEONE", ""})
 	c.Assert(location.LinesPos, qt.Equals, 1)

-	location = locateErrorInString(`L1
+	location = locate(`L1
 L2
 This THEONE
 `, lineMatcher)
@@ -75,12 +84,16 @@ This THEONE
 	c.Assert(location.LinesPos, qt.Equals, 2)

 	location = locateErrorInString("NO MATCH", lineMatcher)
-	c.Assert(location.Position().LineNumber, qt.Equals, -1)
+	pos = location.Position
+	c.Assert(pos.LineNumber, qt.Equals, 0)
 	c.Assert(location.LinesPos, qt.Equals, -1)
 	c.Assert(len(location.Lines), qt.Equals, 0)

-	lineMatcher = func(m LineMatcher) bool {
-		return m.LineNumber == 6
+	lineMatcher = func(m LineMatcher) int {
+		if m.LineNumber == 6 {
+			return 1
+		}
+		return -1
 	}

 	location = locateErrorInString(`A
@@ -93,14 +106,18 @@ G
 H
 I
 J`, lineMatcher)
+	pos = location.Position

 	c.Assert(location.Lines, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"D", "E", "F", "G", "H"})
-	c.Assert(location.Position().LineNumber, qt.Equals, 6)
+	c.Assert(pos.LineNumber, qt.Equals, 6)
 	c.Assert(location.LinesPos, qt.Equals, 2)

 	// Test match EOF
-	lineMatcher = func(m LineMatcher) bool {
-		return m.LineNumber == 4
+	lineMatcher = func(m LineMatcher) int {
+		if m.LineNumber == 4 {
+			return 1
+		}
+		return -1
 	}

 	location = locateErrorInString(`A
@@ -108,12 +125,17 @@ B
 C
 `, lineMatcher)

+	pos = location.Position
+
 	c.Assert(location.Lines, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"B", "C", ""})
-	c.Assert(location.Position().LineNumber, qt.Equals, 4)
+	c.Assert(pos.LineNumber, qt.Equals, 4)
 	c.Assert(location.LinesPos, qt.Equals, 2)

-	offsetMatcher := func(m LineMatcher) bool {
-		return m.Offset == 1
+	offsetMatcher := func(m LineMatcher) int {
+		if m.Offset == 1 {
+			return 1
+		}
+		return -1
 	}

 	location = locateErrorInString(`A
@@ -122,8 +144,9 @@ C
 D
 E`, offsetMatcher)

-	c.Assert(location.Lines, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"A", "B", "C", "D"})
-	c.Assert(location.Position().LineNumber, qt.Equals, 2)
-	c.Assert(location.LinesPos, qt.Equals, 1)
+	pos = location.Position

+	c.Assert(location.Lines, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"A", "B", "C", "D"})
+	c.Assert(pos.LineNumber, qt.Equals, 2)
+	c.Assert(location.LinesPos, qt.Equals, 1)
 }
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -19,48 +19,100 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"os"
+	"runtime"
 	"runtime/debug"
-
-	_errors "github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"time"
 )

-// As defined in https://godoc.org/github.com/pkg/errors
-type causer interface {
-	Cause() error
+// PrintStackTrace prints the current stacktrace to w.
+func PrintStackTrace(w io.Writer) {
+	buf := make([]byte, 1<<16)
+	runtime.Stack(buf, true)
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s", buf)
 }

-type stackTracer interface {
-	StackTrace() _errors.StackTrace
-}
-
-// PrintStackTrace prints the error's stack trace to stdoud.
-func PrintStackTrace(err error) {
-	FprintStackTrace(os.Stdout, err)
-}
-
-// FprintStackTrace prints the error's stack trace to w.
-func FprintStackTrace(w io.Writer, err error) {
-	if err, ok := err.(stackTracer); ok {
-		for _, f := range err.StackTrace() {
-			fmt.Fprintf(w, "%+s:%d\n", f, f)
-		}
-	}
+// ErrorSender is a, typically, non-blocking error handler.
+type ErrorSender interface {
+	SendError(err error)
 }

 // Recover is a helper function that can be used to capture panics.
 // Put this at the top of a method/function that crashes in a template:
-//     defer herrors.Recover()
-func Recover(args ...interface{}) {
+//
+//	defer herrors.Recover()
+func Recover(args ...any) {
 	if r := recover(); r != nil {
 		fmt.Println("ERR:", r)
 		args = append(args, "stacktrace from panic: \n"+string(debug.Stack()), "\n")
 		fmt.Println(args...)
 	}
+}

+// IsTimeoutError returns true if the given error is or contains a TimeoutError.
+func IsTimeoutError(err error) bool {
+	return errors.Is(err, &TimeoutError{})
+}
+
+type TimeoutError struct {
+	Duration time.Duration
+}
+
+func (e *TimeoutError) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("timeout after %s", e.Duration)
+}
+
+func (e *TimeoutError) Is(target error) bool {
+	_, ok := target.(*TimeoutError)
+	return ok
+}
+
+// IsFeatureNotAvailableError returns true if the given error is or contains a FeatureNotAvailableError.
+func IsFeatureNotAvailableError(err error) bool {
+	return errors.Is(err, &FeatureNotAvailableError{})
 }

 // ErrFeatureNotAvailable denotes that a feature is unavailable.
 //
 // We will, at least to begin with, make some Hugo features (SCSS with libsass) optional,
 // and this error is used to signal those situations.
-var ErrFeatureNotAvailable = errors.New("this feature is not available in your current Hugo version, see https://goo.gl/YMrWcn for more information")
+var ErrFeatureNotAvailable = &FeatureNotAvailableError{Cause: errors.New("this feature is not available in your current Hugo version, see https://goo.gl/YMrWcn for more information")}
+
+// FeatureNotAvailableError is an error type used to signal that a feature is not available.
+type FeatureNotAvailableError struct {
+	Cause error
+}
+
+func (e *FeatureNotAvailableError) Unwrap() error {
+	return e.Cause
+}
+
+func (e *FeatureNotAvailableError) Error() string {
+	return e.Cause.Error()
+}
+
+func (e *FeatureNotAvailableError) Is(target error) bool {
+	_, ok := target.(*FeatureNotAvailableError)
+	return ok
+}
+
+// Must panics if err != nil.
+func Must(err error) {
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+}
+
+// IsNotExist returns true if the error is a file not found error.
+// Unlike os.IsNotExist, this also considers wrapped errors.
+func IsNotExist(err error) bool {
+	if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	// os.IsNotExist does not consider wrapped errors.
+	if os.IsNotExist(errors.Unwrap(err)) {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	return false
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package herrors
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+
+	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+	"github.com/spf13/afero"
+)
+
+func TestIsNotExist(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	c.Assert(IsNotExist(afero.ErrFileNotFound), qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(IsNotExist(afero.ErrFileExists), qt.Equals, false)
+	c.Assert(IsNotExist(afero.ErrDestinationExists), qt.Equals, false)
+	c.Assert(IsNotExist(nil), qt.Equals, false)
+
+	c.Assert(IsNotExist(fmt.Errorf("foo")), qt.Equals, false)
+
+	// os.IsNotExist returns false for wrapped errors.
+	c.Assert(IsNotExist(fmt.Errorf("foo: %w", afero.ErrFileNotFound)), qt.Equals, true)
+}
+
+func TestIsFeatureNotAvailableError(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	c.Assert(IsFeatureNotAvailableError(ErrFeatureNotAvailable), qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(IsFeatureNotAvailableError(&FeatureNotAvailableError{}), qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(IsFeatureNotAvailableError(errors.New("asdf")), qt.Equals, false)
+}
@@ -1,28 +1,34 @@
-// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 // You may obtain a copy of the License at
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 //
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// Unless required by applicable lfmtaw or agreed to in writing, software
 // distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 // WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitatio	ns under the License.
+// limitations under the License.

 package herrors

 import (
 	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"path/filepath"

+	godartsassv1 "github.com/bep/godartsass"
+
+	"github.com/bep/godartsass/v2"
+	"github.com/bep/golibsass/libsass/libsasserrors"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/paths"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/text"
-
-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
-)
-
-var (
-	_ causer = (*fileError)(nil)
+	"github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2"
+	"github.com/spf13/afero"
+	"github.com/tdewolff/parse/v2"
 )

 // FileError represents an error when handling a file: Parsing a config file,
@@ -30,48 +36,292 @@ var (
 type FileError interface {
 	error

+	// ErrorContext holds some context information about the error.
+	ErrorContext() *ErrorContext
+
 	text.Positioner

-	// A string identifying the type of file, e.g. JSON, TOML, markdown etc.
-	Type() string
+	// UpdatePosition updates the position of the error.
+	UpdatePosition(pos text.Position) FileError
+
+	// UpdateContent updates the error with a new ErrorContext from the content of the file.
+	UpdateContent(r io.Reader, linematcher LineMatcherFn) FileError
+
+	// SetFilename sets the filename of the error.
+	SetFilename(filename string) FileError
 }

-var _ FileError = (*fileError)(nil)
+// Unwrapper can unwrap errors created with fmt.Errorf.
+type Unwrapper interface {
+	Unwrap() error
+}
+
+var (
+	_ FileError = (*fileError)(nil)
+	_ Unwrapper = (*fileError)(nil)
+)
+
+func (fe *fileError) SetFilename(filename string) FileError {
+	fe.position.Filename = filename
+	return fe
+}
+
+func (fe *fileError) UpdatePosition(pos text.Position) FileError {
+	oldFilename := fe.Position().Filename
+	if pos.Filename != "" && fe.fileType == "" {
+		_, fe.fileType = paths.FileAndExtNoDelimiter(filepath.Clean(pos.Filename))
+	}
+	if pos.Filename == "" {
+		pos.Filename = oldFilename
+	}
+	fe.position = pos
+	return fe
+}
+
+func (fe *fileError) UpdateContent(r io.Reader, linematcher LineMatcherFn) FileError {
+	if linematcher == nil {
+		linematcher = SimpleLineMatcher
+	}
+
+	var (
+		posle = fe.position
+		ectx  *ErrorContext
+	)
+
+	if posle.LineNumber <= 1 && posle.Offset > 0 {
+		// Try to locate the line number from the content if offset is set.
+		ectx = locateError(r, fe, func(m LineMatcher) int {
+			if posle.Offset >= m.Offset && posle.Offset < m.Offset+len(m.Line) {
+				lno := posle.LineNumber - m.Position.LineNumber + m.LineNumber
+				m.Position = text.Position{LineNumber: lno}
+				return linematcher(m)
+			}
+			return -1
+		})
+	} else {
+		ectx = locateError(r, fe, linematcher)
+	}
+
+	if ectx.ChromaLexer == "" {
+		if fe.fileType != "" {
+			ectx.ChromaLexer = chromaLexerFromType(fe.fileType)
+		} else {
+			ectx.ChromaLexer = chromaLexerFromFilename(fe.Position().Filename)
+		}
+	}
+
+	fe.errorContext = ectx
+
+	if ectx.Position.LineNumber > 0 {
+		fe.position.LineNumber = ectx.Position.LineNumber
+	}
+
+	if ectx.Position.ColumnNumber > 0 {
+		fe.position.ColumnNumber = ectx.Position.ColumnNumber
+	}
+
+	return fe
+}

 type fileError struct {
-	position text.Position
+	position     text.Position
+	errorContext *ErrorContext

 	fileType string

 	cause error
 }

+func (e *fileError) ErrorContext() *ErrorContext {
+	return e.errorContext
+}
+
 // Position returns the text position of this error.
 func (e fileError) Position() text.Position {
 	return e.position
 }

-func (e *fileError) Type() string {
-	return e.fileType
+func (e *fileError) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s: %s", e.position, e.causeString())
 }

-func (e *fileError) Error() string {
+func (e *fileError) causeString() string {
 	if e.cause == nil {
 		return ""
 	}
-	return e.cause.Error()
+	switch v := e.cause.(type) {
+	// Avoid repeating the file info in the error message.
+	case godartsass.SassError:
+		return v.Message
+	case godartsassv1.SassError:
+		return v.Message
+	case libsasserrors.Error:
+		return v.Message
+	default:
+		return v.Error()
+	}
 }

-func (f *fileError) Cause() error {
-	return f.cause
+func (e *fileError) Unwrap() error {
+	return e.cause
 }

-// NewFileError creates a new FileError.
-func NewFileError(fileType string, offset, lineNumber, columnNumber int, err error) FileError {
-	pos := text.Position{Offset: offset, LineNumber: lineNumber, ColumnNumber: columnNumber}
+// NewFileError creates a new FileError that wraps err.
+// It will try to extract the filename and line number from err.
+func NewFileError(err error) FileError {
+	// Filetype is used to determine the Chroma lexer to use.
+	fileType, pos := extractFileTypePos(err)
 	return &fileError{cause: err, fileType: fileType, position: pos}
 }

+// NewFileErrorFromName creates a new FileError that wraps err.
+// The value for name should identify the file, the best
+// being the full filename to the file on disk.
+func NewFileErrorFromName(err error, name string) FileError {
+	// Filetype is used to determine the Chroma lexer to use.
+	fileType, pos := extractFileTypePos(err)
+	pos.Filename = name
+	if fileType == "" {
+		_, fileType = paths.FileAndExtNoDelimiter(filepath.Clean(name))
+	}
+
+	return &fileError{cause: err, fileType: fileType, position: pos}
+}
+
+// NewFileErrorFromPos will use the filename and line number from pos to create a new FileError, wrapping err.
+func NewFileErrorFromPos(err error, pos text.Position) FileError {
+	// Filetype is used to determine the Chroma lexer to use.
+	fileType, _ := extractFileTypePos(err)
+	if fileType == "" {
+		_, fileType = paths.FileAndExtNoDelimiter(filepath.Clean(pos.Filename))
+	}
+	return &fileError{cause: err, fileType: fileType, position: pos}
+}
+
+func NewFileErrorFromFileInErr(err error, fs afero.Fs, linematcher LineMatcherFn) FileError {
+	fe := NewFileError(err)
+	pos := fe.Position()
+	if pos.Filename == "" {
+		return fe
+	}
+
+	f, realFilename, err2 := openFile(pos.Filename, fs)
+	if err2 != nil {
+		return fe
+	}
+
+	pos.Filename = realFilename
+	defer f.Close()
+	return fe.UpdateContent(f, linematcher)
+}
+
+func NewFileErrorFromFileInPos(err error, pos text.Position, fs afero.Fs, linematcher LineMatcherFn) FileError {
+	if err == nil {
+		panic("err is nil")
+	}
+	f, realFilename, err2 := openFile(pos.Filename, fs)
+	if err2 != nil {
+		return NewFileErrorFromPos(err, pos)
+	}
+	pos.Filename = realFilename
+	defer f.Close()
+	return NewFileErrorFromPos(err, pos).UpdateContent(f, linematcher)
+}
+
+// NewFileErrorFromFile is a convenience method to create a new FileError from a file.
+func NewFileErrorFromFile(err error, filename string, fs afero.Fs, linematcher LineMatcherFn) FileError {
+	if err == nil {
+		panic("err is nil")
+	}
+	f, realFilename, err2 := openFile(filename, fs)
+	if err2 != nil {
+		return NewFileErrorFromName(err, realFilename)
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+	return NewFileErrorFromName(err, realFilename).UpdateContent(f, linematcher)
+}
+
+func openFile(filename string, fs afero.Fs) (afero.File, string, error) {
+	realFilename := filename
+
+	// We want the most specific filename possible in the error message.
+	fi, err2 := fs.Stat(filename)
+	if err2 == nil {
+		if s, ok := fi.(interface {
+			Filename() string
+		}); ok {
+			realFilename = s.Filename()
+		}
+	}
+
+	f, err2 := fs.Open(filename)
+	if err2 != nil {
+		return nil, realFilename, err2
+	}
+
+	return f, realFilename, nil
+}
+
+// Cause returns the underlying error or itself if it does not implement Unwrap.
+func Cause(err error) error {
+	if u := errors.Unwrap(err); u != nil {
+		return u
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+func extractFileTypePos(err error) (string, text.Position) {
+	err = Cause(err)
+
+	var fileType string
+
+	// LibSass, DartSass
+	if pos := extractPosition(err); pos.LineNumber > 0 || pos.Offset > 0 {
+		_, fileType = paths.FileAndExtNoDelimiter(pos.Filename)
+		return fileType, pos
+	}
+
+	// Default to line 1 col 1 if we don't find any better.
+	pos := text.Position{
+		Offset:       -1,
+		LineNumber:   1,
+		ColumnNumber: 1,
+	}
+
+	// JSON errors.
+	offset, typ := extractOffsetAndType(err)
+	if fileType == "" {
+		fileType = typ
+	}
+
+	if offset >= 0 {
+		pos.Offset = offset
+	}
+
+	// The error type from the minifier contains line number and column number.
+	if line, col := extractLineNumberAndColumnNumber(err); line >= 0 {
+		pos.LineNumber = line
+		pos.ColumnNumber = col
+		return fileType, pos
+	}
+
+	// Look in the error message for the line number.
+	for _, handle := range lineNumberExtractors {
+		lno, col := handle(err)
+		if lno > 0 {
+			pos.ColumnNumber = col
+			pos.LineNumber = lno
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	if fileType == "" && pos.Filename != "" {
+		_, fileType = paths.FileAndExtNoDelimiter(pos.Filename)
+	}
+
+	return fileType, pos
+}
+
 // UnwrapFileError tries to unwrap a FileError from err.
 // It returns nil if this is not possible.
 func UnwrapFileError(err error) FileError {
@@ -79,49 +329,38 @@ func UnwrapFileError(err error) FileError {
 		switch v := err.(type) {
 		case FileError:
 			return v
-		case causer:
-			err = v.Cause()
 		default:
-			return nil
+			err = errors.Unwrap(err)
 		}
 	}
 	return nil
 }

-// ToFileErrorWithOffset will return a new FileError with a line number
-// with the given offset from the original.
-func ToFileErrorWithOffset(fe FileError, offset int) FileError {
-	pos := fe.Position()
-	return ToFileErrorWithLineNumber(fe, pos.LineNumber+offset)
-}
-
-// ToFileErrorWithOffset will return a new FileError with the given line number.
-func ToFileErrorWithLineNumber(fe FileError, lineNumber int) FileError {
-	pos := fe.Position()
-	pos.LineNumber = lineNumber
-	return &fileError{cause: fe, fileType: fe.Type(), position: pos}
-}
-
-// ToFileError will convert the given error to an error supporting
-// the FileError interface.
-func ToFileError(fileType string, err error) FileError {
-	for _, handle := range lineNumberExtractors {
-		lno, col := handle(err)
-		offset, typ := extractOffsetAndType(err)
-		if fileType == "" {
-			fileType = typ
-		}
-
-		if lno > 0 || offset != -1 {
-			return NewFileError(fileType, offset, lno, col, err)
+// UnwrapFileErrors tries to unwrap all FileError.
+func UnwrapFileErrors(err error) []FileError {
+	var errs []FileError
+	for err != nil {
+		if v, ok := err.(FileError); ok {
+			errs = append(errs, v)
 		}
+		err = errors.Unwrap(err)
 	}
-	// Fall back to the pointing to line number 1.
-	return NewFileError(fileType, -1, 1, 1, err)
+	return errs
+}
+
+// UnwrapFileErrorsWithErrorContext tries to unwrap all FileError in err that has an ErrorContext.
+func UnwrapFileErrorsWithErrorContext(err error) []FileError {
+	var errs []FileError
+	for err != nil {
+		if v, ok := err.(FileError); ok && v.ErrorContext() != nil {
+			errs = append(errs, v)
+		}
+		err = errors.Unwrap(err)
+	}
+	return errs
 }

 func extractOffsetAndType(e error) (int, string) {
-	e = errors.Cause(e)
 	switch v := e.(type) {
 	case *json.UnmarshalTypeError:
 		return int(v.Offset), "json"
@@ -131,3 +370,53 @@ func extractOffsetAndType(e error) (int, string) {
 		return -1, ""
 	}
 }
+
+func extractLineNumberAndColumnNumber(e error) (int, int) {
+	switch v := e.(type) {
+	case *parse.Error:
+		return v.Line, v.Column
+	case *toml.DecodeError:
+		return v.Position()
+
+	}
+
+	return -1, -1
+}
+
+func extractPosition(e error) (pos text.Position) {
+	switch v := e.(type) {
+	case godartsass.SassError:
+		span := v.Span
+		start := span.Start
+		filename, _ := paths.UrlToFilename(span.Url)
+		pos.Filename = filename
+		pos.Offset = start.Offset
+		pos.ColumnNumber = start.Column
+	case godartsassv1.SassError:
+		span := v.Span
+		start := span.Start
+		filename, _ := paths.UrlToFilename(span.Url)
+		pos.Filename = filename
+		pos.Offset = start.Offset
+		pos.ColumnNumber = start.Column
+	case libsasserrors.Error:
+		pos.Filename = v.File
+		pos.LineNumber = v.Line
+		pos.ColumnNumber = v.Column
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// TextSegmentError is an error with a text segment attached.
+type TextSegmentError struct {
+	Segment string
+	Err     error
+}
+
+func (e TextSegmentError) Unwrap() error {
+	return e.Err
+}
+
+func (e TextSegmentError) Error() string {
+	return e.Err.Error()
+}
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -14,14 +14,42 @@
 package herrors

 import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"

-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/text"

 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
 )

-func TestToLineNumberError(t *testing.T) {
+func TestNewFileError(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	fe := NewFileErrorFromName(errors.New("bar"), "foo.html")
+	c.Assert(fe.Error(), qt.Equals, `"foo.html:1:1": bar`)
+
+	lines := ""
+	for i := 1; i <= 100; i++ {
+		lines += fmt.Sprintf("line %d\n", i)
+	}
+
+	fe.UpdatePosition(text.Position{LineNumber: 32, ColumnNumber: 2})
+	c.Assert(fe.Error(), qt.Equals, `"foo.html:32:2": bar`)
+	fe.UpdatePosition(text.Position{LineNumber: 0, ColumnNumber: 0, Offset: 212})
+	fe.UpdateContent(strings.NewReader(lines), nil)
+	c.Assert(fe.Error(), qt.Equals, `"foo.html:32:0": bar`)
+	errorContext := fe.ErrorContext()
+	c.Assert(errorContext, qt.IsNotNil)
+	c.Assert(errorContext.Lines, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"line 30", "line 31", "line 32", "line 33", "line 34"})
+	c.Assert(errorContext.LinesPos, qt.Equals, 2)
+	c.Assert(errorContext.ChromaLexer, qt.Equals, "go-html-template")
+}
+
+func TestNewFileErrorExtractFromMessage(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()

 	c := qt.New(t)
@@ -36,21 +64,17 @@ func TestToLineNumberError(t *testing.T) {
 		{errors.New(`template: _default/single.html:4:15: executing "_default/single.html" at <.Titles>: can't evaluate field Titles in type *hugolib.PageOutput`), 0, 4, 15},
 		{errors.New("parse failed: template: _default/bundle-resource-meta.html:11: unexpected in operand"), 0, 11, 1},
 		{errors.New(`failed:: template: _default/bundle-resource-meta.html:2:7: executing "main" at <.Titles>`), 0, 2, 7},
-		{errors.New("error in front matter: Near line 32 (last key parsed 'title')"), 0, 32, 1},
 		{errors.New(`failed to load translations: (6, 7): was expecting token =, but got "g" instead`), 0, 6, 7},
+		{errors.New(`execute of template failed: template: index.html:2:5: executing "index.html" at <partial "foo.html" .>: error calling partial: "/layouts/partials/foo.html:3:6": execute of template failed: template: partials/foo.html:3:6: executing "partials/foo.html" at <.ThisDoesNotExist>: can't evaluate field ThisDoesNotExist in type *hugolib.pageStat`), 0, 2, 5},
 	} {

-		got := ToFileError("template", test.in)
+		got := NewFileErrorFromName(test.in, "test.txt")

 		errMsg := qt.Commentf("[%d][%T]", i, got)
-		le, ok := got.(FileError)
-		c.Assert(ok, qt.Equals, true)

-		c.Assert(ok, qt.Equals, true, errMsg)
-		pos := le.Position()
+		pos := got.Position()
 		c.Assert(pos.LineNumber, qt.Equals, test.lineNumber, errMsg)
 		c.Assert(pos.ColumnNumber, qt.Equals, test.columnNumber, errMsg)
-		c.Assert(errors.Cause(got), qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
+		c.Assert(errors.Unwrap(got), qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
 	}
-
 }
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 // distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 // WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitatio	ns under the License.
+// limitations under the License.

 package herrors

@@ -20,17 +20,14 @@ import (

 var lineNumberExtractors = []lineNumberExtractor{
 	// Template/shortcode parse errors
-	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp(".*:(\\d+):(\\d*):"),
-	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp(".*:(\\d+):"),
-
-	// TOML parse errors
-	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp(".*Near line (\\d+)(\\s.*)"),
+	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp(`:(\d+):(\d*):`),
+	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp(`:(\d+):`),

 	// YAML parse errors
-	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp("line (\\d+):"),
+	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp(`line (\d+):`),

 	// i18n bundle errors
-	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp("\\((\\d+),\\s(\\d*)"),
+	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp(`\((\d+),\s(\d*)`),
 }

 type lineNumberExtractor func(e error) (int, int)
@@ -61,6 +58,6 @@ func extractLineNo(re *regexp.Regexp) lineNumberExtractor {
 			return lno, col
 		}

-		return -1, col
+		return 0, col
 	}
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package hexec
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+
+	"github.com/cli/safeexec"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config/security"
+)
+
+var WithDir = func(dir string) func(c *commandeer) {
+	return func(c *commandeer) {
+		c.dir = dir
+	}
+}
+
+var WithContext = func(ctx context.Context) func(c *commandeer) {
+	return func(c *commandeer) {
+		c.ctx = ctx
+	}
+}
+
+var WithStdout = func(w io.Writer) func(c *commandeer) {
+	return func(c *commandeer) {
+		c.stdout = w
+	}
+}
+
+var WithStderr = func(w io.Writer) func(c *commandeer) {
+	return func(c *commandeer) {
+		c.stderr = w
+	}
+}
+
+var WithStdin = func(r io.Reader) func(c *commandeer) {
+	return func(c *commandeer) {
+		c.stdin = r
+	}
+}
+
+var WithEnviron = func(env []string) func(c *commandeer) {
+	return func(c *commandeer) {
+		setOrAppend := func(s string) {
+			k1, _ := config.SplitEnvVar(s)
+			var found bool
+			for i, v := range c.env {
+				k2, _ := config.SplitEnvVar(v)
+				if k1 == k2 {
+					found = true
+					c.env[i] = s
+				}
+			}
+
+			if !found {
+				c.env = append(c.env, s)
+			}
+		}
+
+		for _, s := range env {
+			setOrAppend(s)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// New creates a new Exec using the provided security config.
+func New(cfg security.Config) *Exec {
+	var baseEnviron []string
+	for _, v := range os.Environ() {
+		k, _ := config.SplitEnvVar(v)
+		if cfg.Exec.OsEnv.Accept(k) {
+			baseEnviron = append(baseEnviron, v)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return &Exec{
+		sc:          cfg,
+		baseEnviron: baseEnviron,
+	}
+}
+
+// IsNotFound reports whether this is an error about a binary not found.
+func IsNotFound(err error) bool {
+	var notFoundErr *NotFoundError
+	return errors.As(err, &notFoundErr)
+}
+
+// SafeCommand is a wrapper around os/exec Command which uses a LookPath
+// implementation that does not search in current directory before looking in PATH.
+// See https://github.com/cli/safeexec and the linked issues.
+func SafeCommand(name string, arg ...string) (*exec.Cmd, error) {
+	bin, err := safeexec.LookPath(name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return exec.Command(bin, arg...), nil
+}
+
+// Exec enforces a security policy for commands run via os/exec.
+type Exec struct {
+	sc security.Config
+
+	// os.Environ filtered by the Exec.OsEnviron whitelist filter.
+	baseEnviron []string
+}
+
+// New will fail if name is not allowed according to the configured security policy.
+// Else a configured Runner will be returned ready to be Run.
+func (e *Exec) New(name string, arg ...any) (Runner, error) {
+	if err := e.sc.CheckAllowedExec(name); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	env := make([]string, len(e.baseEnviron))
+	copy(env, e.baseEnviron)
+
+	cm := &commandeer{
+		name: name,
+		env:  env,
+	}
+
+	return cm.command(arg...)
+
+}
+
+// Npx is a convenience method to create a Runner running npx --no-install <name> <args.
+func (e *Exec) Npx(name string, arg ...any) (Runner, error) {
+	arg = append(arg[:0], append([]any{"--no-install", name}, arg[0:]...)...)
+	return e.New("npx", arg...)
+}
+
+// Sec returns the security policies this Exec is configured with.
+func (e *Exec) Sec() security.Config {
+	return e.sc
+}
+
+type NotFoundError struct {
+	name string
+}
+
+func (e *NotFoundError) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("binary with name %q not found", e.name)
+}
+
+// Runner wraps a *os.Cmd.
+type Runner interface {
+	Run() error
+	StdinPipe() (io.WriteCloser, error)
+}
+
+type cmdWrapper struct {
+	name string
+	c    *exec.Cmd
+
+	outerr *bytes.Buffer
+}
+
+var notFoundRe = regexp.MustCompile(`(?s)not found:|could not determine executable`)
+
+func (c *cmdWrapper) Run() error {
+	err := c.c.Run()
+	if err == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if notFoundRe.MatchString(c.outerr.String()) {
+		return &NotFoundError{name: c.name}
+	}
+	return fmt.Errorf("failed to execute binary %q with args %v: %s", c.name, c.c.Args[1:], c.outerr.String())
+}
+
+func (c *cmdWrapper) StdinPipe() (io.WriteCloser, error) {
+	return c.c.StdinPipe()
+}
+
+type commandeer struct {
+	stdout io.Writer
+	stderr io.Writer
+	stdin  io.Reader
+	dir    string
+	ctx    context.Context
+
+	name string
+	env  []string
+}
+
+func (c *commandeer) command(arg ...any) (*cmdWrapper, error) {
+	if c == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	var args []string
+	for _, a := range arg {
+		switch v := a.(type) {
+		case string:
+			args = append(args, v)
+		case func(*commandeer):
+			v(c)
+		default:
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid argument to command: %T", a)
+		}
+	}
+
+	bin, err := safeexec.LookPath(c.name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, &NotFoundError{
+			name: c.name,
+		}
+	}
+
+	outerr := &bytes.Buffer{}
+	if c.stderr == nil {
+		c.stderr = outerr
+	} else {
+		c.stderr = io.MultiWriter(c.stderr, outerr)
+	}
+
+	var cmd *exec.Cmd
+
+	if c.ctx != nil {
+		cmd = exec.CommandContext(c.ctx, bin, args...)
+	} else {
+		cmd = exec.Command(bin, args...)
+	}
+
+	cmd.Stdin = c.stdin
+	cmd.Stderr = c.stderr
+	cmd.Stdout = c.stdout
+	cmd.Env = c.env
+	cmd.Dir = c.dir
+
+	return &cmdWrapper{outerr: outerr, c: cmd, name: c.name}, nil
+}
+
+// InPath reports whether binaryName is in $PATH.
+func InPath(binaryName string) bool {
+	if strings.Contains(binaryName, "/") {
+		panic("binary name should not contain any slash")
+	}
+	_, err := safeexec.LookPath(binaryName)
+	return err == nil
+}
+
+// LookPath finds the path to binaryName in $PATH.
+// Returns "" if not found.
+func LookPath(binaryName string) string {
+	if strings.Contains(binaryName, "/") {
+		panic("binary name should not contain any slash")
+	}
+	s, err := safeexec.LookPath(binaryName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return s
+}
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2019 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 // Some functions in this file (see comments) is based on the Go source code,
 // copyright The Go Authors and  governed by a BSD-style license.
 //
@@ -17,21 +17,61 @@
 package hreflect

 import (
+	"context"
 	"reflect"
+	"sync"
+	"time"

+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/htime"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/types"
 )

+// TODO(bep) replace the private versions in /tpl with these.
+// IsNumber returns whether the given kind is a number.
+func IsNumber(kind reflect.Kind) bool {
+	return IsInt(kind) || IsUint(kind) || IsFloat(kind)
+}
+
+// IsInt returns whether the given kind is an int.
+func IsInt(kind reflect.Kind) bool {
+	switch kind {
+	case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64:
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+// IsUint returns whether the given kind is an uint.
+func IsUint(kind reflect.Kind) bool {
+	switch kind {
+	case reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64:
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+// IsFloat returns whether the given kind is a float.
+func IsFloat(kind reflect.Kind) bool {
+	switch kind {
+	case reflect.Float32, reflect.Float64:
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
 // IsTruthful returns whether in represents a truthful value.
 // See IsTruthfulValue
-func IsTruthful(in interface{}) bool {
+func IsTruthful(in any) bool {
 	switch v := in.(type) {
 	case reflect.Value:
 		return IsTruthfulValue(v)
 	default:
 		return IsTruthfulValue(reflect.ValueOf(in))
 	}
-
 }

 var zeroType = reflect.TypeOf((*types.Zeroer)(nil)).Elem()
@@ -79,6 +119,127 @@ func IsTruthfulValue(val reflect.Value) (truth bool) {
 	return
 }

+type methodKey struct {
+	typ  reflect.Type
+	name string
+}
+
+type methods struct {
+	sync.RWMutex
+	cache map[methodKey]int
+}
+
+var methodCache = &methods{cache: make(map[methodKey]int)}
+
+// GetMethodByName is the same as reflect.Value.MethodByName, but it caches the
+// type lookup.
+func GetMethodByName(v reflect.Value, name string) reflect.Value {
+	index := GetMethodIndexByName(v.Type(), name)
+
+	if index == -1 {
+		return reflect.Value{}
+	}
+
+	return v.Method(index)
+}
+
+// GetMethodIndexByName returns the index of the method with the given name, or
+// -1 if no such method exists.
+func GetMethodIndexByName(tp reflect.Type, name string) int {
+	k := methodKey{tp, name}
+	methodCache.RLock()
+	index, found := methodCache.cache[k]
+	methodCache.RUnlock()
+	if found {
+		return index
+	}
+
+	methodCache.Lock()
+	defer methodCache.Unlock()
+
+	m, ok := tp.MethodByName(name)
+	index = m.Index
+	if !ok {
+		index = -1
+	}
+	methodCache.cache[k] = index
+
+	if !ok {
+		return -1
+	}
+
+	return m.Index
+}
+
+var (
+	timeType           = reflect.TypeOf((*time.Time)(nil)).Elem()
+	asTimeProviderType = reflect.TypeOf((*htime.AsTimeProvider)(nil)).Elem()
+)
+
+// IsTime returns whether tp is a time.Time type or if it can be converted into one
+// in ToTime.
+func IsTime(tp reflect.Type) bool {
+	if tp == timeType {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	if tp.Implements(asTimeProviderType) {
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// IsValid returns whether v is not nil and a valid value.
+func IsValid(v reflect.Value) bool {
+	if !v.IsValid() {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	switch v.Kind() {
+	case reflect.Chan, reflect.Func, reflect.Interface, reflect.Map, reflect.Ptr, reflect.Slice:
+		return !v.IsNil()
+	}
+
+	return true
+}
+
+// AsTime returns v as a time.Time if possible.
+// The given location is only used if the value implements AsTimeProvider (e.g. go-toml local).
+// A zero Time and false is returned if this isn't possible.
+// Note that this function does not accept string dates.
+func AsTime(v reflect.Value, loc *time.Location) (time.Time, bool) {
+	if v.Kind() == reflect.Interface {
+		return AsTime(v.Elem(), loc)
+	}
+
+	if v.Type() == timeType {
+		return v.Interface().(time.Time), true
+	}
+
+	if v.Type().Implements(asTimeProviderType) {
+		return v.Interface().(htime.AsTimeProvider).AsTime(loc), true
+	}
+
+	return time.Time{}, false
+}
+
+func CallMethodByName(cxt context.Context, name string, v reflect.Value) []reflect.Value {
+	fn := v.MethodByName(name)
+	var args []reflect.Value
+	tp := fn.Type()
+	if tp.NumIn() > 0 {
+		if tp.NumIn() > 1 {
+			panic("not supported")
+		}
+		first := tp.In(0)
+		if IsContextType(first) {
+			args = append(args, reflect.ValueOf(cxt))
+		}
+	}
+
+	return fn.Call(args)
+}
+
 // Based on: https://github.com/golang/go/blob/178a2c42254166cffed1b25fb1d3c7a5727cada6/src/text/template/exec.go#L931
 func indirectInterface(v reflect.Value) reflect.Value {
 	if v.Kind() != reflect.Interface {
@@ -89,3 +250,25 @@ func indirectInterface(v reflect.Value) reflect.Value {
 	}
 	return v.Elem()
 }
+
+var contextInterface = reflect.TypeOf((*context.Context)(nil)).Elem()
+
+var isContextCache = maps.NewCache[reflect.Type, bool]()
+
+type k string
+
+var contextTypeValue = reflect.TypeOf(context.WithValue(context.Background(), k("key"), 32))
+
+// IsContextType returns whether tp is a context.Context type.
+func IsContextType(tp reflect.Type) bool {
+	if tp == contextTypeValue {
+		return true
+	}
+	if tp == contextInterface {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	return isContextCache.GetOrCreate(tp, func() bool {
+		return tp.Implements(contextInterface)
+	})
+}
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 package hreflect

 import (
+	"context"
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
@@ -30,6 +31,52 @@ func TestIsTruthful(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Assert(IsTruthful(time.Time{}), qt.Equals, false)
 }

+func TestGetMethodByName(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+	v := reflect.ValueOf(&testStruct{})
+	tp := v.Type()
+
+	c.Assert(GetMethodIndexByName(tp, "Method1"), qt.Equals, 0)
+	c.Assert(GetMethodIndexByName(tp, "Method3"), qt.Equals, 2)
+	c.Assert(GetMethodIndexByName(tp, "Foo"), qt.Equals, -1)
+}
+
+func TestIsContextType(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+	type k string
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	valueCtx := context.WithValue(ctx, k("key"), 32)
+	c.Assert(IsContextType(reflect.TypeOf(ctx)), qt.IsTrue)
+	c.Assert(IsContextType(reflect.TypeOf(valueCtx)), qt.IsTrue)
+}
+
+func BenchmarkIsContextType(b *testing.B) {
+	type k string
+	b.Run("value", func(b *testing.B) {
+		ctx := context.Background()
+		ctxs := make([]reflect.Type, b.N)
+		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+			ctxs[i] = reflect.TypeOf(context.WithValue(ctx, k("key"), i))
+		}
+
+		b.ResetTimer()
+		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+			if !IsContextType(ctxs[i]) {
+				b.Fatal("not context")
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("background", func(b *testing.B) {
+		var ctxt reflect.Type = reflect.TypeOf(context.Background())
+		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+			if !IsContextType(ctxt) {
+				b.Fatal("not context")
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}
+
 func BenchmarkIsTruthFul(b *testing.B) {
 	v := reflect.ValueOf("Hugo")

@@ -40,3 +87,37 @@ func BenchmarkIsTruthFul(b *testing.B) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+type testStruct struct{}
+
+func (t *testStruct) Method1() string {
+	return "Hugo"
+}
+
+func (t *testStruct) Method2() string {
+	return "Hugo"
+}
+
+func (t *testStruct) Method3() string {
+	return "Hugo"
+}
+
+func (t *testStruct) Method4() string {
+	return "Hugo"
+}
+
+func (t *testStruct) Method5() string {
+	return "Hugo"
+}
+
+func BenchmarkGetMethodByName(b *testing.B) {
+	v := reflect.ValueOf(&testStruct{})
+	methods := []string{"Method1", "Method2", "Method3", "Method4", "Method5"}
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for _, method := range methods {
+			_ = GetMethodByName(v, method)
+		}
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package hstrings
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/compare"
+)
+
+var _ compare.Eqer = StringEqualFold("")
+
+// StringEqualFold is a string that implements the compare.Eqer interface and considers
+// two strings equal if they are equal when folded to lower case.
+// The compare.Eqer interface is used in Hugo to compare values in templates (e.g. using the eq template function).
+type StringEqualFold string
+
+func (s StringEqualFold) EqualFold(s2 string) bool {
+	return strings.EqualFold(string(s), s2)
+}
+
+func (s StringEqualFold) String() string {
+	return string(s)
+}
+
+func (s StringEqualFold) Eq(s2 any) bool {
+	switch ss := s2.(type) {
+	case string:
+		return s.EqualFold(ss)
+	case fmt.Stringer:
+		return s.EqualFold(ss.String())
+	}
+
+	return false
+}
+
+// EqualAny returns whether a string is equal to any of the given strings.
+func EqualAny(a string, b ...string) bool {
+	for _, s := range b {
+		if a == s {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// regexpCache represents a cache of regexp objects protected by a mutex.
+type regexpCache struct {
+	mu sync.RWMutex
+	re map[string]*regexp.Regexp
+}
+
+func (rc *regexpCache) getOrCompileRegexp(pattern string) (re *regexp.Regexp, err error) {
+	var ok bool
+
+	if re, ok = rc.get(pattern); !ok {
+		re, err = regexp.Compile(pattern)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		rc.set(pattern, re)
+	}
+
+	return re, nil
+}
+
+func (rc *regexpCache) get(key string) (re *regexp.Regexp, ok bool) {
+	rc.mu.RLock()
+	re, ok = rc.re[key]
+	rc.mu.RUnlock()
+	return
+}
+
+func (rc *regexpCache) set(key string, re *regexp.Regexp) {
+	rc.mu.Lock()
+	rc.re[key] = re
+	rc.mu.Unlock()
+}
+
+var reCache = regexpCache{re: make(map[string]*regexp.Regexp)}
+
+// GetOrCompileRegexp retrieves a regexp object from the cache based upon the pattern.
+// If the pattern is not found in the cache, the pattern is compiled and added to
+// the cache.
+func GetOrCompileRegexp(pattern string) (re *regexp.Regexp, err error) {
+	return reCache.getOrCompileRegexp(pattern)
+}
+
+// InSlice checks if a string is an element of a slice of strings
+// and returns a boolean value.
+func InSlice(arr []string, el string) bool {
+	for _, v := range arr {
+		if v == el {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// InSlicEqualFold checks if a string is an element of a slice of strings
+// and returns a boolean value.
+// It uses strings.EqualFold to compare.
+func InSlicEqualFold(arr []string, el string) bool {
+	for _, v := range arr {
+		if strings.EqualFold(v, el) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+type Tuple struct {
+	First  string
+	Second string
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package hstrings
+
+import (
+	"regexp"
+	"testing"
+
+	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+)
+
+func TestStringEqualFold(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	s1 := "A"
+	s2 := "a"
+
+	c.Assert(StringEqualFold(s1).EqualFold(s2), qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(StringEqualFold(s1).EqualFold(s1), qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(StringEqualFold(s2).EqualFold(s1), qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(StringEqualFold(s2).EqualFold(s2), qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(StringEqualFold(s1).EqualFold("b"), qt.Equals, false)
+	c.Assert(StringEqualFold(s1).Eq(s2), qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(StringEqualFold(s1).Eq("b"), qt.Equals, false)
+}
+
+func TestGetOrCompileRegexp(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	re, err := GetOrCompileRegexp(`\d+`)
+	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+	c.Assert(re.MatchString("123"), qt.Equals, true)
+}
+
+func BenchmarkGetOrCompileRegexp(b *testing.B) {
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		GetOrCompileRegexp(`\d+`)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkCompileRegexp(b *testing.B) {
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		regexp.MustCompile(`\d+`)
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package htime_test
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib"
+)
+
+// Issue #11267
+func TestApplyWithContext(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	files := `
+-- config.toml --
+defaultContentLanguage = 'it'
+-- layouts/index.html --
+{{ $dates := slice
+  "2022-01-03"
+  "2022-02-01"
+  "2022-03-02"
+  "2022-04-07"
+  "2022-05-06"
+  "2022-06-04"
+  "2022-07-03"
+  "2022-08-01"
+  "2022-09-06"
+  "2022-10-05"
+  "2022-11-03"
+  "2022-12-02"
+}}
+{{ range $dates }}
+	{{ . | time.Format "month: _January_ weekday: _Monday_" }}
+	{{ . | time.Format "month: _Jan_ weekday: _Mon_" }}
+{{ end }}
+  `
+
+	b := hugolib.NewIntegrationTestBuilder(
+		hugolib.IntegrationTestConfig{
+			T:           t,
+			TxtarString: files,
+		},
+	).Build()
+
+	b.AssertFileContent("public/index.html", `
+month: _gennaio_ weekday: _lunedì_
+month: _gen_ weekday: _lun_
+month: _febbraio_ weekday: _martedì_
+month: _feb_ weekday: _mar_
+month: _marzo_ weekday: _mercoledì_
+month: _mar_ weekday: _mer_
+month: _aprile_ weekday: _giovedì_
+month: _apr_ weekday: _gio_
+month: _maggio_ weekday: _venerdì_
+month: _mag_ weekday: _ven_
+month: _giugno_ weekday: _sabato_
+month: _giu_ weekday: _sab_
+month: _luglio_ weekday: _domenica_
+month: _lug_ weekday: _dom_
+month: _agosto_ weekday: _lunedì_
+month: _ago_ weekday: _lun_
+month: _settembre_ weekday: _martedì_
+month: _set_ weekday: _mar_
+month: _ottobre_ weekday: _mercoledì_
+month: _ott_ weekday: _mer_
+month: _novembre_ weekday: _giovedì_
+month: _nov_ weekday: _gio_
+month: _dicembre_ weekday: _venerdì_
+month: _dic_ weekday: _ven_
+`)
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package htime
+
+import (
+	"log"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/bep/clocks"
+	"github.com/spf13/cast"
+
+	"github.com/gohugoio/locales"
+)
+
+var (
+	longDayNames = []string{
+		"Sunday",
+		"Monday",
+		"Tuesday",
+		"Wednesday",
+		"Thursday",
+		"Friday",
+		"Saturday",
+	}
+
+	shortDayNames = []string{
+		"Sun",
+		"Mon",
+		"Tue",
+		"Wed",
+		"Thu",
+		"Fri",
+		"Sat",
+	}
+
+	shortMonthNames = []string{
+		"Jan",
+		"Feb",
+		"Mar",
+		"Apr",
+		"May",
+		"Jun",
+		"Jul",
+		"Aug",
+		"Sep",
+		"Oct",
+		"Nov",
+		"Dec",
+	}
+
+	longMonthNames = []string{
+		"January",
+		"February",
+		"March",
+		"April",
+		"May",
+		"June",
+		"July",
+		"August",
+		"September",
+		"October",
+		"November",
+		"December",
+	}
+
+	Clock = clocks.System()
+)
+
+func NewTimeFormatter(ltr locales.Translator) TimeFormatter {
+	if ltr == nil {
+		panic("must provide a locales.Translator")
+	}
+	return TimeFormatter{
+		ltr: ltr,
+	}
+}
+
+// TimeFormatter is locale aware.
+type TimeFormatter struct {
+	ltr locales.Translator
+}
+
+func (f TimeFormatter) Format(t time.Time, layout string) string {
+	if layout == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	if layout[0] == ':' {
+		// It may be one of Hugo's custom layouts.
+		switch strings.ToLower(layout[1:]) {
+		case "date_full":
+			return f.ltr.FmtDateFull(t)
+		case "date_long":
+			return f.ltr.FmtDateLong(t)
+		case "date_medium":
+			return f.ltr.FmtDateMedium(t)
+		case "date_short":
+			return f.ltr.FmtDateShort(t)
+		case "time_full":
+			return f.ltr.FmtTimeFull(t)
+		case "time_long":
+			return f.ltr.FmtTimeLong(t)
+		case "time_medium":
+			return f.ltr.FmtTimeMedium(t)
+		case "time_short":
+			return f.ltr.FmtTimeShort(t)
+		}
+	}
+
+	s := t.Format(layout)
+
+	monthIdx := t.Month() - 1 // Month() starts at 1.
+	dayIdx := t.Weekday()
+
+	if strings.Contains(layout, "January") {
+		s = strings.ReplaceAll(s, longMonthNames[monthIdx], f.ltr.MonthWide(t.Month()))
+	} else if strings.Contains(layout, "Jan") {
+		s = strings.ReplaceAll(s, shortMonthNames[monthIdx], f.ltr.MonthAbbreviated(t.Month()))
+	}
+
+	if strings.Contains(layout, "Monday") {
+		s = strings.ReplaceAll(s, longDayNames[dayIdx], f.ltr.WeekdayWide(t.Weekday()))
+	} else if strings.Contains(layout, "Mon") {
+		s = strings.ReplaceAll(s, shortDayNames[dayIdx], f.ltr.WeekdayAbbreviated(t.Weekday()))
+	}
+
+	return s
+}
+
+func ToTimeInDefaultLocationE(i any, location *time.Location) (tim time.Time, err error) {
+	switch vv := i.(type) {
+	case AsTimeProvider:
+		return vv.AsTime(location), nil
+	// issue #8895
+	// datetimes parsed by `go-toml` have empty zone name
+	// convert back them into string and use `cast`
+	// TODO(bep) add tests, make sure we really need this.
+	case time.Time:
+		i = vv.Format(time.RFC3339)
+	}
+	return cast.ToTimeInDefaultLocationE(i, location)
+}
+
+// Now returns time.Now() or time value based on the `clock` flag.
+// Use this function to fake time inside hugo.
+func Now() time.Time {
+	return Clock.Now()
+}
+
+func Since(t time.Time) time.Duration {
+	return Clock.Since(t)
+}
+
+// AsTimeProvider is implemented by go-toml's LocalDate and LocalDateTime.
+type AsTimeProvider interface {
+	AsTime(zone *time.Location) time.Time
+}
+
+// StopWatch is a simple helper to measure time during development.
+func StopWatch(name string) func() {
+	start := time.Now()
+	return func() {
+		log.Printf("StopWatch %q took %s", name, time.Since(start))
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package htime
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+	translators "github.com/gohugoio/localescompressed"
+)
+
+func TestTimeFormatter(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	june06, _ := time.Parse("2006-Jan-02", "2018-Jun-06")
+	june06 = june06.Add(7777 * time.Second)
+
+	jan06, _ := time.Parse("2006-Jan-02", "2018-Jan-06")
+	jan06 = jan06.Add(32 * time.Second)
+
+	mondayNovemberFirst, _ := time.Parse("2006-Jan-02", "2021-11-01")
+	mondayNovemberFirst = mondayNovemberFirst.Add(33 * time.Second)
+
+	c.Run("Norsk nynorsk", func(c *qt.C) {
+		f := NewTimeFormatter(translators.GetTranslator("nn"))
+
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, "Monday Jan 2 2006"), qt.Equals, "onsdag juni 6 2018")
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, "Mon January 2 2006"), qt.Equals, "on. juni 6 2018")
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, "Mon Mon"), qt.Equals, "on. on.")
+	})
+
+	c.Run("Custom layouts Norsk nynorsk", func(c *qt.C) {
+		f := NewTimeFormatter(translators.GetTranslator("nn"))
+
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":date_full"), qt.Equals, "onsdag 6. juni 2018")
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":date_long"), qt.Equals, "6. juni 2018")
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":date_medium"), qt.Equals, "6. juni 2018")
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":date_short"), qt.Equals, "06.06.2018")
+
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":time_full"), qt.Equals, "kl. 02:09:37 UTC")
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":time_long"), qt.Equals, "02:09:37 UTC")
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":time_medium"), qt.Equals, "02:09:37")
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":time_short"), qt.Equals, "02:09")
+
+	})
+
+	c.Run("Custom layouts English", func(c *qt.C) {
+		f := NewTimeFormatter(translators.GetTranslator("en"))
+
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":date_full"), qt.Equals, "Wednesday, June 6, 2018")
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":date_long"), qt.Equals, "June 6, 2018")
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":date_medium"), qt.Equals, "Jun 6, 2018")
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":date_short"), qt.Equals, "6/6/18")
+
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":time_full"), qt.Equals, "2:09:37 am UTC")
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":time_long"), qt.Equals, "2:09:37 am UTC")
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":time_medium"), qt.Equals, "2:09:37 am")
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":time_short"), qt.Equals, "2:09 am")
+
+	})
+
+	c.Run("English", func(c *qt.C) {
+		f := NewTimeFormatter(translators.GetTranslator("en"))
+
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, "Monday Jan 2 2006"), qt.Equals, "Wednesday Jun 6 2018")
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, "Mon January 2 2006"), qt.Equals, "Wed June 6 2018")
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, "Mon Mon"), qt.Equals, "Wed Wed")
+	})
+
+	c.Run("Weekdays German", func(c *qt.C) {
+		tr := translators.GetTranslator("de")
+		f := NewTimeFormatter(tr)
+
+		// Issue #9107
+		for i, weekDayWideGerman := range []string{"Montag", "Dienstag", "Mittwoch", "Donnerstag", "Freitag", "Samstag", "Sonntag"} {
+			date := mondayNovemberFirst.Add(time.Duration(i*24) * time.Hour)
+			c.Assert(tr.WeekdayWide(date.Weekday()), qt.Equals, weekDayWideGerman)
+			c.Assert(f.Format(date, "Monday"), qt.Equals, weekDayWideGerman)
+		}
+
+		for i, weekDayAbbreviatedGerman := range []string{"Mo.", "Di.", "Mi.", "Do.", "Fr.", "Sa.", "So."} {
+			date := mondayNovemberFirst.Add(time.Duration(i*24) * time.Hour)
+			c.Assert(tr.WeekdayAbbreviated(date.Weekday()), qt.Equals, weekDayAbbreviatedGerman)
+			c.Assert(f.Format(date, "Mon"), qt.Equals, weekDayAbbreviatedGerman)
+		}
+	})
+
+	c.Run("Months German", func(c *qt.C) {
+		tr := translators.GetTranslator("de")
+		f := NewTimeFormatter(tr)
+
+		// Issue #9107
+		for i, monthWideNorway := range []string{"Januar", "Februar", "März", "April", "Mai", "Juni", "Juli"} {
+			date := jan06.Add(time.Duration(i*24*31) * time.Hour)
+			c.Assert(tr.MonthWide(date.Month()), qt.Equals, monthWideNorway)
+			c.Assert(f.Format(date, "January"), qt.Equals, monthWideNorway)
+		}
+
+	})
+
+}
+
+func BenchmarkTimeFormatter(b *testing.B) {
+	june06, _ := time.Parse("2006-Jan-02", "2018-Jun-06")
+
+	b.Run("Native", func(b *testing.B) {
+		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+			got := june06.Format("Monday Jan 2 2006")
+			if got != "Wednesday Jun 6 2018" {
+				b.Fatalf("invalid format, got %q", got)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("Localized", func(b *testing.B) {
+		f := NewTimeFormatter(translators.GetTranslator("nn"))
+		b.ResetTimer()
+		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+			got := f.Format(june06, "Monday Jan 2 2006")
+			if got != "onsdag juni 6 2018" {
+				b.Fatalf("invalid format, got %q", got)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("Localized Custom", func(b *testing.B) {
+		f := NewTimeFormatter(translators.GetTranslator("nn"))
+		b.ResetTimer()
+		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+			got := f.Format(june06, ":date_medium")
+			if got != "6. juni 2018" {
+				b.Fatalf("invalid format, got %q", got)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}
@@ -14,60 +14,63 @@
 package hugio

 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"io/ioutil"
-	"os"
+	iofs "io/fs"
 	"path/filepath"

-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
-
 	"github.com/spf13/afero"
 )

 // CopyFile copies a file.
 func CopyFile(fs afero.Fs, from, to string) error {
-	sf, err := os.Open(from)
+	sf, err := fs.Open(from)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	defer sf.Close()
-	df, err := os.Create(to)
+	df, err := fs.Create(to)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	defer df.Close()
 	_, err = io.Copy(df, sf)
-	if err == nil {
-		si, err := os.Stat(from)
-		if err != nil {
-			err = os.Chmod(to, si.Mode())
-
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-		}
-
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
+	si, err := fs.Stat(from)
+	if err != nil {
+		err = fs.Chmod(to, si.Mode())
+
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }

 // CopyDir copies a directory.
 func CopyDir(fs afero.Fs, from, to string, shouldCopy func(filename string) bool) error {
-	fi, err := os.Stat(from)
+	fi, err := fs.Stat(from)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

 	if !fi.IsDir() {
-		return errors.Errorf("%q is not a directory", from)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%q is not a directory", from)
 	}

-	err = fs.MkdirAll(to, 0777) // before umask
+	err = fs.MkdirAll(to, 0o777) // before umask
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	entries, _ := ioutil.ReadDir(from)
+	d, err := fs.Open(from)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	entries, _ := d.(iofs.ReadDirFile).ReadDir(-1)
 	for _, entry := range entries {
 		fromFilename := filepath.Join(from, entry.Name())
 		toFilename := filepath.Join(to, entry.Name())
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package hugio
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+)
+
+// HasBytesWriter is a writer that will set Match to true if the given pattern
+// is found in the stream.
+type HasBytesWriter struct {
+	Match   bool
+	Pattern []byte
+
+	i    int
+	done bool
+	buff []byte
+}
+
+func (h *HasBytesWriter) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	if h.done {
+		return len(p), nil
+	}
+
+	if len(h.buff) == 0 {
+		h.buff = make([]byte, len(h.Pattern)*2)
+	}
+
+	for i := range p {
+		h.buff[h.i] = p[i]
+		h.i++
+		if h.i == len(h.buff) {
+			// Shift left.
+			copy(h.buff, h.buff[len(h.buff)/2:])
+			h.i = len(h.buff) / 2
+		}
+
+		if bytes.Contains(h.buff, h.Pattern) {
+			h.Match = true
+			h.done = true
+			return len(p), nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	return len(p), nil
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package hugio
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"math/rand"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+)
+
+func TestHasBytesWriter(t *testing.T) {
+	r := rand.New(rand.NewSource(time.Now().UnixNano()))
+
+	c := qt.New((t))
+
+	neww := func() (*HasBytesWriter, io.Writer) {
+		var b bytes.Buffer
+
+		h := &HasBytesWriter{
+			Pattern: []byte("__foo"),
+		}
+		return h, io.MultiWriter(&b, h)
+	}
+
+	rndStr := func() string {
+		return strings.Repeat("ab cfo", r.Intn(33))
+	}
+
+	for i := 0; i < 22; i++ {
+		h, w := neww()
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, rndStr()+"abc __foobar"+rndStr())
+		c.Assert(h.Match, qt.Equals, true)
+
+		h, w = neww()
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, rndStr()+"abc __f")
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "oo bar"+rndStr())
+		c.Assert(h.Match, qt.Equals, true)
+
+		h, w = neww()
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, rndStr()+"abc __moo bar")
+		c.Assert(h.Match, qt.Equals, false)
+	}
+
+	h, w := neww()
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "__foo")
+	c.Assert(h.Match, qt.Equals, true)
+}
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 package hugio

 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"io"
 	"strings"
 )
@@ -31,8 +32,13 @@ type ReadSeekCloser interface {
 	io.Closer
 }

+// ReadSeekCloserProvider provides a ReadSeekCloser.
+type ReadSeekCloserProvider interface {
+	ReadSeekCloser() (ReadSeekCloser, error)
+}
+
 // ReadSeekerNoOpCloser implements ReadSeekCloser by doing nothing in Close.
-// TODO(bep) rename this and simila to ReadSeekerNopCloser, naming used in stdlib, which kind of makes sense.
+// TODO(bep) rename this and similar to ReadSeekerNopCloser, naming used in stdlib, which kind of makes sense.
 type ReadSeekerNoOpCloser struct {
 	ReadSeeker
 }
@@ -52,3 +58,22 @@ func NewReadSeekerNoOpCloser(r ReadSeeker) ReadSeekerNoOpCloser {
 func NewReadSeekerNoOpCloserFromString(content string) ReadSeekerNoOpCloser {
 	return ReadSeekerNoOpCloser{strings.NewReader(content)}
 }
+
+// NewReadSeekerNoOpCloserFromString uses strings.NewReader to create a new ReadSeekerNoOpCloser
+// from the given bytes slice.
+func NewReadSeekerNoOpCloserFromBytes(content []byte) ReadSeekerNoOpCloser {
+	return ReadSeekerNoOpCloser{bytes.NewReader(content)}
+}
+
+// NewReadSeekCloser creates a new ReadSeekCloser from the given ReadSeeker.
+// The ReadSeeker will be seeked to the beginning before returned.
+func NewOpenReadSeekCloser(r ReadSeekCloser) OpenReadSeekCloser {
+	return func() (ReadSeekCloser, error) {
+		r.Seek(0, io.SeekStart)
+		return r, nil
+	}
+}
+
+// OpenReadSeekCloser allows setting some other way (than reading from a filesystem)
+// to open or create a ReadSeekCloser.
+type OpenReadSeekCloser func() (ReadSeekCloser, error)
@@ -15,9 +15,16 @@ package hugio

 import (
 	"io"
-	"io/ioutil"
 )

+// As implemented by strings.Builder.
+type FlexiWriter interface {
+	io.Writer
+	io.ByteWriter
+	WriteString(s string) (int, error)
+	WriteRune(r rune) (int, error)
+}
+
 type multiWriteCloser struct {
 	io.Writer
 	closers []io.WriteCloser
@@ -26,7 +33,7 @@ type multiWriteCloser struct {
 func (m multiWriteCloser) Close() error {
 	var err error
 	for _, c := range m.closers {
-		if closeErr := c.Close(); err != nil {
+		if closeErr := c.Close(); closeErr != nil {
 			err = closeErr
 		}
 	}
@@ -55,7 +62,7 @@ func ToWriteCloser(w io.Writer) io.WriteCloser {
 		io.Closer
 	}{
 		w,
-		ioutil.NopCloser(nil),
+		io.NopCloser(nil),
 	}
 }

@@ -71,6 +78,6 @@ func ToReadCloser(r io.Reader) io.ReadCloser {
 		io.Closer
 	}{
 		r,
-		ioutil.NopCloser(nil),
+		io.NopCloser(nil),
 	}
 }
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More