Cache when not found in LookupLayout

Very visible when using the pprof mutex profiler. ```bash name old time/op new time/op delta Baseline-10 58.4ms ± 1% 51.6ms ± 0% -11.56% (p=0.029 n=4+4) name old alloc/op new alloc/op delta Baseline-10 64.3MB ± 0% 64.2MB ± 0% ~ (p=0.114 n=4+4) name old allocs/op new allocs/op delta Baseline-10 649k ± 0% 649k ± 0% ~ (p=0.229 n=4+4) ```
parser/pageparser: Don't store the byte slices
2026-08-25 15:58:53 +00:00 · 2022-07-13 14:49:00 +02:00 · 2022-07-09 16:03:11 +02:00 · 2022-06-30 12:36:55 +02:00 · 2022-06-28 20:51:33 +02:00 · 2022-06-28 20:51:33 +02:00
1590 changed files with 78690 additions and 33889 deletions
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 defaults: &defaults
  docker:
-      - image: bepsays/ci-goreleaser:1.13-4
+      - image: bepsays/ci-goreleaser:1.1800.300
  environment:
    CGO_ENABLED: "0"

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ jobs:
                cd hugo
                go mod download
                sleep 5
-                go test -p 1 ./...
+                go mod verify
      - persist_to_workspace:
          root: .
          paths: .
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ---
 name: 'Bug report'
-labels: ''
+labels: 'Bug, NeedsTriage'
 assignees: ''
 about: Create a report to help us improve
 ---
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+blank_issues_enabled: false
+contact_links:
+    - name: SUPPORT, ISSUES and TROUBLESHOOTING
+      url: https://discourse.gohugo.io/
+      about: Please DO NOT use Github for support requests. Please visit https://discourse.gohugo.io for support! You will be helped much faster there. If you ignore this request your issue might be closed with a discourse label.
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 ---
 name: Proposal
-about: Suggest an idea for Hugo
+about: Propose a new feature for Hugo
 title: ''
-labels: 'Proposal'
+labels: 'Proposal, NeedsTriage'
 assignees: ''

 ---
+
+
+<!-- Describe this new feature. Think about if it really belongs in the Hugo core module; you may want to discuss it on https://discourse.gohugo.io/ first.  -->
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
---
-name: Support (Do not use)
-about: Please do not use Github for support requests. Visit https://discourse.gohugo.io for support
-title: ''
-labels: support
-assignees: ''
-
---
-
-Issues created with this template will be automatically closed. Please visit https://discourse.gohugo.io for the support you really, really, want!
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# See https://docs.github.com/en/github/administering-a-repository/configuration-options-for-dependency-updates#package-ecosystem
+version: 2
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: "gomod"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "daily"
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-# Number of days of inactivity before an issue becomes stale
-daysUntilStale: 120
-# Number of days of inactivity before a stale issue is closed
-daysUntilClose: 30
-# Issues with these labels will never be considered stale
-exemptLabels:
-  - Keep
-  - Security
-# Label to use when marking an issue as stale
-staleLabel: Stale
-# Comment to post when marking an issue as stale. Set to `false` to disable
-markComment: >
-  This issue has been automatically marked as stale because it has not had
-  recent activity. The resources of the Hugo team are limited, and so we are asking for your help.
-
-  If this is a **bug** and you can still reproduce this error on the <code>master</code> branch, please reply with all of the information you have about it in order to keep the issue open.
-
-  If this is a **feature request**, and you feel that it is still relevant and valuable, please tell us why.
-
-  This issue will automatically be closed in the near future if no further activity occurs. Thank you for all your contributions.
-  
-# Comment to post when closing a stale issue. Set to `false` to disable
-closeComment: false
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-on:
-  schedule:
-  - cron: 0 5 * * 3 
-name: Weekly Issue Closure
-jobs:
-  cycle-weekly-close:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@master
-    - name: weekly-issue-closure
-      uses: bdougie/close-issues-based-on-label@master
-      env:
-        LABEL: support
-        GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+name: 'Close stale and lock closed issues and PRs'
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+  schedule:
+    - cron: '30 1 * * *'
+jobs:
+  stale:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: dessant/lock-threads@08e671be8ac8944d0e132aa71d0ae8ccfb347675
+        with:
+          issue-inactive-days: 21
+          add-issue-labels: 'Outdated'
+          issue-comment: >
+            This issue has been automatically locked since there
+            has not been any recent activity after it was closed.
+            Please open a new issue for related bugs.
+          pr-comment: >
+            This pull request has been automatically locked since there
+            has not been any recent activity after it was closed.
+            Please open a new issue for related bugs.
+      - uses: actions/stale@04a1828bc18ada028d85a0252a47cd2963a91abe
+        with:
+          operations-per-run: 999
+          days-before-issue-stale: 365
+          days-before-pr-stale: 365
+          days-before-issue-close: 56
+          days-before-pr-close: 56
+          stale-issue-message: >
+            This issue has been automatically marked as stale because it has not had
+            recent activity. The resources of the Hugo team are limited, and so we are asking for your help.
+
+            If this is a **bug** and you can still reproduce this error on the <code>master</code> branch, please reply with all of the information you have about it in order to keep the issue open.
+
+            If this is a **feature request**, and you feel that it is still relevant and valuable, please tell us why.
+
+            This issue will automatically be closed in the near future if no further activity occurs. Thank you for all your contributions.
+          stale-pr-message: This PR has been automatically marked as stale because it has not had
+            recent activity. The resources of the Hugo team are limited, and so we are asking for your help.
+
+            Please check https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#code-contribution and verify that this code contribution fits with the description. If yes, tell is in a comment.
+
+            This PR will automatically be closed in the near future if no further activity occurs. Thank you for all your contributions.
+          stale-issue-label: 'Stale'
+          exempt-issue-labels: 'Keep,Security'
+          stale-pr-label: 'Stale'
+          exempt-pr-labels: 'Keep,Security'
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+on: [push, pull_request]
+name: Test
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+jobs:
+  test:
+    env:
+      GOPROXY: https://proxy.golang.org
+      GO111MODULE: on
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        # Note: We upgraded to Go 1.18 in Hugo v0.95.0
+        # Go 1.18 had some breaking changes on the source level which means Hugo cannot be built
+        # with older Go versions, but the improvements in Go 1.18 were too good to pass on (e.g. break and continue).
+        # Note that you don't need Go (or Go 1.18) to run a pre-built binary.
+        go-version: [1.18.x]
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest, windows-latest]
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    steps:
+    - name: Install Go
+      uses: actions/setup-go@37335c7bb261b353407cff977110895fa0b4f7d8
+      with:
+        go-version: ${{ matrix.go-version }}
+    - name: Install Ruby
+      uses: actions/setup-ruby@5f29a1cd8dfebf420691c4c9a0e832e2fae5a526
+      with:
+        ruby-version: '2.7'
+    - name: Install Python
+      uses: actions/setup-python@3105fb18c05ddd93efea5f9e0bef7a03a6e9e7df
+      with:
+        python-version: '3.x'
+    - name: Install Mage
+      run: go install github.com/magefile/mage@07afc7d24f4d6d6442305d49552f04fbda5ccb3e
+    - name: Install asciidoctor
+      uses: reitzig/actions-asciidoctor@7570212ae20b63653481675fb1ff62d1073632b0
+    - name: Checkout code
+      uses: actions/checkout@5a4ac9002d0be2fb38bd78e4b4dbde5606d7042f
+    - name: Install docutils
+      run: |
+        pip install docutils
+        rst2html.py --version
+    - if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest'
+      name: Install pandoc on Linux
+      run: |
+          sudo apt-get update -y
+          sudo apt-get install -y pandoc
+    - if: matrix.os == 'macos-latest'
+      run: |
+        brew install pandoc
+    - if: matrix.os == 'windows-latest'
+      run: |
+        choco install pandoc
+        choco install mingw --version 10.2.0 --allow-downgrade
+    - run: pandoc -v
+    - if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest'
+      name: Install dart-sass-embedded Linux
+      run: |
+        curl -LJO https://github.com/sass/dart-sass-embedded/releases/download/1.0.0-beta.6/sass_embedded-1.0.0-beta.6-linux-x64.tar.gz;
+        echo "04fc1e5e28d29a4585a701941b6dace56771d94bfbe7f9e4db28d24417ceeec3  sass_embedded-1.0.0-beta.6-linux-x64.tar.gz" | sha256sum -c;
+        tar -xvf sass_embedded-1.0.0-beta.6-linux-x64.tar.gz;
+        echo "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/sass_embedded/" >> $GITHUB_PATH
+    - if: matrix.os == 'macos-latest'
+      name: Install dart-sass-embedded MacOS
+      run: |
+        curl -LJO https://github.com/sass/dart-sass-embedded/releases/download/1.0.0-beta.6/sass_embedded-1.0.0-beta.6-macos-x64.tar.gz;
+        echo "b3b984675a9b04aa22f6f2302dda4191b507ac2ca124467db2dfe7e58e72fbad  sass_embedded-1.0.0-beta.6-macos-x64.tar.gz" | shasum -a 256 -c;
+        tar -xvf sass_embedded-1.0.0-beta.6-macos-x64.tar.gz;
+        echo "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/sass_embedded/" >> $GITHUB_PATH
+    - if: matrix.os == 'windows-latest'
+      name: Install dart-sass-embedded Windows
+      run: |
+        curl -LJO https://github.com/sass/dart-sass-embedded/releases/download/1.0.0-beta.6/sass_embedded-1.0.0-beta.6-windows-x64.zip;
+        echo "6ae442129dbb3334bc21ef851261da6c0c1b560da790ca2e1350871d00ab816d  sass_embedded-1.0.0-beta.6-windows-x64.zip" | sha256sum -c;
+        unzip sass_embedded-1.0.0-beta.6-windows-x64.zip;
+        echo  "$env:GITHUB_WORKSPACE/sass_embedded/" | Out-File -FilePath $Env:GITHUB_PATH -Encoding utf-8 -Append
+    - name: Check
+      run: |
+        mage -v check;
+      env:
+        HUGO_BUILD_TAGS: extended
+    - name: Build Docs
+      env:
+        HUGO_BUILD_TAGS: extended
+        HUGO_TIMEOUT: 31000
+        HUGO_IGNOREERRORS: error-remote-getjson
+        HUGO_SERVICES_INSTAGRAM_ACCESSTOKEN: dummytoken
+      run: |
+        mage -v hugo
+        ./hugo -s docs/
+        ./hugo --renderToMemory -s docs/
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 /hugo
 docs/public*
 /.idea
+.vscode/*
 hugo.exe
 *.test
 *.prof
@@ -20,7 +21,9 @@ dock.sh
 GoBuilds
 dist

+hugolib/hugo_stats.json
 resources/sunset.jpg

 vendor

+.hugo_build.lock
@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-language: go
-
-dist: bionic
-
-env:
-  global:
-    - CACHE_NAME=${TRAVIS_ARCH}
-    - GO111MODULE=on
-    - GOPROXY=https://proxy.golang.org
-    - HUGO_BUILD_TAGS=extended
-
-git:
-  depth: false
-
-go:
-  - "1.12.13"
-  - "1.13.4"
-  - master
-
-arch:
-  - amd64
-  - arm64
-
-os:
-  - linux
-  - osx
-  - windows
-
-jobs:
-  allow_failures:
-    - go: master
-    - arch: arm64
-  fast_finish: true
-  exclude:
-    - os: windows
-      go: master
-    - arch: arm64
-      os: osx
-    - arch: arm64
-      os: windows
-
-cache:
-  directories:
-    - $HOME/gopath/pkg/mod
-    - $HOME/.cache/go-build
-    - $HOME/Library/Caches/go-build
-    - $HOME/AppData/Local/go-build
-
-before_install:
-  - df -h
-    # https://travis-ci.community/t/go-cant-find-gcc-with-go1-11-1-on-windows/293/5
-  - if [ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" = "windows" ]; then
-        choco install mingw -y;
-        export PATH=/c/tools/mingw64/bin:"$PATH";
-    fi
-  - gem install asciidoctor
-  - type asciidoctor
-
-install:
-  - mkdir -p $HOME/src
-  - mv $TRAVIS_BUILD_DIR $HOME/src
-  - export TRAVIS_BUILD_DIR=$HOME/src/hugo
-  - cd $HOME/src/hugo
-  - go get github.com/magefile/mage
-
-script:
-  - go mod download || true
-  - mage -v test
-  - if [ "$TRAVIS_ARCH" = "amd64" ]; then
-        mage -v check;
-    else
-        HUGO_TIMEOUT=30000 mage -v check;
-    fi
-  - mage -v hugo
-  - ./hugo -s docs/
-  - ./hugo --renderToMemory -s docs/
-  - df -h
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 # Contributing to Hugo

+**Note  March 16th 2022:** We are currently very constrained on human resources to do code reviews, so we currently require any new Pull Requests to be limited to bug fixes closing an existing issue. Also, we have updated to Go 1.18, but we will currently not accept any generic rewrites, "interface{} to any" replacements and similar.
+
 We welcome contributions to Hugo of any kind including documentation, themes,
 organization, tutorials, blog posts, bug reports, issues, feature requests,
 feature implementations, pull requests, answering questions on the forum,
@@ -48,15 +50,17 @@ Hugo has become a fully featured static site generator, so any new functionality
 * strive not to break existing sites.
 * close or update an open [Hugo issue](https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/issues)

-If it is of some complexity, the contributor is expected to maintain and support the new future (answer questions on the forum, fix any bugs etc.).
+If it is of some complexity, the contributor is expected to maintain and support the new feature in the future (answer questions on the forum, fix any bugs etc.).

-It is recommended to open up a discussion on the [Hugo Forum](https://discourse.gohugo.io/) to get feedback on your idea before you begin. If you are submitting a complex feature, create a small design proposal on the [Hugo issue tracker](https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/issues) before you start.
+It is recommended to open up a discussion on the [Hugo Forum](https://discourse.gohugo.io/) to get feedback on your idea before you begin. 

+Any non-trivial code change needs to update an open [issue](https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/issues). A non-trivial code change without an issue reference with one of the labels `bug` or `enhancement` will not be merged.
+
+Note that we do not accept new features that require [CGO](https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/cgo).
+We have one exception to this rule which is LibSASS.

 **Bug fixes are, of course, always welcome.**

-
-
 ## Submitting Patches

 The Hugo project welcomes all contributors and contributions regardless of skill or experience level. If you are interested in helping with the project, we will help you with your contribution.
@@ -79,19 +83,22 @@ To make the contribution process as seamless as possible, we ask for the followi

 ### Git Commit Message Guidelines

-This [blog article](http://chris.beams.io/posts/git-commit/) is a good resource for learning how to write good commit messages,
+This [blog article](https://cbea.ms/git-commit/) is a good resource for learning how to write good commit messages,
 the most important part being that each commit message should have a title/subject in imperative mood starting with a capital letter and no trailing period:
-*"Return error on wrong use of the Paginator"*, **NOT** *"returning some error."*
+*"js: Return error when option x is not set"*, **NOT** *"returning some error."*
+
+Most title/subjects should have a lower-cased prefix with a colon and one whitespace. The prefix can be:
+
+* The name of the package where (most of) the changes are made (e.g. `media: Add text/calendar`)
+* If the package name is deeply nested/long, try to shorten it from the left side, e.g. `markup/goldmark` is OK, `resources/resource_transformers/js` can be shortened to `js`.
+* If this commit touches several packages with a common functional topic, use that as a prefix, e.g. `errors: Resolve correct line numbers`)
+* If this commit touches many packages without a common functional topic, prefix with `all:` (e.g. `all: Reformat Go code`)
+* If this is a documentation update, prefix with `docs:`.
+* If nothing of the above applies, just leave the prefix out.

 Also, if your commit references one or more GitHub issues, always end your commit message body with *See #1234* or *Fixes #1234*.
 Replace *1234* with the GitHub issue ID. The last example will close the issue when the commit is merged into *master*.

-Sometimes it makes sense to prefix the commit message with the package name (or docs folder) all lowercased ending with a colon.
-That is fine, but the rest of the rules above apply.
-So it is "tpl: Add emojify template func", not "tpl: add emojify template func.", and "docs: Document emoji", not "doc: document emoji."
-
-Please use a short and descriptive branch name, e.g. **NOT** "patch-1". It's very common but creates a naming conflict each time when a submission is pulled for a review.
-
 An example:

 ```text
@@ -122,7 +129,7 @@ go install
 For some convenient build and test targets, you also will want to install Mage:

 ```bash
-go get github.com/magefile/mage
+go install github.com/magefile/mage
 ```

 Now, to make a change to Hugo's source:
@@ -144,7 +151,7 @@ Now, to make a change to Hugo's source:
 1. Add your fork as a new remote (the remote name, "fork" in this example, is arbitrary):

    ```bash
-    git remote add fork git://github.com/USERNAME/hugo.git
+    git remote add fork git@github.com:USERNAME/hugo.git
    ```

 1. Push the changes to your new remote:
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 # Twitter:      https://twitter.com/gohugoio
 # Website:      https://gohugo.io/

-FROM golang:1.13-alpine AS build
+FROM golang:1.18-alpine AS build

-# Optionally set HUGO_BUILD_TAGS to "extended" when building like so:
+# Optionally set HUGO_BUILD_TAGS to "extended" or "nodeploy" when building like so:
 #   docker build --build-arg HUGO_BUILD_TAGS=extended .
 ARG HUGO_BUILD_TAGS

@@ -19,21 +19,21 @@ COPY . /go/src/github.com/gohugoio/hugo/

 # gcc/g++ are required to build SASS libraries for extended version
 RUN apk update && \
-    apk add --no-cache gcc g++ musl-dev && \
-    go get github.com/magefile/mage
+    apk add --no-cache gcc g++ musl-dev git && \
+    go install github.com/magefile/mage

 RUN mage hugo && mage install

 # ---

-FROM alpine:3.11
+FROM alpine:3.12

 COPY --from=build /go/bin/hugo /usr/bin/hugo

 # libc6-compat & libstdc++ are required for extended SASS libraries
 # ca-certificates are required to fetch outside resources (like Twitter oEmbeds)
 RUN apk update && \
-    apk add --no-cache ca-certificates libc6-compat libstdc++
+    apk add --no-cache ca-certificates libc6-compat libstdc++ git

 VOLUME /site
 WORKDIR /site
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gohugoio/gohugoioTheme/master/static/images/hugo-logo-wide.svg?sanitize=true" alt="Hugo" width="565">
+<a href="https://gohugo.io/"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gohugoio/gohugoioTheme/master/static/images/hugo-logo-wide.svg?sanitize=true" alt="Hugo" width="565"></a>

-A Fast and Flexible Static Site Generator built with love by [bep](https://github.com/bep), [spf13](http://spf13.com/) and [friends](https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/graphs/contributors) in [Go][].
+A Fast and Flexible Static Site Generator built with love by [bep](https://github.com/bep), [spf13](https://spf13.com/) and [friends](https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/graphs/contributors) in [Go][].

 [Website](https://gohugo.io) |
 [Forum](https://discourse.gohugo.io) |
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ A Fast and Flexible Static Site Generator built with love by [bep](https://githu
 [Twitter](https://twitter.com/gohugoio)

 [![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/gohugoio/hugo?status.svg)](https://godoc.org/github.com/gohugoio/hugo)
-[![Linux and macOS Build Status](https://api.travis-ci.org/gohugoio/hugo.svg?branch=master&label=Windows+and+Linux+and+macOS+build "Windows, Linux and macOS Build Status")](https://travis-ci.org/gohugoio/hugo)
+[![Tests on Linux, MacOS and Windows](https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/workflows/Test/badge.svg)](https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/actions?query=workflow%3ATest)
 [![Go Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/gohugoio/hugo)](https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/gohugoio/hugo)

 ## Overview
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Hugo is designed to work well for any kind of website including blogs, tumbles,

 #### Supported Architectures

-Currently, we provide pre-built Hugo binaries for Windows, Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, DragonFly BSD, Open BSD, macOS (Darwin), and [Android](https://gist.github.com/bep/a0d8a26cf6b4f8bc992729b8e50b480b) for x64, i386 and ARM architectures.
+Currently, we provide pre-built Hugo binaries for Windows, Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, DragonFly BSD, OpenBSD, macOS (Darwin), and [Android](https://gist.github.com/bep/a0d8a26cf6b4f8bc992729b8e50b480b) for x64, i386 and ARM architectures.

 Hugo may also be compiled from source wherever the Go compiler tool chain can run, e.g. for other operating systems including Plan 9 and Solaris.

@@ -54,11 +54,11 @@ Use the [installation instructions in the Hugo documentation](https://gohugo.io/
 #### Prerequisite Tools

 * [Git](https://git-scm.com/)
-* [Go (at least Go 1.11)](https://golang.org/dl/)
+* [Go (we test it with the last 2 major versions; but note that Hugo 0.95.0 only builds with >= Go 1.18.)](https://golang.org/dl/)

 #### Fetch from GitHub

-Since Hugo 0.48, Hugo uses the Go Modules support built into Go 1.11 to build. The easiest is to clone Hugo in a directory outside of `GOPATH`, as in the following example:
+To fetch and build the source from GitHub:

 ```bash
 mkdir $HOME/src
@@ -69,7 +69,13 @@ go install
 ```

 **If you are a Windows user, substitute the `$HOME` environment variable above with `%USERPROFILE%`.**
-	
+
+If you want to compile with Sass/SCSS support use `--tags extended` and make sure `CGO_ENABLED=1` is set in your go environment. If you don't want to have CGO enabled, you may use the following command to temporarily enable CGO only for hugo compilation:
+
+```bash
+CGO_ENABLED=1 go install --tags extended
+```
+
 ## The Hugo Documentation

 The Hugo documentation now lives in its own repository, see https://github.com/gohugoio/hugoDocs. But we do keep a version of that documentation as a `git subtree` in this repository. To build the sub folder `/docs` as a Hugo site, you need to clone this repo:
@@ -79,6 +85,8 @@ git clone git@github.com:gohugoio/hugo.git
 ```
 ## Contributing to Hugo

+**Note  March 16th 2022:** We are currently very constrained on human resources to do code reviews, so we currently require any new Pull Requests to be limited to bug fixes closing an existing issue. Also, we have updated to Go 1.18, but we will currently not accept any generic rewrites, "interface{} to any" replacements and similar.
+
 For a complete guide to contributing to Hugo, see the [Contribution Guide](CONTRIBUTING.md).

 We welcome contributions to Hugo of any kind including documentation, themes,
@@ -113,75 +121,128 @@ If you are unfamiliar with the contribution process, the Hugo team will help you

 For a complete guide to contributing code to Hugo, see the [Contribution Guide](CONTRIBUTING.md).

-[![Analytics](https://ga-beacon.appspot.com/UA-7131036-6/hugo/readme)](https://github.com/igrigorik/ga-beacon)
-
 [Go]: https://golang.org/
 [Hugo Documentation]: https://gohugo.io/overview/introduction/

 ## Dependencies

-Hugo stands on the shoulder of many great open source libraries, in lexical order:
+Hugo stands on the shoulder of many great open source libraries.

- | Dependency  | License |
- | :------------- | :------------- |
- | [github.com/BurntSushi/locker](https://github.com/BurntSushi/locker) | The Unlicense |
- | [github.com/BurntSushi/toml](https://github.com/BurntSushi/toml) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/PuerkitoBio/purell](https://github.com/PuerkitoBio/purell) | BSD 3-Clause "New" or "Revised" License |
- | [github.com/PuerkitoBio/urlesc](https://github.com/PuerkitoBio/urlesc) | BSD 3-Clause "New" or "Revised" License |
- | [github.com/alecthomas/chroma](https://github.com/alecthomas/chroma) |  MIT License |
- | [github.com/bep/debounce](https://github.com/bep/debounce) |    MIT License |
- | [github.com/bep/gitmap](https://github.com/bep/gitmap) |  MIT License |
- | [github.com/bep/go-tocss](https://github.com/bep/go-tocss) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/niklasfasching/go-org](https://github.com/niklasfasching/go-org) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man](https://github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/danwakefield/fnmatch](https://github.com/danwakefield/fnmatch) | BSD 2-Clause "Simplified" License |
- | [github.com/disintegration/imaging](https://github.com/disintegration/imaging) |  MIT License |
- | [github.com/dlclark/regexp2](https://github.com/dlclark/regexp2) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/eknkc/amber](https://github.com/eknkc/amber) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify](https://github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify) |  BSD 3-Clause "New" or "Revised" License |
- | [github.com/gobwas/glob](https://github.com/gobwas/glob) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/gorilla/websocket](https://github.com/gorilla/websocket) |  BSD 2-Clause "Simplified" License |
- | [github.com/hashicorp/go-immutable-radix](https://github.com/hashicorp/go-immutable-radix) | Mozilla Public License 2.0 |
- | [github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru](https://github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru) | Mozilla Public License 2.0 |
- | [github.com/hashicorp/hcl](https://github.com/hashicorp/hcl) |   Mozilla Public License 2.0 |
- | [github.com/jdkato/prose](https://github.com/jdkato/prose) |    MIT License |
- | [github.com/kyokomi/emoji](https://github.com/kyokomi/emoji) |   MIT License |
- | [github.com/magiconair/properties](https://github.com/magiconair/properties) | BSD 2-Clause "Simplified" License |
- | [github.com/markbates/inflect](https://github.com/markbates/inflect) |  MIT License |
- | [github.com/mattn/go-isatty](https://github.com/mattn/go-isatty) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/mattn/go-runewidth](https://github.com/mattn/go-runewidth) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/miekg/mmark](https://github.com/miekg/mmark) | Simplified BSD License |
- | [github.com/mitchellh/hashstructure](https://github.com/mitchellh/hashstructure) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure](https://github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/muesli/smartcrop](https://github.com/muesli/smartcrop) |   MIT License |
- | [github.com/nicksnyder/go-i18n](https://github.com/nicksnyder/go-i18n) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter](https://github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/pelletier/go-toml](https://github.com/pelletier/go-toml) |  MIT License |
- | [github.com/pkg/errors](https://github.com/pkg/errors) |  BSD 2-Clause "Simplified" License |
- | [github.com/russross/blackfriday](https://github.com/russross/blackfriday)  | Simplified BSD License |
- | [github.com/shurcooL/sanitized_anchor_name](https://github.com/shurcooL/sanitized_anchor_name) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/spf13/afero](https://github.com/spf13/afero) | Apache License 2.0 |
- | [github.com/spf13/cast](https://github.com/spf13/cast) |  MIT License |
- | [github.com/spf13/cobra](https://github.com/spf13/cobra) | Apache License 2.0 |
- | [github.com/spf13/fsync](https://github.com/spf13/fsync) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman](https://github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/spf13/nitro](https://github.com/spf13/nitro) | Apache License 2.0 |
- | [github.com/spf13/pflag](https://github.com/spf13/pflag) | BSD 3-Clause "New" or "Revised" License |
- | [github.com/spf13/viper](https://github.com/spf13/viper) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/tdewolff/minify](https://github.com/tdewolff/minify) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/tdewolff/parse](https://github.com/tdewolff/parse) | MIT License |
- | [github.com/wellington/go-libsass](https://github.com/wellington/go-libsass) | Apache License 2.0 |
- | [github.com/yosssi/ace](https://github.com/yosssi/ace) |  MIT License |
- | [golang.org/x/image](https://golang.org/x/image) | BSD 3-Clause "New" or "Revised" License |
- | [golang.org/x/net](https://golang.org/x/net) | BSD 3-Clause "New" or "Revised" License |
- | [golang.org/x/sync](https://golang.org/x/sync) | BSD 3-Clause "New" or "Revised" License |
- | [golang.org/x/sys](https://golang.org/x/sys) | BSD 3-Clause "New" or "Revised" License |
- | [golang.org/x/text](https://golang.org/x/text) | BSD 3-Clause "New" or "Revised" License
- | [gopkg.in/yaml.v2](https://gopkg.in/yaml.v2) |    Apache License 2.0 |
+If you run `hugo env -v` you will get a complete and up to date list.
+
+In Hugo 0.100.1 that list is, in lexical order:
+
+```
+cloud.google.com/go/compute="v1.6.1"
+cloud.google.com/go/iam="v0.3.0"
+cloud.google.com/go/storage="v1.22.0"
+cloud.google.com/go="v0.101.0"
+github.com/Azure/azure-pipeline-go="v0.2.3"
+github.com/Azure/azure-storage-blob-go="v0.14.0"
+github.com/Azure/go-autorest/autorest/adal="v0.9.15"
+github.com/Azure/go-autorest/autorest/date="v0.3.0"
+github.com/Azure/go-autorest/autorest="v0.11.20"
+github.com/Azure/go-autorest/logger="v0.2.1"
+github.com/Azure/go-autorest/tracing="v0.6.0"
+github.com/BurntSushi/locker="v0.0.0-20171006230638-a6e239ea1c69"
+github.com/PuerkitoBio/purell="v1.1.1"
+github.com/PuerkitoBio/urlesc="v0.0.0-20170810143723-de5bf2ad4578"
+github.com/alecthomas/chroma="v0.10.0"
+github.com/armon/go-radix="v1.0.0"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config="v1.7.0"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials="v1.4.0"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds="v1.5.0"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/ini="v1.2.2"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url="v1.3.0"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso="v1.4.0"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts="v1.7.0"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2="v1.9.0"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go="v1.43.5"
+github.com/aws/smithy-go="v1.8.0"
+github.com/bep/clock="v0.3.0"
+github.com/bep/debounce="v1.2.0"
+github.com/bep/gitmap="v1.1.2"
+github.com/bep/goat="v0.5.0"
+github.com/bep/godartsass="v0.14.0"
+github.com/bep/golibsass="v1.1.0"
+github.com/bep/gowebp="v0.1.0"
+github.com/bep/overlayfs="v0.6.0"
+github.com/bep/tmc="v0.5.1"
+github.com/clbanning/mxj/v2="v2.5.5"
+github.com/cli/safeexec="v1.0.0"
+github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2="v2.0.1"
+github.com/disintegration/gift="v1.2.1"
+github.com/dlclark/regexp2="v1.4.0"
+github.com/dustin/go-humanize="v1.0.0"
+github.com/evanw/esbuild="v0.14.42"
+github.com/frankban/quicktest="v1.14.3"
+github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify="v1.5.4"
+github.com/getkin/kin-openapi="v0.94.0"
+github.com/ghodss/yaml="v1.0.0"
+github.com/go-openapi/jsonpointer="v0.19.5"
+github.com/go-openapi/swag="v0.19.5"
+github.com/gobuffalo/flect="v0.2.5"
+github.com/gobwas/glob="v0.2.3"
+github.com/gohugoio/go-i18n/v2="v2.1.3-0.20210430103248-4c28c89f8013"
+github.com/gohugoio/locales="v0.14.0"
+github.com/gohugoio/localescompressed="v1.0.1"
+github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4="v4.0.0"
+github.com/golang/groupcache="v0.0.0-20210331224755-41bb18bfe9da"
+github.com/golang/protobuf="v1.5.2"
+github.com/google/go-cmp="v0.5.8"
+github.com/google/uuid="v1.3.0"
+github.com/google/wire="v0.5.0"
+github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2="v2.3.0"
+github.com/googleapis/go-type-adapters="v1.0.0"
+github.com/gorilla/websocket="v1.5.0"
+github.com/hairyhenderson/go-codeowners="v0.2.3-0.20201026200250-cdc7c0759690"
+github.com/inconshreveable/mousetrap="v1.0.0"
+github.com/jdkato/prose="v1.2.1"
+github.com/jmespath/go-jmespath="v0.4.0"
+github.com/kr/pretty="v0.3.0"
+github.com/kr/text="v0.2.0"
+github.com/kyokomi/emoji/v2="v2.2.9"
+github.com/mailru/easyjson="v0.0.0-20190626092158-b2ccc519800e"
+github.com/mattn/go-ieproxy="v0.0.1"
+github.com/mattn/go-isatty="v0.0.14"
+github.com/mattn/go-runewidth="v0.0.9"
+github.com/mitchellh/hashstructure="v1.1.0"
+github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure="v1.5.0"
+github.com/muesli/smartcrop="v0.3.0"
+github.com/niklasfasching/go-org="v1.6.2"
+github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter="v0.0.5"
+github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2="v2.0.0-beta.7.0.20220408132554-2377ac4bc04c"
+github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal="v1.8.1"
+github.com/russross/blackfriday/v2="v2.1.0"
+github.com/rwcarlsen/goexif="v0.0.0-20190401172101-9e8deecbddbd"
+github.com/sanity-io/litter="v1.5.5"
+github.com/sass/libsass="3.6.5"
+github.com/spf13/afero="v1.8.2"
+github.com/spf13/cast="v1.5.0"
+github.com/spf13/cobra="v1.4.0"
+github.com/spf13/fsync="v0.9.0"
+github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman="v1.1.0"
+github.com/spf13/pflag="v1.0.5"
+github.com/tdewolff/minify/v2="v2.11.5"
+github.com/tdewolff/parse/v2="v2.5.31"
+github.com/webmproject/libwebp="v1.2.0"
+github.com/yuin/goldmark="v1.4.12"
+go.opencensus.io="v0.23.0"
+go.uber.org/atomic="v1.9.0"
+gocloud.dev="v0.24.0"
+golang.org/x/crypto="v0.0.0-20211108221036-ceb1ce70b4fa"
+golang.org/x/image="v0.0.0-20211028202545-6944b10bf410"
+golang.org/x/net="v0.0.0-20220425223048-2871e0cb64e4"
+golang.org/x/oauth2="v0.0.0-20220411215720-9780585627b5"
+golang.org/x/sync="v0.0.0-20210220032951-036812b2e83c"
+golang.org/x/sys="v0.0.0-20220422013727-9388b58f7150"
+golang.org/x/text="v0.3.7"
+golang.org/x/tools="v0.1.10"
+golang.org/x/xerrors="v0.0.0-20220411194840-2f41105eb62f"
+google.golang.org/api="v0.76.0"
+google.golang.org/genproto="v0.0.0-20220426171045-31bebdecfb46"
+google.golang.org/grpc="v1.46.0"
+google.golang.org/protobuf="v1.28.0"
+gopkg.in/yaml.v2="v2.4.0"
+```

-  
- 
-  
- 
- 
- 
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+## Security Policy
+
+### Reporting a Vulnerability
+
+Please report (suspected) security vulnerabilities to **[bjorn.erik.pedersen@gmail.com](mailto:bjorn.erik.pedersen@gmail.com)**. You will receive a response from us within 48 hours. If we can confirm the issue, we will release a patch as soon as possible depending on the complexity of the issue but historically within days.
+
+Also see [Hugo's Security Model](https://gohugo.io/about/security-model/).
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 # allow user to override go executable by running as GOEXE=xxx make ...
 GOEXE="${GOEXE-go}"

-# Send in a regexp mathing the benchmarks you want to run, i.e. './benchSite.sh "YAML"'. 
+# Send in a regexp matching the benchmarks you want to run, i.e. './benchSite.sh "YAML"'.
 # Note the quotes, which will be needed for more complex expressions.
 # The above will run all variations, but only for front matter YAML.

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ import (
 )

 var bufferPool = &sync.Pool{
-	New: func() interface{} {
+	New: func() any {
 		return &bytes.Buffer{}
 	},
 }
@@ -158,7 +158,6 @@ func (c *Cache) ReadOrCreate(id string,
 	err = create(info, f)

 	return
-
 }

 // GetOrCreate tries to get the file with the given id from cache. If not found or expired, create will
@@ -176,7 +175,12 @@ func (c *Cache) GetOrCreate(id string, create func() (io.ReadCloser, error)) (It
 		return info, r, nil
 	}

-	r, err := create()
+	var (
+		r   io.ReadCloser
+		err error
+	)
+
+	r, err = create()
 	if err != nil {
 		return info, nil, err
 	}
@@ -207,7 +211,12 @@ func (c *Cache) GetOrCreateBytes(id string, create func() ([]byte, error)) (Item
 		return info, b, err
 	}

-	b, err := create()
+	var (
+		b   []byte
+		err error
+	)
+
+	b, err = create()
 	if err != nil {
 		return info, nil, err
 	}
@@ -220,10 +229,9 @@ func (c *Cache) GetOrCreateBytes(id string, create func() ([]byte, error)) (Item
 		return info, nil, err
 	}
 	return info, b, nil
-
 }

-// GetBytes gets the file content with the given id from the cahce, nil if none found.
+// GetBytes gets the file content with the given id from the cache, nil if none found.
 func (c *Cache) GetBytes(id string) (ItemInfo, []byte, error) {
 	id = cleanID(id)

@@ -276,7 +284,6 @@ func (c *Cache) getOrRemove(id string) hugio.ReadSeekCloser {
 	}

 	f, err := c.Fs.Open(id)
-
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -288,6 +295,9 @@ func (c *Cache) isExpired(modTime time.Time) bool {
 	if c.maxAge < 0 {
 		return false
 	}
+
+	// Note the use of time.Since here.
+	// We cannot use Hugo's global Clock for this.
 	return c.maxAge == 0 || time.Since(modTime) > c.maxAge
 }

@@ -299,7 +309,6 @@ func (c *Cache) getString(id string) string {
 	defer c.nlocker.Unlock(id)

 	f, err := c.Fs.Open(id)
-
 	if err != nil {
 		return ""
 	}
@@ -307,7 +316,6 @@ func (c *Cache) getString(id string) string {

 	b, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(f)
 	return string(b)
-
 }

 // Caches is a named set of caches.
@@ -14,17 +14,21 @@
 package filecache

 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"path"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"time"

+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
+
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"

+	"errors"
+
 	"github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure"
-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/spf13/afero"
 )

@@ -32,19 +36,21 @@ const (
 	cachesConfigKey = "caches"

 	resourcesGenDir = ":resourceDir/_gen"
+	cacheDirProject = ":cacheDir/:project"
 )

 var defaultCacheConfig = Config{
 	MaxAge: -1, // Never expire
-	Dir:    ":cacheDir/:project",
+	Dir:    cacheDirProject,
 }

 const (
-	cacheKeyGetJSON = "getjson"
-	cacheKeyGetCSV  = "getcsv"
-	cacheKeyImages  = "images"
-	cacheKeyAssets  = "assets"
-	cacheKeyModules = "modules"
+	cacheKeyGetJSON     = "getjson"
+	cacheKeyGetCSV      = "getcsv"
+	cacheKeyImages      = "images"
+	cacheKeyAssets      = "assets"
+	cacheKeyModules     = "modules"
+	cacheKeyGetResource = "getresource"
 )

 type Configs map[string]Config
@@ -68,6 +74,10 @@ var defaultCacheConfigs = Configs{
 		MaxAge: -1,
 		Dir:    resourcesGenDir,
 	},
+	cacheKeyGetResource: Config{
+		MaxAge: -1, // Never expire
+		Dir:    cacheDirProject,
+	},
 }

 type Config struct {
@@ -109,6 +119,11 @@ func (f Caches) AssetsCache() *Cache {
 	return f[cacheKeyAssets]
 }

+// GetResourceCache gets the file cache for remote resources.
+func (f Caches) GetResourceCache() *Cache {
+	return f[cacheKeyGetResource]
+}
+
 func DecodeConfig(fs afero.Fs, cfg config.Provider) (Configs, error) {
 	c := make(Configs)
 	valid := make(map[string]bool)
@@ -123,6 +138,9 @@ func DecodeConfig(fs afero.Fs, cfg config.Provider) (Configs, error) {
 	_, isOsFs := fs.(*afero.OsFs)

 	for k, v := range m {
+		if _, ok := v.(maps.Params); !ok {
+			continue
+		}
 		cc := defaultCacheConfig

 		dc := &mapstructure.DecoderConfig{
@@ -137,7 +155,7 @@ func DecodeConfig(fs afero.Fs, cfg config.Provider) (Configs, error) {
 		}

 		if err := decoder.Decode(v); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode filecache config: %w", err)
 		}

 		if cc.Dir == "" {
@@ -146,7 +164,7 @@ func DecodeConfig(fs afero.Fs, cfg config.Provider) (Configs, error) {

 		name := strings.ToLower(k)
 		if !valid[name] {
-			return nil, errors.Errorf("%q is not a valid cache name", name)
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%q is not a valid cache name", name)
 		}

 		c[name] = cc
@@ -181,12 +199,12 @@ func DecodeConfig(fs afero.Fs, cfg config.Provider) (Configs, error) {

 		if !v.isResourceDir {
 			if isOsFs && !filepath.IsAbs(v.Dir) {
-				return c, errors.Errorf("%q must resolve to an absolute directory", v.Dir)
+				return c, fmt.Errorf("%q must resolve to an absolute directory", v.Dir)
 			}

 			// Avoid cache in root, e.g. / (Unix) or c:\ (Windows)
 			if len(strings.TrimPrefix(v.Dir, filepath.VolumeName(v.Dir))) == 1 {
-				return c, errors.Errorf("%q is a root folder and not allowed as cache dir", v.Dir)
+				return c, fmt.Errorf("%q is a root folder and not allowed as cache dir", v.Dir)
 			}
 		}

@@ -226,5 +244,5 @@ func resolveDirPlaceholder(fs afero.Fs, cfg config.Provider, placeholder string)
 		return filepath.Base(workingDir), false, nil
 	}

-	return "", false, errors.Errorf("%q is not a valid placeholder (valid values are :cacheDir or :resourceDir)", placeholder)
+	return "", false, fmt.Errorf("%q is not a valid placeholder (valid values are :cacheDir or :resourceDir)", placeholder)
 }
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"

 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
-	"github.com/spf13/viper"
 )

 func TestDecodeConfig(t *testing.T) {
@@ -51,7 +50,8 @@ maxAge = "11h"
 dir = "/path/to/c2"
 [caches.images]
 dir = "/path/to/c3"
-
+[caches.getResource]
+dir = "/path/to/c4"
 `

 	cfg, err := config.FromConfigString(configStr, "toml")
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ dir = "/path/to/c3"
 	decoded, err := DecodeConfig(fs, cfg)
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)

-	c.Assert(len(decoded), qt.Equals, 5)
+	c.Assert(len(decoded), qt.Equals, 6)

 	c2 := decoded["getcsv"]
 	c.Assert(c2.MaxAge.String(), qt.Equals, "11h0m0s")
@@ -70,6 +70,9 @@ dir = "/path/to/c3"
 	c.Assert(c3.MaxAge, qt.Equals, time.Duration(-1))
 	c.Assert(c3.Dir, qt.Equals, filepath.FromSlash("/path/to/c3/filecache/images"))

+	c4 := decoded["getresource"]
+	c.Assert(c4.MaxAge, qt.Equals, time.Duration(-1))
+	c.Assert(c4.Dir, qt.Equals, filepath.FromSlash("/path/to/c4/filecache/getresource"))
 }

 func TestDecodeConfigIgnoreCache(t *testing.T) {
@@ -96,7 +99,8 @@ maxAge = 3456
 dir = "/path/to/c2"
 [caches.images]
 dir = "/path/to/c3"
-
+[caches.getResource]
+dir = "/path/to/c4"
 `

 	cfg, err := config.FromConfigString(configStr, "toml")
@@ -105,12 +109,11 @@ dir = "/path/to/c3"
 	decoded, err := DecodeConfig(fs, cfg)
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)

-	c.Assert(len(decoded), qt.Equals, 5)
+	c.Assert(len(decoded), qt.Equals, 6)

 	for _, v := range decoded {
 		c.Assert(v.MaxAge, qt.Equals, time.Duration(0))
 	}
-
 }

 func TestDecodeConfigDefault(t *testing.T) {
@@ -132,7 +135,7 @@ func TestDecodeConfigDefault(t *testing.T) {

 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)

-	c.Assert(len(decoded), qt.Equals, 5)
+	c.Assert(len(decoded), qt.Equals, 6)

 	imgConfig := decoded[cacheKeyImages]
 	jsonConfig := decoded[cacheKeyGetJSON]
@@ -178,11 +181,10 @@ dir = "/"

 	_, err = DecodeConfig(fs, cfg)
 	c.Assert(err, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
-
 }

-func newTestConfig() *viper.Viper {
-	cfg := viper.New()
+func newTestConfig() config.Provider {
+	cfg := config.NewWithTestDefaults()
 	cfg.Set("workingDir", filepath.FromSlash("/my/cool/hugoproject"))
 	cfg.Set("contentDir", "content")
 	cfg.Set("dataDir", "data")
@@ -14,10 +14,12 @@
 package filecache

 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"os"

-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
+
 	"github.com/spf13/afero"
 )

@@ -37,7 +39,7 @@ func (c Caches) Prune() (int, error) {
 			if os.IsNotExist(err) {
 				continue
 			}
-			return counter, errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to prune cache %q", k)
+			return counter, fmt.Errorf("failed to prune cache %q: %w", k, err)
 		}

 	}
@@ -108,7 +110,6 @@ func (c *Cache) Prune(force bool) (int, error) {
 }

 func (c *Cache) pruneRootDir(force bool) (int, error) {
-
 	info, err := c.Fs.Stat(c.pruneAllRootDir)
 	if err != nil {
 		if os.IsNotExist(err) {
@@ -121,18 +122,5 @@ func (c *Cache) pruneRootDir(force bool) (int, error) {
 		return 0, nil
 	}

-	counter := 0
-	// Module cache has 0555 directories; make them writable in order to remove content.
-	afero.Walk(c.Fs, c.pruneAllRootDir, func(path string, info os.FileInfo, err error) error {
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil
-		}
-		if info.IsDir() {
-			counter++
-			c.Fs.Chmod(path, 0777)
-		}
-		return nil
-	})
-	return 1, c.Fs.RemoveAll(c.pruneAllRootDir)
-
+	return hugofs.MakeReadableAndRemoveAllModulePkgDir(c.Fs, c.pruneAllRootDir)
 }
@@ -107,5 +107,4 @@ dir = ":resourceDir/_gen"
 		}

 	}
-
 }
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"

+	"github.com/gobwas/glob"
+
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/langs"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/modules"

@@ -181,7 +183,6 @@ dir = ":cacheDir/c"
 		c.Assert(string(b), qt.Equals, "Hugo is great!")

 	}
-
 }

 func TestFileCacheConcurrent(t *testing.T) {
@@ -251,7 +252,6 @@ func TestFileCacheReadOrCreateErrorInRead(t *testing.T) {
 	var result string

 	rf := func(failLevel int) func(info ItemInfo, r io.ReadSeeker) error {
-
 		return func(info ItemInfo, r io.ReadSeeker) error {
 			if failLevel > 0 {
 				if failLevel > 1 {
@@ -314,12 +314,13 @@ func initConfig(fs afero.Fs, cfg config.Provider) error {
 	if !filepath.IsAbs(themesDir) {
 		themesDir = filepath.Join(workingDir, themesDir)
 	}
+	globAll := glob.MustCompile("**", '/')
 	modulesClient := modules.NewClient(modules.ClientConfig{
 		Fs:           fs,
 		WorkingDir:   workingDir,
 		ThemesDir:    themesDir,
 		ModuleConfig: modConfig,
-		IgnoreVendor: true,
+		IgnoreVendor: globAll,
 	})

 	moduleConfig, err := modulesClient.Collect()
@@ -341,8 +342,8 @@ func newPathsSpec(t *testing.T, fs afero.Fs, configStr string) *helpers.PathSpec
 	cfg, err := config.FromConfigString(configStr, "toml")
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 	initConfig(fs, cfg)
+	config.SetBaseTestDefaults(cfg)
 	p, err := helpers.NewPathSpec(hugofs.NewFrom(fs, cfg), cfg, nil)
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 	return p
-
 }
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ type Cache struct {
 }

 type cacheEntry struct {
-	value interface{}
+	value any
 	err   error
 }

@@ -49,14 +49,13 @@ func (c *Cache) Clear() {

 	c.cache = make(map[string]cacheEntry)
 	c.nlocker = locker.NewLocker()
-
 }

 // GetOrCreate tries to get the value with the given cache key, if not found
 // create will be called and cached.
 // This method is thread safe. It also guarantees that the create func for a given
-// key is invoced only once for this cache.
-func (c *Cache) GetOrCreate(key string, create func() (interface{}, error)) (interface{}, error) {
+// key is invoked only once for this cache.
+func (c *Cache) GetOrCreate(key string, create func() (any, error)) (any, error) {
 	c.mu.RLock()
 	entry, found := c.cache[key]
 	c.mu.RUnlock()
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ func TestNamedCache(t *testing.T) {
 	cache := New()

 	counter := 0
-	create := func() (interface{}, error) {
+	create := func() (any, error) {
 		counter++
 		return counter, nil
 	}
@@ -58,8 +58,8 @@ func TestNamedCacheConcurrent(t *testing.T) {

 	cache := New()

-	create := func(i int) func() (interface{}, error) {
-		return func() (interface{}, error) {
+	create := func(i int) func() (any, error) {
+		return func() (any, error) {
 			return i, nil
 		}
 	}
@@ -1,99 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2017-present The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package cache
-
-import (
-	"sync"
-)
-
-// Partition represents a cache partition where Load is the callback
-// for when the partition is needed.
-type Partition struct {
-	Key  string
-	Load func() (map[string]interface{}, error)
-}
-
-// Lazy represents a lazily loaded cache.
-type Lazy struct {
-	initSync sync.Once
-	initErr  error
-	cache    map[string]interface{}
-	load     func() (map[string]interface{}, error)
-}
-
-// NewLazy creates a lazy cache with the given load func.
-func NewLazy(load func() (map[string]interface{}, error)) *Lazy {
-	return &Lazy{load: load}
-}
-
-func (l *Lazy) init() error {
-	l.initSync.Do(func() {
-		c, err := l.load()
-		l.cache = c
-		l.initErr = err
-
-	})
-
-	return l.initErr
-}
-
-// Get initializes the cache if not already initialized, then looks up the
-// given key.
-func (l *Lazy) Get(key string) (interface{}, bool, error) {
-	l.init()
-	if l.initErr != nil {
-		return nil, false, l.initErr
-	}
-	v, found := l.cache[key]
-	return v, found, nil
-}
-
-// PartitionedLazyCache is a lazily loaded cache paritioned by a supplied string key.
-type PartitionedLazyCache struct {
-	partitions map[string]*Lazy
-}
-
-// NewPartitionedLazyCache creates a new NewPartitionedLazyCache with the supplied
-// partitions.
-func NewPartitionedLazyCache(partitions ...Partition) *PartitionedLazyCache {
-	lazyPartitions := make(map[string]*Lazy, len(partitions))
-	for _, partition := range partitions {
-		lazyPartitions[partition.Key] = NewLazy(partition.Load)
-	}
-	cache := &PartitionedLazyCache{partitions: lazyPartitions}
-
-	return cache
-}
-
-// Get initializes the partition if not already done so, then looks up the given
-// key in the given partition, returns nil if no value found.
-func (c *PartitionedLazyCache) Get(partition, key string) (interface{}, error) {
-	p, found := c.partitions[partition]
-
-	if !found {
-		return nil, nil
-	}
-
-	v, found, err := p.Get(key)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	if found {
-		return v, nil
-	}
-
-	return nil, nil
-
-}
@@ -1,138 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2017-present The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package cache
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-	"sync"
-	"testing"
-
-	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
-)
-
-func TestNewPartitionedLazyCache(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	p1 := Partition{
-		Key: "p1",
-		Load: func() (map[string]interface{}, error) {
-			return map[string]interface{}{
-				"p1_1":   "p1v1",
-				"p1_2":   "p1v2",
-				"p1_nil": nil,
-			}, nil
-		},
-	}
-
-	p2 := Partition{
-		Key: "p2",
-		Load: func() (map[string]interface{}, error) {
-			return map[string]interface{}{
-				"p2_1": "p2v1",
-				"p2_2": "p2v2",
-				"p2_3": "p2v3",
-			}, nil
-		},
-	}
-
-	cache := NewPartitionedLazyCache(p1, p2)
-
-	v, err := cache.Get("p1", "p1_1")
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, "p1v1")
-
-	v, err = cache.Get("p1", "p2_1")
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(v, qt.IsNil)
-
-	v, err = cache.Get("p1", "p1_nil")
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(v, qt.IsNil)
-
-	v, err = cache.Get("p2", "p2_3")
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, "p2v3")
-
-	v, err = cache.Get("doesnotexist", "p1_1")
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(v, qt.IsNil)
-
-	v, err = cache.Get("p1", "doesnotexist")
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(v, qt.IsNil)
-
-	errorP := Partition{
-		Key: "p3",
-		Load: func() (map[string]interface{}, error) {
-			return nil, errors.New("Failed")
-		},
-	}
-
-	cache = NewPartitionedLazyCache(errorP)
-
-	v, err = cache.Get("p1", "doesnotexist")
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(v, qt.IsNil)
-
-	_, err = cache.Get("p3", "doesnotexist")
-	c.Assert(err, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
-
-}
-
-func TestConcurrentPartitionedLazyCache(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	var wg sync.WaitGroup
-
-	p1 := Partition{
-		Key: "p1",
-		Load: func() (map[string]interface{}, error) {
-			return map[string]interface{}{
-				"p1_1":   "p1v1",
-				"p1_2":   "p1v2",
-				"p1_nil": nil,
-			}, nil
-		},
-	}
-
-	p2 := Partition{
-		Key: "p2",
-		Load: func() (map[string]interface{}, error) {
-			return map[string]interface{}{
-				"p2_1": "p2v1",
-				"p2_2": "p2v2",
-				"p2_3": "p2v3",
-			}, nil
-		},
-	}
-
-	cache := NewPartitionedLazyCache(p1, p2)
-
-	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
-		wg.Add(1)
-		go func() {
-			defer wg.Done()
-			for j := 0; j < 10; j++ {
-				v, err := cache.Get("p1", "p1_1")
-				c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-				c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, "p1v1")
-			}
-		}()
-	}
-	wg.Wait()
-}
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ func (c *Inspector) MethodsFromTypes(include []reflect.Type, exclude []reflect.T

 	var methods Methods

-	var excludes = make(map[string]bool)
+	excludes := make(map[string]bool)

 	if len(exclude) > 0 {
 		for _, m := range c.MethodsFromTypes(exclude, nil) {
@@ -99,11 +99,9 @@ func (c *Inspector) MethodsFromTypes(include []reflect.Type, exclude []reflect.T
 		name = pkgPrefix + name

 		return name, pkg
-
 	}

 	for _, t := range include {
-
 		for i := 0; i < t.NumMethod(); i++ {

 			m := t.Method(i)
@@ -153,7 +151,6 @@ func (c *Inspector) MethodsFromTypes(include []reflect.Type, exclude []reflect.T

 			methods = append(methods, method)
 		}
-
 	}

 	sort.SliceStable(methods, func(i, j int) bool {
@@ -167,16 +164,13 @@ func (c *Inspector) MethodsFromTypes(include []reflect.Type, exclude []reflect.T
 		}

 		return wi < wj
-
 	})

 	return methods
-
 }

 func (c *Inspector) parseSource() {
 	c.init.Do(func() {
-
 		if !strings.Contains(c.ProjectRootDir, "hugo") {
 			panic("dir must be set to the Hugo root")
 		}
@@ -200,7 +194,6 @@ func (c *Inspector) parseSource() {
 			filenames = append(filenames, path)

 			return nil
-
 		})

 		for _, filename := range filenames {
@@ -230,7 +223,6 @@ func (c *Inspector) parseSource() {
 							c.methodWeight[iface] = weights
 						}
 					}
-
 				}
 				return true
 			})
@@ -247,7 +239,6 @@ func (c *Inspector) parseSource() {
 				}
 			}
 		}
-
 	})
 }

@@ -374,7 +365,7 @@ func (m Methods) Imports() []string {
 }

 // ToMarshalJSON creates a MarshalJSON method for these methods. Any method name
-// matchin any of the regexps in excludes will be ignored.
+// matching any of the regexps in excludes will be ignored.
 func (m Methods) ToMarshalJSON(receiver, pkgPath string, excludes ...string) (string, []string) {
 	var sb strings.Builder

@@ -385,7 +376,7 @@ func (m Methods) ToMarshalJSON(receiver, pkgPath string, excludes ...string) (st
 	fmt.Fprintf(&sb, "func Marshal%sToJSON(%s %s) ([]byte, error) {\n", what, r, receiver)

 	var methods Methods
-	var excludeRes = make([]*regexp.Regexp, len(excludes))
+	excludeRes := make([]*regexp.Regexp, len(excludes))

 	for i, exclude := range excludes {
 		excludeRes[i] = regexp.MustCompile(exclude)
@@ -450,7 +441,6 @@ func (m Methods) ToMarshalJSON(receiver, pkgPath string, excludes ...string) (st
 	}

 	return sb.String(), pkgImports
-
 }

 func collectMethodsRecursive(pkg string, f []*ast.Field) []string {
@@ -481,7 +471,6 @@ func collectMethodsRecursive(pkg string, f []*ast.Field) []string {
 	}

 	return methodNames
-
 }

 func firstToLower(name string) string {
@@ -516,7 +505,7 @@ func typeName(name, pkg string) string {

 func uniqueNonEmptyStrings(s []string) []string {
 	var unique []string
-	set := map[string]interface{}{}
+	set := map[string]any{}
 	for _, val := range s {
 		if val == "" {
 			continue
@@ -544,5 +533,4 @@ func varName(name string) string {
 	}

 	return name
-
 }
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestMethods(t *testing.T) {
-
 	var (
 		zeroIE     = reflect.TypeOf((*IEmbed)(nil)).Elem()
 		zeroIEOnly = reflect.TypeOf((*IEOnly)(nil)).Elem()
@@ -58,7 +57,6 @@ func TestMethods(t *testing.T) {
 		methodsStr := fmt.Sprint(methods)

 		c.Assert(methodsStr, qt.Contains, "MethodEmbed3(arg0 string) string")
-
 	})

 	t.Run("ToMarshalJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -76,9 +74,7 @@ func TestMethods(t *testing.T) {
 		c.Assert(pkg, qt.Contains, "encoding/json")

 		fmt.Println(pkg)
-
 	})
-
 }

 type I interface {
@@ -89,7 +85,7 @@ type I interface {
 	Method3(myint int, mystring string)
 	Method5() (string, error)
 	Method6() *net.IP
-	Method7() interface{}
+	Method7() any
 	Method8() herrors.ErrorContext
 	method2()
 	method9() os.FileInfo
@@ -14,26 +14,28 @@
 package commands

 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"errors"
-	"sync"
-
-	"golang.org/x/sync/semaphore"
-
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/modules"
-
+	"fmt"
 	"io/ioutil"
-
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/herrors"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugo"
-
-	jww "github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman"
-
+	"net"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"regexp"
+	"sync"
 	"time"

+	hconfig "github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
+
+	"golang.org/x/sync/semaphore"
+
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/herrors"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/htime"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugo"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/paths"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cast"
+	jww "github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman"
+
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"

@@ -42,7 +44,9 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib"
 	"github.com/spf13/afero"

+	"github.com/bep/clock"
 	"github.com/bep/debounce"
+	"github.com/bep/overlayfs"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/types"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/deps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
@@ -60,21 +64,31 @@ type commandeerHugoState struct {
 type commandeer struct {
 	*commandeerHugoState

-	logger *loggers.Logger
+	logger       loggers.Logger
+	serverConfig *config.Server
+
+	buildLock func() (unlock func(), err error)
+
+	// Loading state
+	mustHaveConfigFile bool
+	failOnInitErr      bool
+	running            bool

 	// Currently only set when in "fast render mode". But it seems to
 	// be fast enough that we could maybe just add it for all server modes.
 	changeDetector *fileChangeDetector

-	// We need to reuse this on server rebuilds.
-	destinationFs afero.Fs
+	// We need to reuse these on server rebuilds.
+	// These 2 will be different if --renderStaticToDisk is set.
+	publishDirFs       afero.Fs
+	publishDirServerFs afero.Fs

 	h    *hugoBuilderCommon
 	ftch flagsToConfigHandler

 	visitedURLs *types.EvictingStringQueue

-	doWithCommandeer func(c *commandeer) error
+	cfgInit func(c *commandeer) error

 	// We watch these for changes.
 	configFiles []string
@@ -82,13 +96,14 @@ type commandeer struct {
 	// Used in cases where we get flooded with events in server mode.
 	debounce func(f func())

-	serverPorts         []int
-	languagesConfigured bool
-	languages           langs.Languages
-	doLiveReload        bool
-	fastRenderMode      bool
-	showErrorInBrowser  bool
-	wasError            bool
+	serverPorts []serverPortListener
+
+	languages          langs.Languages
+	doLiveReload       bool
+	renderStaticToDisk bool
+	fastRenderMode     bool
+	showErrorInBrowser bool
+	wasError           bool

 	configured bool
 	paused     bool
@@ -99,6 +114,11 @@ type commandeer struct {
 	buildErr error
 }

+type serverPortListener struct {
+	p  int
+	ln net.Listener
+}
+
 func newCommandeerHugoState() *commandeerHugoState {
 	return &commandeerHugoState{
 		created: make(chan struct{}),
@@ -110,37 +130,38 @@ func (c *commandeerHugoState) hugo() *hugolib.HugoSites {
 	return c.hugoSites
 }

-func (c *commandeer) errCount() int {
-	return int(c.logger.ErrorCounter.Count())
+func (c *commandeerHugoState) hugoTry() *hugolib.HugoSites {
+	select {
+	case <-c.created:
+		return c.hugoSites
+	case <-time.After(time.Millisecond * 100):
+		return nil
+	}
 }

-func (c *commandeer) getErrorWithContext() interface{} {
+func (c *commandeer) errCount() int {
+	return int(c.logger.LogCounters().ErrorCounter.Count())
+}
+
+func (c *commandeer) getErrorWithContext() any {
 	errCount := c.errCount()

 	if errCount == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}

-	m := make(map[string]interface{})
+	m := make(map[string]any)

-	m["Error"] = errors.New(removeErrorPrefixFromLog(c.logger.Errors()))
+	//xwm["Error"] = errors.New(cleanErrorLog(removeErrorPrefixFromLog(c.logger.Errors())))
+	m["Error"] = errors.New(cleanErrorLog(removeErrorPrefixFromLog(c.logger.Errors())))
 	m["Version"] = hugo.BuildVersionString()
-
-	fe := herrors.UnwrapErrorWithFileContext(c.buildErr)
-	if fe != nil {
-		m["File"] = fe
-	}
-
-	if c.h.verbose {
-		var b bytes.Buffer
-		herrors.FprintStackTraceFromErr(&b, c.buildErr)
-		m["StackTrace"] = b.String()
-	}
+	ferrors := herrors.UnwrapFileErrorsWithErrorContext(c.buildErr)
+	m["Files"] = ferrors

 	return m
 }

-func (c *commandeer) Set(key string, value interface{}) {
+func (c *commandeer) Set(key string, value any) {
 	if c.configured {
 		panic("commandeer cannot be changed")
 	}
@@ -148,14 +169,29 @@ func (c *commandeer) Set(key string, value interface{}) {
 }

 func (c *commandeer) initFs(fs *hugofs.Fs) error {
-	c.destinationFs = fs.Destination
+	c.publishDirFs = fs.PublishDir
+	c.publishDirServerFs = fs.PublishDirServer
 	c.DepsCfg.Fs = fs

 	return nil
 }

-func newCommandeer(mustHaveConfigFile, running bool, h *hugoBuilderCommon, f flagsToConfigHandler, doWithCommandeer func(c *commandeer) error, subCmdVs ...*cobra.Command) (*commandeer, error) {
+func (c *commandeer) initClock(loc *time.Location) error {
+	bt := c.Cfg.GetString("clock")
+	if bt == "" {
+		return nil
+	}

+	t, err := cast.StringToDateInDefaultLocation(bt, loc)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf(`failed to parse "clock" flag: %s`, err)
+	}
+
+	htime.Clock = clock.Start(t)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func newCommandeer(mustHaveConfigFile, failOnInitErr, running bool, h *hugoBuilderCommon, f flagsToConfigHandler, cfgInit func(c *commandeer) error, subCmdVs ...*cobra.Command) (*commandeer, error) {
 	var rebuildDebouncer func(f func())
 	if running {
 		// The time value used is tested with mass content replacements in a fairly big Hugo site.
@@ -173,15 +209,21 @@ func newCommandeer(mustHaveConfigFile, running bool, h *hugoBuilderCommon, f fla
 		h:                   h,
 		ftch:                f,
 		commandeerHugoState: newCommandeerHugoState(),
-		doWithCommandeer:    doWithCommandeer,
+		cfgInit:             cfgInit,
 		visitedURLs:         types.NewEvictingStringQueue(10),
 		debounce:            rebuildDebouncer,
 		fullRebuildSem:      semaphore.NewWeighted(1),
+
+		// Init state
+		mustHaveConfigFile: mustHaveConfigFile,
+		failOnInitErr:      failOnInitErr,
+		running:            running,
+
 		// This will be replaced later, but we need something to log to before the configuration is read.
-		logger: loggers.NewLogger(jww.LevelError, jww.LevelError, out, ioutil.Discard, running),
+		logger: loggers.NewLogger(jww.LevelWarn, jww.LevelError, out, ioutil.Discard, running),
 	}

-	return c, c.loadConfig(mustHaveConfigFile, running)
+	return c, c.loadConfig()
 }

 type fileChangeDetector struct {
@@ -246,8 +288,7 @@ func (f *fileChangeDetector) PrepareNew() {
 	f.current = make(map[string]string)
 }

-func (c *commandeer) loadConfig(mustHaveConfigFile, running bool) error {
-
+func (c *commandeer) loadConfig() error {
 	if c.DepsCfg == nil {
 		c.DepsCfg = &deps.DepsCfg{}
 	}
@@ -259,7 +300,7 @@ func (c *commandeer) loadConfig(mustHaveConfigFile, running bool) error {

 	cfg := c.DepsCfg
 	c.configured = false
-	cfg.Running = running
+	cfg.Running = c.running

 	var dir string
 	if c.h.source != "" {
@@ -273,10 +314,9 @@ func (c *commandeer) loadConfig(mustHaveConfigFile, running bool) error {
 		sourceFs = c.DepsCfg.Fs.Source
 	}

-	environment := c.h.getEnvironment(running)
+	environment := c.h.getEnvironment(c.running)

 	doWithConfig := func(cfg config.Provider) error {
-
 		if c.ftch != nil {
 			c.ftch.flagsToConfig(cfg)
 		}
@@ -286,12 +326,12 @@ func (c *commandeer) loadConfig(mustHaveConfigFile, running bool) error {
 		return nil
 	}

-	doWithCommandeer := func(cfg config.Provider) error {
+	cfgSetAndInit := func(cfg config.Provider) error {
 		c.Cfg = cfg
-		if c.doWithCommandeer == nil {
+		if c.cfgInit == nil {
 			return nil
 		}
-		err := c.doWithCommandeer(c)
+		err := c.cfgInit(c)
 		return err
 	}

@@ -307,67 +347,116 @@ func (c *commandeer) loadConfig(mustHaveConfigFile, running bool) error {
 			WorkingDir:   dir,
 			Filename:     c.h.cfgFile,
 			AbsConfigDir: c.h.getConfigDir(dir),
-			Environ:      os.Environ(),
-			Environment:  environment},
-		doWithCommandeer,
+			Environment:  environment,
+		},
+		cfgSetAndInit,
 		doWithConfig)

 	if err != nil {
-		if mustHaveConfigFile {
+		// We should improve the error handling here,
+		// but with hugo mod init and similar there is a chicken and egg situation
+		// with modules already configured in config.toml, so ignore those errors.
+		if c.mustHaveConfigFile || (c.failOnInitErr && !moduleNotFoundRe.MatchString(err.Error())) {
 			return err
+		} else {
+			// Just make it a warning.
+			c.logger.Warnln(err)
 		}
-		if err != hugolib.ErrNoConfigFile && !modules.IsNotExist(err) {
-			return err
-		}
-
-	} else if mustHaveConfigFile && len(configFiles) == 0 {
+	} else if c.mustHaveConfigFile && len(configFiles) == 0 {
 		return hugolib.ErrNoConfigFile
 	}

 	c.configFiles = configFiles

-	if l, ok := c.Cfg.Get("languagesSorted").(langs.Languages); ok {
-		c.languagesConfigured = true
-		c.languages = l
+	var ok bool
+	loc := time.Local
+	c.languages, ok = c.Cfg.Get("languagesSorted").(langs.Languages)
+	if ok {
+		loc = langs.GetLocation(c.languages[0])
+	}
+
+	err = c.initClock(loc)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}

 	// Set some commonly used flags
-	c.doLiveReload = running && !c.Cfg.GetBool("disableLiveReload")
+	c.doLiveReload = c.running && !c.Cfg.GetBool("disableLiveReload")
 	c.fastRenderMode = c.doLiveReload && !c.Cfg.GetBool("disableFastRender")
 	c.showErrorInBrowser = c.doLiveReload && !c.Cfg.GetBool("disableBrowserError")

 	// This is potentially double work, but we need to do this one more time now
 	// that all the languages have been configured.
-	if c.doWithCommandeer != nil {
-		if err := c.doWithCommandeer(c); err != nil {
+	if c.cfgInit != nil {
+		if err := c.cfgInit(c); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}

-	logger, err := c.createLogger(config, running)
+	logger, err := c.createLogger(config)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

 	cfg.Logger = logger
 	c.logger = logger
+	c.serverConfig, err = hconfig.DecodeServer(cfg.Cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}

 	createMemFs := config.GetBool("renderToMemory")
+	c.renderStaticToDisk = config.GetBool("renderStaticToDisk")

 	if createMemFs {
 		// Rendering to memoryFS, publish to Root regardless of publishDir.
 		config.Set("publishDir", "/")
+		config.Set("publishDirStatic", "/")
+	} else if c.renderStaticToDisk {
+		// Hybrid, render dynamic content to Root.
+		config.Set("publishDirStatic", config.Get("publishDir"))
+		config.Set("publishDir", "/")
+
 	}

 	c.fsCreate.Do(func() {
-		fs := hugofs.NewFrom(sourceFs, config)
+		// Assume both source and destination are using same filesystem.
+		fs := hugofs.NewFromSourceAndDestination(sourceFs, sourceFs, config)

-		if c.destinationFs != nil {
+		if c.publishDirFs != nil {
 			// Need to reuse the destination on server rebuilds.
-			fs.Destination = c.destinationFs
-		} else if createMemFs {
-			// Hugo writes the output to memory instead of the disk.
-			fs.Destination = new(afero.MemMapFs)
+			fs.PublishDir = c.publishDirFs
+			fs.PublishDirServer = c.publishDirServerFs
+		} else {
+			if c.renderStaticToDisk {
+				publishDirStatic := config.GetString("publishDirStatic")
+				workingDir := config.GetString("workingDir")
+				absPublishDirStatic := paths.AbsPathify(workingDir, publishDirStatic)
+
+				fs = hugofs.NewFromSourceAndDestination(sourceFs, afero.NewMemMapFs(), config)
+				// Writes the dynamic output to memory,
+				// while serve others directly from /public on disk.
+				dynamicFs := fs.PublishDir
+				staticFs := afero.NewBasePathFs(afero.NewOsFs(), absPublishDirStatic)
+
+				// Serve from both the static and dynamic fs,
+				// the first will take priority.
+				// THis is a read-only filesystem,
+				// we do all the writes to
+				// fs.Destination and fs.DestinationStatic.
+				fs.PublishDirServer = overlayfs.New(
+					overlayfs.Options{
+						Fss: []afero.Fs{
+							dynamicFs,
+							staticFs,
+						},
+					},
+				)
+				fs.PublishDirStatic = staticFs
+			} else if createMemFs {
+				// Hugo writes the output to memory instead of the disk.
+				fs = hugofs.NewFromSourceAndDestination(sourceFs, afero.NewMemMapFs(), config)
+			}
 		}

 		if c.fastRenderMode {
@@ -381,16 +470,19 @@ func (c *commandeer) loadConfig(mustHaveConfigFile, running bool) error {
 			}

 			changeDetector.PrepareNew()
-			fs.Destination = hugofs.NewHashingFs(fs.Destination, changeDetector)
+			fs.PublishDir = hugofs.NewHashingFs(fs.PublishDir, changeDetector)
+			fs.PublishDirStatic = hugofs.NewHashingFs(fs.PublishDirStatic, changeDetector)
 			c.changeDetector = changeDetector
 		}

 		if c.Cfg.GetBool("logPathWarnings") {
-			fs.Destination = hugofs.NewCreateCountingFs(fs.Destination)
+			// Note that we only care about the "dynamic creates" here,
+			// so skip the static fs.
+			fs.PublishDir = hugofs.NewCreateCountingFs(fs.PublishDir)
 		}

 		// To debug hard-to-find path issues.
-		//fs.Destination = hugofs.NewStacktracerFs(fs.Destination, `fr/fr`)
+		// fs.Destination = hugofs.NewStacktracerFs(fs.Destination, `fr/fr`)

 		err = c.initFs(fs)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -400,10 +492,18 @@ func (c *commandeer) loadConfig(mustHaveConfigFile, running bool) error {

 		var h *hugolib.HugoSites

-		h, err = hugolib.NewHugoSites(*c.DepsCfg)
-		c.hugoSites = h
-		close(c.created)
+		var createErr error
+		h, createErr = hugolib.NewHugoSites(*c.DepsCfg)
+		if h == nil || c.failOnInitErr {
+			err = createErr
+		}

+		c.hugoSites = h
+		// TODO(bep) improve.
+		if c.buildLock == nil && h != nil {
+			c.buildLock = h.LockBuild
+		}
+		close(c.created)
 	})

 	if err != nil {
@@ -416,8 +516,5 @@ func (c *commandeer) loadConfig(mustHaveConfigFile, running bool) error {
 	}
 	config.Set("cacheDir", cacheDir)

-	cfg.Logger.INFO.Println("Using config file:", config.ConfigFileUsed())
-
 	return nil
-
 }
@@ -18,10 +18,9 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib/paths"
-
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugo"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
+	hpaths "github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/paths"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
@@ -47,12 +46,11 @@ func (b *commandsBuilder) addAll() *commandsBuilder {
 		b.newServerCmd(),
 		newVersionCmd(),
 		newEnvCmd(),
-		newConfigCmd(),
-		newCheckCmd(),
-		newDeployCmd(),
-		newConvertCmd(),
+		b.newConfigCmd(),
+		b.newDeployCmd(),
+		b.newConvertCmd(),
 		b.newNewCmd(),
-		newListCmd(),
+		b.newListCmd(),
 		newImportCmd(),
 		newGenCmd(),
 		createReleaser(),
@@ -88,6 +86,7 @@ var _ commandsBuilderGetter = (*baseBuilderCmd)(nil)
 type commandsBuilderGetter interface {
 	getCommandsBuilder() *commandsBuilder
 }
+
 type baseBuilderCmd struct {
 	*baseCmd
 	*commandsBuilder
@@ -111,6 +110,12 @@ func (b *commandsBuilder) newBuilderCmd(cmd *cobra.Command) *baseBuilderCmd {
 	return bcmd
 }

+func (b *commandsBuilder) newBuilderBasicCmd(cmd *cobra.Command) *baseBuilderCmd {
+	bcmd := &baseBuilderCmd{commandsBuilder: b, baseCmd: &baseCmd{cmd: cmd}}
+	bcmd.hugoBuilderCommon.handleCommonBuilderFlags(cmd)
+	return bcmd
+}
+
 func (c *baseCmd) flagsToConfig(cfg config.Provider) {
 	initializeFlags(c.cmd, cfg)
 }
@@ -124,15 +129,13 @@ type hugoCmd struct {

 var _ cmder = (*nilCommand)(nil)

-type nilCommand struct {
-}
+type nilCommand struct{}

 func (c *nilCommand) getCommand() *cobra.Command {
 	return nil
 }

 func (c *nilCommand) flagsToConfig(cfg config.Provider) {
-
 }

 func (b *commandsBuilder) newHugoCmd() *hugoCmd {
@@ -146,7 +149,7 @@ func (b *commandsBuilder) newHugoCmd() *hugoCmd {
 Hugo is a Fast and Flexible Static Site Generator
 built with love by spf13 and friends in Go.

-Complete documentation is available at http://gohugo.io/.`,
+Complete documentation is available at https://gohugo.io/.`,
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			defer cc.timeTrack(time.Now(), "Total")
 			cfgInit := func(c *commandeer) error {
@@ -156,13 +159,21 @@ Complete documentation is available at http://gohugo.io/.`,
 				return nil
 			}

-			c, err := initializeConfig(true, cc.buildWatch, &cc.hugoBuilderCommon, cc, cfgInit)
+			// prevent cobra printing error so it can be handled here (before the timeTrack prints)
+			cmd.SilenceErrors = true
+
+			c, err := initializeConfig(true, true, cc.buildWatch, &cc.hugoBuilderCommon, cc, cfgInit)
 			if err != nil {
+				cmd.PrintErrln("Error:", err.Error())
 				return err
 			}
 			cc.c = c

-			return c.build()
+			err = c.build()
+			if err != nil {
+				cmd.PrintErrln("Error:", err.Error())
+			}
+			return err
 		},
 	})

@@ -198,6 +209,8 @@ type hugoBuilderCommon struct {
 	environment string

 	buildWatch bool
+	poll       string
+	clock      string

 	gc bool

@@ -206,6 +219,7 @@ type hugoBuilderCommon struct {
 	memprofile   string
 	mutexprofile string
 	traceprofile string
+	printm       bool

 	// TODO(bep) var vs string
 	logging    bool
@@ -229,14 +243,14 @@ func (cc *hugoBuilderCommon) timeTrack(start time.Time, name string) {

 func (cc *hugoBuilderCommon) getConfigDir(baseDir string) string {
 	if cc.cfgDir != "" {
-		return paths.AbsPathify(baseDir, cc.cfgDir)
+		return hpaths.AbsPathify(baseDir, cc.cfgDir)
 	}

 	if v, found := os.LookupEnv("HUGO_CONFIGDIR"); found {
-		return paths.AbsPathify(baseDir, v)
+		return hpaths.AbsPathify(baseDir, v)
 	}

-	return paths.AbsPathify(baseDir, "config")
+	return hpaths.AbsPathify(baseDir, "config")
 }

 func (cc *hugoBuilderCommon) getEnvironment(isServer bool) string {
@@ -265,7 +279,8 @@ func (cc *hugoBuilderCommon) handleCommonBuilderFlags(cmd *cobra.Command) {
 	cmd.PersistentFlags().SetAnnotation("source", cobra.BashCompSubdirsInDir, []string{})
 	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&cc.environment, "environment", "e", "", "build environment")
 	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringP("themesDir", "", "", "filesystem path to themes directory")
-	cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolP("ignoreVendor", "", false, "ignores any _vendor directory")
+	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringP("ignoreVendorPaths", "", "", "ignores any _vendor for module paths matching the given Glob pattern")
+	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&cc.clock, "clock", "", "set the clock used by Hugo, e.g. --clock 2021-11-06T22:30:00.00+09:00")
 }

 func (cc *hugoBuilderCommon) handleFlags(cmd *cobra.Command) {
@@ -280,19 +295,23 @@ func (cc *hugoBuilderCommon) handleFlags(cmd *cobra.Command) {
 	cmd.Flags().BoolP("ignoreCache", "", false, "ignores the cache directory")
 	cmd.Flags().StringP("destination", "d", "", "filesystem path to write files to")
 	cmd.Flags().StringSliceP("theme", "t", []string{}, "themes to use (located in /themes/THEMENAME/)")
-	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&cc.baseURL, "baseURL", "b", "", "hostname (and path) to the root, e.g. http://spf13.com/")
-	cmd.Flags().Bool("enableGitInfo", false, "add Git revision, date and author info to the pages")
+	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&cc.baseURL, "baseURL", "b", "", "hostname (and path) to the root, e.g. https://spf13.com/")
+	cmd.Flags().Bool("enableGitInfo", false, "add Git revision, date, author, and CODEOWNERS info to the pages")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&cc.gc, "gc", false, "enable to run some cleanup tasks (remove unused cache files) after the build")
-
+	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&cc.poll, "poll", "", "set this to a poll interval, e.g --poll 700ms, to use a poll based approach to watch for file system changes")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&loggers.PanicOnWarning, "panicOnWarning", false, "panic on first WARNING log")
 	cmd.Flags().Bool("templateMetrics", false, "display metrics about template executions")
 	cmd.Flags().Bool("templateMetricsHints", false, "calculate some improvement hints when combined with --templateMetrics")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolP("forceSyncStatic", "", false, "copy all files when static is changed.")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolP("noTimes", "", false, "don't sync modification time of files")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolP("noChmod", "", false, "don't sync permission mode of files")
-	cmd.Flags().BoolP("i18n-warnings", "", false, "print missing translations")
-	cmd.Flags().BoolP("path-warnings", "", false, "print warnings on duplicate target paths etc.")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolP("noBuildLock", "", false, "don't create .hugo_build.lock file")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolP("printI18nWarnings", "", false, "print missing translations")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolP("printPathWarnings", "", false, "print warnings on duplicate target paths etc.")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolP("printUnusedTemplates", "", false, "print warnings on unused templates.")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&cc.cpuprofile, "profile-cpu", "", "", "write cpu profile to `file`")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&cc.memprofile, "profile-mem", "", "", "write memory profile to `file`")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&cc.printm, "printMemoryUsage", "", false, "print memory usage to screen at intervals")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&cc.mutexprofile, "profile-mutex", "", "", "write Mutex profile to `file`")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&cc.traceprofile, "trace", "", "", "write trace to `file` (not useful in general)")

@@ -313,16 +332,12 @@ func (cc *hugoBuilderCommon) handleFlags(cmd *cobra.Command) {
 	_ = cmd.Flags().SetAnnotation("theme", cobra.BashCompSubdirsInDir, []string{"themes"})
 }

-func checkErr(logger *loggers.Logger, err error, s ...string) {
+func checkErr(logger loggers.Logger, err error, s ...string) {
 	if err == nil {
 		return
 	}
-	if len(s) == 0 {
-		logger.CRITICAL.Println(err)
-		return
-	}
 	for _, message := range s {
-		logger.ERROR.Println(message)
+		logger.Errorln(message)
 	}
-	logger.ERROR.Println(err)
+	logger.Errorln(err)
 }
@@ -20,33 +20,126 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"testing"

+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/afero"
+
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
+
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/types"

 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	"github.com/spf13/viper"

 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
 )

 func TestExecute(t *testing.T) {
-
 	c := qt.New(t)

-	dir, err := createSimpleTestSite(t, testSiteConfig{})
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+	createSite := func(c *qt.C) string {
+		dir := createSimpleTestSite(t, testSiteConfig{})
+		return dir
+	}

-	defer func() {
-		os.RemoveAll(dir)
-	}()
+	c.Run("hugo", func(c *qt.C) {
+		dir := createSite(c)
+		resp := Execute([]string{"-s=" + dir})
+		c.Assert(resp.Err, qt.IsNil)
+		result := resp.Result
+		c.Assert(len(result.Sites) == 1, qt.Equals, true)
+		c.Assert(len(result.Sites[0].RegularPages()) == 1, qt.Equals, true)
+		c.Assert(result.Sites[0].Info.Params()["myparam"], qt.Equals, "paramproduction")
+	})

-	resp := Execute([]string{"-s=" + dir})
-	c.Assert(resp.Err, qt.IsNil)
-	result := resp.Result
-	c.Assert(len(result.Sites) == 1, qt.Equals, true)
-	c.Assert(len(result.Sites[0].RegularPages()) == 1, qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Run("hugo, set environment", func(c *qt.C) {
+		dir := createSite(c)
+		resp := Execute([]string{"-s=" + dir, "-e=staging"})
+		c.Assert(resp.Err, qt.IsNil)
+		result := resp.Result
+		c.Assert(result.Sites[0].Info.Params()["myparam"], qt.Equals, "paramstaging")
+	})
+
+	c.Run("convert toJSON", func(c *qt.C) {
+		dir := createSite(c)
+		output := filepath.Join(dir, "myjson")
+		resp := Execute([]string{"convert", "toJSON", "-s=" + dir, "-e=staging", "-o=" + output})
+		c.Assert(resp.Err, qt.IsNil)
+		converted := readFileFrom(c, filepath.Join(output, "content", "p1.md"))
+		c.Assert(converted, qt.Equals, "{\n   \"title\": \"P1\",\n   \"weight\": 1\n}\n\nContent\n\n", qt.Commentf(converted))
+	})
+
+	c.Run("config, set environment", func(c *qt.C) {
+		dir := createSite(c)
+		out, err := captureStdout(func() error {
+			resp := Execute([]string{"config", "-s=" + dir, "-e=staging"})
+			return resp.Err
+		})
+		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+		c.Assert(out, qt.Contains, "params = map[myparam:paramstaging]", qt.Commentf(out))
+	})
+
+	c.Run("deploy, environment set", func(c *qt.C) {
+		dir := createSite(c)
+		resp := Execute([]string{"deploy", "-s=" + dir, "-e=staging", "--target=mydeployment", "--dryRun"})
+		c.Assert(resp.Err, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
+		c.Assert(resp.Err.Error(), qt.Contains, `no driver registered for "hugocloud"`)
+	})
+
+	c.Run("list", func(c *qt.C) {
+		dir := createSite(c)
+		out, err := captureStdout(func() error {
+			resp := Execute([]string{"list", "all", "-s=" + dir, "-e=staging"})
+			return resp.Err
+		})
+		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+		c.Assert(out, qt.Contains, "p1.md")
+	})
+
+	c.Run("new theme", func(c *qt.C) {
+		dir := createSite(c)
+		themesDir := filepath.Join(dir, "mythemes")
+		resp := Execute([]string{"new", "theme", "mytheme", "-s=" + dir, "-e=staging", "--themesDir=" + themesDir})
+		c.Assert(resp.Err, qt.IsNil)
+		themeTOML := readFileFrom(c, filepath.Join(themesDir, "mytheme", "theme.toml"))
+		c.Assert(themeTOML, qt.Contains, "name = \"Mytheme\"")
+	})
+
+	c.Run("new site", func(c *qt.C) {
+		dir := createSite(c)
+		siteDir := filepath.Join(dir, "mysite")
+		resp := Execute([]string{"new", "site", siteDir, "-e=staging"})
+		c.Assert(resp.Err, qt.IsNil)
+		config := readFileFrom(c, filepath.Join(siteDir, "config.toml"))
+		c.Assert(config, qt.Contains, "baseURL = 'http://example.org/'")
+		checkNewSiteInited(c, siteDir)
+	})
 }

-func TestCommandsPersistentFlags(t *testing.T) {
+func checkNewSiteInited(c *qt.C, basepath string) {
+	paths := []string{
+		filepath.Join(basepath, "layouts"),
+		filepath.Join(basepath, "content"),
+		filepath.Join(basepath, "archetypes"),
+		filepath.Join(basepath, "static"),
+		filepath.Join(basepath, "data"),
+		filepath.Join(basepath, "config.toml"),
+	}
+
+	for _, path := range paths {
+		_, err := os.Stat(path)
+		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+	}
+}
+
+func readFileFrom(c *qt.C, filename string) string {
+	c.Helper()
+	filename = filepath.Clean(filename)
+	b, err := afero.ReadFile(hugofs.Os, filename)
+	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+	return string(b)
+}
+
+func TestFlags(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)

 	noOpRunE := func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
@@ -54,108 +147,103 @@ func TestCommandsPersistentFlags(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	tests := []struct {
+		name  string
 		args  []string
-		check func(command []cmder)
-	}{{[]string{"server",
-		"--config=myconfig.toml",
-		"--configDir=myconfigdir",
-		"--contentDir=mycontent",
-		"--disableKinds=page,home",
-		"--environment=testing",
-		"--configDir=myconfigdir",
-		"--layoutDir=mylayouts",
-		"--theme=mytheme",
-		"--gc",
-		"--themesDir=mythemes",
-		"--cleanDestinationDir",
-		"--navigateToChanged",
-		"--disableLiveReload",
-		"--noHTTPCache",
-		"--i18n-warnings",
-		"--destination=/tmp/mydestination",
-		"-b=https://example.com/b/",
-		"--port=1366",
-		"--renderToDisk",
-		"--source=mysource",
-		"--path-warnings",
-	}, func(commands []cmder) {
-		var sc *serverCmd
-		for _, command := range commands {
-			if b, ok := command.(commandsBuilderGetter); ok {
-				v := b.getCommandsBuilder().hugoBuilderCommon
-				c.Assert(v.cfgFile, qt.Equals, "myconfig.toml")
-				c.Assert(v.cfgDir, qt.Equals, "myconfigdir")
-				c.Assert(v.source, qt.Equals, "mysource")
-				c.Assert(v.baseURL, qt.Equals, "https://example.com/b/")
-			}
+		check func(c *qt.C, cmd *serverCmd)
+	}{
+		{
+			// https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/issues/7642
+			name: "ignoreVendorPaths",
+			args: []string{"server", "--ignoreVendorPaths=github.com/**"},
+			check: func(c *qt.C, cmd *serverCmd) {
+				cfg := config.NewWithTestDefaults()
+				cmd.flagsToConfig(cfg)
+				c.Assert(cfg.Get("ignoreVendorPaths"), qt.Equals, "github.com/**")
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Persistent flags",
+			args: []string{
+				"server",
+				"--config=myconfig.toml",
+				"--configDir=myconfigdir",
+				"--contentDir=mycontent",
+				"--disableKinds=page,home",
+				"--environment=testing",
+				"--configDir=myconfigdir",
+				"--layoutDir=mylayouts",
+				"--theme=mytheme",
+				"--gc",
+				"--themesDir=mythemes",
+				"--cleanDestinationDir",
+				"--navigateToChanged",
+				"--disableLiveReload",
+				"--noHTTPCache",
+				"--printI18nWarnings",
+				"--destination=/tmp/mydestination",
+				"-b=https://example.com/b/",
+				"--port=1366",
+				"--renderToDisk",
+				"--source=mysource",
+				"--printPathWarnings",
+				"--printUnusedTemplates",
+			},
+			check: func(c *qt.C, sc *serverCmd) {
+				c.Assert(sc, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
+				c.Assert(sc.navigateToChanged, qt.Equals, true)
+				c.Assert(sc.disableLiveReload, qt.Equals, true)
+				c.Assert(sc.noHTTPCache, qt.Equals, true)
+				c.Assert(sc.renderToDisk, qt.Equals, true)
+				c.Assert(sc.serverPort, qt.Equals, 1366)
+				c.Assert(sc.environment, qt.Equals, "testing")

-			if srvCmd, ok := command.(*serverCmd); ok {
-				sc = srvCmd
-			}
-		}
+				cfg := config.NewWithTestDefaults()
+				sc.flagsToConfig(cfg)
+				c.Assert(cfg.GetString("publishDir"), qt.Equals, "/tmp/mydestination")
+				c.Assert(cfg.GetString("contentDir"), qt.Equals, "mycontent")
+				c.Assert(cfg.GetString("layoutDir"), qt.Equals, "mylayouts")
+				c.Assert(cfg.GetStringSlice("theme"), qt.DeepEquals, []string{"mytheme"})
+				c.Assert(cfg.GetString("themesDir"), qt.Equals, "mythemes")
+				c.Assert(cfg.GetString("baseURL"), qt.Equals, "https://example.com/b/")

-		c.Assert(sc, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
-		c.Assert(sc.navigateToChanged, qt.Equals, true)
-		c.Assert(sc.disableLiveReload, qt.Equals, true)
-		c.Assert(sc.noHTTPCache, qt.Equals, true)
-		c.Assert(sc.renderToDisk, qt.Equals, true)
-		c.Assert(sc.serverPort, qt.Equals, 1366)
-		c.Assert(sc.environment, qt.Equals, "testing")
+				c.Assert(cfg.Get("disableKinds"), qt.DeepEquals, []string{"page", "home"})

-		cfg := viper.New()
-		sc.flagsToConfig(cfg)
-		c.Assert(cfg.GetString("publishDir"), qt.Equals, "/tmp/mydestination")
-		c.Assert(cfg.GetString("contentDir"), qt.Equals, "mycontent")
-		c.Assert(cfg.GetString("layoutDir"), qt.Equals, "mylayouts")
-		c.Assert(cfg.GetStringSlice("theme"), qt.DeepEquals, []string{"mytheme"})
-		c.Assert(cfg.GetString("themesDir"), qt.Equals, "mythemes")
-		c.Assert(cfg.GetString("baseURL"), qt.Equals, "https://example.com/b/")
+				c.Assert(cfg.GetBool("gc"), qt.Equals, true)

-		c.Assert(cfg.Get("disableKinds"), qt.DeepEquals, []string{"page", "home"})
+				// The flag is named printPathWarnings
+				c.Assert(cfg.GetBool("logPathWarnings"), qt.Equals, true)

-		c.Assert(cfg.GetBool("gc"), qt.Equals, true)
-
-		// The flag is named path-warnings
-		c.Assert(cfg.GetBool("logPathWarnings"), qt.Equals, true)
-
-		// The flag is named i18n-warnings
-		c.Assert(cfg.GetBool("logI18nWarnings"), qt.Equals, true)
-
-	}}}
-
-	for _, test := range tests {
-		b := newCommandsBuilder()
-		root := b.addAll().build()
-
-		for _, c := range b.commands {
-			if c.getCommand() == nil {
-				continue
-			}
-			// We are only intereseted in the flag handling here.
-			c.getCommand().RunE = noOpRunE
-		}
-		rootCmd := root.getCommand()
-		rootCmd.SetArgs(test.args)
-		c.Assert(rootCmd.Execute(), qt.IsNil)
-		test.check(b.commands)
+				// The flag is named printI18nWarnings
+				c.Assert(cfg.GetBool("logI18nWarnings"), qt.Equals, true)
+			},
+		},
 	}

+	for _, test := range tests {
+		c.Run(test.name, func(c *qt.C) {
+			b := newCommandsBuilder()
+			root := b.addAll().build()
+
+			for _, cmd := range b.commands {
+				if cmd.getCommand() == nil {
+					continue
+				}
+				// We are only intereseted in the flag handling here.
+				cmd.getCommand().RunE = noOpRunE
+			}
+			rootCmd := root.getCommand()
+			rootCmd.SetArgs(test.args)
+			c.Assert(rootCmd.Execute(), qt.IsNil)
+			test.check(c, b.commands[0].(*serverCmd))
+		})
+	}
 }

 func TestCommandsExecute(t *testing.T) {
-
 	c := qt.New(t)

-	dir, err := createSimpleTestSite(t, testSiteConfig{})
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-
-	dirOut, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "hugo-cli-out")
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-
-	defer func() {
-		os.RemoveAll(dir)
-		os.RemoveAll(dirOut)
-	}()
+	dir := createSimpleTestSite(t, testSiteConfig{})
+	dirOut := t.TempDir()

 	sourceFlag := fmt.Sprintf("-s=%s", dir)

@@ -170,11 +258,14 @@ func TestCommandsExecute(t *testing.T) {
 		// no args = hugo build
 		{nil, []string{sourceFlag}, ""},
 		{nil, []string{sourceFlag, "--renderToMemory"}, ""},
+		{[]string{"completion", "bash"}, nil, ""},
+		{[]string{"completion", "fish"}, nil, ""},
+		{[]string{"completion", "powershell"}, nil, ""},
+		{[]string{"completion", "zsh"}, nil, ""},
 		{[]string{"config"}, []string{sourceFlag}, ""},
 		{[]string{"convert", "toTOML"}, []string{sourceFlag, "-o=" + filepath.Join(dirOut, "toml")}, ""},
 		{[]string{"convert", "toYAML"}, []string{sourceFlag, "-o=" + filepath.Join(dirOut, "yaml")}, ""},
 		{[]string{"convert", "toJSON"}, []string{sourceFlag, "-o=" + filepath.Join(dirOut, "json")}, ""},
-		{[]string{"gen", "autocomplete"}, []string{"--completionfile=" + filepath.Join(dirOut, "autocomplete.txt")}, ""},
 		{[]string{"gen", "chromastyles"}, []string{"--style=manni"}, ""},
 		{[]string{"gen", "doc"}, []string{"--dir=" + filepath.Join(dirOut, "doc")}, ""},
 		{[]string{"gen", "man"}, []string{"--dir=" + filepath.Join(dirOut, "man")}, ""},
@@ -189,32 +280,37 @@ func TestCommandsExecute(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	for _, test := range tests {
-		b := newCommandsBuilder().addAll().build()
-		hugoCmd := b.getCommand()
-		test.flags = append(test.flags, "--quiet")
-		hugoCmd.SetArgs(append(test.commands, test.flags...))
-
-		// TODO(bep) capture output and add some simple asserts
-		// TODO(bep) misspelled subcommands does not return an error. We should investigate this
-		// but before that, check for "Error: unknown command".
-
-		_, err := hugoCmd.ExecuteC()
-		if test.expectErrToContain != "" {
-			c.Assert(err, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
-			c.Assert(err.Error(), qt.Contains, test.expectErrToContain)
-		} else {
-			c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+		name := "hugo"
+		if len(test.commands) > 0 {
+			name = test.commands[0]
 		}
+		c.Run(name, func(c *qt.C) {
+			b := newCommandsBuilder().addAll().build()
+			hugoCmd := b.getCommand()
+			test.flags = append(test.flags, "--quiet")
+			hugoCmd.SetArgs(append(test.commands, test.flags...))

-		// Assert that we have not left any development debug artifacts in
-		// the code.
-		if b.c != nil {
-			_, ok := b.c.destinationFs.(types.DevMarker)
-			c.Assert(ok, qt.Equals, false)
-		}
+			// TODO(bep) capture output and add some simple asserts
+			// TODO(bep) misspelled subcommands does not return an error. We should investigate this
+			// but before that, check for "Error: unknown command".
+
+			_, err := hugoCmd.ExecuteC()
+			if test.expectErrToContain != "" {
+				c.Assert(err, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
+				c.Assert(err.Error(), qt.Contains, test.expectErrToContain)
+			} else {
+				c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+			}
+
+			// Assert that we have not left any development debug artifacts in
+			// the code.
+			if b.c != nil {
+				_, ok := b.c.publishDirFs.(types.DevMarker)
+				c.Assert(ok, qt.Equals, false)
+			}
+		})

 	}
-
 }

 type testSiteConfig struct {
@@ -222,17 +318,15 @@ type testSiteConfig struct {
 	contentDir string
 }

-func createSimpleTestSite(t *testing.T, cfg testSiteConfig) (string, error) {
-	d, e := ioutil.TempDir("", "hugo-cli")
-	if e != nil {
-		return "", e
-	}
+func createSimpleTestSite(t testing.TB, cfg testSiteConfig) string {
+	dir := t.TempDir()

 	cfgStr := `

 baseURL = "https://example.org"
 title = "Hugo Commands"

+
 `

 	contentDir := "content"
@@ -244,10 +338,23 @@ title = "Hugo Commands"
 		contentDir = cfg.contentDir
 	}

-	// Just the basic. These are for CLI tests, not site testing.
-	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(d, "config.toml"), cfgStr)
+	os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(dir, "public"), 0777)

-	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(d, contentDir, "p1.md"), `
+	// Just the basic. These are for CLI tests, not site testing.
+	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(dir, "config.toml"), cfgStr)
+	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(dir, "config", "staging", "params.toml"), `myparam="paramstaging"`)
+	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(dir, "config", "staging", "deployment.toml"), `
+[[targets]]
+name = "mydeployment"
+URL = "hugocloud://hugotestbucket"
+`)
+
+	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(dir, "config", "testing", "params.toml"), `myparam="paramtesting"`)
+	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(dir, "config", "production", "params.toml"), `myparam="paramproduction"`)
+
+	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(dir, "static", "myfile.txt"), `Hello World!`)
+
+	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(dir, contentDir, "p1.md"), `
 ---
 title: "P1"
 weight: 1
@@ -257,29 +364,32 @@ Content

 `)

-	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(d, "layouts", "_default", "single.html"), `
+	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(dir, "layouts", "_default", "single.html"), `

 Single: {{ .Title }}

 `)

-	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(d, "layouts", "_default", "list.html"), `
+	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(dir, "layouts", "_default", "list.html"), `

 List: {{ .Title }}
 Environment: {{ hugo.Environment }}

+For issue 9788:
+{{ $foo :="abc" | resources.FromString "foo.css" | minify | resources.PostProcess }}
+PostProcess: {{ $foo.RelPermalink }}
+
 `)

-	return d, nil
-
+	return dir
 }

-func writeFile(t *testing.T, filename, content string) {
+func writeFile(t testing.TB, filename, content string) {
 	must(t, os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(filename), os.FileMode(0755)))
 	must(t, ioutil.WriteFile(filename, []byte(content), os.FileMode(0755)))
 }

-func must(t *testing.T, err error) {
+func must(t testing.TB, err error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -15,11 +15,15 @@ package commands

 import (
 	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"reflect"
 	"regexp"
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser/metadecoders"
@@ -27,27 +31,22 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/modules"

 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	jww "github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman"
-	"github.com/spf13/viper"
 )

 var _ cmder = (*configCmd)(nil)

 type configCmd struct {
-	hugoBuilderCommon
-	*baseCmd
+	*baseBuilderCmd
 }

-func newConfigCmd() *configCmd {
+func (b *commandsBuilder) newConfigCmd() *configCmd {
 	cc := &configCmd{}
-	cc.baseCmd = newBaseCmd(&cobra.Command{
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "config",
 		Short: "Print the site configuration",
 		Long:  `Print the site configuration, both default and custom settings.`,
 		RunE:  cc.printConfig,
-	})
-
-	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&cc.source, "source", "s", "", "filesystem path to read files relative from")
+	}

 	printMountsCmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "mounts",
@@ -55,13 +54,15 @@ func newConfigCmd() *configCmd {
 		RunE:  cc.printMounts,
 	}

-	cc.cmd.AddCommand(printMountsCmd)
+	cmd.AddCommand(printMountsCmd)
+
+	cc.baseBuilderCmd = b.newBuilderBasicCmd(cmd)

 	return cc
 }

 func (c *configCmd) printMounts(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-	cfg, err := initializeConfig(true, false, &c.hugoBuilderCommon, c, nil)
+	cfg, err := initializeConfig(true, false, false, &c.hugoBuilderCommon, c, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@ func (c *configCmd) printMounts(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	allModules := cfg.Cfg.Get("allmodules").(modules.Modules)

 	for _, m := range allModules {
-		if err := parser.InterfaceToConfig(&modMounts{m: m}, metadecoders.JSON, os.Stdout); err != nil {
+		if err := parser.InterfaceToConfig(&modMounts{m: m, verbose: c.verbose}, metadecoders.JSON, os.Stdout); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
@@ -77,12 +78,12 @@ func (c *configCmd) printMounts(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 }

 func (c *configCmd) printConfig(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-	cfg, err := initializeConfig(true, false, &c.hugoBuilderCommon, c, nil)
+	cfg, err := initializeConfig(true, false, false, &c.hugoBuilderCommon, c, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	allSettings := cfg.Cfg.(*viper.Viper).AllSettings()
+	allSettings := cfg.Cfg.Get("").(maps.Params)

 	// We need to clean up this, but we store objects in the config that
 	// isn't really interesting to the end user, so filter these.
@@ -105,9 +106,9 @@ func (c *configCmd) printConfig(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	for _, k := range keys {
 		kv := reflect.ValueOf(allSettings[k])
 		if kv.Kind() == reflect.String {
-			jww.FEEDBACK.Printf("%s%s\"%+v\"\n", k, separator, allSettings[k])
+			fmt.Printf("%s%s\"%+v\"\n", k, separator, allSettings[k])
 		} else {
-			jww.FEEDBACK.Printf("%s%s%+v\n", k, separator, allSettings[k])
+			fmt.Printf("%s%s%+v\n", k, separator, allSettings[k])
 		}
 	}

@@ -115,7 +116,8 @@ func (c *configCmd) printConfig(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 }

 type modMounts struct {
-	m modules.Module
+	verbose bool
+	m       modules.Module
 }

 type modMount struct {
@@ -135,13 +137,49 @@ func (m *modMounts) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 		})
 	}

+	var ownerPath string
+	if m.m.Owner() != nil {
+		ownerPath = m.m.Owner().Path()
+	}
+
+	if m.verbose {
+		config := m.m.Config()
+		return json.Marshal(&struct {
+			Path        string              `json:"path"`
+			Version     string              `json:"version"`
+			Time        time.Time           `json:"time"`
+			Owner       string              `json:"owner"`
+			Dir         string              `json:"dir"`
+			Meta        map[string]any      `json:"meta"`
+			HugoVersion modules.HugoVersion `json:"hugoVersion"`
+
+			Mounts []modMount `json:"mounts"`
+		}{
+			Path:        m.m.Path(),
+			Version:     m.m.Version(),
+			Time:        m.m.Time(),
+			Owner:       ownerPath,
+			Dir:         m.m.Dir(),
+			Meta:        config.Params,
+			HugoVersion: config.HugoVersion,
+			Mounts:      mounts,
+		})
+	}
+
 	return json.Marshal(&struct {
-		Path   string     `json:"path"`
-		Dir    string     `json:"dir"`
-		Mounts []modMount `json:"mounts"`
+		Path    string     `json:"path"`
+		Version string     `json:"version"`
+		Time    time.Time  `json:"time"`
+		Owner   string     `json:"owner"`
+		Dir     string     `json:"dir"`
+		Mounts  []modMount `json:"mounts"`
 	}{
-		Path:   m.m.Path(),
-		Dir:    m.m.Dir(),
-		Mounts: mounts,
+		Path:    m.m.Path(),
+		Version: m.m.Version(),
+		Time:    m.m.Time(),
+		Owner:   ownerPath,
+		Dir:     m.m.Dir(),
+		Mounts:  mounts,
 	})
+
 }
@@ -16,10 +16,12 @@ package commands
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"fmt"
-	"io"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"time"

+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser/pageparser"
+
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources/page"

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
@@ -28,43 +30,34 @@ import (

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser/metadecoders"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser/pageparser"
-
-	"github.com/pkg/errors"

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib"

-	"path/filepath"
-
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )

-var (
-	_ cmder = (*convertCmd)(nil)
-)
+var _ cmder = (*convertCmd)(nil)

 type convertCmd struct {
-	hugoBuilderCommon
-
 	outputDir string
 	unsafe    bool

-	*baseCmd
+	*baseBuilderCmd
 }

-func newConvertCmd() *convertCmd {
+func (b *commandsBuilder) newConvertCmd() *convertCmd {
 	cc := &convertCmd{}

-	cc.baseCmd = newBaseCmd(&cobra.Command{
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "convert",
 		Short: "Convert your content to different formats",
 		Long: `Convert your content (e.g. front matter) to different formats.

 See convert's subcommands toJSON, toTOML and toYAML for more information.`,
 		RunE: nil,
-	})
+	}

-	cc.cmd.AddCommand(
+	cmd.AddCommand(
 		&cobra.Command{
 			Use:   "toJSON",
 			Short: "Convert front matter to JSON",
@@ -94,10 +87,10 @@ to use YAML for the front matter.`,
 		},
 	)

-	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&cc.outputDir, "output", "o", "", "filesystem path to write files to")
-	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&cc.source, "source", "s", "", "filesystem path to read files relative from")
-	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&cc.unsafe, "unsafe", false, "enable less safe operations, please backup first")
-	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().SetAnnotation("source", cobra.BashCompSubdirsInDir, []string{})
+	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&cc.outputDir, "output", "o", "", "filesystem path to write files to")
+	cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&cc.unsafe, "unsafe", false, "enable less safe operations, please backup first")
+
+	cc.baseBuilderCmd = b.newBuilderBasicCmd(cmd)

 	return cc
 }
@@ -107,7 +100,7 @@ func (cc *convertCmd) convertContents(format metadecoders.Format) error {
 		return newUserError("Unsafe operation not allowed, use --unsafe or set a different output path")
 	}

-	c, err := initializeConfig(true, false, &cc.hugoBuilderCommon, cc, nil)
+	c, err := initializeConfig(true, false, false, &cc.hugoBuilderCommon, cc, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -125,7 +118,7 @@ func (cc *convertCmd) convertContents(format metadecoders.Format) error {

 	site := h.Sites[0]

-	site.Log.FEEDBACK.Println("processing", len(site.AllPages()), "content files")
+	site.Log.Println("processing", len(site.AllPages()), "content files")
 	for _, p := range site.AllPages() {
 		if err := cc.convertAndSavePage(p, site, format); err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -147,21 +140,21 @@ func (cc *convertCmd) convertAndSavePage(p page.Page, site *hugolib.Site, target
 		return nil
 	}

-	errMsg := fmt.Errorf("Error processing file %q", p.Path())
+	errMsg := fmt.Errorf("Error processing file %q", p.File().Path())

-	site.Log.INFO.Println("Attempting to convert", p.File().Filename())
+	site.Log.Infoln("Attempting to convert", p.File().Filename())

 	f := p.File()
 	file, err := f.FileInfo().Meta().Open()
 	if err != nil {
-		site.Log.ERROR.Println(errMsg)
+		site.Log.Errorln(errMsg)
 		file.Close()
 		return nil
 	}

-	pf, err := parseContentFile(file)
+	pf, err := pageparser.ParseFrontMatterAndContent(file)
 	if err != nil {
-		site.Log.ERROR.Println(errMsg)
+		site.Log.Errorln(errMsg)
 		file.Close()
 		return err
 	}
@@ -169,36 +162,36 @@ func (cc *convertCmd) convertAndSavePage(p page.Page, site *hugolib.Site, target
 	file.Close()

 	// better handling of dates in formats that don't have support for them
-	if pf.frontMatterFormat == metadecoders.JSON || pf.frontMatterFormat == metadecoders.YAML || pf.frontMatterFormat == metadecoders.TOML {
-		for k, v := range pf.frontMatter {
+	if pf.FrontMatterFormat == metadecoders.JSON || pf.FrontMatterFormat == metadecoders.YAML || pf.FrontMatterFormat == metadecoders.TOML {
+		for k, v := range pf.FrontMatter {
 			switch vv := v.(type) {
 			case time.Time:
-				pf.frontMatter[k] = vv.Format(time.RFC3339)
+				pf.FrontMatter[k] = vv.Format(time.RFC3339)
 			}
 		}
 	}

 	var newContent bytes.Buffer
-	err = parser.InterfaceToFrontMatter(pf.frontMatter, targetFormat, &newContent)
+	err = parser.InterfaceToFrontMatter(pf.FrontMatter, targetFormat, &newContent)
 	if err != nil {
-		site.Log.ERROR.Println(errMsg)
+		site.Log.Errorln(errMsg)
 		return err
 	}

-	newContent.Write(pf.content)
+	newContent.Write(pf.Content)

 	newFilename := p.File().Filename()

 	if cc.outputDir != "" {
-		contentDir := strings.TrimSuffix(newFilename, p.Path())
+		contentDir := strings.TrimSuffix(newFilename, p.File().Path())
 		contentDir = filepath.Base(contentDir)

-		newFilename = filepath.Join(cc.outputDir, contentDir, p.Path())
+		newFilename = filepath.Join(cc.outputDir, contentDir, p.File().Path())
 	}

 	fs := hugofs.Os
 	if err := helpers.WriteToDisk(newFilename, &newContent, fs); err != nil {
-		return errors.Wrapf(err, "Failed to save file %q:", newFilename)
+		return fmt.Errorf("Failed to save file %q:: %w", newFilename, err)
 	}

 	return nil
@@ -207,44 +200,8 @@ func (cc *convertCmd) convertAndSavePage(p page.Page, site *hugolib.Site, target
 type parsedFile struct {
 	frontMatterFormat metadecoders.Format
 	frontMatterSource []byte
-	frontMatter       map[string]interface{}
+	frontMatter       map[string]any

 	// Everything after Front Matter
 	content []byte
 }
-
-func parseContentFile(r io.Reader) (parsedFile, error) {
-	var pf parsedFile
-
-	psr, err := pageparser.Parse(r, pageparser.Config{})
-	if err != nil {
-		return pf, err
-	}
-
-	iter := psr.Iterator()
-
-	walkFn := func(item pageparser.Item) bool {
-		if pf.frontMatterSource != nil {
-			// The rest is content.
-			pf.content = psr.Input()[item.Pos:]
-			// Done
-			return false
-		} else if item.IsFrontMatter() {
-			pf.frontMatterFormat = metadecoders.FormatFromFrontMatterType(item.Type)
-			pf.frontMatterSource = item.Val
-		}
-		return true
-
-	}
-
-	iter.PeekWalk(walkFn)
-
-	metadata, err := metadecoders.Default.UnmarshalToMap(pf.frontMatterSource, pf.frontMatterFormat)
-	if err != nil {
-		return pf, err
-	}
-	pf.frontMatter = metadata
-
-	return pf, nil
-
-}
@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

+//go:build !nodeploy
+// +build !nodeploy
+
 package commands

 import (
@@ -24,8 +27,10 @@ var _ cmder = (*deployCmd)(nil)

 // deployCmd supports deploying sites to Cloud providers.
 type deployCmd struct {
-	hugoBuilderCommon
-	*baseCmd
+	*baseBuilderCmd
+
+	invalidateCDN bool
+	maxDeletes    int
 }

 // TODO: In addition to the "deploy" command, consider adding a "--deploy"
@@ -38,10 +43,10 @@ type deployCmd struct {
 // run "hugo && hugo deploy" again and again and upload new stuff every time. Is
 // this intended?

-func newDeployCmd() *deployCmd {
+func (b *commandsBuilder) newDeployCmd() *deployCmd {
 	cc := &deployCmd{}

-	cc.baseCmd = newBaseCmd(&cobra.Command{
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "deploy",
 		Short: "Deploy your site to a Cloud provider.",
 		Long: `Deploy your site to a Cloud provider.
@@ -52,9 +57,11 @@ documentation.

 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			cfgInit := func(c *commandeer) error {
+				c.Set("invalidateCDN", cc.invalidateCDN)
+				c.Set("maxDeletes", cc.maxDeletes)
 				return nil
 			}
-			comm, err := initializeConfig(true, false, &cc.hugoBuilderCommon, cc, cfgInit)
+			comm, err := initializeConfig(true, true, false, &cc.hugoBuilderCommon, cc, cfgInit)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
@@ -64,14 +71,16 @@ documentation.
 			}
 			return deployer.Deploy(context.Background())
 		},
-	})
+	}

-	cc.cmd.Flags().String("target", "", "target deployment from deployments section in config file; defaults to the first one")
-	cc.cmd.Flags().Bool("confirm", false, "ask for confirmation before making changes to the target")
-	cc.cmd.Flags().Bool("dryRun", false, "dry run")
-	cc.cmd.Flags().Bool("force", false, "force upload of all files")
-	cc.cmd.Flags().Bool("invalidateCDN", true, "invalidate the CDN cache listed in the deployment target")
-	cc.cmd.Flags().Int("maxDeletes", 256, "maximum # of files to delete, or -1 to disable")
+	cmd.Flags().String("target", "", "target deployment from deployments section in config file; defaults to the first one")
+	cmd.Flags().Bool("confirm", false, "ask for confirmation before making changes to the target")
+	cmd.Flags().Bool("dryRun", false, "dry run")
+	cmd.Flags().Bool("force", false, "force upload of all files")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&cc.invalidateCDN, "invalidateCDN", true, "invalidate the CDN cache listed in the deployment target")
+	cmd.Flags().IntVar(&cc.maxDeletes, "maxDeletes", 256, "maximum # of files to delete, or -1 to disable")
+
+	cc.baseBuilderCmd = b.newBuilderBasicCmd(cmd)

 	return cc
 }
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ package commands
 import (
 	"runtime"

+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugo"
+
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 	jww "github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman"
 )
@@ -27,18 +29,32 @@ type envCmd struct {
 }

 func newEnvCmd() *envCmd {
-	return &envCmd{baseCmd: newBaseCmd(&cobra.Command{
-		Use:   "env",
-		Short: "Print Hugo version and environment info",
-		Long:  `Print Hugo version and environment info. This is useful in Hugo bug reports.`,
-		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-			printHugoVersion()
-			jww.FEEDBACK.Printf("GOOS=%q\n", runtime.GOOS)
-			jww.FEEDBACK.Printf("GOARCH=%q\n", runtime.GOARCH)
-			jww.FEEDBACK.Printf("GOVERSION=%q\n", runtime.Version())
+	return &envCmd{
+		baseCmd: newBaseCmd(&cobra.Command{
+			Use:   "env",
+			Short: "Print Hugo version and environment info",
+			Long: `Print Hugo version and environment info. This is useful in Hugo bug reports.

-			return nil
-		},
-	}),
+If you add the -v flag, you will get a full dependency list.
+`,
+			RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+				printHugoVersion()
+				jww.FEEDBACK.Printf("GOOS=%q\n", runtime.GOOS)
+				jww.FEEDBACK.Printf("GOARCH=%q\n", runtime.GOARCH)
+				jww.FEEDBACK.Printf("GOVERSION=%q\n", runtime.Version())
+
+				isVerbose, _ := cmd.Flags().GetBool("verbose")
+
+				if isVerbose {
+					deps := hugo.GetDependencyList()
+					for _, dep := range deps {
+						jww.FEEDBACK.Printf("%s\n", dep)
+					}
+				}
+
+				return nil
+			},
+		}),
 	}
+
 }
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ func newGenCmd() *genCmd {
 	})

 	cc.cmd.AddCommand(
-		newGenautocompleteCmd().getCommand(),
 		newGenDocCmd().getCommand(),
 		newGenManCmd().getCommand(),
 		createGenDocsHelper().getCommand(),
@@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2015 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package commands
-
-import (
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	jww "github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman"
-)
-
-var _ cmder = (*genautocompleteCmd)(nil)
-
-type genautocompleteCmd struct {
-	autocompleteTarget string
-
-	// bash for now (zsh and others will come)
-	autocompleteType string
-
-	*baseCmd
-}
-
-func newGenautocompleteCmd() *genautocompleteCmd {
-	cc := &genautocompleteCmd{}
-
-	cc.baseCmd = newBaseCmd(&cobra.Command{
-		Use:   "autocomplete",
-		Short: "Generate shell autocompletion script for Hugo",
-		Long: `Generates a shell autocompletion script for Hugo.
-
-NOTE: The current version supports Bash only.
-      This should work for *nix systems with Bash installed.
-
-By default, the file is written directly to /etc/bash_completion.d
-for convenience, and the command may need superuser rights, e.g.:
-
-	$ sudo hugo gen autocomplete
-
-Add ` + "`--completionfile=/path/to/file`" + ` flag to set alternative
-file-path and name.
-
-Logout and in again to reload the completion scripts,
-or just source them in directly:
-
-	$ . /etc/bash_completion`,
-
-		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-			if cc.autocompleteType != "bash" {
-				return newUserError("Only Bash is supported for now")
-			}
-
-			err := cmd.Root().GenBashCompletionFile(cc.autocompleteTarget)
-
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-
-			jww.FEEDBACK.Println("Bash completion file for Hugo saved to", cc.autocompleteTarget)
-
-			return nil
-		},
-	})
-
-	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&cc.autocompleteTarget, "completionfile", "", "/etc/bash_completion.d/hugo.sh", "autocompletion file")
-	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&cc.autocompleteType, "type", "", "bash", "autocompletion type (currently only bash supported)")
-
-	// For bash-completion
-	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().SetAnnotation("completionfile", cobra.BashCompFilenameExt, []string{})
-
-	return cc
-}
@@ -16,15 +16,13 @@ package commands
 import (
 	"os"

-	"github.com/alecthomas/chroma"
-	"github.com/alecthomas/chroma/formatters/html"
-	"github.com/alecthomas/chroma/styles"
+	"github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2"
+	"github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2/formatters/html"
+	"github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2/styles"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )

-var (
-	_ cmder = (*genChromaStyles)(nil)
-)
+var _ cmder = (*genChromaStyles)(nil)

 type genChromaStyles struct {
 	style          string
@@ -39,9 +37,9 @@ func createGenChromaStyles() *genChromaStyles {
 		baseCmd: newBaseCmd(&cobra.Command{
 			Use:   "chromastyles",
 			Short: "Generate CSS stylesheet for the Chroma code highlighter",
-			Long: `Generate CSS stylesheet for the Chroma code highlighter for a given style. This stylesheet is needed if pygmentsUseClasses is enabled in config.
+			Long: `Generate CSS stylesheet for the Chroma code highlighter for a given style. This stylesheet is needed if markup.highlight.noClasses is disabled in config.

-See https://help.farbox.com/pygments.html for preview of available styles`,
+See https://xyproto.github.io/splash/docs/all.html for a preview of the available styles`,
 		}),
 	}

@@ -49,7 +47,7 @@ See https://help.farbox.com/pygments.html for preview of available styles`,
 		return g.generate()
 	}

-	g.cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&g.style, "style", "friendly", "highlighter style (see https://help.farbox.com/pygments.html)")
+	g.cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&g.style, "style", "friendly", "highlighter style (see https://xyproto.github.io/splash/docs/)")
 	g.cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&g.highlightStyle, "highlightStyle", "bg:#ffffcc", "style used for highlighting lines (see https://github.com/alecthomas/chroma)")
 	g.cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&g.linesStyle, "linesStyle", "", "style used for line numbers (see https://github.com/alecthomas/chroma)")

@@ -68,7 +66,7 @@ func (g *genChromaStyles) generate() error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	formatter := html.New(html.WithClasses(true))
+	formatter := html.New(html.WithAllClasses(true))
 	formatter.WriteCSS(os.Stdout, style)
 	return nil
 }
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ import (
 	"path"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
-	"time"

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
@@ -36,7 +35,6 @@ type genDocCmd struct {

 func newGenDocCmd() *genDocCmd {
 	const gendocFrontmatterTemplate = `---
-date: %s
 title: "%s"
 slug: %s
 url: %s
@@ -51,12 +49,18 @@ url: %s
 		Long: `Generate Markdown documentation for the Hugo CLI.

 This command is, mostly, used to create up-to-date documentation
-of Hugo's command-line interface for http://gohugo.io/.
+of Hugo's command-line interface for https://gohugo.io/.

 It creates one Markdown file per command with front matter suitable
 for rendering in Hugo.`,

 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			cmd.VisitParents(func(c *cobra.Command) {
+				// Disable the "Auto generated by spf13/cobra on DATE"
+				// as it creates a lot of diffs.
+				c.DisableAutoGenTag = true
+			})
+
 			if !strings.HasSuffix(cc.gendocdir, helpers.FilePathSeparator) {
 				cc.gendocdir += helpers.FilePathSeparator
 			}
@@ -66,19 +70,17 @@ for rendering in Hugo.`,
 					return err
 				}
 			}
-			now := time.Now().Format("2006-01-02")
 			prepender := func(filename string) string {
 				name := filepath.Base(filename)
 				base := strings.TrimSuffix(name, path.Ext(name))
 				url := "/commands/" + strings.ToLower(base) + "/"
-				return fmt.Sprintf(gendocFrontmatterTemplate, now, strings.Replace(base, "_", " ", -1), base, url)
+				return fmt.Sprintf(gendocFrontmatterTemplate, strings.Replace(base, "_", " ", -1), base, url)
 			}

 			linkHandler := func(name string) string {
 				base := strings.TrimSuffix(name, path.Ext(name))
 				return "/commands/" + strings.ToLower(base) + "/"
 			}
-
 			jww.FEEDBACK.Println("Generating Hugo command-line documentation in", cc.gendocdir, "...")
 			doc.GenMarkdownTreeCustom(cmd.Root(), cc.gendocdir, prepender, linkHandler)
 			jww.FEEDBACK.Println("Done.")
@@ -23,9 +23,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )

-var (
-	_ cmder = (*genDocsHelper)(nil)
-)
+var _ cmder = (*genDocsHelper)(nil)

 type genDocsHelper struct {
 	target string
@@ -64,11 +62,10 @@ func (g *genDocsHelper) generate() error {
 	enc := json.NewEncoder(f)
 	enc.SetIndent("", "  ")

-	if err := enc.Encode(docshelper.DocProviders); err != nil {
+	if err := enc.Encode(docshelper.GetDocProvider()); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

 	fmt.Println("Done!")
 	return nil
-
 }
@@ -53,22 +53,22 @@ func (c commandError) isUserError() bool {
 	return c.userError
 }

-func newUserError(a ...interface{}) commandError {
+func newUserError(a ...any) commandError {
 	return commandError{s: fmt.Sprintln(a...), userError: true}
 }

-func newSystemError(a ...interface{}) commandError {
+func newSystemError(a ...any) commandError {
 	return commandError{s: fmt.Sprintln(a...), userError: false}
 }

-func newSystemErrorF(format string, a ...interface{}) commandError {
+func newSystemErrorF(format string, a ...any) commandError {
 	return commandError{s: fmt.Sprintf(format, a...), userError: false}
 }

 // Catch some of the obvious user errors from Cobra.
 // We don't want to show the usage message for every error.
 // The below may be to generic. Time will show.
-var userErrorRegexp = regexp.MustCompile("argument|flag|shorthand")
+var userErrorRegexp = regexp.MustCompile("unknown flag")

 func isUserError(err error) bool {
 	if cErr, ok := err.(commandError); ok && cErr.isUserError() {
@@ -19,33 +19,36 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"io/ioutil"
+	"os"
 	"os/signal"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"runtime"
 	"runtime/pprof"
 	"runtime/trace"
+	"strings"
 	"sync/atomic"
+	"syscall"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs/files"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/tpl"
+
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/herrors"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/htime"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/types"

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources/page"

-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
-
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/herrors"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugo"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/terminal"

-	"syscall"
-
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib/filesystems"

 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"

-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
-	"runtime"
-	"strings"
-	"time"
-
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"

 	flag "github.com/spf13/pflag"
@@ -115,21 +118,25 @@ func Execute(args []string) Response {
 }

 // InitializeConfig initializes a config file with sensible default configuration flags.
-func initializeConfig(mustHaveConfigFile, running bool,
+func initializeConfig(mustHaveConfigFile, failOnInitErr, running bool,
 	h *hugoBuilderCommon,
 	f flagsToConfigHandler,
-	doWithCommandeer func(c *commandeer) error) (*commandeer, error) {
-
-	c, err := newCommandeer(mustHaveConfigFile, running, h, f, doWithCommandeer)
+	cfgInit func(c *commandeer) error) (*commandeer, error) {
+	c, err := newCommandeer(mustHaveConfigFile, failOnInitErr, running, h, f, cfgInit)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	return c, nil
+	if h := c.hugoTry(); h != nil {
+		for _, s := range h.Sites {
+			s.RegisterMediaTypes()
+		}
+	}

+	return c, nil
 }

-func (c *commandeer) createLogger(cfg config.Provider, running bool) (*loggers.Logger, error) {
+func (c *commandeer) createLogger(cfg config.Provider) (loggers.Logger, error) {
 	var (
 		logHandle       = ioutil.Discard
 		logThreshold    = jww.LevelWarn
@@ -173,7 +180,7 @@ func (c *commandeer) createLogger(cfg config.Provider, running bool) (*loggers.L
 	loggers.InitGlobalLogger(stdoutThreshold, logThreshold, outHandle, logHandle)
 	helpers.InitLoggers()

-	return loggers.NewLogger(stdoutThreshold, logThreshold, outHandle, logHandle, running), nil
+	return loggers.NewLogger(stdoutThreshold, logThreshold, outHandle, logHandle, c.running), nil
 }

 func initializeFlags(cmd *cobra.Command, cfg config.Provider) {
@@ -188,6 +195,7 @@ func initializeFlags(cmd *cobra.Command, cfg config.Provider) {
 		"buildDrafts",
 		"buildFuture",
 		"buildExpired",
+		"clock",
 		"uglyURLs",
 		"canonifyURLs",
 		"enableRobotsTXT",
@@ -198,7 +206,8 @@ func initializeFlags(cmd *cobra.Command, cfg config.Provider) {
 		"forceSyncStatic",
 		"noTimes",
 		"noChmod",
-		"ignoreVendor",
+		"noBuildLock",
+		"ignoreVendorPaths",
 		"templateMetrics",
 		"templateMetricsHints",

@@ -215,7 +224,8 @@ func initializeFlags(cmd *cobra.Command, cfg config.Provider) {
 		"dryRun",
 		"force",
 		"gc",
-		"i18n-warnings",
+		"printI18nWarnings",
+		"printUnusedTemplates",
 		"invalidateCDN",
 		"layoutDir",
 		"logFile",
@@ -231,11 +241,6 @@ func initializeFlags(cmd *cobra.Command, cfg config.Provider) {
 		"duplicateTargetPaths",
 	}

-	// Will set a value even if it is the default.
-	flagKeysForced := []string{
-		"minify",
-	}
-
 	for _, key := range persFlagKeys {
 		setValueFromFlag(cmd.PersistentFlags(), key, cfg, "", false)
 	}
@@ -243,15 +248,12 @@ func initializeFlags(cmd *cobra.Command, cfg config.Provider) {
 		setValueFromFlag(cmd.Flags(), key, cfg, "", false)
 	}

-	for _, key := range flagKeysForced {
-		setValueFromFlag(cmd.Flags(), key, cfg, "", true)
-	}
+	setValueFromFlag(cmd.Flags(), "minify", cfg, "minifyOutput", true)

 	// Set some "config aliases"
 	setValueFromFlag(cmd.Flags(), "destination", cfg, "publishDir", false)
-	setValueFromFlag(cmd.Flags(), "i18n-warnings", cfg, "logI18nWarnings", false)
-	setValueFromFlag(cmd.Flags(), "path-warnings", cfg, "logPathWarnings", false)
-
+	setValueFromFlag(cmd.Flags(), "printI18nWarnings", cfg, "logI18nWarnings", false)
+	setValueFromFlag(cmd.Flags(), "printPathWarnings", cfg, "logPathWarnings", false)
 }

 func setValueFromFlag(flags *flag.FlagSet, key string, cfg config.Provider, targetKey string, force bool) {
@@ -282,27 +284,16 @@ func setValueFromFlag(flags *flag.FlagSet, key string, cfg config.Provider, targ
 	}
 }

-func isTerminal() bool {
-	return terminal.IsTerminal(os.Stdout)
-
-}
-func ifTerminal(s string) string {
-	if !isTerminal() {
-		return ""
-	}
-	return s
-}
-
-func (c *commandeer) fullBuild() error {
-
+func (c *commandeer) fullBuild(noBuildLock bool) error {
 	var (
 		g         errgroup.Group
 		langCount map[string]uint64
 	)

 	if !c.h.quiet {
-		fmt.Print(ifTerminal(hideCursor) + "Building sites … ")
-		if isTerminal() {
+		fmt.Println("Start building sites … ")
+		fmt.Println(hugo.BuildVersionString())
+		if terminal.IsTerminal(os.Stdout) {
 			defer func() {
 				fmt.Print(showCursor + clearLine)
 			}()
@@ -310,17 +301,16 @@ func (c *commandeer) fullBuild() error {
 	}

 	copyStaticFunc := func() error {
-
 		cnt, err := c.copyStatic()
 		if err != nil {
-			return errors.Wrap(err, "Error copying static files")
+			return fmt.Errorf("Error copying static files: %w", err)
 		}
 		langCount = cnt
 		return nil
 	}
 	buildSitesFunc := func() error {
-		if err := c.buildSites(); err != nil {
-			return errors.Wrap(err, "Error building site")
+		if err := c.buildSites(noBuildLock); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Error building site: %w", err)
 		}
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -358,7 +348,6 @@ func (c *commandeer) fullBuild() error {
 	}

 	return nil
-
 }

 func (c *commandeer) initCPUProfile() (func(), error) {
@@ -368,10 +357,10 @@ func (c *commandeer) initCPUProfile() (func(), error) {

 	f, err := os.Create(c.h.cpuprofile)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "failed to create CPU profile")
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create CPU profile: %w", err)
 	}
 	if err := pprof.StartCPUProfile(f); err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "failed to start CPU profile")
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to start CPU profile: %w", err)
 	}
 	return func() {
 		pprof.StopCPUProfile()
@@ -386,12 +375,12 @@ func (c *commandeer) initMemProfile() {

 	f, err := os.Create(c.h.memprofile)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.logger.ERROR.Println("could not create memory profile: ", err)
+		c.logger.Errorf("could not create memory profile: ", err)
 	}
 	defer f.Close()
 	runtime.GC() // get up-to-date statistics
 	if err := pprof.WriteHeapProfile(f); err != nil {
-		c.logger.ERROR.Println("could not write memory profile: ", err)
+		c.logger.Errorf("could not write memory profile: ", err)
 	}
 }

@@ -402,11 +391,11 @@ func (c *commandeer) initTraceProfile() (func(), error) {

 	f, err := os.Create(c.h.traceprofile)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "failed to create trace file")
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create trace file: %w", err)
 	}

 	if err := trace.Start(f); err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "failed to start trace")
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to start trace: %w", err)
 	}

 	return func() {
@@ -431,7 +420,33 @@ func (c *commandeer) initMutexProfile() (func(), error) {
 		pprof.Lookup("mutex").WriteTo(f, 0)
 		f.Close()
 	}, nil
+}

+func (c *commandeer) initMemTicker() func() {
+	memticker := time.NewTicker(5 * time.Second)
+	quit := make(chan struct{})
+	printMem := func() {
+		var m runtime.MemStats
+		runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
+		fmt.Printf("\n\nAlloc = %v\nTotalAlloc = %v\nSys = %v\nNumGC = %v\n\n", formatByteCount(m.Alloc), formatByteCount(m.TotalAlloc), formatByteCount(m.Sys), m.NumGC)
+	}
+
+	go func() {
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-memticker.C:
+				printMem()
+			case <-quit:
+				memticker.Stop()
+				printMem()
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return func() {
+		close(quit)
+	}
 }

 func (c *commandeer) initProfiling() (func(), error) {
@@ -450,6 +465,11 @@ func (c *commandeer) initProfiling() (func(), error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}

+	var stopMemTicker func()
+	if c.h.printm {
+		stopMemTicker = c.initMemTicker()
+	}
+
 	return func() {
 		c.initMemProfile()

@@ -463,6 +483,10 @@ func (c *commandeer) initProfiling() (func(), error) {
 		if stopTraceProf != nil {
 			stopTraceProf()
 		}
+
+		if stopMemTicker != nil {
+			stopMemTicker()
+		}
 	}, nil
 }

@@ -478,22 +502,26 @@ func (c *commandeer) build() error {
 		}
 	}()

-	if err := c.fullBuild(); err != nil {
+	if err := c.fullBuild(false); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	// TODO(bep) Feedback?
 	if !c.h.quiet {
 		fmt.Println()
 		c.hugo().PrintProcessingStats(os.Stdout)
 		fmt.Println()

-		if createCounter, ok := c.destinationFs.(hugofs.DuplicatesReporter); ok {
+		if createCounter, ok := c.publishDirFs.(hugofs.DuplicatesReporter); ok {
 			dupes := createCounter.ReportDuplicates()
 			if dupes != "" {
-				c.logger.WARN.Println("Duplicate target paths:", dupes)
+				c.logger.Warnln("Duplicate target paths:", dupes)
 			}
 		}
+
+		unusedTemplates := c.hugo().Tmpl().(tpl.UnusedTemplatesProvider).UnusedTemplates()
+		for _, unusedTemplate := range unusedTemplates {
+			c.logger.Warnf("Template %s is unused, source file %s", unusedTemplate.Name(), unusedTemplate.Filename())
+		}
 	}

 	if c.h.buildWatch {
@@ -505,13 +533,13 @@ func (c *commandeer) build() error {
 		baseWatchDir := c.Cfg.GetString("workingDir")
 		rootWatchDirs := getRootWatchDirsStr(baseWatchDir, watchDirs)

-		c.logger.FEEDBACK.Printf("Watching for changes in %s%s{%s}\n", baseWatchDir, helpers.FilePathSeparator, rootWatchDirs)
-		c.logger.FEEDBACK.Println("Press Ctrl+C to stop")
-		watcher, err := c.newWatcher(watchDirs...)
+		c.logger.Printf("Watching for changes in %s%s{%s}\n", baseWatchDir, helpers.FilePathSeparator, rootWatchDirs)
+		c.logger.Println("Press Ctrl+C to stop")
+		watcher, err := c.newWatcher(c.h.poll, watchDirs...)
 		checkErr(c.Logger, err)
 		defer watcher.Close()

-		var sigs = make(chan os.Signal, 1)
+		sigs := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
 		signal.Notify(sigs, syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM)

 		<-sigs
@@ -521,8 +549,6 @@ func (c *commandeer) build() error {
 }

 func (c *commandeer) serverBuild() error {
-	defer c.timeTrack(time.Now(), "Built")
-
 	stopProfiling, err := c.initProfiling()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -534,7 +560,7 @@ func (c *commandeer) serverBuild() error {
 		}
 	}()

-	if err := c.fullBuild(); err != nil {
+	if err := c.fullBuild(false); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

@@ -557,13 +583,12 @@ func (c *commandeer) copyStatic() (map[string]uint64, error) {
 }

 func (c *commandeer) doWithPublishDirs(f func(sourceFs *filesystems.SourceFilesystem) (uint64, error)) (map[string]uint64, error) {
-
 	langCount := make(map[string]uint64)

 	staticFilesystems := c.hugo().BaseFs.SourceFilesystems.Static

 	if len(staticFilesystems) == 0 {
-		c.logger.INFO.Println("No static directories found to sync")
+		c.logger.Infoln("No static directories found to sync")
 		return langCount, nil
 	}

@@ -612,11 +637,7 @@ func chmodFilter(dst, src os.FileInfo) bool {
 }

 func (c *commandeer) copyStaticTo(sourceFs *filesystems.SourceFilesystem) (uint64, error) {
-	publishDir := c.hugo().PathSpec.PublishDir
-	// If root, remove the second '/'
-	if publishDir == "//" {
-		publishDir = helpers.FilePathSeparator
-	}
+	publishDir := helpers.FilePathSeparator

 	if sourceFs.PublishFolder != "" {
 		publishDir = filepath.Join(publishDir, sourceFs.PublishFolder)
@@ -629,19 +650,22 @@ func (c *commandeer) copyStaticTo(sourceFs *filesystems.SourceFilesystem) (uint6
 	syncer.NoChmod = c.Cfg.GetBool("noChmod")
 	syncer.ChmodFilter = chmodFilter
 	syncer.SrcFs = fs
-	syncer.DestFs = c.Fs.Destination
+	syncer.DestFs = c.Fs.PublishDir
+	if c.renderStaticToDisk {
+		syncer.DestFs = c.Fs.PublishDirStatic
+	}
 	// Now that we are using a unionFs for the static directories
 	// We can effectively clean the publishDir on initial sync
 	syncer.Delete = c.Cfg.GetBool("cleanDestinationDir")

 	if syncer.Delete {
-		c.logger.INFO.Println("removing all files from destination that don't exist in static dirs")
+		c.logger.Infoln("removing all files from destination that don't exist in static dirs")

 		syncer.DeleteFilter = func(f os.FileInfo) bool {
 			return f.IsDir() && strings.HasPrefix(f.Name(), ".")
 		}
 	}
-	c.logger.INFO.Println("syncing static files to", publishDir)
+	c.logger.Infoln("syncing static files to", publishDir)

 	// because we are using a baseFs (to get the union right).
 	// set sync src to root
@@ -661,8 +685,12 @@ func (c *commandeer) firstPathSpec() *helpers.PathSpec {
 }

 func (c *commandeer) timeTrack(start time.Time, name string) {
+	// Note the use of time.Since here and time.Now in the callers.
+	// We have a htime.Sinnce, but that may be adjusted to the future,
+	// and that does not make sense here, esp. when used before the
+	// global Clock is initialized.
 	elapsed := time.Since(start)
-	c.logger.FEEDBACK.Printf("%s in %v ms", name, int(1000*elapsed.Seconds()))
+	c.logger.Printf("%s in %v ms", name, int(1000*elapsed.Seconds()))
 }

 // getDirList provides NewWatcher() with a list of directories to watch for changes.
@@ -671,7 +699,7 @@ func (c *commandeer) getDirList() ([]string, error) {

 	walkFn := func(path string, fi hugofs.FileMetaInfo, err error) error {
 		if err != nil {
-			c.logger.ERROR.Println("walker: ", err)
+			c.logger.Errorln("walker: ", err)
 			return nil
 		}

@@ -681,23 +709,22 @@ func (c *commandeer) getDirList() ([]string, error) {
 				return filepath.SkipDir
 			}

-			filenames = append(filenames, fi.Meta().Filename())
+			filenames = append(filenames, fi.Meta().Filename)
 		}

 		return nil
-
 	}

 	watchFiles := c.hugo().PathSpec.BaseFs.WatchDirs()
 	for _, fi := range watchFiles {
 		if !fi.IsDir() {
-			filenames = append(filenames, fi.Meta().Filename())
+			filenames = append(filenames, fi.Meta().Filename)
 			continue
 		}

 		w := hugofs.NewWalkway(hugofs.WalkwayConfig{Logger: c.logger, Info: fi, WalkFn: walkFn})
 		if err := w.Walk(); err != nil {
-			c.logger.ERROR.Println("walker: ", err)
+			c.logger.Errorln("walker: ", err)
 		}
 	}

@@ -706,30 +733,25 @@ func (c *commandeer) getDirList() ([]string, error) {
 	return filenames, nil
 }

-func (c *commandeer) buildSites() (err error) {
-	return c.hugo().Build(hugolib.BuildCfg{})
+func (c *commandeer) buildSites(noBuildLock bool) (err error) {
+	return c.hugo().Build(hugolib.BuildCfg{NoBuildLock: noBuildLock})
 }

 func (c *commandeer) handleBuildErr(err error, msg string) {
 	c.buildErr = err
-
-	c.logger.ERROR.Print(msg + ":\n\n")
-	c.logger.ERROR.Println(helpers.FirstUpper(err.Error()))
-	if !c.h.quiet && c.h.verbose {
-		herrors.PrintStackTraceFromErr(err)
-	}
+	c.logger.Errorln(msg + ": " + cleanErrorLog(err.Error()))
 }

 func (c *commandeer) rebuildSites(events []fsnotify.Event) error {
-	defer c.timeTrack(time.Now(), "Total")
-	defer func() {
-		c.wasError = false
-	}()
-
+	if c.buildErr != nil {
+		ferrs := herrors.UnwrapFileErrorsWithErrorContext(c.buildErr)
+		for _, err := range ferrs {
+			events = append(events, fsnotify.Event{Name: err.Position().Filename, Op: fsnotify.Write})
+		}
+	}
 	c.buildErr = nil
 	visited := c.visitedURLs.PeekAllSet()
 	if c.fastRenderMode {
-
 		// Make sure we always render the home pages
 		for _, l := range c.languages {
 			langPath := c.hugo().PathSpec.GetLangSubDir(l.Lang)
@@ -739,9 +761,8 @@ func (c *commandeer) rebuildSites(events []fsnotify.Event) error {
 			home := c.hugo().PathSpec.PrependBasePath("/"+langPath, false)
 			visited[home] = true
 		}
-
 	}
-	return c.hugo().Build(hugolib.BuildCfg{RecentlyVisited: visited, ErrRecovery: c.wasError}, events...)
+	return c.hugo().Build(hugolib.BuildCfg{NoBuildLock: true, RecentlyVisited: visited, ErrRecovery: c.wasError}, events...)
 }

 func (c *commandeer) partialReRender(urls ...string) error {
@@ -753,7 +774,9 @@ func (c *commandeer) partialReRender(urls ...string) error {
 	for _, url := range urls {
 		visited[url] = true
 	}
-	return c.hugo().Build(hugolib.BuildCfg{RecentlyVisited: visited, PartialReRender: true, ErrRecovery: c.wasError})
+
+	// Note: We do not set NoBuildLock as the file lock is not acquired at this stage.
+	return c.hugo().Build(hugolib.BuildCfg{NoBuildLock: false, RecentlyVisited: visited, PartialReRender: true, ErrRecovery: c.wasError})
 }

 func (c *commandeer) fullRebuild(changeType string) {
@@ -769,13 +792,11 @@ func (c *commandeer) fullRebuild(changeType string) {
 	c.fullRebuildSem.Acquire(context.Background(), 1)

 	go func() {
-
 		defer c.fullRebuildSem.Release(1)

 		c.printChangeDetected(changeType)

 		defer func() {
-
 			// Allow any file system events to arrive back.
 			// This will block any rebuild on config changes for the
 			// duration of the sleep.
@@ -785,7 +806,7 @@ func (c *commandeer) fullRebuild(changeType string) {
 		defer c.timeTrack(time.Now(), "Rebuilt")

 		c.commandeerHugoState = newCommandeerHugoState()
-		err := c.loadConfig(true, true)
+		err := c.loadConfig()
 		if err != nil {
 			// Set the processing on pause until the state is recovered.
 			c.paused = true
@@ -798,13 +819,13 @@ func (c *commandeer) fullRebuild(changeType string) {
 		if !c.paused {
 			_, err := c.copyStatic()
 			if err != nil {
-				c.logger.ERROR.Println(err)
+				c.logger.Errorln(err)
 				return
 			}

-			err = c.buildSites()
+			err = c.buildSites(true)
 			if err != nil {
-				c.logger.ERROR.Println(err)
+				c.logger.Errorln(err)
 			} else if !c.h.buildWatch && !c.Cfg.GetBool("disableLiveReload") {
 				livereload.ForceRefresh()
 			}
@@ -813,7 +834,7 @@ func (c *commandeer) fullRebuild(changeType string) {
 }

 // newWatcher creates a new watcher to watch filesystem events.
-func (c *commandeer) newWatcher(dirList ...string) (*watcher.Batcher, error) {
+func (c *commandeer) newWatcher(pollIntervalStr string, dirList ...string) (*watcher.Batcher, error) {
 	if runtime.GOOS == "darwin" {
 		tweakLimit()
 	}
@@ -823,14 +844,32 @@ func (c *commandeer) newWatcher(dirList ...string) (*watcher.Batcher, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	watcher, err := watcher.New(1 * time.Second)
+	var pollInterval time.Duration
+	poll := pollIntervalStr != ""
+	if poll {
+		pollInterval, err = types.ToDurationE(pollIntervalStr)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid value for flag poll: %s", err)
+		}
+		c.logger.Printf("Use watcher with poll interval %v", pollInterval)
+	}

+	if pollInterval == 0 {
+		pollInterval = 500 * time.Millisecond
+	}
+
+	watcher, err := watcher.New(500*time.Millisecond, pollInterval, poll)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

+	spec := c.hugo().Deps.SourceSpec
+
 	for _, d := range dirList {
 		if d != "" {
+			if spec.IgnoreFile(d) {
+				continue
+			}
 			_ = watcher.Add(d)
 		}
 	}
@@ -838,7 +877,7 @@ func (c *commandeer) newWatcher(dirList ...string) (*watcher.Batcher, error) {
 	// Identifies changes to config (config.toml) files.
 	configSet := make(map[string]bool)

-	c.logger.FEEDBACK.Println("Watching for config changes in", strings.Join(c.configFiles, ", "))
+	c.logger.Println("Watching for config changes in", strings.Join(c.configFiles, ", "))
 	for _, configFile := range c.configFiles {
 		watcher.Add(configFile)
 		configSet[configFile] = true
@@ -848,14 +887,20 @@ func (c *commandeer) newWatcher(dirList ...string) (*watcher.Batcher, error) {
 		for {
 			select {
 			case evs := <-watcher.Events:
+				unlock, err := c.buildLock()
+				if err != nil {
+					c.logger.Errorln("Failed to acquire a build lock: %s", err)
+					return
+				}
 				c.handleEvents(watcher, staticSyncer, evs, configSet)
 				if c.showErrorInBrowser && c.errCount() > 0 {
 					// Need to reload browser to show the error
 					livereload.ForceRefresh()
 				}
-			case err := <-watcher.Errors:
-				if err != nil {
-					c.logger.ERROR.Println("Error while watching:", err)
+				unlock()
+			case err := <-watcher.Errors():
+				if err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+					c.logger.Errorln("Error while watching:", err)
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -871,9 +916,9 @@ func (c *commandeer) printChangeDetected(typ string) {
 	}
 	msg += " detected, rebuilding site."

-	c.logger.FEEDBACK.Println(msg)
+	c.logger.Println(msg)
 	const layout = "2006-01-02 15:04:05.000 -0700"
-	c.logger.FEEDBACK.Println(time.Now().Format(layout))
+	c.logger.Println(htime.Now().Format(layout))
 }

 const (
@@ -885,6 +930,9 @@ func (c *commandeer) handleEvents(watcher *watcher.Batcher,
 	staticSyncer *staticSyncer,
 	evs []fsnotify.Event,
 	configSet map[string]bool) {
+	defer func() {
+		c.wasError = false
+	}()

 	var isHandled bool

@@ -922,7 +970,6 @@ func (c *commandeer) handleEvents(watcher *watcher.Batcher,
 						time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
 					}
 				}
-
 			}

 			// Config file(s) changed. Need full rebuild.
@@ -951,14 +998,16 @@ func (c *commandeer) handleEvents(watcher *watcher.Batcher,
 		return
 	}

-	c.logger.INFO.Println("Received System Events:", evs)
+	c.logger.Infoln("Received System Events:", evs)

 	staticEvents := []fsnotify.Event{}
 	dynamicEvents := []fsnotify.Event{}

-	// Special handling for symbolic links inside /content.
 	filtered := []fsnotify.Event{}
 	for _, ev := range evs {
+		if c.hugo().ShouldSkipFileChangeEvent(ev) {
+			continue
+		}
 		// Check the most specific first, i.e. files.
 		contentMapped := c.hugo().ContentChanges.GetSymbolicLinkMappings(ev.Name)
 		if len(contentMapped) > 0 {
@@ -1031,7 +1080,7 @@ func (c *commandeer) handleEvents(watcher *watcher.Batcher,

 		walkAdder := func(path string, f hugofs.FileMetaInfo, err error) error {
 			if f.IsDir() {
-				c.logger.FEEDBACK.Println("adding created directory to watchlist", path)
+				c.logger.Println("adding created directory to watchlist", path)
 				if err := watcher.Add(path); err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
@@ -1063,15 +1112,15 @@ func (c *commandeer) handleEvents(watcher *watcher.Batcher,
 		c.printChangeDetected("Static files")

 		if c.Cfg.GetBool("forceSyncStatic") {
-			c.logger.FEEDBACK.Printf("Syncing all static files\n")
+			c.logger.Printf("Syncing all static files\n")
 			_, err := c.copyStatic()
 			if err != nil {
-				c.logger.ERROR.Println("Error copying static files to publish dir:", err)
+				c.logger.Errorln("Error copying static files to publish dir:", err)
 				return
 			}
 		} else {
 			if err := staticSyncer.syncsStaticEvents(staticEvents); err != nil {
-				c.logger.ERROR.Println("Error syncing static files to publish dir:", err)
+				c.logger.Errorln("Error syncing static files to publish dir:", err)
 				return
 			}
 		}
@@ -1080,10 +1129,11 @@ func (c *commandeer) handleEvents(watcher *watcher.Batcher,
 			// Will block forever trying to write to a channel that nobody is reading if livereload isn't initialized

 			// force refresh when more than one file
-			if len(staticEvents) == 1 {
+			if !c.wasError && len(staticEvents) == 1 {
 				ev := staticEvents[0]
 				path := c.hugo().BaseFs.SourceFilesystems.MakeStaticPathRelative(ev.Name)
 				path = c.firstPathSpec().RelURL(helpers.ToSlashTrimLeading(path), false)
+
 				livereload.RefreshPath(path)
 			} else {
 				livereload.ForceRefresh()
@@ -1101,12 +1151,20 @@ func (c *commandeer) handleEvents(watcher *watcher.Batcher,

 		c.printChangeDetected("")
 		c.changeDetector.PrepareNew()
-		if err := c.rebuildSites(dynamicEvents); err != nil {
-			c.handleBuildErr(err, "Rebuild failed")
-		}
+
+		func() {
+			defer c.timeTrack(time.Now(), "Total")
+			if err := c.rebuildSites(dynamicEvents); err != nil {
+				c.handleBuildErr(err, "Rebuild failed")
+			}
+		}()

 		if doLiveReload {
 			if len(partitionedEvents.ContentEvents) == 0 && len(partitionedEvents.AssetEvents) > 0 {
+				if c.wasError {
+					livereload.ForceRefresh()
+					return
+				}
 				changed := c.changeDetector.changed()
 				if c.changeDetector != nil && len(changed) == 0 {
 					// Nothing has changed.
@@ -1159,20 +1217,37 @@ func partitionDynamicEvents(sourceFs *filesystems.SourceFilesystems, events []fs
 		}
 	}
 	return
-
 }

 func pickOneWriteOrCreatePath(events []fsnotify.Event) string {
 	name := ""

-	// Some editors (for example notepad.exe on Windows) triggers a change
-	// both for directory and file. So we pick the longest path, which should
-	// be the file itself.
 	for _, ev := range events {
-		if (ev.Op&fsnotify.Write == fsnotify.Write || ev.Op&fsnotify.Create == fsnotify.Create) && len(ev.Name) > len(name) {
-			name = ev.Name
+		if ev.Op&fsnotify.Write == fsnotify.Write || ev.Op&fsnotify.Create == fsnotify.Create {
+			if files.IsIndexContentFile(ev.Name) {
+				return ev.Name
+			}
+
+			if files.IsContentFile(ev.Name) {
+				name = ev.Name
+			}
+
 		}
 	}

 	return name
 }
+
+func formatByteCount(b uint64) string {
+	const unit = 1000
+	if b < unit {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%d B", b)
+	}
+	div, exp := int64(unit), 0
+	for n := b / unit; n >= unit; n /= unit {
+		div *= unit
+		exp++
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%.1f %cB",
+		float64(b)/float64(div), "kMGTPE"[exp])
+}
@@ -14,39 +14,193 @@
 package commands

 import (
-	"os"
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/rand"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"

+	"github.com/bep/clock"
 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/htime"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
+	"github.com/spf13/afero"
+	"golang.org/x/tools/txtar"
 )

 // Issue #5662
 func TestHugoWithContentDirOverride(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
 	c := qt.New(t)

+	files := `
+-- config.toml --
+baseURL = "https://example.org"
+title = "Hugo Commands"
+-- mycontent/p1.md --
+---
+title: "P1"
+---
+-- layouts/_default/single.html --
+Page: {{ .Title }}|
+
+`
+	s := newTestHugoCmdBuilder(c, files, []string{"-c", "mycontent"}).Build()
+	s.AssertFileContent("public/p1/index.html", `Page: P1|`)
+
+}
+
+// Issue #9794
+func TestHugoStaticFilesMultipleStaticAndManyFolders(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	files := `
+-- config.toml --
+baseURL = "https://example.org"
+theme = "mytheme"
+-- layouts/index.html --
+Home.
+
+`
+	const (
+		numDirs     = 33
+		numFilesMax = 12
+	)
+
+	r := rand.New(rand.NewSource(32))
+
+	for i := 0; i < numDirs; i++ {
+		for j := 0; j < r.Intn(numFilesMax); j++ {
+			if j%3 == 0 {
+				files += fmt.Sprintf("-- themes/mytheme/static/d%d/f%d.txt --\nHellot%d-%d\n", i, j, i, j)
+				files += fmt.Sprintf("-- themes/mytheme/static/d%d/ft%d.txt --\nHellot%d-%d\n", i, j, i, j)
+			}
+			files += fmt.Sprintf("-- static/d%d/f%d.txt --\nHello%d-%d\n", i, j, i, j)
+		}
+	}
+
+	r = rand.New(rand.NewSource(32))
+
+	s := newTestHugoCmdBuilder(c, files, []string{"-c", "mycontent"}).Build()
+	for i := 0; i < numDirs; i++ {
+		for j := 0; j < r.Intn(numFilesMax); j++ {
+			if j%3 == 0 {
+				if j%3 == 0 {
+					s.AssertFileContent(fmt.Sprintf("public/d%d/ft%d.txt", i, j), fmt.Sprintf("Hellot%d-%d", i, j))
+				}
+				s.AssertFileContent(fmt.Sprintf("public/d%d/f%d.txt", i, j), fmt.Sprintf("Hello%d-%d", i, j))
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+}
+
+// Issue #8787
+func TestHugoListCommandsWithClockFlag(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Cleanup(func() { htime.Clock = clock.System() })
+
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	files := `
+-- config.toml --
+baseURL = "https://example.org"
+title = "Hugo Commands"
+timeZone = "UTC"
+-- content/past.md --
+---
+title: "Past"
+date: 2000-11-06
+---
+-- content/future.md --
+---
+title: "Future"
+date: 2200-11-06
+---
+-- layouts/_default/single.html --
+Page: {{ .Title }}|
+
+`
+	s := newTestHugoCmdBuilder(c, files, []string{"list", "future"})
+	s.captureOut = true
+	s.Build()
+	p := filepath.Join("content", "future.md")
+	s.AssertStdout(p + ",2200-11-06T00:00:00Z")
+
+	s = newTestHugoCmdBuilder(c, files, []string{"list", "future", "--clock", "2300-11-06"}).Build()
+	s.AssertStdout("")
+}
+
+type testHugoCmdBuilder struct {
+	*qt.C
+
+	fs    afero.Fs
+	dir   string
+	files string
+	args  []string
+
+	captureOut bool
+	out        string
+}
+
+func newTestHugoCmdBuilder(c *qt.C, files string, args []string) *testHugoCmdBuilder {
+	s := &testHugoCmdBuilder{C: c, files: files, args: args}
+	s.dir = s.TempDir()
+	s.fs = afero.NewBasePathFs(hugofs.Os, s.dir)
+
+	return s
+}
+
+func (s *testHugoCmdBuilder) Build() *testHugoCmdBuilder {
+	data := txtar.Parse([]byte(s.files))
+
+	for _, f := range data.Files {
+		filename := filepath.Clean(f.Name)
+		data := bytes.TrimSuffix(f.Data, []byte("\n"))
+		s.Assert(s.fs.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(filename), 0777), qt.IsNil)
+		s.Assert(afero.WriteFile(s.fs, filename, data, 0666), qt.IsNil)
+	}
+
 	hugoCmd := newCommandsBuilder().addAll().build()
 	cmd := hugoCmd.getCommand()
+	args := append(s.args, "-s="+s.dir, "--quiet")
+	cmd.SetArgs(args)

-	contentDir := "contentOverride"
-
-	cfgStr := `
-
-baseURL = "https://example.org"
-title = "Hugo Commands"
-
-contentDir = "thisdoesnotexist"
-
-`
-	dir, err := createSimpleTestSite(t, testSiteConfig{configTOML: cfgStr, contentDir: contentDir})
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-
-	defer func() {
-		os.RemoveAll(dir)
-	}()
-
-	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"-s=" + dir, "-c=" + contentDir})
-
-	_, err = cmd.ExecuteC()
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+	if s.captureOut {
+		out, err := captureStdout(func() error {
+			_, err := cmd.ExecuteC()
+			return err
+		})
+		s.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+		s.out = out
+	} else {
+		_, err := cmd.ExecuteC()
+		s.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+	}

+	return s
+}
+
+func (s *testHugoCmdBuilder) AssertFileContent(filename string, matches ...string) {
+	s.Helper()
+	data, err := afero.ReadFile(s.fs, filename)
+	s.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+	content := strings.TrimSpace(string(data))
+	for _, m := range matches {
+		lines := strings.Split(m, "\n")
+		for _, match := range lines {
+			match = strings.TrimSpace(match)
+			if match == "" || strings.HasPrefix(match, "#") {
+				continue
+			}
+			s.Assert(content, qt.Contains, match, qt.Commentf(m))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *testHugoCmdBuilder) AssertStdout(match string) {
+	s.Helper()
+	content := strings.TrimSpace(s.out)
+	s.Assert(content, qt.Contains, strings.TrimSpace(match))
 }
@@ -13,7 +13,13 @@

 package commands

-import "github.com/spf13/cobra"
+import (
+	// For time zone lookups on Windows without Go installed.
+	// See #8892
+	_ "time/tzdata"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)

 func init() {
 	// This message to show to Windows users if Hugo is opened from explorer.exe
@@ -26,6 +26,9 @@ import (
 	"time"
 	"unicode"

+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser/pageparser"
+
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/htime"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugio"

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser/metadecoders"
@@ -33,7 +36,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser"
 	"github.com/spf13/afero"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
@@ -72,11 +74,9 @@ Import from Jekyll requires two paths, e.g. ` + "`hugo import jekyll jekyll_root
 	cc.cmd.AddCommand(importJekyllCmd)

 	return cc
-
 }

 func (i *importCmd) importFromJekyll(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-
 	if len(args) < 2 {
 		return newUserError(`import from jekyll requires two paths, e.g. ` + "`hugo import jekyll jekyll_root_path target_path`.")
 	}
@@ -201,12 +201,7 @@ func (i *importCmd) retrieveJekyllPostDir(fs afero.Fs, dir string) (bool, bool)
 }

 func (i *importCmd) createSiteFromJekyll(jekyllRoot, targetDir string, jekyllPostDirs map[string]bool, force bool) error {
-	s, err := hugolib.NewSiteDefaultLang()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	fs := s.Fs.Source
+	fs := &afero.OsFs{}
 	if exists, _ := helpers.Exists(targetDir, fs); exists {
 		if isDir, _ := helpers.IsDir(targetDir, fs); !isDir {
 			return errors.New("target path \"" + targetDir + "\" exists but is not a directory")
@@ -235,7 +230,7 @@ func (i *importCmd) createSiteFromJekyll(jekyllRoot, targetDir string, jekyllPos
 	return nil
 }

-func (i *importCmd) loadJekyllConfig(fs afero.Fs, jekyllRoot string) map[string]interface{} {
+func (i *importCmd) loadJekyllConfig(fs afero.Fs, jekyllRoot string) map[string]any {
 	path := filepath.Join(jekyllRoot, "_config.yml")

 	exists, err := helpers.Exists(path, fs)
@@ -253,13 +248,11 @@ func (i *importCmd) loadJekyllConfig(fs afero.Fs, jekyllRoot string) map[string]
 	defer f.Close()

 	b, err := ioutil.ReadAll(f)
-
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil
 	}

 	c, err := metadecoders.Default.UnmarshalToMap(b, metadecoders.YAML)
-
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -267,7 +260,7 @@ func (i *importCmd) loadJekyllConfig(fs afero.Fs, jekyllRoot string) map[string]
 	return c
 }

-func (i *importCmd) createConfigFromJekyll(fs afero.Fs, inpath string, kind metadecoders.Format, jekyllConfig map[string]interface{}) (err error) {
+func (i *importCmd) createConfigFromJekyll(fs afero.Fs, inpath string, kind metadecoders.Format, jekyllConfig map[string]any) (err error) {
 	title := "My New Hugo Site"
 	baseURL := "http://example.org/"

@@ -287,7 +280,7 @@ func (i *importCmd) createConfigFromJekyll(fs afero.Fs, inpath string, kind meta
 		}
 	}

-	in := map[string]interface{}{
+	in := map[string]any{
 		"baseURL":            baseURL,
 		"title":              title,
 		"languageCode":       "en-us",
@@ -336,8 +329,10 @@ func (i *importCmd) copyJekyllFilesAndFolders(jekyllRoot, dest string, jekyllPos
 			}
 		} else {
 			lowerEntryName := strings.ToLower(entry.Name())
-			exceptSuffix := []string{".md", ".markdown", ".html", ".htm",
-				".xml", ".textile", "rakefile", "gemfile", ".lock"}
+			exceptSuffix := []string{
+				".md", ".markdown", ".html", ".htm",
+				".xml", ".textile", "rakefile", "gemfile", ".lock",
+			}
 			isExcept := false
 			for _, suffix := range exceptSuffix {
 				if strings.HasSuffix(lowerEntryName, suffix) {
@@ -362,12 +357,12 @@ func parseJekyllFilename(filename string) (time.Time, string, error) {
 	re := regexp.MustCompile(`(\d+-\d+-\d+)-(.+)\..*`)
 	r := re.FindAllStringSubmatch(filename, -1)
 	if len(r) == 0 {
-		return time.Now(), "", errors.New("filename not match")
+		return htime.Now(), "", errors.New("filename not match")
 	}

 	postDate, err := time.Parse("2006-1-2", r[0][1])
 	if err != nil {
-		return time.Now(), "", err
+		return htime.Now(), "", err
 	}

 	postName := r[0][2]
@@ -397,19 +392,19 @@ func convertJekyllPost(path, relPath, targetDir string, draft bool) error {
 		return err
 	}

-	pf, err := parseContentFile(bytes.NewReader(contentBytes))
+	pf, err := pageparser.ParseFrontMatterAndContent(bytes.NewReader(contentBytes))
 	if err != nil {
 		jww.ERROR.Println("Parse file error:", path)
 		return err
 	}

-	newmetadata, err := convertJekyllMetaData(pf.frontMatter, postName, postDate, draft)
+	newmetadata, err := convertJekyllMetaData(pf.FrontMatter, postName, postDate, draft)
 	if err != nil {
 		jww.ERROR.Println("Convert metadata error:", path)
 		return err
 	}

-	content, err := convertJekyllContent(newmetadata, string(pf.content))
+	content, err := convertJekyllContent(newmetadata, string(pf.Content))
 	if err != nil {
 		jww.ERROR.Println("Converting Jekyll error:", path)
 		return err
@@ -423,7 +418,7 @@ func convertJekyllPost(path, relPath, targetDir string, draft bool) error {
 	return nil
 }

-func convertJekyllMetaData(m interface{}, postName string, postDate time.Time, draft bool) (interface{}, error) {
+func convertJekyllMetaData(m any, postName string, postDate time.Time, draft bool) (any, error) {
 	metadata, err := maps.ToStringMapE(m)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -475,7 +470,7 @@ func convertJekyllMetaData(m interface{}, postName string, postDate time.Time, d
 	return metadata, nil
 }

-func convertJekyllContent(m interface{}, content string) (string, error) {
+func convertJekyllContent(m any, content string) (string, error) {
 	metadata, _ := maps.ToStringMapE(m)

 	lines := strings.Split(content, "\n")
@@ -600,8 +595,8 @@ func replaceImageTag(match string) string {
 	}
 	result.WriteString(">}}")
 	return result.String()
-
 }
+
 func replaceOptionalPart(buffer *bytes.Buffer, partName string, part string) {
 	if len(part) > 0 {
 		buffer.WriteString(partName + "=\"" + part + "\" ")
@@ -47,31 +47,47 @@ func TestParseJekyllFilename(t *testing.T) {
 func TestConvertJekyllMetadata(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)
 	testDataList := []struct {
-		metadata interface{}
+		metadata any
 		postName string
 		postDate time.Time
 		draft    bool
 		expect   string
 	}{
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{}, "testPost", time.Date(2015, 10, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC), false,
-			`{"date":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z"}`},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{}, "testPost", time.Date(2015, 10, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC), true,
-			`{"date":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","draft":true}`},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{"Permalink": "/permalink.html", "layout": "post"},
+		{
+			map[any]any{},
 			"testPost", time.Date(2015, 10, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC), false,
-			`{"date":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","url":"/permalink.html"}`},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{"permalink": "/permalink.html"},
+			`{"date":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			map[any]any{},
+			"testPost", time.Date(2015, 10, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC), true,
+			`{"date":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","draft":true}`,
+		},
+		{
+			map[any]any{"Permalink": "/permalink.html", "layout": "post"},
 			"testPost", time.Date(2015, 10, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC), false,
-			`{"date":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","url":"/permalink.html"}`},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{"category": nil, "permalink": 123},
+			`{"date":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","url":"/permalink.html"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			map[any]any{"permalink": "/permalink.html"},
 			"testPost", time.Date(2015, 10, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC), false,
-			`{"date":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z"}`},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{"Excerpt_Separator": "sep"},
+			`{"date":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","url":"/permalink.html"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			map[any]any{"category": nil, "permalink": 123},
 			"testPost", time.Date(2015, 10, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC), false,
-			`{"date":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","excerpt_separator":"sep"}`},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{"category": "book", "layout": "post", "Others": "Goods", "Date": "2015-10-01 12:13:11"},
+			`{"date":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			map[any]any{"Excerpt_Separator": "sep"},
 			"testPost", time.Date(2015, 10, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC), false,
-			`{"Others":"Goods","categories":["book"],"date":"2015-10-01T12:13:11Z"}`},
+			`{"date":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","excerpt_separator":"sep"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			map[any]any{"category": "book", "layout": "post", "Others": "Goods", "Date": "2015-10-01 12:13:11"},
+			"testPost", time.Date(2015, 10, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC), false,
+			`{"Others":"Goods","categories":["book"],"date":"2015-10-01T12:13:11Z"}`,
+		},
 	}

 	for _, data := range testDataList {
@@ -86,48 +102,72 @@ func TestConvertJekyllMetadata(t *testing.T) {
 func TestConvertJekyllContent(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)
 	testDataList := []struct {
-		metadata interface{}
+		metadata any
 		content  string
 		expect   string
 	}{
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{},
-			"Test content\r\n<!-- more -->\npart2 content", "Test content\n<!--more-->\npart2 content"},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{},
-			"Test content\n<!-- More -->\npart2 content", "Test content\n<!--more-->\npart2 content"},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{"excerpt_separator": "<!--sep-->"},
+		{
+			map[any]any{},
+			"Test content\r\n<!-- more -->\npart2 content", "Test content\n<!--more-->\npart2 content",
+		},
+		{
+			map[any]any{},
+			"Test content\n<!-- More -->\npart2 content", "Test content\n<!--more-->\npart2 content",
+		},
+		{
+			map[any]any{"excerpt_separator": "<!--sep-->"},
 			"Test content\n<!--sep-->\npart2 content",
-			"---\nexcerpt_separator: <!--sep-->\n---\nTest content\n<!--more-->\npart2 content"},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{}, "{% raw %}text{% endraw %}", "text"},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{}, "{%raw%} text2 {%endraw %}", "text2"},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{},
+			"---\nexcerpt_separator: <!--sep-->\n---\nTest content\n<!--more-->\npart2 content",
+		},
+		{map[any]any{}, "{% raw %}text{% endraw %}", "text"},
+		{map[any]any{}, "{%raw%} text2 {%endraw %}", "text2"},
+		{
+			map[any]any{},
 			"{% highlight go %}\nvar s int\n{% endhighlight %}",
-			"{{< highlight go >}}\nvar s int\n{{< / highlight >}}"},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{},
+			"{{< highlight go >}}\nvar s int\n{{< / highlight >}}",
+		},
+		{
+			map[any]any{},
 			"{% highlight go linenos hl_lines=\"1 2\" %}\nvar s string\nvar i int\n{% endhighlight %}",
-			"{{< highlight go \"linenos=table,hl_lines=1 2\" >}}\nvar s string\nvar i int\n{{< / highlight >}}"},
+			"{{< highlight go \"linenos=table,hl_lines=1 2\" >}}\nvar s string\nvar i int\n{{< / highlight >}}",
+		},

 		// Octopress image tag
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{},
+		{
+			map[any]any{},
 			"{% img http://placekitten.com/890/280 %}",
-			"{{< figure src=\"http://placekitten.com/890/280\" >}}"},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{},
+			"{{< figure src=\"http://placekitten.com/890/280\" >}}",
+		},
+		{
+			map[any]any{},
 			"{% img left http://placekitten.com/320/250 Place Kitten #2 %}",
-			"{{< figure class=\"left\" src=\"http://placekitten.com/320/250\" title=\"Place Kitten #2\" >}}"},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{},
+			"{{< figure class=\"left\" src=\"http://placekitten.com/320/250\" title=\"Place Kitten #2\" >}}",
+		},
+		{
+			map[any]any{},
 			"{% img right http://placekitten.com/300/500 150 250 'Place Kitten #3' %}",
-			"{{< figure class=\"right\" src=\"http://placekitten.com/300/500\" width=\"150\" height=\"250\" title=\"Place Kitten #3\" >}}"},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{},
+			"{{< figure class=\"right\" src=\"http://placekitten.com/300/500\" width=\"150\" height=\"250\" title=\"Place Kitten #3\" >}}",
+		},
+		{
+			map[any]any{},
 			"{% img right http://placekitten.com/300/500 150 250 'Place Kitten #4' 'An image of a very cute kitten' %}",
-			"{{< figure class=\"right\" src=\"http://placekitten.com/300/500\" width=\"150\" height=\"250\" title=\"Place Kitten #4\" alt=\"An image of a very cute kitten\" >}}"},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{},
+			"{{< figure class=\"right\" src=\"http://placekitten.com/300/500\" width=\"150\" height=\"250\" title=\"Place Kitten #4\" alt=\"An image of a very cute kitten\" >}}",
+		},
+		{
+			map[any]any{},
 			"{% img http://placekitten.com/300/500 150 250 'Place Kitten #4' 'An image of a very cute kitten' %}",
-			"{{< figure src=\"http://placekitten.com/300/500\" width=\"150\" height=\"250\" title=\"Place Kitten #4\" alt=\"An image of a very cute kitten\" >}}"},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{},
+			"{{< figure src=\"http://placekitten.com/300/500\" width=\"150\" height=\"250\" title=\"Place Kitten #4\" alt=\"An image of a very cute kitten\" >}}",
+		},
+		{
+			map[any]any{},
 			"{% img right /placekitten/300/500 'Place Kitten #4' 'An image of a very cute kitten' %}",
-			"{{< figure class=\"right\" src=\"/placekitten/300/500\" title=\"Place Kitten #4\" alt=\"An image of a very cute kitten\" >}}"},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{"category": "book", "layout": "post", "Date": "2015-10-01 12:13:11"},
+			"{{< figure class=\"right\" src=\"/placekitten/300/500\" title=\"Place Kitten #4\" alt=\"An image of a very cute kitten\" >}}",
+		},
+		{
+			map[any]any{"category": "book", "layout": "post", "Date": "2015-10-01 12:13:11"},
 			"somecontent",
-			"---\nDate: \"2015-10-01 12:13:11\"\ncategory: book\nlayout: post\n---\nsomecontent"},
+			"---\nDate: \"2015-10-01 12:13:11\"\ncategory: book\nlayout: post\n---\nsomecontent",
+		},
 	}
 	for _, data := range testDataList {
 		result, err := convertJekyllContent(data.metadata, data.content)
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

+//go:build !darwin
 // +build !darwin

 package commands
@@ -29,11 +29,10 @@ import (
 var _ cmder = (*listCmd)(nil)

 type listCmd struct {
-	hugoBuilderCommon
-	*baseCmd
+	*baseBuilderCmd
 }

-func (lc *listCmd) buildSites(config map[string]interface{}) (*hugolib.HugoSites, error) {
+func (lc *listCmd) buildSites(config map[string]any) (*hugolib.HugoSites, error) {
 	cfgInit := func(c *commandeer) error {
 		for key, value := range config {
 			c.Set(key, value)
@@ -41,13 +40,12 @@ func (lc *listCmd) buildSites(config map[string]interface{}) (*hugolib.HugoSites
 		return nil
 	}

-	c, err := initializeConfig(true, false, &lc.hugoBuilderCommon, lc, cfgInit)
+	c, err := initializeConfig(true, true, false, &lc.hugoBuilderCommon, lc, cfgInit)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

 	sites, err := hugolib.NewHugoSites(*c.DepsCfg)
-
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, newSystemError("Error creating sites", err)
 	}
@@ -59,26 +57,25 @@ func (lc *listCmd) buildSites(config map[string]interface{}) (*hugolib.HugoSites
 	return sites, nil
 }

-func newListCmd() *listCmd {
+func (b *commandsBuilder) newListCmd() *listCmd {
 	cc := &listCmd{}

-	cc.baseCmd = newBaseCmd(&cobra.Command{
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "list",
 		Short: "Listing out various types of content",
 		Long: `Listing out various types of content.

 List requires a subcommand, e.g. ` + "`hugo list drafts`.",
 		RunE: nil,
-	})
+	}

-	cc.cmd.AddCommand(
+	cmd.AddCommand(
 		&cobra.Command{
 			Use:   "drafts",
 			Short: "List all drafts",
 			Long:  `List all of the drafts in your content directory.`,
 			RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-				sites, err := cc.buildSites(map[string]interface{}{"buildDrafts": true})
-
+				sites, err := cc.buildSites(map[string]any{"buildDrafts": true})
 				if err != nil {
 					return newSystemError("Error building sites", err)
 				}
@@ -97,7 +94,10 @@ List requires a subcommand, e.g. ` + "`hugo list drafts`.",
 			Short: "List all posts dated in the future",
 			Long:  `List all of the posts in your content directory which will be posted in the future.`,
 			RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-				sites, err := cc.buildSites(map[string]interface{}{"buildFuture": true})
+				sites, err := cc.buildSites(map[string]any{"buildFuture": true})
+				if err != nil {
+					return newSystemError("Error building sites", err)
+				}

 				if err != nil {
 					return newSystemError("Error building sites", err)
@@ -126,7 +126,10 @@ List requires a subcommand, e.g. ` + "`hugo list drafts`.",
 			Short: "List all posts already expired",
 			Long:  `List all of the posts in your content directory which has already expired.`,
 			RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-				sites, err := cc.buildSites(map[string]interface{}{"buildExpired": true})
+				sites, err := cc.buildSites(map[string]any{"buildExpired": true})
+				if err != nil {
+					return newSystemError("Error building sites", err)
+				}

 				if err != nil {
 					return newSystemError("Error building sites", err)
@@ -155,12 +158,11 @@ List requires a subcommand, e.g. ` + "`hugo list drafts`.",
 			Short: "List all posts",
 			Long:  `List all of the posts in your content directory, include drafts, future and expired pages.`,
 			RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-				sites, err := cc.buildSites(map[string]interface{}{
+				sites, err := cc.buildSites(map[string]any{
 					"buildExpired": true,
 					"buildDrafts":  true,
 					"buildFuture":  true,
 				})
-
 				if err != nil {
 					return newSystemError("Error building sites", err)
 				}
@@ -202,8 +204,7 @@ List requires a subcommand, e.g. ` + "`hugo list drafts`.",
 		},
 	)

-	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&cc.source, "source", "s", "", "filesystem path to read files relative from")
-	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().SetAnnotation("source", cobra.BashCompSubdirsInDir, []string{})
+	cc.baseBuilderCmd = b.newBuilderBasicCmd(cmd)

 	return cc
 }
@@ -10,44 +10,40 @@ import (
 	"testing"

 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )

-func captureStdout(f func() (*cobra.Command, error)) (string, error) {
+func captureStdout(f func() error) (string, error) {
 	old := os.Stdout
 	r, w, _ := os.Pipe()
 	os.Stdout = w

-	_, err := f()
-
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
+	err := f()

 	w.Close()
 	os.Stdout = old

 	var buf bytes.Buffer
 	io.Copy(&buf, r)
-	return buf.String(), nil
+	return buf.String(), err
 }

 func TestListAll(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)
-	dir, err := createSimpleTestSite(t, testSiteConfig{})
-
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+	dir := createSimpleTestSite(t, testSiteConfig{})

 	hugoCmd := newCommandsBuilder().addAll().build()
 	cmd := hugoCmd.getCommand()

-	defer func() {
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
 		os.RemoveAll(dir)
-	}()
+	})

 	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"-s=" + dir, "list", "all"})

-	out, err := captureStdout(cmd.ExecuteC)
+	out, err := captureStdout(func() error {
+		_, err := cmd.ExecuteC()
+		return err
+	})
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)

 	r := csv.NewReader(strings.NewReader(out))
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2019 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2020 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -14,7 +14,13 @@
 package commands

 import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"regexp"
+
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib"

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/modules"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
@@ -26,12 +32,71 @@ type modCmd struct {
 	*baseBuilderCmd
 }

+func (c *modCmd) newVerifyCmd() *cobra.Command {
+	var clean bool
+
+	verifyCmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "verify",
+		Short: "Verify dependencies.",
+		Long: `Verify checks that the dependencies of the current module, which are stored in a local downloaded source cache, have not been modified since being downloaded.
+`,
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			return c.withModsClient(true, func(c *modules.Client) error {
+				return c.Verify(clean)
+			})
+		},
+	}
+
+	verifyCmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&clean, "clean", "", false, "delete module cache for dependencies that fail verification")
+
+	return verifyCmd
+}
+
+var moduleNotFoundRe = regexp.MustCompile("module.*not found")
+
+func (c *modCmd) newCleanCmd() *cobra.Command {
+	var pattern string
+	var all bool
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "clean",
+		Short: "Delete the Hugo Module cache for the current project.",
+		Long: `Delete the Hugo Module cache for the current project.
+
+Note that after you run this command, all of your dependencies will be re-downloaded next time you run "hugo".
+
+Also note that if you configure a positive maxAge for the "modules" file cache, it will also be cleaned as part of "hugo --gc".
+ 
+`,
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			if all {
+				com, err := c.initConfig(false)
+
+				if err != nil && com == nil {
+					return err
+				}
+
+				count, err := com.hugo().FileCaches.ModulesCache().Prune(true)
+				com.logger.Printf("Deleted %d files from module cache.", count)
+				return err
+			}
+			return c.withModsClient(true, func(c *modules.Client) error {
+				return c.Clean(pattern)
+			})
+		},
+	}
+
+	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&pattern, "pattern", "", "", `pattern matching module paths to clean (all if not set), e.g. "**hugo*"`)
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&all, "all", "", false, "clean entire module cache")
+
+	return cmd
+}
+
 func (b *commandsBuilder) newModCmd() *modCmd {
 	c := &modCmd{}

 	const commonUsage = `
 Note that Hugo will always start out by resolving the components defined in the site
-configuration, provided by a _vendor directory (if no --ignoreVendor flag provided),
+configuration, provided by a _vendor directory (if no --ignoreVendorPaths flag provided),
 Go Modules, or a folder inside the themes directory, in that order.

 See https://gohugo.io/hugo-modules/ for more information.
@@ -51,6 +116,8 @@ This is not needed if you only operate on modules inside /themes or if you have
 		RunE: nil,
 	}

+	cmd.AddCommand(newModNPMCmd(c))
+
 	cmd.AddCommand(
 		&cobra.Command{
 			Use:                "get",
@@ -72,16 +139,65 @@ Install a specific version:
 Install the latest versions of all module dependencies:

    hugo mod get -u
+    hugo mod get -u ./... (recursive)

 Run "go help get" for more information. All flags available for "go get" is also relevant here.
 ` + commonUsage,
 			RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-				return c.withModsClient(false, func(c *modules.Client) error {
-					// We currently just pass on the flags we get to Go and
-					// need to do the flag handling manually.
-					if len(args) == 1 && args[0] == "-h" {
-						return cmd.Help()
+				// We currently just pass on the flags we get to Go and
+				// need to do the flag handling manually.
+				if len(args) == 1 && args[0] == "-h" {
+					return cmd.Help()
+				}
+
+				var lastArg string
+				if len(args) != 0 {
+					lastArg = args[len(args)-1]
+				}
+
+				if lastArg == "./..." {
+					args = args[:len(args)-1]
+					// Do a recursive update.
+					dirname, err := os.Getwd()
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
 					}
+
+					// Sanity check. We do recursive walking and want to avoid
+					// accidents.
+					if len(dirname) < 5 {
+						return errors.New("must not be run from the file system root")
+					}
+
+					filepath.Walk(dirname, func(path string, info os.FileInfo, err error) error {
+						if info.IsDir() {
+							return nil
+						}
+
+						if info.Name() == "go.mod" {
+							// Found a module.
+							dir := filepath.Dir(path)
+							fmt.Println("Update module in", dir)
+							c.source = dir
+							err := c.withModsClient(false, func(c *modules.Client) error {
+								if len(args) == 1 && args[0] == "-h" {
+									return cmd.Help()
+								}
+								return c.Get(args...)
+							})
+							if err != nil {
+								return err
+							}
+
+						}
+
+						return nil
+					})
+
+					return nil
+				}
+
+				return c.withModsClient(false, func(c *modules.Client) error {
 					return c.Get(args...)
 				})
 			},
@@ -132,6 +248,7 @@ If a module is vendored, that is where Hugo will look for it's dependencies.
 				})
 			},
 		},
+		c.newVerifyCmd(),
 		&cobra.Command{
 			Use:   "tidy",
 			Short: "Remove unused entries in go.mod and go.sum.",
@@ -141,33 +258,12 @@ If a module is vendored, that is where Hugo will look for it's dependencies.
 				})
 			},
 		},
-		&cobra.Command{
-			Use:   "clean",
-			Short: "Delete the entire Hugo Module cache.",
-			Long: `Delete the entire Hugo Module cache.
-
-Note that after you run this command, all of your dependencies will be re-downloaded next time you run "hugo".
-
-Also note that if you configure a positive maxAge for the "modules" file cache, it will also be cleaned as part of "hugo --gc".
- 
-`,
-			RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-				com, err := c.initConfig(true)
-				if err != nil {
-					return err
-				}
-
-				_, err = com.hugo().FileCaches.ModulesCache().Prune(true)
-				return err
-
-			},
-		},
+		c.newCleanCmd(),
 	)

 	c.baseBuilderCmd = b.newBuilderCmd(cmd)

 	return c
-
 }

 func (c *modCmd) withModsClient(failOnMissingConfig bool, f func(*modules.Client) error) error {
@@ -179,8 +275,17 @@ func (c *modCmd) withModsClient(failOnMissingConfig bool, f func(*modules.Client
 	return f(com.hugo().ModulesClient)
 }

+func (c *modCmd) withHugo(f func(*hugolib.HugoSites) error) error {
+	com, err := c.initConfig(true)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return f(com.hugo())
+}
+
 func (c *modCmd) initConfig(failOnNoConfig bool) (*commandeer, error) {
-	com, err := initializeConfig(failOnNoConfig, false, &c.hugoBuilderCommon, c, nil)
+	com, err := initializeConfig(failOnNoConfig, false, false, &c.hugoBuilderCommon, c, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package commands
+
+import (
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/modules/npm"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+func newModNPMCmd(c *modCmd) *cobra.Command {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "npm",
+		Short: "Various npm helpers.",
+		Long:  `Various npm (Node package manager) helpers.`,
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			return c.withHugo(func(h *hugolib.HugoSites) error {
+				return nil
+			})
+		},
+	}
+
+	cmd.AddCommand(&cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "pack",
+		Short: "Experimental: Prepares and writes a composite package.json file for your project.",
+		Long: `Prepares and writes a composite package.json file for your project.
+
+On first run it creates a "package.hugo.json" in the project root if not already there. This file will be used as a template file
+with the base dependency set. 
+
+This set will be merged with all "package.hugo.json" files found in the dependency tree, picking the version closest to the project.
+
+This command is marked as 'Experimental'. We think it's a great idea, so it's not likely to be
+removed from Hugo, but we need to test this out in "real life" to get a feel of it,
+so this may/will change in future versions of Hugo.
+`,
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			return c.withHugo(func(h *hugolib.HugoSites) error {
+				return npm.Pack(h.BaseFs.SourceFs, h.BaseFs.Assets.Dirs)
+			})
+		},
+	})
+
+	return cmd
+}
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ Ensure you run this within the root directory of your site.`,
 	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&cc.contentType, "kind", "k", "", "content type to create")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&cc.contentEditor, "editor", "", "edit new content with this editor, if provided")

-	cmd.AddCommand(newNewSiteCmd().getCommand())
-	cmd.AddCommand(newNewThemeCmd().getCommand())
+	cmd.AddCommand(b.newNewSiteCmd().getCommand())
+	cmd.AddCommand(b.newNewThemeCmd().getCommand())

 	cmd.RunE = cc.newContent

@@ -71,8 +71,7 @@ func (n *newCmd) newContent(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 		return nil
 	}

-	c, err := initializeConfig(true, false, &n.hugoBuilderCommon, n, cfgInit)
-
+	c, err := initializeConfig(true, true, false, &n.hugoBuilderCommon, n, cfgInit)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -81,17 +80,7 @@ func (n *newCmd) newContent(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 		return newUserError("path needs to be provided")
 	}

-	createPath := args[0]
-
-	var kind string
-
-	createPath, kind = newContentPathSection(c.hugo(), createPath)
-
-	if n.contentType != "" {
-		kind = n.contentType
-	}
-
-	return create.NewContent(c.hugo(), kind, createPath)
+	return create.NewContent(c.hugo(), n.contentType, args[0])
 }

 func mkdir(x ...string) {
@@ -119,7 +108,7 @@ func newContentPathSection(h *hugolib.HugoSites, path string) (string, string) {

 	if h != nil {
 		for _, dir := range h.BaseFs.Content.Dirs {
-			createpath = strings.TrimPrefix(createpath, dir.Meta().Filename())
+			createpath = strings.TrimPrefix(createpath, dir.Meta().Filename)
 		}
 	}

@@ -17,9 +17,6 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"testing"

-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
-	"github.com/spf13/viper"
-
 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
 )

@@ -30,105 +27,3 @@ func TestNewContentPathSectionWithForwardSlashes(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Assert(p, qt.Equals, filepath.FromSlash("/post/new.md"))
 	c.Assert(s, qt.Equals, "post")
 }
-
-func checkNewSiteInited(fs *hugofs.Fs, basepath string, t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-	paths := []string{
-		filepath.Join(basepath, "layouts"),
-		filepath.Join(basepath, "content"),
-		filepath.Join(basepath, "archetypes"),
-		filepath.Join(basepath, "static"),
-		filepath.Join(basepath, "data"),
-		filepath.Join(basepath, "config.toml"),
-	}
-
-	for _, path := range paths {
-		_, err := fs.Source.Stat(path)
-		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestDoNewSite(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-	n := newNewSiteCmd()
-	basepath := filepath.Join("base", "blog")
-	_, fs := newTestCfg()
-
-	c.Assert(n.doNewSite(fs, basepath, false), qt.IsNil)
-
-	checkNewSiteInited(fs, basepath, t)
-}
-
-func TestDoNewSite_noerror_base_exists_but_empty(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-	basepath := filepath.Join("base", "blog")
-	_, fs := newTestCfg()
-	n := newNewSiteCmd()
-
-	c.Assert(fs.Source.MkdirAll(basepath, 0777), qt.IsNil)
-
-	c.Assert(n.doNewSite(fs, basepath, false), qt.IsNil)
-}
-
-func TestDoNewSite_error_base_exists(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-	basepath := filepath.Join("base", "blog")
-	_, fs := newTestCfg()
-	n := newNewSiteCmd()
-
-	c.Assert(fs.Source.MkdirAll(basepath, 0777), qt.IsNil)
-	_, err := fs.Source.Create(filepath.Join(basepath, "foo"))
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	// Since the directory already exists and isn't empty, expect an error
-	c.Assert(n.doNewSite(fs, basepath, false), qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
-
-}
-
-func TestDoNewSite_force_empty_dir(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-	basepath := filepath.Join("base", "blog")
-	_, fs := newTestCfg()
-	n := newNewSiteCmd()
-
-	c.Assert(fs.Source.MkdirAll(basepath, 0777), qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(n.doNewSite(fs, basepath, true), qt.IsNil)
-
-	checkNewSiteInited(fs, basepath, t)
-}
-
-func TestDoNewSite_error_force_dir_inside_exists(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-	basepath := filepath.Join("base", "blog")
-	_, fs := newTestCfg()
-	n := newNewSiteCmd()
-
-	contentPath := filepath.Join(basepath, "content")
-
-	c.Assert(fs.Source.MkdirAll(contentPath, 0777), qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(n.doNewSite(fs, basepath, true), qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
-}
-
-func TestDoNewSite_error_force_config_inside_exists(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-	basepath := filepath.Join("base", "blog")
-	_, fs := newTestCfg()
-	n := newNewSiteCmd()
-
-	configPath := filepath.Join(basepath, "config.toml")
-	c.Assert(fs.Source.MkdirAll(basepath, 0777), qt.IsNil)
-	_, err := fs.Source.Create(configPath)
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-
-	c.Assert(n.doNewSite(fs, basepath, true), qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
-}
-
-func newTestCfg() (*viper.Viper, *hugofs.Fs) {
-
-	v := viper.New()
-	fs := hugofs.NewMem(v)
-
-	v.SetFs(fs.Source)
-
-	return v, fs
-
-}
@@ -16,20 +16,19 @@ package commands
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"

+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser/metadecoders"

-	_errors "github.com/pkg/errors"
-
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/create"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 	jww "github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman"
-	"github.com/spf13/viper"
 )

 var _ cmder = (*newSiteCmd)(nil)
@@ -37,11 +36,11 @@ var _ cmder = (*newSiteCmd)(nil)
 type newSiteCmd struct {
 	configFormat string

-	*baseCmd
+	*baseBuilderCmd
 }

-func newNewSiteCmd() *newSiteCmd {
-	ccmd := &newSiteCmd{}
+func (b *commandsBuilder) newNewSiteCmd() *newSiteCmd {
+	cc := &newSiteCmd{}

 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "site [path]",
@@ -49,16 +48,15 @@ func newNewSiteCmd() *newSiteCmd {
 		Long: `Create a new site in the provided directory.
 The new site will have the correct structure, but no content or theme yet.
 Use ` + "`hugo new [contentPath]`" + ` to create new content.`,
-		RunE: ccmd.newSite,
+		RunE: cc.newSite,
 	}

-	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&ccmd.configFormat, "format", "f", "toml", "config & frontmatter format")
+	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&cc.configFormat, "format", "f", "toml", "config file format")
 	cmd.Flags().Bool("force", false, "init inside non-empty directory")

-	ccmd.baseCmd = newBaseCmd(cmd)
-
-	return ccmd
+	cc.baseBuilderCmd = b.newBuilderBasicCmd(cmd)

+	return cc
 }

 func (n *newSiteCmd) doNewSite(fs *hugofs.Fs, basepath string, force bool) error {
@@ -95,7 +93,7 @@ func (n *newSiteCmd) doNewSite(fs *hugofs.Fs, basepath string, force bool) error

 	for _, dir := range dirs {
 		if err := fs.Source.MkdirAll(dir, 0777); err != nil {
-			return _errors.Wrap(err, "Failed to create dir")
+			return fmt.Errorf("Failed to create dir: %w", err)
 		}
 	}

@@ -103,7 +101,7 @@ func (n *newSiteCmd) doNewSite(fs *hugofs.Fs, basepath string, force bool) error

 	// Create a default archetype file.
 	helpers.SafeWriteToDisk(filepath.Join(archeTypePath, "default.md"),
-		strings.NewReader(create.ArchetypeTemplateTemplate), fs.Source)
+		strings.NewReader(create.DefaultArchetypeTemplateTemplate), fs.Source)

 	jww.FEEDBACK.Printf("Congratulations! Your new Hugo site is created in %s.\n\n", basepath)
 	jww.FEEDBACK.Println(nextStepsText())
@@ -123,8 +121,10 @@ func (n *newSiteCmd) newSite(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	}

 	forceNew, _ := cmd.Flags().GetBool("force")
-
-	return n.doNewSite(hugofs.NewDefault(viper.New()), createpath, forceNew)
+	cfg := config.New()
+	cfg.Set("workingDir", createpath)
+	cfg.Set("publishDir", "public")
+	return n.doNewSite(hugofs.NewDefault(cfg), createpath, forceNew)
 }

 func createConfig(fs *hugofs.Fs, inpath string, kind string) (err error) {
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
-	"time"

+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/htime"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
@@ -29,32 +29,30 @@ import (
 var _ cmder = (*newThemeCmd)(nil)

 type newThemeCmd struct {
-	*baseCmd
-	hugoBuilderCommon
+	*baseBuilderCmd
 }

-func newNewThemeCmd() *newThemeCmd {
-	ccmd := &newThemeCmd{baseCmd: newBaseCmd(nil)}
+func (b *commandsBuilder) newNewThemeCmd() *newThemeCmd {
+	cc := &newThemeCmd{}

 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "theme [name]",
 		Short: "Create a new theme",
-		Long: `Create a new theme (skeleton) called [name] in the current directory.
+		Long: `Create a new theme (skeleton) called [name] in ./themes.
 New theme is a skeleton. Please add content to the touched files. Add your
 name to the copyright line in the license and adjust the theme.toml file
 as you see fit.`,
-		RunE: ccmd.newTheme,
+		RunE: cc.newTheme,
 	}

-	ccmd.cmd = cmd
+	cc.baseBuilderCmd = b.newBuilderBasicCmd(cmd)

-	return ccmd
+	return cc
 }

 // newTheme creates a new Hugo theme template
 func (n *newThemeCmd) newTheme(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-	c, err := initializeConfig(false, false, &n.hugoBuilderCommon, n, nil)
-
+	c, err := initializeConfig(false, false, false, &n.hugoBuilderCommon, n, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -115,7 +113,7 @@ func (n *newThemeCmd) newTheme(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {

 	by := []byte(`The MIT License (MIT)

-Copyright (c) ` + time.Now().Format("2006") + ` YOUR_NAME_HERE
+Copyright (c) ` + htime.Now().Format("2006") + ` YOUR_NAME_HERE

 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
 this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
@@ -146,7 +144,6 @@ CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 }

 func (n *newThemeCmd) createThemeMD(fs *hugofs.Fs, inpath string) (err error) {
-
 	by := []byte(`# theme.toml template for a Hugo theme
 # See https://github.com/gohugoio/hugoThemes#themetoml for an example

@@ -157,7 +154,7 @@ description = ""
 homepage = "http://example.com/"
 tags = []
 features = []
-min_version = "0.41"
+min_version = "0.41.0"

 [author]
  name = ""
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Copyright 2019 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+//go:build nodeploy
+// +build nodeploy
+
+package commands
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+var _ cmder = (*deployCmd)(nil)
+
+// deployCmd supports deploying sites to Cloud providers.
+type deployCmd struct {
+	*baseBuilderCmd
+}
+
+func (b *commandsBuilder) newDeployCmd() *deployCmd {
+	cc := &deployCmd{}
+
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "deploy",
+		Short: "Deploy your site to a Cloud provider.",
+		Long: `Deploy your site to a Cloud provider.
+
+See https://gohugo.io/hosting-and-deployment/hugo-deploy/ for detailed
+documentation.
+`,
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			return errors.New("build without HUGO_BUILD_TAGS=nodeploy to use this command")
+		},
+	}
+
+	cc.baseBuilderCmd = b.newBuilderBasicCmd(cmd)
+
+	return cc
+}
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+//go:build release
 // +build release

 // Copyright 2017-present The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
@@ -61,7 +62,6 @@ func (c *releaseCommandeer) getCommand() *cobra.Command {
 }

 func (c *releaseCommandeer) flagsToConfig(cfg config.Provider) {
-
 }

 func (r *releaseCommandeer) release() error {
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+//go:build !release
 // +build !release

 // Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ package commands

 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net"
@@ -22,6 +23,7 @@ import (
 	"net/url"
 	"os"
 	"os/signal"
+	"path"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"regexp"
 	"runtime"
@@ -31,7 +33,11 @@ import (
 	"syscall"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/htime"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/paths"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/tpl"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/livereload"

@@ -44,17 +50,18 @@ import (

 type serverCmd struct {
 	// Can be used to stop the server. Useful in tests
-	stop <-chan bool
+	stop chan bool

-	disableLiveReload bool
-	navigateToChanged bool
-	renderToDisk      bool
-	serverAppend      bool
-	serverInterface   string
-	serverPort        int
-	liveReloadPort    int
-	serverWatch       bool
-	noHTTPCache       bool
+	disableLiveReload  bool
+	navigateToChanged  bool
+	renderToDisk       bool
+	renderStaticToDisk bool
+	serverAppend       bool
+	serverInterface    string
+	serverPort         int
+	liveReloadPort     int
+	serverWatch        bool
+	noHTTPCache        bool

 	disableFastRender   bool
 	disableBrowserError bool
@@ -66,7 +73,7 @@ func (b *commandsBuilder) newServerCmd() *serverCmd {
 	return b.newServerCmdSignaled(nil)
 }

-func (b *commandsBuilder) newServerCmdSignaled(stop <-chan bool) *serverCmd {
+func (b *commandsBuilder) newServerCmdSignaled(stop chan bool) *serverCmd {
 	cc := &serverCmd{stop: stop}

 	cc.baseBuilderCmd = b.newBuilderCmd(&cobra.Command{
@@ -85,7 +92,13 @@ By default hugo will also watch your files for any changes you make and
 automatically rebuild the site. It will then live reload any open browser pages
 and push the latest content to them. As most Hugo sites are built in a fraction
 of a second, you will be able to save and see your changes nearly instantly.`,
-		RunE: cc.server,
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			err := cc.server(cmd, args)
+			if err != nil && cc.stop != nil {
+				cc.stop <- true
+			}
+			return err
+		},
 	})

 	cc.cmd.Flags().IntVarP(&cc.serverPort, "port", "p", 1313, "port on which the server will listen")
@@ -96,7 +109,8 @@ of a second, you will be able to save and see your changes nearly instantly.`,
 	cc.cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&cc.serverAppend, "appendPort", "", true, "append port to baseURL")
 	cc.cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&cc.disableLiveReload, "disableLiveReload", false, "watch without enabling live browser reload on rebuild")
 	cc.cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&cc.navigateToChanged, "navigateToChanged", false, "navigate to changed content file on live browser reload")
-	cc.cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&cc.renderToDisk, "renderToDisk", false, "render to Destination path (default is render to memory & serve from there)")
+	cc.cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&cc.renderToDisk, "renderToDisk", false, "serve all files from disk (default is from memory)")
+	cc.cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&cc.renderStaticToDisk, "renderStaticToDisk", false, "serve static files from disk and dynamic files from memory")
 	cc.cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&cc.disableFastRender, "disableFastRender", false, "enables full re-renders on changes")
 	cc.cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&cc.disableBrowserError, "disableBrowserError", false, "do not show build errors in the browser")

@@ -126,8 +140,6 @@ func (f noDirFile) Readdir(count int) ([]os.FileInfo, error) {
 	return nil, nil
 }

-var serverPorts []int
-
 func (sc *serverCmd) server(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	// If a Destination is provided via flag write to disk
 	destination, _ := cmd.Flags().GetString("destination")
@@ -137,8 +149,9 @@ func (sc *serverCmd) server(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {

 	var serverCfgInit sync.Once

-	cfgInit := func(c *commandeer) error {
-		c.Set("renderToMemory", !sc.renderToDisk)
+	cfgInit := func(c *commandeer) (rerr error) {
+		c.Set("renderToMemory", !(sc.renderToDisk || sc.renderStaticToDisk))
+		c.Set("renderStaticToDisk", sc.renderStaticToDisk)
 		if cmd.Flags().Changed("navigateToChanged") {
 			c.Set("navigateToChanged", sc.navigateToChanged)
 		}
@@ -155,64 +168,68 @@ func (sc *serverCmd) server(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			c.Set("watch", true)
 		}

-		// TODO(bep) yes, we should fix.
-		if !c.languagesConfigured {
+		// TODO(bep) see issue 9901
+		// cfgInit is called twice, before and after the languages have been initialized.
+		// The servers (below) can not be initialized before we
+		// know if we're configured in a multihost setup.
+		if len(c.languages) == 0 {
 			return nil
 		}

-		var err error
-
 		// We can only do this once.
 		serverCfgInit.Do(func() {
-			serverPorts = make([]int, 1)
+			c.serverPorts = make([]serverPortListener, 1)

 			if c.languages.IsMultihost() {
 				if !sc.serverAppend {
-					err = newSystemError("--appendPort=false not supported when in multihost mode")
+					rerr = newSystemError("--appendPort=false not supported when in multihost mode")
 				}
-				serverPorts = make([]int, len(c.languages))
+				c.serverPorts = make([]serverPortListener, len(c.languages))
 			}

 			currentServerPort := sc.serverPort

-			for i := 0; i < len(serverPorts); i++ {
+			for i := 0; i < len(c.serverPorts); i++ {
 				l, err := net.Listen("tcp", net.JoinHostPort(sc.serverInterface, strconv.Itoa(currentServerPort)))
 				if err == nil {
-					l.Close()
-					serverPorts[i] = currentServerPort
+					c.serverPorts[i] = serverPortListener{ln: l, p: currentServerPort}
 				} else {
 					if i == 0 && sc.cmd.Flags().Changed("port") {
 						// port set explicitly by user -- he/she probably meant it!
-						err = newSystemErrorF("Server startup failed: %s", err)
+						rerr = newSystemErrorF("Server startup failed: %s", err)
+						return
 					}
-					c.logger.FEEDBACK.Println("port", sc.serverPort, "already in use, attempting to use an available port")
-					sp, err := helpers.FindAvailablePort()
+					c.logger.Println("port", sc.serverPort, "already in use, attempting to use an available port")
+					l, sp, err := helpers.TCPListen()
 					if err != nil {
-						err = newSystemError("Unable to find alternative port to use:", err)
+						rerr = newSystemError("Unable to find alternative port to use:", err)
+						return
 					}
-					serverPorts[i] = sp.Port
+					c.serverPorts[i] = serverPortListener{ln: l, p: sp.Port}
 				}

-				currentServerPort = serverPorts[i] + 1
+				currentServerPort = c.serverPorts[i].p + 1
 			}
 		})

-		c.serverPorts = serverPorts
+		if rerr != nil {
+			return
+		}

 		c.Set("port", sc.serverPort)
 		if sc.liveReloadPort != -1 {
 			c.Set("liveReloadPort", sc.liveReloadPort)
 		} else {
-			c.Set("liveReloadPort", serverPorts[0])
+			c.Set("liveReloadPort", c.serverPorts[0].p)
 		}

 		isMultiHost := c.languages.IsMultihost()
 		for i, language := range c.languages {
 			var serverPort int
 			if isMultiHost {
-				serverPort = serverPorts[i]
+				serverPort = c.serverPorts[i].p
 			} else {
-				serverPort = serverPorts[0]
+				serverPort = c.serverPorts[0].p
 			}

 			baseURL, err := sc.fixURL(language, sc.baseURL, serverPort)
@@ -227,27 +244,34 @@ func (sc *serverCmd) server(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			}
 		}

-		return err
-
+		return
 	}

 	if err := memStats(); err != nil {
 		jww.WARN.Println("memstats error:", err)
 	}

-	c, err := initializeConfig(true, true, &sc.hugoBuilderCommon, sc, cfgInit)
+	// silence errors in cobra so we can handle them here
+	cmd.SilenceErrors = true
+
+	c, err := initializeConfig(true, true, true, &sc.hugoBuilderCommon, sc, cfgInit)
+	if err != nil {
+		cmd.PrintErrln("Error:", err.Error())
+		return err
+	}
+
+	err = func() error {
+		defer c.timeTrack(time.Now(), "Built")
+		err := c.serverBuild()
+		if err != nil {
+			cmd.PrintErrln("Error:", err.Error())
+		}
+		return err
+	}()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	if err := c.serverBuild(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	for _, s := range c.hugo().Sites {
-		s.RegisterMediaTypes()
-	}
-
 	// Watch runs its own server as part of the routine
 	if sc.serverWatch {

@@ -261,8 +285,7 @@ func (sc *serverCmd) server(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 		for _, group := range watchGroups {
 			jww.FEEDBACK.Printf("Watching for changes in %s\n", group)
 		}
-		watcher, err := c.newWatcher(watchDirs...)
-
+		watcher, err := c.newWatcher(sc.poll, watchDirs...)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -272,13 +295,12 @@ func (sc *serverCmd) server(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	}

 	return c.serve(sc)
-
 }

 func getRootWatchDirsStr(baseDir string, watchDirs []string) string {
 	relWatchDirs := make([]string, len(watchDirs))
 	for i, dir := range watchDirs {
-		relWatchDirs[i], _ = helpers.GetRelativePath(dir, baseDir)
+		relWatchDirs[i], _ = paths.GetRelativePath(dir, baseDir)
 	}

 	return strings.Join(helpers.UniqueStringsSorted(helpers.ExtractRootPaths(relWatchDirs)), ",")
@@ -287,36 +309,55 @@ func getRootWatchDirsStr(baseDir string, watchDirs []string) string {
 type fileServer struct {
 	baseURLs      []string
 	roots         []string
-	errorTemplate func(err interface{}) (io.Reader, error)
+	errorTemplate func(err any) (io.Reader, error)
 	c             *commandeer
 	s             *serverCmd
 }

-func (f *fileServer) createEndpoint(i int) (*http.ServeMux, string, string, error) {
+func (f *fileServer) rewriteRequest(r *http.Request, toPath string) *http.Request {
+	r2 := new(http.Request)
+	*r2 = *r
+	r2.URL = new(url.URL)
+	*r2.URL = *r.URL
+	r2.URL.Path = toPath
+	r2.Header.Set("X-Rewrite-Original-URI", r.URL.RequestURI())
+
+	return r2
+}
+
+func (f *fileServer) createEndpoint(i int) (*http.ServeMux, net.Listener, string, string, error) {
 	baseURL := f.baseURLs[i]
 	root := f.roots[i]
-	port := f.c.serverPorts[i]
+	port := f.c.serverPorts[i].p
+	listener := f.c.serverPorts[i].ln

+	// For logging only.
+	// TODO(bep) consolidate.
 	publishDir := f.c.Cfg.GetString("publishDir")
+	publishDirStatic := f.c.Cfg.GetString("publishDirStatic")
+	workingDir := f.c.Cfg.GetString("workingDir")

 	if root != "" {
 		publishDir = filepath.Join(publishDir, root)
+		publishDirStatic = filepath.Join(publishDirStatic, root)
 	}
-
-	absPublishDir := f.c.hugo().PathSpec.AbsPathify(publishDir)
+	absPublishDir := paths.AbsPathify(workingDir, publishDir)
+	absPublishDirStatic := paths.AbsPathify(workingDir, publishDirStatic)

 	jww.FEEDBACK.Printf("Environment: %q", f.c.hugo().Deps.Site.Hugo().Environment)

 	if i == 0 {
 		if f.s.renderToDisk {
 			jww.FEEDBACK.Println("Serving pages from " + absPublishDir)
+		} else if f.s.renderStaticToDisk {
+			jww.FEEDBACK.Println("Serving pages from memory and static files from " + absPublishDirStatic)
 		} else {
 			jww.FEEDBACK.Println("Serving pages from memory")
 		}
 	}

-	httpFs := afero.NewHttpFs(f.c.destinationFs)
-	fs := filesOnlyFs{httpFs.Dir(absPublishDir)}
+	httpFs := afero.NewHttpFs(f.c.publishDirServerFs)
+	fs := filesOnlyFs{httpFs.Dir(path.Join("/", root))}

 	if i == 0 && f.c.fastRenderMode {
 		jww.FEEDBACK.Println("Running in Fast Render Mode. For full rebuilds on change: hugo server --disableFastRender")
@@ -325,7 +366,7 @@ func (f *fileServer) createEndpoint(i int) (*http.ServeMux, string, string, erro
 	// We're only interested in the path
 	u, err := url.Parse(baseURL)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, "", "", errors.Wrap(err, "Invalid baseURL")
+		return nil, nil, "", "", fmt.Errorf("Invalid baseURL: %w", err)
 	}

 	decorate := func(h http.Handler) http.Handler {
@@ -338,13 +379,16 @@ func (f *fileServer) createEndpoint(i int) (*http.ServeMux, string, string, erro
 					w.WriteHeader(500)
 					r, err := f.errorTemplate(err)
 					if err != nil {
-						f.c.logger.ERROR.Println(err)
+						f.c.logger.Errorln(err)
 					}
+
 					port = 1313
 					if !f.c.paused {
 						port = f.c.Cfg.GetInt("liveReloadPort")
 					}
-					fmt.Fprint(w, injectLiveReloadScript(r, port))
+					lr := *u
+					lr.Host = fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", lr.Hostname(), port)
+					fmt.Fprint(w, injectLiveReloadScript(r, lr))

 					return
 				}
@@ -355,31 +399,71 @@ func (f *fileServer) createEndpoint(i int) (*http.ServeMux, string, string, erro
 				w.Header().Set("Pragma", "no-cache")
 			}

+			// Ignore any query params for the operations below.
+			requestURI := strings.TrimSuffix(r.RequestURI, "?"+r.URL.RawQuery)
+
+			for _, header := range f.c.serverConfig.MatchHeaders(requestURI) {
+				w.Header().Set(header.Key, header.Value)
+			}
+
+			if redirect := f.c.serverConfig.MatchRedirect(requestURI); !redirect.IsZero() {
+				doRedirect := true
+				// This matches Netlify's behaviour and is needed for SPA behaviour.
+				// See https://docs.netlify.com/routing/redirects/rewrites-proxies/
+				if !redirect.Force {
+					path := filepath.Clean(strings.TrimPrefix(requestURI, u.Path))
+					fi, err := f.c.hugo().BaseFs.PublishFs.Stat(path)
+					if err == nil {
+						if fi.IsDir() {
+							// There will be overlapping directories, so we
+							// need to check for a file.
+							_, err = f.c.hugo().BaseFs.PublishFs.Stat(filepath.Join(path, "index.html"))
+							doRedirect = err != nil
+						} else {
+							doRedirect = false
+						}
+					}
+				}
+
+				if doRedirect {
+					if redirect.Status == 200 {
+						if r2 := f.rewriteRequest(r, strings.TrimPrefix(redirect.To, u.Path)); r2 != nil {
+							requestURI = redirect.To
+							r = r2
+						}
+					} else {
+						w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "")
+						http.Redirect(w, r, redirect.To, redirect.Status)
+						return
+					}
+				}
+
+			}
+
 			if f.c.fastRenderMode && f.c.buildErr == nil {
-				p := r.RequestURI
-				if strings.HasSuffix(p, "/") || strings.HasSuffix(p, "html") || strings.HasSuffix(p, "htm") {
-					if !f.c.visitedURLs.Contains(p) {
+				if strings.HasSuffix(requestURI, "/") || strings.HasSuffix(requestURI, "html") || strings.HasSuffix(requestURI, "htm") {
+					if !f.c.visitedURLs.Contains(requestURI) {
 						// If not already on stack, re-render that single page.
-						if err := f.c.partialReRender(p); err != nil {
-							f.c.handleBuildErr(err, fmt.Sprintf("Failed to render %q", p))
+						if err := f.c.partialReRender(requestURI); err != nil {
+							f.c.handleBuildErr(err, fmt.Sprintf("Failed to render %q", requestURI))
 							if f.c.showErrorInBrowser {
-								http.Redirect(w, r, p, http.StatusMovedPermanently)
+								http.Redirect(w, r, requestURI, http.StatusMovedPermanently)
 								return
 							}
 						}
 					}

-					f.c.visitedURLs.Add(p)
+					f.c.visitedURLs.Add(requestURI)

 				}
 			}
+
 			h.ServeHTTP(w, r)
 		})
 	}

 	fileserver := decorate(http.FileServer(fs))
 	mu := http.NewServeMux()
-
 	if u.Path == "" || u.Path == "/" {
 		mu.Handle("/", fileserver)
 	} else {
@@ -388,16 +472,44 @@ func (f *fileServer) createEndpoint(i int) (*http.ServeMux, string, string, erro

 	endpoint := net.JoinHostPort(f.s.serverInterface, strconv.Itoa(port))

-	return mu, u.String(), endpoint, nil
+	return mu, listener, u.String(), endpoint, nil
 }

-var logErrorRe = regexp.MustCompile(`(?s)ERROR \d{4}/\d{2}/\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2} `)
+var (
+	logErrorRe                    = regexp.MustCompile(`(?s)ERROR \d{4}/\d{2}/\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2} `)
+	logDuplicateTemplateExecuteRe = regexp.MustCompile(`: template: .*?:\d+:\d+: executing ".*?"`)
+	logDuplicateTemplateParseRe   = regexp.MustCompile(`: template: .*?:\d+:\d*`)
+)

 func removeErrorPrefixFromLog(content string) string {
 	return logErrorRe.ReplaceAllLiteralString(content, "")
 }
-func (c *commandeer) serve(s *serverCmd) error {

+var logReplacer = strings.NewReplacer(
+	"can't", "can’t", // Chroma lexer does'nt do well with "can't"
+	"*hugolib.pageState", "page.Page", // Page is the public interface.
+	"Rebuild failed:", "",
+)
+
+func cleanErrorLog(content string) string {
+	content = strings.ReplaceAll(content, "\n", " ")
+	content = logReplacer.Replace(content)
+	content = logDuplicateTemplateExecuteRe.ReplaceAllString(content, "")
+	content = logDuplicateTemplateParseRe.ReplaceAllString(content, "")
+	seen := make(map[string]bool)
+	parts := strings.Split(content, ": ")
+	keep := make([]string, 0, len(parts))
+	for _, part := range parts {
+		if seen[part] {
+			continue
+		}
+		seen[part] = true
+		keep = append(keep, part)
+	}
+	return strings.Join(keep, ": ")
+}
+
+func (c *commandeer) serve(s *serverCmd) error {
 	isMultiHost := c.hugo().IsMultihost()

 	var (
@@ -416,19 +528,37 @@ func (c *commandeer) serve(s *serverCmd) error {
 		roots = []string{""}
 	}

-	templ, err := c.hugo().TextTmpl().Parse("__default_server_error", buildErrorTemplate)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
+	// Cache it here. The HugoSites object may be unavaialble later on due to intermitent configuration errors.
+	// To allow the en user to change the error template while the server is running, we use
+	// the freshest template we can provide.
+	var (
+		errTempl     tpl.Template
+		templHandler tpl.TemplateHandler
+	)
+	getErrorTemplateAndHandler := func(h *hugolib.HugoSites) (tpl.Template, tpl.TemplateHandler) {
+		if h == nil {
+			return errTempl, templHandler
+		}
+		templHandler := h.Tmpl()
+		errTempl, found := templHandler.Lookup("_server/error.html")
+		if !found {
+			panic("template server/error.html not found")
+		}
+		return errTempl, templHandler
 	}
+	errTempl, templHandler = getErrorTemplateAndHandler(c.hugo())

 	srv := &fileServer{
 		baseURLs: baseURLs,
 		roots:    roots,
 		c:        c,
 		s:        s,
-		errorTemplate: func(ctx interface{}) (io.Reader, error) {
+		errorTemplate: func(ctx any) (io.Reader, error) {
+			// hugoTry does not block, getErrorTemplateAndHandler will fall back
+			// to cached values if nil.
+			templ, handler := getErrorTemplateAndHandler(c.hugoTry())
 			b := &bytes.Buffer{}
-			err := c.hugo().Tmpl().Execute(templ, b, ctx)
+			err := handler.Execute(templ, b, ctx)
 			return b, err
 		},
 	}
@@ -439,38 +569,88 @@ func (c *commandeer) serve(s *serverCmd) error {
 		livereload.Initialize()
 	}

-	var sigs = make(chan os.Signal, 1)
+	sigs := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
 	signal.Notify(sigs, syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM)
+	var servers []*http.Server
+
+	wg1, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(context.Background())

 	for i := range baseURLs {
-		mu, serverURL, endpoint, err := srv.createEndpoint(i)
+		mu, listener, serverURL, endpoint, err := srv.createEndpoint(i)
+		srv := &http.Server{
+			Addr:    endpoint,
+			Handler: mu,
+		}
+		servers = append(servers, srv)

 		if doLiveReload {
-			mu.HandleFunc("/livereload.js", livereload.ServeJS)
-			mu.HandleFunc("/livereload", livereload.Handler)
+			u, err := url.Parse(helpers.SanitizeURL(baseURLs[i]))
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			mu.HandleFunc(u.Path+"/livereload.js", livereload.ServeJS)
+			mu.HandleFunc(u.Path+"/livereload", livereload.Handler)
 		}
 		jww.FEEDBACK.Printf("Web Server is available at %s (bind address %s)\n", serverURL, s.serverInterface)
-		go func() {
-			err = http.ListenAndServe(endpoint, mu)
-			if err != nil {
-				c.logger.ERROR.Printf("Error: %s\n", err.Error())
-				os.Exit(1)
+		wg1.Go(func() error {
+			err = srv.Serve(listener)
+			if err != nil && err != http.ErrServerClosed {
+				return err
 			}
-		}()
+			return nil
+		})
 	}

 	jww.FEEDBACK.Println("Press Ctrl+C to stop")

-	if s.stop != nil {
-		select {
-		case <-sigs:
-		case <-s.stop:
+	err := func() error {
+		if s.stop != nil {
+			for {
+				select {
+				case <-sigs:
+					return nil
+				case <-s.stop:
+					return nil
+				case <-ctx.Done():
+					return ctx.Err()
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			for {
+				select {
+				case <-sigs:
+					return nil
+				case <-ctx.Done():
+					return ctx.Err()
+				}
+			}
 		}
-	} else {
-		<-sigs
+	}()
+
+	if err != nil {
+		jww.ERROR.Println("Error:", err)
 	}

-	return nil
+	if h := c.hugoTry(); h != nil {
+		h.Close()
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+	wg2, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+	for _, srv := range servers {
+		srv := srv
+		wg2.Go(func() error {
+			return srv.Shutdown(ctx)
+		})
+	}
+
+	err1, err2 := wg1.Wait(), wg2.Wait()
+	if err1 != nil {
+		return err1
+	}
+	return err2
 }

 // fixURL massages the baseURL into a form needed for serving
@@ -514,7 +694,7 @@ func (sc *serverCmd) fixURL(cfg config.Provider, s string, port int) (string, er
 		if strings.Contains(u.Host, ":") {
 			u.Host, _, err = net.SplitHostPort(u.Host)
 			if err != nil {
-				return "", errors.Wrap(err, "Failed to split baseURL hostpost")
+				return "", fmt.Errorf("Failed to split baseURL hostpost: %w", err)
 			}
 		}
 		u.Host += fmt.Sprintf(":%d", port)
@@ -543,13 +723,13 @@ func memStats() error {
 		go func() {
 			var stats runtime.MemStats

-			start := time.Now().UnixNano()
+			start := htime.Now().UnixNano()

 			for {
 				runtime.ReadMemStats(&stats)
 				if fileMemStats != nil {
 					fileMemStats.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("%d\t%d\t%d\t%d\t%d\n",
-						(time.Now().UnixNano()-start)/1000000, stats.HeapSys, stats.HeapAlloc, stats.HeapIdle, stats.HeapReleased))
+						(htime.Now().UnixNano()-start)/1000000, stats.HeapSys, stats.HeapAlloc, stats.HeapIdle, stats.HeapReleased))
 					time.Sleep(interval)
 				} else {
 					break
@@ -16,79 +16,15 @@ package commands
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"io"
+	"net/url"

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/transform"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/transform/livereloadinject"
 )

-var buildErrorTemplate = `<!doctype html>
-<html class="no-js" lang="">
-	<head>
-		<meta charset="utf-8">
-		<title>Hugo Server: Error</title>
-		<style type="text/css">
-		body {
-			font-family: "Muli",avenir, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol";
-			font-size: 16px;
-			background-color: black;
-			color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9);
-		}
-		main {
-			margin: auto;
-			width: 95%;
-			padding: 1rem;
-		}		
-		.version {
-			color: #ccc;
-			padding: 1rem 0;
-		}
-		.stack {
-			margin-top: 6rem;
-		}
-		pre {
-			white-space: pre-wrap;      
-			white-space: -moz-pre-wrap;  
-			white-space: -pre-wrap;     
-			white-space: -o-pre-wrap;    
-			word-wrap: break-word;     
-		}
-		.highlight {
-			overflow-x: auto;
-			padding: 0.75rem;
-			margin-bottom: 1rem;
-			background-color: #272822;
-			border: 1px solid black;
-		}
-		a {
-			color: #0594cb;
-			text-decoration: none;
-		}
-		a:hover {
-			color: #ccc;
-		}
-		</style>
-	</head>
-	<body>
-		<main>
-			{{ highlight .Error "apl" "noclasses=true,style=monokai" }}
-			{{ with .File }}
-			{{ $params := printf "noclasses=true,style=monokai,linenos=table,hl_lines=%d,linenostart=%d" (add .LinesPos 1) (sub .Position.LineNumber .LinesPos) }}
-			{{ $lexer := .ChromaLexer | default "go-html-template" }}
-			{{  highlight (delimit .Lines "\n") $lexer $params }}
-			{{ end }}
-			{{ with .StackTrace }}
-			{{ highlight . "apl" "noclasses=true,style=monokai" }}
-			{{ end }}
-			<p class="version">{{ .Version }}</p>
-			<a href="">Reload Page</a>
-		</main>
-</body>
-</html>
-`
-
-func injectLiveReloadScript(src io.Reader, port int) string {
+func injectLiveReloadScript(src io.Reader, baseURL url.URL) string {
 	var b bytes.Buffer
-	chain := transform.Chain{livereloadinject.New(port)}
+	chain := transform.Chain{livereloadinject.New(baseURL)}
 	chain.Apply(&b, src)

 	return b.String()
@@ -17,28 +17,150 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"runtime"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
+	"golang.org/x/net/context"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"

 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
-	"github.com/spf13/viper"
 )

-func TestServer(t *testing.T) {
-	if isWindowsCI() {
-		// TODO(bep) not sure why server tests have started to fail on the Windows CI server.
-		t.Skip("Skip server test on appveyor")
-	}
+// Issue 9518
+func TestServerPanicOnConfigError(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)
-	dir, err := createSimpleTestSite(t, testSiteConfig{})
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)

-	// Let us hope that this port is available on all systems ...
-	port := 1331
+	config := `
+[markup]
+[markup.highlight]
+linenos='table'
+`
+
+	r := runServerTest(c, 0, config)
+
+	c.Assert(r.err, qt.IsNotNil)
+	c.Assert(r.err.Error(), qt.Contains, "cannot parse 'Highlight.LineNos' as bool:")
+}
+
+func TestServerFlags(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	assertPublic := func(c *qt.C, r serverTestResult, renderStaticToDisk bool) {
+		c.Assert(r.err, qt.IsNil)
+		c.Assert(r.homesContent[0], qt.Contains, "Environment: development")
+		c.Assert(r.publicDirnames["myfile.txt"], qt.Equals, renderStaticToDisk)
+
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range []struct {
+		flag   string
+		assert func(c *qt.C, r serverTestResult)
+	}{
+		{"", func(c *qt.C, r serverTestResult) {
+			assertPublic(c, r, false)
+		}},
+		{"--renderToDisk", func(c *qt.C, r serverTestResult) {
+			assertPublic(c, r, true)
+		}},
+		{"--renderStaticToDisk", func(c *qt.C, r serverTestResult) {
+			assertPublic(c, r, true)
+		}},
+	} {
+		c.Run(test.flag, func(c *qt.C) {
+			config := `
+baseURL="https://example.org"
+`
+
+			var args []string
+			if test.flag != "" {
+				args = strings.Split(test.flag, "=")
+			}
+
+			r := runServerTest(c, 1, config, args...)
+
+			test.assert(c, r)
+
+		})
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+func TestServerBugs(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	for _, test := range []struct {
+		name       string
+		config     string
+		flag       string
+		numservers int
+		assert     func(c *qt.C, r serverTestResult)
+	}{
+		// Issue 9788
+		{"PostProcess, memory", "", "", 1, func(c *qt.C, r serverTestResult) {
+			c.Assert(r.err, qt.IsNil)
+			c.Assert(r.homesContent[0], qt.Contains, "PostProcess: /foo.min.css")
+		}},
+		{"PostProcess, disk", "", "--renderToDisk", 1, func(c *qt.C, r serverTestResult) {
+			c.Assert(r.err, qt.IsNil)
+			c.Assert(r.homesContent[0], qt.Contains, "PostProcess: /foo.min.css")
+		}},
+		// Isue 9901
+		{"Multihost", `
+defaultContentLanguage = 'en'
+[languages]
+[languages.en]
+baseURL = 'https://example.com'
+title = 'My blog'
+weight = 1
+[languages.fr]
+baseURL = 'https://example.fr'
+title = 'Mon blogue'
+weight = 2
+`, "", 2, func(c *qt.C, r serverTestResult) {
+			c.Assert(r.err, qt.IsNil)
+			for i, s := range []string{"My blog", "Mon blogue"} {
+				c.Assert(r.homesContent[i], qt.Contains, s)
+			}
+		}},
+	} {
+		c.Run(test.name, func(c *qt.C) {
+			if test.config == "" {
+				test.config = `
+baseURL="https://example.org"
+`
+			}
+
+			var args []string
+			if test.flag != "" {
+				args = strings.Split(test.flag, "=")
+			}
+			r := runServerTest(c, test.numservers, test.config, args...)
+			test.assert(c, r)
+
+		})
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+type serverTestResult struct {
+	err            error
+	homesContent   []string
+	publicDirnames map[string]bool
+}
+
+func runServerTest(c *qt.C, getNumHomes int, config string, args ...string) (result serverTestResult) {
+	dir := createSimpleTestSite(c, testSiteConfig{configTOML: config})
+
+	sp, err := helpers.FindAvailablePort()
+	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+	port := sp.Port

 	defer func() {
 		os.RemoveAll(dir)
@@ -50,28 +172,53 @@ func TestServer(t *testing.T) {
 	scmd := b.newServerCmdSignaled(stop)

 	cmd := scmd.getCommand()
-	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"-s=" + dir, fmt.Sprintf("-p=%d", port)})
+	args = append([]string{"-s=" + dir, fmt.Sprintf("-p=%d", port)}, args...)
+	cmd.SetArgs(args)

-	go func() {
-		_, err = cmd.ExecuteC()
-		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	}()
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+	wg, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)

-	// There is no way to know exactly when the server is ready for connections.
-	// We could improve by something like https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/httptest/#Server
-	// But for now, let us sleep and pray!
-	time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
+	wg.Go(func() error {
+		_, err := cmd.ExecuteC()
+		return err
+	})

-	resp, err := http.Get("http://localhost:1331/")
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	defer resp.Body.Close()
-	homeContent := helpers.ReaderToString(resp.Body)
+	if getNumHomes > 0 {
+		// Esp. on slow CI machines, we need to wait a little before the web
+		// server is ready.
+		time.Sleep(567 * time.Millisecond)
+		result.homesContent = make([]string, getNumHomes)
+		for i := 0; i < getNumHomes; i++ {
+			func() {
+				resp, err := http.Get(fmt.Sprintf("http://localhost:%d/", port+i))
+				c.Check(err, qt.IsNil)
+				c.Check(resp.StatusCode, qt.Equals, http.StatusOK)
+				if err == nil {
+					defer resp.Body.Close()
+					result.homesContent[i] = helpers.ReaderToString(resp.Body)
+				}
+			}()
+		}
+	}

-	c.Assert(homeContent, qt.Contains, "List: Hugo Commands")
-	c.Assert(homeContent, qt.Contains, "Environment: development")
+	time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)

-	// Stop the server.
-	stop <- true
+	select {
+	case <-stop:
+	case stop <- true:
+	}
+
+	pubFiles, err := os.ReadDir(filepath.Join(dir, "public"))
+	c.Check(err, qt.IsNil)
+	result.publicDirnames = make(map[string]bool)
+	for _, f := range pubFiles {
+		result.publicDirnames[f.Name()] = true
+	}
+
+	result.err = wg.Wait()
+
+	return

 }

@@ -101,7 +248,7 @@ func TestFixURL(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run(test.TestName, func(t *testing.T) {
 			b := newCommandsBuilder()
 			s := b.newServerCmd()
-			v := viper.New()
+			v := config.NewWithTestDefaults()
 			baseURL := test.CLIBaseURL
 			v.Set("baseURL", test.CfgBaseURL)
 			s.serverAppend = test.AppendPort
@@ -126,7 +273,6 @@ ERROR 2018/10/07 13:11:12 Rebuild failed: logged 1 error(s)
 	withoutError := removeErrorPrefixFromLog(content)

 	c.Assert(strings.Contains(withoutError, "ERROR"), qt.Equals, false)
-
 }

 func isWindowsCI() bool {
@@ -40,11 +40,7 @@ func (s *staticSyncer) syncsStaticEvents(staticEvents []fsnotify.Event) error {
 	c := s.c

 	syncFn := func(sourceFs *filesystems.SourceFilesystem) (uint64, error) {
-		publishDir := c.hugo().PathSpec.PublishDir
-		// If root, remove the second '/'
-		if publishDir == "//" {
-			publishDir = helpers.FilePathSeparator
-		}
+		publishDir := helpers.FilePathSeparator

 		if sourceFs.PublishFolder != "" {
 			publishDir = filepath.Join(publishDir, sourceFs.PublishFolder)
@@ -55,10 +51,13 @@ func (s *staticSyncer) syncsStaticEvents(staticEvents []fsnotify.Event) error {
 		syncer.NoChmod = c.Cfg.GetBool("noChmod")
 		syncer.ChmodFilter = chmodFilter
 		syncer.SrcFs = sourceFs.Fs
-		syncer.DestFs = c.Fs.Destination
+		syncer.DestFs = c.Fs.PublishDir
+		if c.renderStaticToDisk {
+			syncer.DestFs = c.Fs.PublishDirStatic
+		}

 		// prevent spamming the log on changes
-		logger := helpers.NewDistinctFeedbackLogger()
+		logger := helpers.NewDistinctErrorLogger()

 		for _, ev := range staticEvents {
 			// Due to our approach of layering both directories and the content's rendered output
@@ -79,9 +78,9 @@ func (s *staticSyncer) syncsStaticEvents(staticEvents []fsnotify.Event) error {

 			fromPath := ev.Name

-			relPath := sourceFs.MakePathRelative(fromPath)
+			relPath, found := sourceFs.MakePathRelative(fromPath)

-			if relPath == "" {
+			if !found {
 				// Not member of this virtual host.
 				continue
 			}
@@ -98,19 +97,18 @@ func (s *staticSyncer) syncsStaticEvents(staticEvents []fsnotify.Event) error {
 			if ev.Op&fsnotify.Rename == fsnotify.Rename || ev.Op&fsnotify.Remove == fsnotify.Remove {
 				if _, err := sourceFs.Fs.Stat(relPath); os.IsNotExist(err) {
 					// If file doesn't exist in any static dir, remove it
-					toRemove := filepath.Join(publishDir, relPath)
+					logger.Println("File no longer exists in static dir, removing", relPath)
+					_ = c.Fs.PublishDirStatic.RemoveAll(relPath)

-					logger.Println("File no longer exists in static dir, removing", toRemove)
-					_ = c.Fs.Destination.RemoveAll(toRemove)
 				} else if err == nil {
 					// If file still exists, sync it
 					logger.Println("Syncing", relPath, "to", publishDir)

-					if err := syncer.Sync(filepath.Join(publishDir, relPath), relPath); err != nil {
-						c.logger.ERROR.Println(err)
+					if err := syncer.Sync(relPath, relPath); err != nil {
+						c.logger.Errorln(err)
 					}
 				} else {
-					c.logger.ERROR.Println(err)
+					c.logger.Errorln(err)
 				}

 				continue
@@ -119,7 +117,7 @@ func (s *staticSyncer) syncsStaticEvents(staticEvents []fsnotify.Event) error {
 			// For all other event operations Hugo will sync static.
 			logger.Println("Syncing", relPath, "to", publishDir)
 			if err := syncer.Sync(filepath.Join(publishDir, relPath), relPath); err != nil {
-				c.logger.ERROR.Println(err)
+				c.logger.Errorln(err)
 			}
 		}

@@ -128,5 +126,4 @@ func (s *staticSyncer) syncsStaticEvents(staticEvents []fsnotify.Event) error {

 	_, err := c.doWithPublishDirs(syncFn)
 	return err
-
 }
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import (
 // Append appends from to a slice to and returns the resulting slice.
 // If length of from is one and the only element is a slice of same type as to,
 // it will be appended.
-func Append(to interface{}, from ...interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
+func Append(to any, from ...any) (any, error) {
 	tov, toIsNil := indirect(reflect.ValueOf(to))

 	toIsNil = toIsNil || to == nil
@@ -51,7 +51,6 @@ func Append(to interface{}, from ...interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
 				} else if !fromt.AssignableTo(tot) {
 					// Fall back to a []interface{} slice.
 					return appendToInterfaceSliceFromValues(tov, fromv)
-
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -74,8 +73,8 @@ func Append(to interface{}, from ...interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
 	return tov.Interface(), nil
 }

-func appendToInterfaceSliceFromValues(slice1, slice2 reflect.Value) ([]interface{}, error) {
-	var tos []interface{}
+func appendToInterfaceSliceFromValues(slice1, slice2 reflect.Value) ([]any, error) {
+	var tos []any

 	for _, slice := range []reflect.Value{slice1, slice2} {
 		for i := 0; i < slice.Len(); i++ {
@@ -86,8 +85,8 @@ func appendToInterfaceSliceFromValues(slice1, slice2 reflect.Value) ([]interface
 	return tos, nil
 }

-func appendToInterfaceSlice(tov reflect.Value, from ...interface{}) ([]interface{}, error) {
-	var tos []interface{}
+func appendToInterfaceSlice(tov reflect.Value, from ...any) ([]any, error) {
+	var tos []any

 	for i := 0; i < tov.Len(); i++ {
 		tos = append(tos, tov.Index(i).Interface())
@@ -25,39 +25,55 @@ func TestAppend(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)

 	for _, test := range []struct {
-		start    interface{}
-		addend   []interface{}
-		expected interface{}
+		start    any
+		addend   []any
+		expected any
 	}{
-		{[]string{"a", "b"}, []interface{}{"c"}, []string{"a", "b", "c"}},
-		{[]string{"a", "b"}, []interface{}{"c", "d", "e"}, []string{"a", "b", "c", "d", "e"}},
-		{[]string{"a", "b"}, []interface{}{[]string{"c", "d", "e"}}, []string{"a", "b", "c", "d", "e"}},
-		{[]string{"a"}, []interface{}{"b", template.HTML("c")}, []interface{}{"a", "b", template.HTML("c")}},
-		{nil, []interface{}{"a", "b"}, []string{"a", "b"}},
-		{nil, []interface{}{nil}, []interface{}{nil}},
-		{[]interface{}{}, []interface{}{[]string{"c", "d", "e"}}, []string{"c", "d", "e"}},
-		{tstSlicers{&tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}},
-			[]interface{}{&tstSlicer{"c"}},
-			tstSlicers{&tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}, &tstSlicer{"c"}}},
-		{&tstSlicers{&tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}},
-			[]interface{}{&tstSlicer{"c"}},
-			tstSlicers{&tstSlicer{"a"},
+		{[]string{"a", "b"}, []any{"c"}, []string{"a", "b", "c"}},
+		{[]string{"a", "b"}, []any{"c", "d", "e"}, []string{"a", "b", "c", "d", "e"}},
+		{[]string{"a", "b"}, []any{[]string{"c", "d", "e"}}, []string{"a", "b", "c", "d", "e"}},
+		{[]string{"a"}, []any{"b", template.HTML("c")}, []any{"a", "b", template.HTML("c")}},
+		{nil, []any{"a", "b"}, []string{"a", "b"}},
+		{nil, []any{nil}, []any{nil}},
+		{[]any{}, []any{[]string{"c", "d", "e"}}, []string{"c", "d", "e"}},
+		{
+			tstSlicers{&tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}},
+			[]any{&tstSlicer{"c"}},
+			tstSlicers{&tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}, &tstSlicer{"c"}},
+		},
+		{
+			&tstSlicers{&tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}},
+			[]any{&tstSlicer{"c"}},
+			tstSlicers{
+				&tstSlicer{"a"},
 				&tstSlicer{"b"},
-				&tstSlicer{"c"}}},
-		{testSlicerInterfaces{&tstSlicerIn1{"a"}, &tstSlicerIn1{"b"}},
-			[]interface{}{&tstSlicerIn1{"c"}},
-			testSlicerInterfaces{&tstSlicerIn1{"a"}, &tstSlicerIn1{"b"}, &tstSlicerIn1{"c"}}},
+				&tstSlicer{"c"},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			testSlicerInterfaces{&tstSlicerIn1{"a"}, &tstSlicerIn1{"b"}},
+			[]any{&tstSlicerIn1{"c"}},
+			testSlicerInterfaces{&tstSlicerIn1{"a"}, &tstSlicerIn1{"b"}, &tstSlicerIn1{"c"}},
+		},
 		//https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/issues/5361
-		{[]string{"a", "b"}, []interface{}{tstSlicers{&tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}}},
-			[]interface{}{"a", "b", &tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}}},
-		{[]string{"a", "b"}, []interface{}{&tstSlicer{"a"}},
-			[]interface{}{"a", "b", &tstSlicer{"a"}}},
+		{
+			[]string{"a", "b"},
+			[]any{tstSlicers{&tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}}},
+			[]any{"a", "b", &tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}},
+		},
+		{
+			[]string{"a", "b"},
+			[]any{&tstSlicer{"a"}},
+			[]any{"a", "b", &tstSlicer{"a"}},
+		},
 		// Errors
-		{"", []interface{}{[]string{"a", "b"}}, false},
+		{"", []any{[]string{"a", "b"}}, false},
 		// No string concatenation.
-		{"ab",
-			[]interface{}{"c"},
-			false},
+		{
+			"ab",
+			[]any{"c"},
+			false,
+		},
 	} {

 		result, err := Append(test.start, test.addend...)
@@ -71,5 +87,4 @@ func TestAppend(t *testing.T) {
 		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 		c.Assert(result, qt.DeepEquals, test.expected)
 	}
-
 }
@@ -17,5 +17,5 @@ package collections

 // Grouper defines a very generic way to group items by a given key.
 type Grouper interface {
-	Group(key interface{}, items interface{}) (interface{}, error)
+	Group(key any, items any) (any, error)
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package collections
+
+type Order interface {
+	// Ordinal is a zero-based ordinal that represents the order of an object
+	// in a collection.
+	Ordinal() int
+}
@@ -21,11 +21,11 @@ import (
 // in collections.Slice template func to get types such as Pages, PageGroups etc.
 // instead of the less useful []interface{}.
 type Slicer interface {
-	Slice(items interface{}) (interface{}, error)
+	Slice(items any) (any, error)
 }

 // Slice returns a slice of all passed arguments.
-func Slice(args ...interface{}) interface{} {
+func Slice(args ...any) any {
 	if len(args) == 0 {
 		return args
 	}
@@ -64,3 +64,13 @@ func Slice(args ...interface{}) interface{} {
 	}
 	return slice.Interface()
 }
+
+// StringSliceToInterfaceSlice converts ss to []interface{}.
+func StringSliceToInterfaceSlice(ss []string) []any {
+	result := make([]any, len(ss))
+	for i, s := range ss {
+		result[i] = s
+	}
+	return result
+
+}
@@ -20,11 +20,13 @@ import (
 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
 )

-var _ Slicer = (*tstSlicer)(nil)
-var _ Slicer = (*tstSlicerIn1)(nil)
-var _ Slicer = (*tstSlicerIn2)(nil)
-var _ testSlicerInterface = (*tstSlicerIn1)(nil)
-var _ testSlicerInterface = (*tstSlicerIn1)(nil)
+var (
+	_ Slicer              = (*tstSlicer)(nil)
+	_ Slicer              = (*tstSlicerIn1)(nil)
+	_ Slicer              = (*tstSlicerIn2)(nil)
+	_ testSlicerInterface = (*tstSlicerIn1)(nil)
+	_ testSlicerInterface = (*tstSlicerIn1)(nil)
+)

 type testSlicerInterface interface {
 	Name() string
@@ -44,8 +46,8 @@ type tstSlicer struct {
 	TheName string
 }

-func (p *tstSlicerIn1) Slice(in interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
-	items := in.([]interface{})
+func (p *tstSlicerIn1) Slice(in any) (any, error) {
+	items := in.([]any)
 	result := make(testSlicerInterfaces, len(items))
 	for i, v := range items {
 		switch vv := v.(type) {
@@ -54,13 +56,12 @@ func (p *tstSlicerIn1) Slice(in interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
 		default:
 			return nil, errors.New("invalid type")
 		}
-
 	}
 	return result, nil
 }

-func (p *tstSlicerIn2) Slice(in interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
-	items := in.([]interface{})
+func (p *tstSlicerIn2) Slice(in any) (any, error) {
+	items := in.([]any)
 	result := make(testSlicerInterfaces, len(items))
 	for i, v := range items {
 		switch vv := v.(type) {
@@ -81,8 +82,8 @@ func (p *tstSlicerIn2) Name() string {
 	return p.TheName
 }

-func (p *tstSlicer) Slice(in interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
-	items := in.([]interface{})
+func (p *tstSlicer) Slice(in any) (any, error) {
+	items := in.([]any)
 	result := make(tstSlicers, len(items))
 	for i, v := range items {
 		switch vv := v.(type) {
@@ -102,17 +103,17 @@ func TestSlice(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)

 	for i, test := range []struct {
-		args     []interface{}
-		expected interface{}
+		args     []any
+		expected any
 	}{
-		{[]interface{}{"a", "b"}, []string{"a", "b"}},
-		{[]interface{}{&tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}}, tstSlicers{&tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}}},
-		{[]interface{}{&tstSlicer{"a"}, "b"}, []interface{}{&tstSlicer{"a"}, "b"}},
-		{[]interface{}{}, []interface{}{}},
-		{[]interface{}{nil}, []interface{}{nil}},
-		{[]interface{}{5, "b"}, []interface{}{5, "b"}},
-		{[]interface{}{&tstSlicerIn1{"a"}, &tstSlicerIn2{"b"}}, testSlicerInterfaces{&tstSlicerIn1{"a"}, &tstSlicerIn2{"b"}}},
-		{[]interface{}{&tstSlicerIn1{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}}, []interface{}{&tstSlicerIn1{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}}},
+		{[]any{"a", "b"}, []string{"a", "b"}},
+		{[]any{&tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}}, tstSlicers{&tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}}},
+		{[]any{&tstSlicer{"a"}, "b"}, []any{&tstSlicer{"a"}, "b"}},
+		{[]any{}, []any{}},
+		{[]any{nil}, []any{nil}},
+		{[]any{5, "b"}, []any{5, "b"}},
+		{[]any{&tstSlicerIn1{"a"}, &tstSlicerIn2{"b"}}, testSlicerInterfaces{&tstSlicerIn1{"a"}, &tstSlicerIn2{"b"}}},
+		{[]any{&tstSlicerIn1{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}}, []any{&tstSlicerIn1{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}}},
 	} {
 		errMsg := qt.Commentf("[%d] %v", i, test.args)

@@ -120,5 +121,4 @@ func TestSlice(t *testing.T) {

 		c.Assert(test.expected, qt.DeepEquals, result, errMsg)
 	}
-
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package constants
+
+// Error IDs.
+// Do not change these values.
+const (
+	ErrIDAmbigousDisableKindTaxonomy = "error-disable-taxonomy"
+	ErrIDAmbigousOutputKindTaxonomy  = "error-output-taxonomy"
+
+	// IDs for remote errors in tpl/data.
+	ErrRemoteGetJSON = "error-remote-getjson"
+	ErrRemoteGetCSV  = "error-remote-getcsv"
+)
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2022 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-// Package errors contains common Hugo errors and error related utilities.
+// Package herrors contains common Hugo errors and error related utilities.
 package herrors

 import (
@@ -21,8 +21,6 @@ import (
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/text"
-
-	"github.com/spf13/afero"
 )

 // LineMatcher contains the elements used to match an error to a line
@@ -36,14 +34,33 @@ type LineMatcher struct {
 }

 // LineMatcherFn is used to match a line with an error.
-type LineMatcherFn func(m LineMatcher) bool
+// It returns the column number or 0 if the line was found, but column could not be determinde. Returns -1 if no line match.
+type LineMatcherFn func(m LineMatcher) int

 // SimpleLineMatcher simply matches by line number.
-var SimpleLineMatcher = func(m LineMatcher) bool {
-	return m.Position.LineNumber == m.LineNumber
+var SimpleLineMatcher = func(m LineMatcher) int {
+	if m.Position.LineNumber == m.LineNumber {
+		// We found the line, but don't know the column.
+		return 0
+	}
+	return -1
 }

-var _ text.Positioner = ErrorContext{}
+// NopLineMatcher is a matcher that always returns 1.
+// This will effectively give line 1, column 1.
+var NopLineMatcher = func(m LineMatcher) int {
+	return 1
+}
+
+// OffsetMatcher is a line matcher that matches by offset.
+var OffsetMatcher = func(m LineMatcher) int {
+	if m.Offset+len(m.Line) >= m.Position.Offset {
+		// We found the line, but return 0 to signal that we want to determine
+		// the column from the error.
+		return 0
+	}
+	return -1
+}

 // ErrorContext contains contextual information about an error. This will
 // typically be the lines surrounding some problem in a file.
@@ -56,114 +73,15 @@ type ErrorContext struct {
 	// The position of the error in the Lines above. 0 based.
 	LinesPos int

-	position text.Position
+	// The position of the content in the file. Note that this may be different from the error's position set
+	// in FileError.
+	Position text.Position

 	// The lexer to use for syntax highlighting.
 	// https://gohugo.io/content-management/syntax-highlighting/#list-of-chroma-highlighting-languages
 	ChromaLexer string
 }

-// Position returns the text position of this error.
-func (e ErrorContext) Position() text.Position {
-	return e.position
-}
-
-var _ causer = (*ErrorWithFileContext)(nil)
-
-// ErrorWithFileContext is an error with some additional file context related
-// to that error.
-type ErrorWithFileContext struct {
-	cause error
-	ErrorContext
-}
-
-func (e *ErrorWithFileContext) Error() string {
-	pos := e.Position()
-	if pos.IsValid() {
-		return pos.String() + ": " + e.cause.Error()
-	}
-	return e.cause.Error()
-}
-
-func (e *ErrorWithFileContext) Cause() error {
-	return e.cause
-}
-
-// WithFileContextForFile will try to add a file context with lines matching the given matcher.
-// If no match could be found, the original error is returned with false as the second return value.
-func WithFileContextForFile(e error, realFilename, filename string, fs afero.Fs, matcher LineMatcherFn) (error, bool) {
-	f, err := fs.Open(filename)
-	if err != nil {
-		return e, false
-	}
-	defer f.Close()
-	return WithFileContext(e, realFilename, f, matcher)
-}
-
-// WithFileContextForFile will try to add a file context with lines matching the given matcher.
-// If no match could be found, the original error is returned with false as the second return value.
-func WithFileContext(e error, realFilename string, r io.Reader, matcher LineMatcherFn) (error, bool) {
-	if e == nil {
-		panic("error missing")
-	}
-	le := UnwrapFileError(e)
-
-	if le == nil {
-		var ok bool
-		if le, ok = ToFileError("", e).(FileError); !ok {
-			return e, false
-		}
-	}
-
-	var errCtx ErrorContext
-
-	posle := le.Position()
-
-	if posle.Offset != -1 {
-		errCtx = locateError(r, le, func(m LineMatcher) bool {
-			if posle.Offset >= m.Offset && posle.Offset < m.Offset+len(m.Line) {
-				lno := posle.LineNumber - m.Position.LineNumber + m.LineNumber
-				m.Position = text.Position{LineNumber: lno}
-			}
-			return matcher(m)
-		})
-	} else {
-		errCtx = locateError(r, le, matcher)
-	}
-
-	pos := &errCtx.position
-
-	if pos.LineNumber == -1 {
-		return e, false
-	}
-
-	pos.Filename = realFilename
-
-	if le.Type() != "" {
-		errCtx.ChromaLexer = chromaLexerFromType(le.Type())
-	} else {
-		errCtx.ChromaLexer = chromaLexerFromFilename(realFilename)
-	}
-
-	return &ErrorWithFileContext{cause: e, ErrorContext: errCtx}, true
-}
-
-// UnwrapErrorWithFileContext tries to unwrap an ErrorWithFileContext from err.
-// It returns nil if this is not possible.
-func UnwrapErrorWithFileContext(err error) *ErrorWithFileContext {
-	for err != nil {
-		switch v := err.(type) {
-		case *ErrorWithFileContext:
-			return v
-		case causer:
-			err = v.Cause()
-		default:
-			return nil
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
 func chromaLexerFromType(fileType string) string {
 	switch fileType {
 	case "html", "htm":
@@ -185,31 +103,24 @@ func chromaLexerFromFilename(filename string) string {
 	return chromaLexerFromType(ext)
 }

-func locateErrorInString(src string, matcher LineMatcherFn) ErrorContext {
+func locateErrorInString(src string, matcher LineMatcherFn) *ErrorContext {
 	return locateError(strings.NewReader(src), &fileError{}, matcher)
 }

-func locateError(r io.Reader, le FileError, matches LineMatcherFn) ErrorContext {
+func locateError(r io.Reader, le FileError, matches LineMatcherFn) *ErrorContext {
 	if le == nil {
 		panic("must provide an error")
 	}

-	errCtx := ErrorContext{position: text.Position{LineNumber: -1, ColumnNumber: 1, Offset: -1}, LinesPos: -1}
+	ectx := &ErrorContext{LinesPos: -1, Position: text.Position{Offset: -1}}

 	b, err := ioutil.ReadAll(r)
 	if err != nil {
-		return errCtx
+		return ectx
 	}

-	pos := &errCtx.position
-	lepos := le.Position()
-
 	lines := strings.Split(string(b), "\n")

-	if lepos.ColumnNumber >= 0 {
-		pos.ColumnNumber = lepos.ColumnNumber
-	}
-
 	lineNo := 0
 	posBytes := 0

@@ -222,34 +133,36 @@ func locateError(r io.Reader, le FileError, matches LineMatcherFn) ErrorContext
 			Offset:     posBytes,
 			Line:       line,
 		}
-		if errCtx.LinesPos == -1 && matches(m) {
-			pos.LineNumber = lineNo
+		v := matches(m)
+		if ectx.LinesPos == -1 && v != -1 {
+			ectx.Position.LineNumber = lineNo
+			ectx.Position.ColumnNumber = v
 			break
 		}

 		posBytes += len(line)
 	}

-	if pos.LineNumber != -1 {
-		low := pos.LineNumber - 3
+	if ectx.Position.LineNumber > 0 {
+		low := ectx.Position.LineNumber - 3
 		if low < 0 {
 			low = 0
 		}

-		if pos.LineNumber > 2 {
-			errCtx.LinesPos = 2
+		if ectx.Position.LineNumber > 2 {
+			ectx.LinesPos = 2
 		} else {
-			errCtx.LinesPos = pos.LineNumber - 1
+			ectx.LinesPos = ectx.Position.LineNumber - 1
 		}

-		high := pos.LineNumber + 2
+		high := ectx.Position.LineNumber + 2
 		if high > len(lines) {
 			high = len(lines)
 		}

-		errCtx.Lines = lines[low:high]
+		ectx.Lines = lines[low:high]

 	}

-	return errCtx
+	return ectx
 }
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2022 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-// Package errors contains common Hugo errors and error related utilities.
+// Package herrors contains common Hugo errors and error related utilities.
 package herrors

 import (
@@ -24,8 +24,11 @@ import (
 func TestErrorLocator(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)

-	lineMatcher := func(m LineMatcher) bool {
-		return strings.Contains(m.Line, "THEONE")
+	lineMatcher := func(m LineMatcher) int {
+		if strings.Contains(m.Line, "THEONE") {
+			return 1
+		}
+		return -1
 	}

 	lines := `LINE 1
@@ -39,35 +42,41 @@ LINE 8
 `

 	location := locateErrorInString(lines, lineMatcher)
+	pos := location.Position
 	c.Assert(location.Lines, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"LINE 3", "LINE 4", "This is THEONE", "LINE 6", "LINE 7"})

-	pos := location.Position()
 	c.Assert(pos.LineNumber, qt.Equals, 5)
 	c.Assert(location.LinesPos, qt.Equals, 2)

-	c.Assert(locateErrorInString(`This is THEONE`, lineMatcher).Lines, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"This is THEONE"})
+	locate := func(s string, m LineMatcherFn) *ErrorContext {
+		ctx := locateErrorInString(s, m)
+		return ctx
+	}
+
+	c.Assert(locate(`This is THEONE`, lineMatcher).Lines, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"This is THEONE"})

 	location = locateErrorInString(`L1
 This is THEONE
 L2
 `, lineMatcher)
-	c.Assert(location.Position().LineNumber, qt.Equals, 2)
+	pos = location.Position
+	c.Assert(pos.LineNumber, qt.Equals, 2)
 	c.Assert(location.LinesPos, qt.Equals, 1)
 	c.Assert(location.Lines, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"L1", "This is THEONE", "L2", ""})

-	location = locateErrorInString(`This is THEONE
+	location = locate(`This is THEONE
 L2
 `, lineMatcher)
 	c.Assert(location.LinesPos, qt.Equals, 0)
 	c.Assert(location.Lines, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"This is THEONE", "L2", ""})

-	location = locateErrorInString(`L1
+	location = locate(`L1
 This THEONE
 `, lineMatcher)
 	c.Assert(location.Lines, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"L1", "This THEONE", ""})
 	c.Assert(location.LinesPos, qt.Equals, 1)

-	location = locateErrorInString(`L1
+	location = locate(`L1
 L2
 This THEONE
 `, lineMatcher)
@@ -75,12 +84,16 @@ This THEONE
 	c.Assert(location.LinesPos, qt.Equals, 2)

 	location = locateErrorInString("NO MATCH", lineMatcher)
-	c.Assert(location.Position().LineNumber, qt.Equals, -1)
+	pos = location.Position
+	c.Assert(pos.LineNumber, qt.Equals, 0)
 	c.Assert(location.LinesPos, qt.Equals, -1)
 	c.Assert(len(location.Lines), qt.Equals, 0)

-	lineMatcher = func(m LineMatcher) bool {
-		return m.LineNumber == 6
+	lineMatcher = func(m LineMatcher) int {
+		if m.LineNumber == 6 {
+			return 1
+		}
+		return -1
 	}

 	location = locateErrorInString(`A
@@ -93,14 +106,18 @@ G
 H
 I
 J`, lineMatcher)
+	pos = location.Position

 	c.Assert(location.Lines, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"D", "E", "F", "G", "H"})
-	c.Assert(location.Position().LineNumber, qt.Equals, 6)
+	c.Assert(pos.LineNumber, qt.Equals, 6)
 	c.Assert(location.LinesPos, qt.Equals, 2)

 	// Test match EOF
-	lineMatcher = func(m LineMatcher) bool {
-		return m.LineNumber == 4
+	lineMatcher = func(m LineMatcher) int {
+		if m.LineNumber == 4 {
+			return 1
+		}
+		return -1
 	}

 	location = locateErrorInString(`A
@@ -108,12 +125,17 @@ B
 C
 `, lineMatcher)

+	pos = location.Position
+
 	c.Assert(location.Lines, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"B", "C", ""})
-	c.Assert(location.Position().LineNumber, qt.Equals, 4)
+	c.Assert(pos.LineNumber, qt.Equals, 4)
 	c.Assert(location.LinesPos, qt.Equals, 2)

-	offsetMatcher := func(m LineMatcher) bool {
-		return m.Offset == 1
+	offsetMatcher := func(m LineMatcher) int {
+		if m.Offset == 1 {
+			return 1
+		}
+		return -1
 	}

 	location = locateErrorInString(`A
@@ -122,8 +144,9 @@ C
 D
 E`, offsetMatcher)

-	c.Assert(location.Lines, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"A", "B", "C", "D"})
-	c.Assert(location.Position().LineNumber, qt.Equals, 2)
-	c.Assert(location.LinesPos, qt.Equals, 1)
+	pos = location.Position

+	c.Assert(location.Lines, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"A", "B", "C", "D"})
+	c.Assert(pos.LineNumber, qt.Equals, 2)
+	c.Assert(location.LinesPos, qt.Equals, 1)
 }
@@ -19,37 +19,11 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"os"
 	"runtime"
 	"runtime/debug"
 	"strconv"
-
-	_errors "github.com/pkg/errors"
 )

-// As defined in https://godoc.org/github.com/pkg/errors
-type causer interface {
-	Cause() error
-}
-
-type stackTracer interface {
-	StackTrace() _errors.StackTrace
-}
-
-// PrintStackTraceFromErr prints the error's stack trace to stdoud.
-func PrintStackTraceFromErr(err error) {
-	FprintStackTraceFromErr(os.Stdout, err)
-}
-
-// FprintStackTraceFromErr prints the error's stack trace to w.
-func FprintStackTraceFromErr(w io.Writer, err error) {
-	if err, ok := err.(stackTracer); ok {
-		for _, f := range err.StackTrace() {
-			fmt.Fprintf(w, "%+s:%d\n", f, f)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
 // PrintStackTrace prints the current stacktrace to w.
 func PrintStackTrace(w io.Writer) {
 	buf := make([]byte, 1<<16)
@@ -57,10 +31,15 @@ func PrintStackTrace(w io.Writer) {
 	fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s", buf)
 }

+// ErrorSender is a, typically, non-blocking error handler.
+type ErrorSender interface {
+	SendError(err error)
+}
+
 // Recover is a helper function that can be used to capture panics.
 // Put this at the top of a method/function that crashes in a template:
 //     defer herrors.Recover()
-func Recover(args ...interface{}) {
+func Recover(args ...any) {
 	if r := recover(); r != nil {
 		fmt.Println("ERR:", r)
 		args = append(args, "stacktrace from panic: \n"+string(debug.Stack()), "\n")
@@ -83,3 +62,10 @@ func GetGID() uint64 {
 // We will, at least to begin with, make some Hugo features (SCSS with libsass) optional,
 // and this error is used to signal those situations.
 var ErrFeatureNotAvailable = errors.New("this feature is not available in your current Hugo version, see https://goo.gl/YMrWcn for more information")
+
+// Must panics if err != nil.
+func Must(err error) {
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+}
@@ -1,28 +1,33 @@
-// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2022 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 // You may obtain a copy of the License at
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 //
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// Unless required by applicable lfmtaw or agreed to in writing, software
 // distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 // WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitatio	ns under the License.
+// limitations under the License.

 package herrors

 import (
 	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"path/filepath"

+	"github.com/bep/godartsass"
+	"github.com/bep/golibsass/libsass/libsasserrors"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/paths"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/text"
+	"github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2"
+	"github.com/spf13/afero"
+	"github.com/tdewolff/parse/v2"

-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
-)
-
-var (
-	_ causer = (*fileError)(nil)
+	"errors"
 )

 // FileError represents an error when handling a file: Parsing a config file,
@@ -30,48 +35,286 @@ var (
 type FileError interface {
 	error

+	// ErroContext holds some context information about the error.
+	ErrorContext() *ErrorContext
+
 	text.Positioner

-	// A string identifying the type of file, e.g. JSON, TOML, markdown etc.
-	Type() string
+	// UpdatePosition updates the position of the error.
+	UpdatePosition(pos text.Position) FileError
+
+	// UpdateContent updates the error with a new ErrorContext from the content of the file.
+	UpdateContent(r io.Reader, linematcher LineMatcherFn) FileError
 }

-var _ FileError = (*fileError)(nil)
+// Unwrapper can unwrap errors created with fmt.Errorf.
+type Unwrapper interface {
+	Unwrap() error
+}
+
+var (
+	_ FileError = (*fileError)(nil)
+	_ Unwrapper = (*fileError)(nil)
+)
+
+func (fe *fileError) UpdatePosition(pos text.Position) FileError {
+	oldFilename := fe.Position().Filename
+	if pos.Filename != "" && fe.fileType == "" {
+		_, fe.fileType = paths.FileAndExtNoDelimiter(filepath.Clean(pos.Filename))
+	}
+	if pos.Filename == "" {
+		pos.Filename = oldFilename
+	}
+	fe.position = pos
+	return fe
+}
+
+func (fe *fileError) UpdateContent(r io.Reader, linematcher LineMatcherFn) FileError {
+	if linematcher == nil {
+		linematcher = SimpleLineMatcher
+	}
+
+	var (
+		posle = fe.position
+		ectx  *ErrorContext
+	)
+
+	if posle.LineNumber <= 1 && posle.Offset > 0 {
+		// Try to locate the line number from the content if offset is set.
+		ectx = locateError(r, fe, func(m LineMatcher) int {
+			if posle.Offset >= m.Offset && posle.Offset < m.Offset+len(m.Line) {
+				lno := posle.LineNumber - m.Position.LineNumber + m.LineNumber
+				m.Position = text.Position{LineNumber: lno}
+				return linematcher(m)
+			}
+			return -1
+		})
+	} else {
+		ectx = locateError(r, fe, linematcher)
+	}
+
+	if ectx.ChromaLexer == "" {
+		if fe.fileType != "" {
+			ectx.ChromaLexer = chromaLexerFromType(fe.fileType)
+		} else {
+			ectx.ChromaLexer = chromaLexerFromFilename(fe.Position().Filename)
+		}
+	}
+
+	fe.errorContext = ectx
+
+	if ectx.Position.LineNumber > 0 {
+		fe.position.LineNumber = ectx.Position.LineNumber
+	}
+
+	if ectx.Position.ColumnNumber > 0 {
+		fe.position.ColumnNumber = ectx.Position.ColumnNumber
+	}
+
+	return fe
+
+}

 type fileError struct {
-	position text.Position
+	position     text.Position
+	errorContext *ErrorContext

 	fileType string

 	cause error
 }

+func (e *fileError) ErrorContext() *ErrorContext {
+	return e.errorContext
+}
+
 // Position returns the text position of this error.
 func (e fileError) Position() text.Position {
 	return e.position
 }

-func (e *fileError) Type() string {
-	return e.fileType
+func (e *fileError) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s: %s", e.position, e.causeString())
 }

-func (e *fileError) Error() string {
+func (e *fileError) causeString() string {
 	if e.cause == nil {
 		return ""
 	}
-	return e.cause.Error()
+	switch v := e.cause.(type) {
+	// Avoid repeating the file info in the error message.
+	case godartsass.SassError:
+		return v.Message
+	case libsasserrors.Error:
+		return v.Message
+	default:
+		return v.Error()
+	}
 }

-func (f *fileError) Cause() error {
-	return f.cause
+func (e *fileError) Unwrap() error {
+	return e.cause
 }

-// NewFileError creates a new FileError.
-func NewFileError(fileType string, offset, lineNumber, columnNumber int, err error) FileError {
-	pos := text.Position{Offset: offset, LineNumber: lineNumber, ColumnNumber: columnNumber}
+// NewFileError creates a new FileError that wraps err.
+// It will try to extract the filename and line number from err.
+func NewFileError(err error) FileError {
+	// Filetype is used to determine the Chroma lexer to use.
+	fileType, pos := extractFileTypePos(err)
 	return &fileError{cause: err, fileType: fileType, position: pos}
 }

+// NewFileErrorFromName creates a new FileError that wraps err.
+// The value for name should identify the file, the best
+// being the full filename to the file on disk.
+func NewFileErrorFromName(err error, name string) FileError {
+	// Filetype is used to determine the Chroma lexer to use.
+	fileType, pos := extractFileTypePos(err)
+	pos.Filename = name
+	if fileType == "" {
+		_, fileType = paths.FileAndExtNoDelimiter(filepath.Clean(name))
+	}
+
+	return &fileError{cause: err, fileType: fileType, position: pos}
+
+}
+
+// NewFileErrorFromPos will use the filename and line number from pos to create a new FileError, wrapping err.
+func NewFileErrorFromPos(err error, pos text.Position) FileError {
+	// Filetype is used to determine the Chroma lexer to use.
+	fileType, _ := extractFileTypePos(err)
+	if fileType == "" {
+		_, fileType = paths.FileAndExtNoDelimiter(filepath.Clean(pos.Filename))
+	}
+	return &fileError{cause: err, fileType: fileType, position: pos}
+
+}
+
+func NewFileErrorFromFileInErr(err error, fs afero.Fs, linematcher LineMatcherFn) FileError {
+	fe := NewFileError(err)
+	pos := fe.Position()
+	if pos.Filename == "" {
+		return fe
+	}
+
+	f, realFilename, err2 := openFile(pos.Filename, fs)
+	if err2 != nil {
+		return fe
+	}
+
+	pos.Filename = realFilename
+	defer f.Close()
+	return fe.UpdateContent(f, linematcher)
+}
+
+func NewFileErrorFromFileInPos(err error, pos text.Position, fs afero.Fs, linematcher LineMatcherFn) FileError {
+	if err == nil {
+		panic("err is nil")
+	}
+	f, realFilename, err2 := openFile(pos.Filename, fs)
+	if err2 != nil {
+		return NewFileErrorFromPos(err, pos)
+	}
+	pos.Filename = realFilename
+	defer f.Close()
+	return NewFileErrorFromPos(err, pos).UpdateContent(f, linematcher)
+}
+
+// NewFileErrorFromFile is a convenience method to create a new FileError from a file.
+func NewFileErrorFromFile(err error, filename string, fs afero.Fs, linematcher LineMatcherFn) FileError {
+	if err == nil {
+		panic("err is nil")
+	}
+	f, realFilename, err2 := openFile(filename, fs)
+	if err2 != nil {
+		return NewFileErrorFromName(err, realFilename)
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+	return NewFileErrorFromName(err, realFilename).UpdateContent(f, linematcher)
+}
+
+func openFile(filename string, fs afero.Fs) (afero.File, string, error) {
+	realFilename := filename
+
+	// We want the most specific filename possible in the error message.
+	fi, err2 := fs.Stat(filename)
+	if err2 == nil {
+		if s, ok := fi.(interface {
+			Filename() string
+		}); ok {
+			realFilename = s.Filename()
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	f, err2 := fs.Open(filename)
+	if err2 != nil {
+		return nil, realFilename, err2
+	}
+
+	return f, realFilename, nil
+}
+
+// Cause returns the underlying error or itself if it does not implement Unwrap.
+func Cause(err error) error {
+	if u := errors.Unwrap(err); u != nil {
+		return u
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+func extractFileTypePos(err error) (string, text.Position) {
+	err = Cause(err)
+
+	var fileType string
+
+	// LibSass, DartSass
+	if pos := extractPosition(err); pos.LineNumber > 0 || pos.Offset > 0 {
+		_, fileType = paths.FileAndExtNoDelimiter(pos.Filename)
+		return fileType, pos
+	}
+
+	// Default to line 1 col 1 if we don't find any better.
+	pos := text.Position{
+		Offset:       -1,
+		LineNumber:   1,
+		ColumnNumber: 1,
+	}
+
+	// JSON errors.
+	offset, typ := extractOffsetAndType(err)
+	if fileType == "" {
+		fileType = typ
+	}
+
+	if offset >= 0 {
+		pos.Offset = offset
+	}
+
+	// The error type from the minifier contains line number and column number.
+	if line, col := exctractLineNumberAndColumnNumber(err); line >= 0 {
+		pos.LineNumber = line
+		pos.ColumnNumber = col
+		return fileType, pos
+	}
+
+	// Look in the error message for the line number.
+	for _, handle := range lineNumberExtractors {
+		lno, col := handle(err)
+		if lno > 0 {
+			pos.ColumnNumber = col
+			pos.LineNumber = lno
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	if fileType == "" && pos.Filename != "" {
+		_, fileType = paths.FileAndExtNoDelimiter(pos.Filename)
+	}
+
+	return fileType, pos
+}
+
 // UnwrapFileError tries to unwrap a FileError from err.
 // It returns nil if this is not possible.
 func UnwrapFileError(err error) FileError {
@@ -79,49 +322,38 @@ func UnwrapFileError(err error) FileError {
 		switch v := err.(type) {
 		case FileError:
 			return v
-		case causer:
-			err = v.Cause()
 		default:
-			return nil
+			err = errors.Unwrap(err)
 		}
 	}
 	return nil
 }

-// ToFileErrorWithOffset will return a new FileError with a line number
-// with the given offset from the original.
-func ToFileErrorWithOffset(fe FileError, offset int) FileError {
-	pos := fe.Position()
-	return ToFileErrorWithLineNumber(fe, pos.LineNumber+offset)
-}
-
-// ToFileErrorWithOffset will return a new FileError with the given line number.
-func ToFileErrorWithLineNumber(fe FileError, lineNumber int) FileError {
-	pos := fe.Position()
-	pos.LineNumber = lineNumber
-	return &fileError{cause: fe, fileType: fe.Type(), position: pos}
-}
-
-// ToFileError will convert the given error to an error supporting
-// the FileError interface.
-func ToFileError(fileType string, err error) FileError {
-	for _, handle := range lineNumberExtractors {
-		lno, col := handle(err)
-		offset, typ := extractOffsetAndType(err)
-		if fileType == "" {
-			fileType = typ
-		}
-
-		if lno > 0 || offset != -1 {
-			return NewFileError(fileType, offset, lno, col, err)
+// UnwrapFileErrors tries to unwrap all FileError.
+func UnwrapFileErrors(err error) []FileError {
+	var errs []FileError
+	for err != nil {
+		if v, ok := err.(FileError); ok {
+			errs = append(errs, v)
 		}
+		err = errors.Unwrap(err)
 	}
-	// Fall back to the pointing to line number 1.
-	return NewFileError(fileType, -1, 1, 1, err)
+	return errs
+}
+
+// UnwrapFileErrorsWithErrorContext tries to unwrap all FileError in err that has an ErrorContext.
+func UnwrapFileErrorsWithErrorContext(err error) []FileError {
+	var errs []FileError
+	for err != nil {
+		if v, ok := err.(FileError); ok && v.ErrorContext() != nil {
+			errs = append(errs, v)
+		}
+		err = errors.Unwrap(err)
+	}
+	return errs
 }

 func extractOffsetAndType(e error) (int, string) {
-	e = errors.Cause(e)
 	switch v := e.(type) {
 	case *json.UnmarshalTypeError:
 		return int(v.Offset), "json"
@@ -131,3 +363,32 @@ func extractOffsetAndType(e error) (int, string) {
 		return -1, ""
 	}
 }
+
+func exctractLineNumberAndColumnNumber(e error) (int, int) {
+	switch v := e.(type) {
+	case *parse.Error:
+		return v.Line, v.Column
+	case *toml.DecodeError:
+		return v.Position()
+
+	}
+
+	return -1, -1
+}
+
+func extractPosition(e error) (pos text.Position) {
+	switch v := e.(type) {
+	case godartsass.SassError:
+		span := v.Span
+		start := span.Start
+		filename, _ := paths.UrlToFilename(span.Url)
+		pos.Filename = filename
+		pos.Offset = start.Offset
+		pos.ColumnNumber = start.Column
+	case libsasserrors.Error:
+		pos.Filename = v.File
+		pos.LineNumber = v.Line
+		pos.ColumnNumber = v.Column
+	}
+	return
+}
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2022 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -14,14 +14,44 @@
 package herrors

 import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"

-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"errors"
+
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/text"

 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
 )

-func TestToLineNumberError(t *testing.T) {
+func TestNewFileError(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	fe := NewFileErrorFromName(errors.New("bar"), "foo.html")
+	c.Assert(fe.Error(), qt.Equals, `"foo.html:1:1": bar`)
+
+	lines := ""
+	for i := 1; i <= 100; i++ {
+		lines += fmt.Sprintf("line %d\n", i)
+	}
+
+	fe.UpdatePosition(text.Position{LineNumber: 32, ColumnNumber: 2})
+	c.Assert(fe.Error(), qt.Equals, `"foo.html:32:2": bar`)
+	fe.UpdatePosition(text.Position{LineNumber: 0, ColumnNumber: 0, Offset: 212})
+	fe.UpdateContent(strings.NewReader(lines), nil)
+	c.Assert(fe.Error(), qt.Equals, `"foo.html:32:0": bar`)
+	errorContext := fe.ErrorContext()
+	c.Assert(errorContext, qt.IsNotNil)
+	c.Assert(errorContext.Lines, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"line 30", "line 31", "line 32", "line 33", "line 34"})
+	c.Assert(errorContext.LinesPos, qt.Equals, 2)
+	c.Assert(errorContext.ChromaLexer, qt.Equals, "go-html-template")
+
+}
+
+func TestNewFileErrorExtractFromMessage(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()

 	c := qt.New(t)
@@ -36,21 +66,17 @@ func TestToLineNumberError(t *testing.T) {
 		{errors.New(`template: _default/single.html:4:15: executing "_default/single.html" at <.Titles>: can't evaluate field Titles in type *hugolib.PageOutput`), 0, 4, 15},
 		{errors.New("parse failed: template: _default/bundle-resource-meta.html:11: unexpected in operand"), 0, 11, 1},
 		{errors.New(`failed:: template: _default/bundle-resource-meta.html:2:7: executing "main" at <.Titles>`), 0, 2, 7},
-		{errors.New("error in front matter: Near line 32 (last key parsed 'title')"), 0, 32, 1},
 		{errors.New(`failed to load translations: (6, 7): was expecting token =, but got "g" instead`), 0, 6, 7},
+		{errors.New(`execute of template failed: template: index.html:2:5: executing "index.html" at <partial "foo.html" .>: error calling partial: "/layouts/partials/foo.html:3:6": execute of template failed: template: partials/foo.html:3:6: executing "partials/foo.html" at <.ThisDoesNotExist>: can't evaluate field ThisDoesNotExist in type *hugolib.pageStat`), 0, 2, 5},
 	} {

-		got := ToFileError("template", test.in)
+		got := NewFileErrorFromName(test.in, "test.txt")

 		errMsg := qt.Commentf("[%d][%T]", i, got)
-		le, ok := got.(FileError)
-		c.Assert(ok, qt.Equals, true)

-		c.Assert(ok, qt.Equals, true, errMsg)
-		pos := le.Position()
+		pos := got.Position()
 		c.Assert(pos.LineNumber, qt.Equals, test.lineNumber, errMsg)
 		c.Assert(pos.ColumnNumber, qt.Equals, test.columnNumber, errMsg)
-		c.Assert(errors.Cause(got), qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
+		c.Assert(errors.Unwrap(got), qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
 	}
-
 }
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 // distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 // WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitatio	ns under the License.
+// limitations under the License.

 package herrors

@@ -20,17 +20,14 @@ import (

 var lineNumberExtractors = []lineNumberExtractor{
 	// Template/shortcode parse errors
-	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp(".*:(\\d+):(\\d*):"),
-	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp(".*:(\\d+):"),
-
-	// TOML parse errors
-	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp(".*Near line (\\d+)(\\s.*)"),
+	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp(`:(\d+):(\d*):`),
+	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp(`:(\d+):`),

 	// YAML parse errors
-	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp("line (\\d+):"),
+	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp(`line (\d+):`),

 	// i18n bundle errors
-	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp("\\((\\d+),\\s(\\d*)"),
+	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp(`\((\d+),\s(\d*)`),
 }

 type lineNumberExtractor func(e error) (int, int)
@@ -61,6 +58,6 @@ func extractLineNo(re *regexp.Regexp) lineNumberExtractor {
 			return lno, col
 		}

-		return -1, col
+		return 0, col
 	}
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package hexec
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+
+	"github.com/cli/safeexec"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config/security"
+)
+
+var WithDir = func(dir string) func(c *commandeer) {
+	return func(c *commandeer) {
+		c.dir = dir
+	}
+}
+
+var WithContext = func(ctx context.Context) func(c *commandeer) {
+	return func(c *commandeer) {
+		c.ctx = ctx
+	}
+}
+
+var WithStdout = func(w io.Writer) func(c *commandeer) {
+	return func(c *commandeer) {
+		c.stdout = w
+	}
+}
+
+var WithStderr = func(w io.Writer) func(c *commandeer) {
+	return func(c *commandeer) {
+		c.stderr = w
+	}
+}
+
+var WithStdin = func(r io.Reader) func(c *commandeer) {
+	return func(c *commandeer) {
+		c.stdin = r
+	}
+}
+
+var WithEnviron = func(env []string) func(c *commandeer) {
+	return func(c *commandeer) {
+		setOrAppend := func(s string) {
+			k1, _ := config.SplitEnvVar(s)
+			var found bool
+			for i, v := range c.env {
+				k2, _ := config.SplitEnvVar(v)
+				if k1 == k2 {
+					found = true
+					c.env[i] = s
+				}
+			}
+
+			if !found {
+				c.env = append(c.env, s)
+			}
+		}
+
+		for _, s := range env {
+			setOrAppend(s)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// New creates a new Exec using the provided security config.
+func New(cfg security.Config) *Exec {
+	var baseEnviron []string
+	for _, v := range os.Environ() {
+		k, _ := config.SplitEnvVar(v)
+		if cfg.Exec.OsEnv.Accept(k) {
+			baseEnviron = append(baseEnviron, v)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return &Exec{
+		sc:          cfg,
+		baseEnviron: baseEnviron,
+	}
+}
+
+// IsNotFound reports whether this is an error about a binary not found.
+func IsNotFound(err error) bool {
+	var notFoundErr *NotFoundError
+	return errors.As(err, &notFoundErr)
+}
+
+// SafeCommand is a wrapper around os/exec Command which uses a LookPath
+// implementation that does not search in current directory before looking in PATH.
+// See https://github.com/cli/safeexec and the linked issues.
+func SafeCommand(name string, arg ...string) (*exec.Cmd, error) {
+	bin, err := safeexec.LookPath(name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return exec.Command(bin, arg...), nil
+}
+
+// Exec encorces a security policy for commands run via os/exec.
+type Exec struct {
+	sc security.Config
+
+	// os.Environ filtered by the Exec.OsEnviron whitelist filter.
+	baseEnviron []string
+}
+
+// New will fail if name is not allowed according to the configured security policy.
+// Else a configured Runner will be returned ready to be Run.
+func (e *Exec) New(name string, arg ...any) (Runner, error) {
+	if err := e.sc.CheckAllowedExec(name); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	env := make([]string, len(e.baseEnviron))
+	copy(env, e.baseEnviron)
+
+	cm := &commandeer{
+		name: name,
+		env:  env,
+	}
+
+	return cm.command(arg...)
+
+}
+
+// Npx is a convenience method to create a Runner running npx --no-install <name> <args.
+func (e *Exec) Npx(name string, arg ...any) (Runner, error) {
+	arg = append(arg[:0], append([]any{"--no-install", name}, arg[0:]...)...)
+	return e.New("npx", arg...)
+}
+
+// Sec returns the security policies this Exec is configured with.
+func (e *Exec) Sec() security.Config {
+	return e.sc
+}
+
+type NotFoundError struct {
+	name string
+}
+
+func (e *NotFoundError) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("binary with name %q not found", e.name)
+}
+
+// Runner wraps a *os.Cmd.
+type Runner interface {
+	Run() error
+	StdinPipe() (io.WriteCloser, error)
+}
+
+type cmdWrapper struct {
+	name string
+	c    *exec.Cmd
+
+	outerr *bytes.Buffer
+}
+
+var notFoundRe = regexp.MustCompile(`(?s)not found:|could not determine executable`)
+
+func (c *cmdWrapper) Run() error {
+	err := c.c.Run()
+	if err == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if notFoundRe.MatchString(c.outerr.String()) {
+		return &NotFoundError{name: c.name}
+	}
+	return fmt.Errorf("failed to execute binary %q with args %v: %s", c.name, c.c.Args[1:], c.outerr.String())
+}
+
+func (c *cmdWrapper) StdinPipe() (io.WriteCloser, error) {
+	return c.c.StdinPipe()
+}
+
+type commandeer struct {
+	stdout io.Writer
+	stderr io.Writer
+	stdin  io.Reader
+	dir    string
+	ctx    context.Context
+
+	name string
+	env  []string
+}
+
+func (c *commandeer) command(arg ...any) (*cmdWrapper, error) {
+	if c == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	var args []string
+	for _, a := range arg {
+		switch v := a.(type) {
+		case string:
+			args = append(args, v)
+		case func(*commandeer):
+			v(c)
+		default:
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid argument to command: %T", a)
+		}
+	}
+
+	bin, err := safeexec.LookPath(c.name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, &NotFoundError{
+			name: c.name,
+		}
+	}
+
+	outerr := &bytes.Buffer{}
+	if c.stderr == nil {
+		c.stderr = outerr
+	} else {
+		c.stderr = io.MultiWriter(c.stderr, outerr)
+	}
+
+	var cmd *exec.Cmd
+
+	if c.ctx != nil {
+		cmd = exec.CommandContext(c.ctx, bin, args...)
+	} else {
+		cmd = exec.Command(bin, args...)
+	}
+
+	cmd.Stdin = c.stdin
+	cmd.Stderr = c.stderr
+	cmd.Stdout = c.stdout
+	cmd.Env = c.env
+	cmd.Dir = c.dir
+
+	return &cmdWrapper{outerr: outerr, c: cmd, name: c.name}, nil
+}
+
+// InPath reports whether binaryName is in $PATH.
+func InPath(binaryName string) bool {
+	if strings.Contains(binaryName, "/") {
+		panic("binary name should not contain any slash")
+	}
+	_, err := safeexec.LookPath(binaryName)
+	return err == nil
+}
+
+// LookPath finds the path to binaryName in $PATH.
+// Returns "" if not found.
+func LookPath(binaryName string) string {
+	if strings.Contains(binaryName, "/") {
+		panic("binary name should not contain any slash")
+	}
+	s, err := safeexec.LookPath(binaryName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return s
+}
@@ -17,21 +17,60 @@
 package hreflect

 import (
+	"context"
 	"reflect"
+	"sync"
+	"time"

+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/htime"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/types"
 )

+// TODO(bep) replace the private versions in /tpl with these.
+// IsNumber returns whether the given kind is a number.
+func IsNumber(kind reflect.Kind) bool {
+	return IsInt(kind) || IsUint(kind) || IsFloat(kind)
+}
+
+// IsInt returns whether the given kind is an int.
+func IsInt(kind reflect.Kind) bool {
+	switch kind {
+	case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64:
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+// IsUint returns whether the given kind is an uint.
+func IsUint(kind reflect.Kind) bool {
+	switch kind {
+	case reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64:
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+// IsFloat returns whether the given kind is a float.
+func IsFloat(kind reflect.Kind) bool {
+	switch kind {
+	case reflect.Float32, reflect.Float64:
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
 // IsTruthful returns whether in represents a truthful value.
 // See IsTruthfulValue
-func IsTruthful(in interface{}) bool {
+func IsTruthful(in any) bool {
 	switch v := in.(type) {
 	case reflect.Value:
 		return IsTruthfulValue(v)
 	default:
 		return IsTruthfulValue(reflect.ValueOf(in))
 	}
-
 }

 var zeroType = reflect.TypeOf((*types.Zeroer)(nil)).Elem()
@@ -79,6 +118,96 @@ func IsTruthfulValue(val reflect.Value) (truth bool) {
 	return
 }

+type methodKey struct {
+	typ  reflect.Type
+	name string
+}
+
+type methods struct {
+	sync.RWMutex
+	cache map[methodKey]int
+}
+
+var methodCache = &methods{cache: make(map[methodKey]int)}
+
+// GetMethodByName is the same as reflect.Value.MethodByName, but it caches the
+// type lookup.
+func GetMethodByName(v reflect.Value, name string) reflect.Value {
+	index := GetMethodIndexByName(v.Type(), name)
+
+	if index == -1 {
+		return reflect.Value{}
+	}
+
+	return v.Method(index)
+}
+
+// GetMethodIndexByName returns the index of the method with the given name, or
+// -1 if no such method exists.
+func GetMethodIndexByName(tp reflect.Type, name string) int {
+	k := methodKey{tp, name}
+	methodCache.RLock()
+	index, found := methodCache.cache[k]
+	methodCache.RUnlock()
+	if found {
+		return index
+	}
+
+	methodCache.Lock()
+	defer methodCache.Unlock()
+
+	m, ok := tp.MethodByName(name)
+	index = m.Index
+	if !ok {
+		index = -1
+	}
+	methodCache.cache[k] = index
+
+	if !ok {
+		return -1
+	}
+
+	return m.Index
+}
+
+var (
+	timeType           = reflect.TypeOf((*time.Time)(nil)).Elem()
+	asTimeProviderType = reflect.TypeOf((*htime.AsTimeProvider)(nil)).Elem()
+)
+
+// IsTime returns whether tp is a time.Time type or if it can be converted into one
+// in ToTime.
+func IsTime(tp reflect.Type) bool {
+	if tp == timeType {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	if tp.Implements(asTimeProviderType) {
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// AsTime returns v as a time.Time if possible.
+// The given location is only used if the value implements AsTimeProvider (e.g. go-toml local).
+// A zero Time and false is returned if this isn't possible.
+// Note that this function does not accept string dates.
+func AsTime(v reflect.Value, loc *time.Location) (time.Time, bool) {
+	if v.Kind() == reflect.Interface {
+		return AsTime(v.Elem(), loc)
+	}
+
+	if v.Type() == timeType {
+		return v.Interface().(time.Time), true
+	}
+
+	if v.Type().Implements(asTimeProviderType) {
+		return v.Interface().(htime.AsTimeProvider).AsTime(loc), true
+	}
+
+	return time.Time{}, false
+}
+
 // Based on: https://github.com/golang/go/blob/178a2c42254166cffed1b25fb1d3c7a5727cada6/src/text/template/exec.go#L931
 func indirectInterface(v reflect.Value) reflect.Value {
 	if v.Kind() != reflect.Interface {
@@ -89,3 +218,5 @@ func indirectInterface(v reflect.Value) reflect.Value {
 	}
 	return v.Elem()
 }
+
+var ContextInterface = reflect.TypeOf((*context.Context)(nil)).Elem()
@@ -30,6 +30,16 @@ func TestIsTruthful(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Assert(IsTruthful(time.Time{}), qt.Equals, false)
 }

+func TestGetMethodByName(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+	v := reflect.ValueOf(&testStruct{})
+	tp := v.Type()
+
+	c.Assert(GetMethodIndexByName(tp, "Method1"), qt.Equals, 0)
+	c.Assert(GetMethodIndexByName(tp, "Method3"), qt.Equals, 2)
+	c.Assert(GetMethodIndexByName(tp, "Foo"), qt.Equals, -1)
+}
+
 func BenchmarkIsTruthFul(b *testing.B) {
 	v := reflect.ValueOf("Hugo")

@@ -40,3 +50,37 @@ func BenchmarkIsTruthFul(b *testing.B) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+type testStruct struct{}
+
+func (t *testStruct) Method1() string {
+	return "Hugo"
+}
+
+func (t *testStruct) Method2() string {
+	return "Hugo"
+}
+
+func (t *testStruct) Method3() string {
+	return "Hugo"
+}
+
+func (t *testStruct) Method4() string {
+	return "Hugo"
+}
+
+func (t *testStruct) Method5() string {
+	return "Hugo"
+}
+
+func BenchmarkGetMethodByName(b *testing.B) {
+	v := reflect.ValueOf(&testStruct{})
+	methods := []string{"Method1", "Method2", "Method3", "Method4", "Method5"}
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for _, method := range methods {
+			_ = GetMethodByName(v, method)
+		}
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package htime
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/bep/clock"
+	"github.com/spf13/cast"
+
+	"github.com/gohugoio/locales"
+)
+
+var (
+	longDayNames = []string{
+		"Sunday",
+		"Monday",
+		"Tuesday",
+		"Wednesday",
+		"Thursday",
+		"Friday",
+		"Saturday",
+	}
+
+	shortDayNames = []string{
+		"Sun",
+		"Mon",
+		"Tue",
+		"Wed",
+		"Thu",
+		"Fri",
+		"Sat",
+	}
+
+	shortMonthNames = []string{
+		"Jan",
+		"Feb",
+		"Mar",
+		"Apr",
+		"May",
+		"Jun",
+		"Jul",
+		"Aug",
+		"Sep",
+		"Oct",
+		"Nov",
+		"Dec",
+	}
+
+	longMonthNames = []string{
+		"January",
+		"February",
+		"March",
+		"April",
+		"May",
+		"June",
+		"July",
+		"August",
+		"September",
+		"October",
+		"November",
+		"December",
+	}
+
+	Clock = clock.System()
+)
+
+func NewTimeFormatter(ltr locales.Translator) TimeFormatter {
+	if ltr == nil {
+		panic("must provide a locales.Translator")
+	}
+	return TimeFormatter{
+		ltr: ltr,
+	}
+}
+
+// TimeFormatter is locale aware.
+type TimeFormatter struct {
+	ltr locales.Translator
+}
+
+func (f TimeFormatter) Format(t time.Time, layout string) string {
+	if layout == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	if layout[0] == ':' {
+		// It may be one of Hugo's custom layouts.
+		switch strings.ToLower(layout[1:]) {
+		case "date_full":
+			return f.ltr.FmtDateFull(t)
+		case "date_long":
+			return f.ltr.FmtDateLong(t)
+		case "date_medium":
+			return f.ltr.FmtDateMedium(t)
+		case "date_short":
+			return f.ltr.FmtDateShort(t)
+		case "time_full":
+			return f.ltr.FmtTimeFull(t)
+		case "time_long":
+			return f.ltr.FmtTimeLong(t)
+		case "time_medium":
+			return f.ltr.FmtTimeMedium(t)
+		case "time_short":
+			return f.ltr.FmtTimeShort(t)
+		}
+	}
+
+	s := t.Format(layout)
+
+	monthIdx := t.Month() - 1 // Month() starts at 1.
+	dayIdx := t.Weekday()
+
+	s = strings.ReplaceAll(s, longMonthNames[monthIdx], f.ltr.MonthWide(t.Month()))
+	if !strings.Contains(s, f.ltr.MonthWide(t.Month())) {
+		s = strings.ReplaceAll(s, shortMonthNames[monthIdx], f.ltr.MonthAbbreviated(t.Month()))
+	}
+	s = strings.ReplaceAll(s, longDayNames[dayIdx], f.ltr.WeekdayWide(t.Weekday()))
+	if !strings.Contains(s, f.ltr.WeekdayWide(t.Weekday())) {
+		s = strings.ReplaceAll(s, shortDayNames[dayIdx], f.ltr.WeekdayAbbreviated(t.Weekday()))
+	}
+
+	return s
+}
+
+func ToTimeInDefaultLocationE(i any, location *time.Location) (tim time.Time, err error) {
+	switch vv := i.(type) {
+	case AsTimeProvider:
+		return vv.AsTime(location), nil
+	// issue #8895
+	// datetimes parsed by `go-toml` have empty zone name
+	// convert back them into string and use `cast`
+	// TODO(bep) add tests, make sure we really need this.
+	case time.Time:
+		i = vv.Format(time.RFC3339)
+	}
+	return cast.ToTimeInDefaultLocationE(i, location)
+}
+
+// Now returns time.Now() or time value based on the `clock` flag.
+// Use this function to fake time inside hugo.
+func Now() time.Time {
+	return Clock.Now()
+}
+
+func Since(t time.Time) time.Duration {
+	return Clock.Since(t)
+}
+
+// AsTimeProvider is implemented by go-toml's LocalDate and LocalDateTime.
+type AsTimeProvider interface {
+	AsTime(zone *time.Location) time.Time
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package htime
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+	translators "github.com/gohugoio/localescompressed"
+)
+
+func TestTimeFormatter(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	june06, _ := time.Parse("2006-Jan-02", "2018-Jun-06")
+	june06 = june06.Add(7777 * time.Second)
+
+	jan06, _ := time.Parse("2006-Jan-02", "2018-Jan-06")
+	jan06 = jan06.Add(32 * time.Second)
+
+	mondayNovemberFirst, _ := time.Parse("2006-Jan-02", "2021-11-01")
+	mondayNovemberFirst = mondayNovemberFirst.Add(33 * time.Second)
+
+	c.Run("Norsk nynorsk", func(c *qt.C) {
+		f := NewTimeFormatter(translators.GetTranslator("nn"))
+
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, "Monday Jan 2 2006"), qt.Equals, "onsdag juni 6 2018")
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, "Mon January 2 2006"), qt.Equals, "on. juni 6 2018")
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, "Mon Mon"), qt.Equals, "on. on.")
+	})
+
+	c.Run("Custom layouts Norsk nynorsk", func(c *qt.C) {
+		f := NewTimeFormatter(translators.GetTranslator("nn"))
+
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":date_full"), qt.Equals, "onsdag 6. juni 2018")
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":date_long"), qt.Equals, "6. juni 2018")
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":date_medium"), qt.Equals, "6. juni 2018")
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":date_short"), qt.Equals, "06.06.2018")
+
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":time_full"), qt.Equals, "kl. 02:09:37 UTC")
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":time_long"), qt.Equals, "02:09:37 UTC")
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":time_medium"), qt.Equals, "02:09:37")
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":time_short"), qt.Equals, "02:09")
+
+	})
+
+	c.Run("Custom layouts English", func(c *qt.C) {
+		f := NewTimeFormatter(translators.GetTranslator("en"))
+
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":date_full"), qt.Equals, "Wednesday, June 6, 2018")
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":date_long"), qt.Equals, "June 6, 2018")
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":date_medium"), qt.Equals, "Jun 6, 2018")
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":date_short"), qt.Equals, "6/6/18")
+
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":time_full"), qt.Equals, "2:09:37 am UTC")
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":time_long"), qt.Equals, "2:09:37 am UTC")
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":time_medium"), qt.Equals, "2:09:37 am")
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":time_short"), qt.Equals, "2:09 am")
+
+	})
+
+	c.Run("English", func(c *qt.C) {
+		f := NewTimeFormatter(translators.GetTranslator("en"))
+
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, "Monday Jan 2 2006"), qt.Equals, "Wednesday Jun 6 2018")
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, "Mon January 2 2006"), qt.Equals, "Wed June 6 2018")
+		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, "Mon Mon"), qt.Equals, "Wed Wed")
+	})
+
+	c.Run("Weekdays German", func(c *qt.C) {
+		tr := translators.GetTranslator("de")
+		f := NewTimeFormatter(tr)
+
+		// Issue #9107
+		for i, weekDayWideGerman := range []string{"Montag", "Dienstag", "Mittwoch", "Donnerstag", "Freitag", "Samstag", "Sonntag"} {
+			date := mondayNovemberFirst.Add(time.Duration(i*24) * time.Hour)
+			c.Assert(tr.WeekdayWide(date.Weekday()), qt.Equals, weekDayWideGerman)
+			c.Assert(f.Format(date, "Monday"), qt.Equals, weekDayWideGerman)
+		}
+
+		for i, weekDayAbbreviatedGerman := range []string{"Mo.", "Di.", "Mi.", "Do.", "Fr.", "Sa.", "So."} {
+			date := mondayNovemberFirst.Add(time.Duration(i*24) * time.Hour)
+			c.Assert(tr.WeekdayAbbreviated(date.Weekday()), qt.Equals, weekDayAbbreviatedGerman)
+			c.Assert(f.Format(date, "Mon"), qt.Equals, weekDayAbbreviatedGerman)
+		}
+	})
+
+	c.Run("Months German", func(c *qt.C) {
+		tr := translators.GetTranslator("de")
+		f := NewTimeFormatter(tr)
+
+		// Issue #9107
+		for i, monthWideNorway := range []string{"Januar", "Februar", "März", "April", "Mai", "Juni", "Juli"} {
+			date := jan06.Add(time.Duration(i*24*31) * time.Hour)
+			c.Assert(tr.MonthWide(date.Month()), qt.Equals, monthWideNorway)
+			c.Assert(f.Format(date, "January"), qt.Equals, monthWideNorway)
+		}
+
+	})
+
+}
+
+func BenchmarkTimeFormatter(b *testing.B) {
+	june06, _ := time.Parse("2006-Jan-02", "2018-Jun-06")
+
+	b.Run("Native", func(b *testing.B) {
+		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+			got := june06.Format("Monday Jan 2 2006")
+			if got != "Wednesday Jun 6 2018" {
+				b.Fatalf("invalid format, got %q", got)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("Localized", func(b *testing.B) {
+		f := NewTimeFormatter(translators.GetTranslator("nn"))
+		b.ResetTimer()
+		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+			got := f.Format(june06, "Monday Jan 2 2006")
+			if got != "onsdag juni 6 2018" {
+				b.Fatalf("invalid format, got %q", got)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("Localized Custom", func(b *testing.B) {
+		f := NewTimeFormatter(translators.GetTranslator("nn"))
+		b.ResetTimer()
+		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+			got := f.Format(june06, ":date_medium")
+			if got != "6. juni 2018" {
+				b.Fatalf("invalid format, got %q", got)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}
@@ -14,40 +14,40 @@
 package hugio

 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"io/ioutil"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"

-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
-
 	"github.com/spf13/afero"
 )

 // CopyFile copies a file.
 func CopyFile(fs afero.Fs, from, to string) error {
-	sf, err := os.Open(from)
+	sf, err := fs.Open(from)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	defer sf.Close()
-	df, err := os.Create(to)
+	df, err := fs.Create(to)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	defer df.Close()
 	_, err = io.Copy(df, sf)
-	if err == nil {
-		si, err := os.Stat(from)
-		if err != nil {
-			err = os.Chmod(to, si.Mode())
-
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-		}
-
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
+	si, err := fs.Stat(from)
+	if err != nil {
+		err = fs.Chmod(to, si.Mode())
+
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ func CopyDir(fs afero.Fs, from, to string, shouldCopy func(filename string) bool
 	}

 	if !fi.IsDir() {
-		return errors.Errorf("%q is not a directory", from)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%q is not a directory", from)
 	}

 	err = fs.MkdirAll(to, 0777) // before umask
@@ -31,8 +31,13 @@ type ReadSeekCloser interface {
 	io.Closer
 }

+// ReadSeekCloserProvider provides a ReadSeekCloser.
+type ReadSeekCloserProvider interface {
+	ReadSeekCloser() (ReadSeekCloser, error)
+}
+
 // ReadSeekerNoOpCloser implements ReadSeekCloser by doing nothing in Close.
-// TODO(bep) rename this and simila to ReadSeekerNopCloser, naming used in stdlib, which kind of makes sense.
+// TODO(bep) rename this and similar to ReadSeekerNopCloser, naming used in stdlib, which kind of makes sense.
 type ReadSeekerNoOpCloser struct {
 	ReadSeeker
 }
@@ -18,6 +18,14 @@ import (
 	"io/ioutil"
 )

+// As implemented by strings.Builder.
+type FlexiWriter interface {
+	io.Writer
+	io.ByteWriter
+	WriteString(s string) (int, error)
+	WriteRune(r rune) (int, error)
+}
+
 type multiWriteCloser struct {
 	io.Writer
 	closers []io.WriteCloser
@@ -16,6 +16,20 @@ package hugo
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"html/template"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"runtime/debug"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs/files"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/afero"
+
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
 )

 const (
@@ -24,12 +38,10 @@ const (
 )

 var (
-	// commitHash contains the current Git revision. Use make to build to make
-	// sure this gets set.
-	commitHash string
-
-	// buildDate contains the date of the current build.
+	// buildDate allows vendor-specified build date when .git/ is unavailable.
 	buildDate string
+	// vendorInfo contains vendor notes about the current build.
+	vendorInfo string
 )

 // Info contains information about the current Hugo environment
@@ -42,6 +54,11 @@ type Info struct {
 	// This can also be set by the user.
 	// It can be any string, but it will be all lower case.
 	Environment string
+
+	// version of go that the Hugo binary was built with
+	GoVersion string
+
+	deps []*Dependency
 }

 // Version returns the current version as a comparable version string.
@@ -54,14 +71,181 @@ func (i Info) Generator() template.HTML {
 	return template.HTML(fmt.Sprintf(`<meta name="generator" content="Hugo %s" />`, CurrentVersion.String()))
 }

+func (i Info) IsProduction() bool {
+	return i.Environment == EnvironmentProduction
+}
+
+func (i Info) IsExtended() bool {
+	return IsExtended
+}
+
+// Deps gets a list of dependencies for this Hugo build.
+func (i Info) Deps() []*Dependency {
+	return i.deps
+}
+
 // NewInfo creates a new Hugo Info object.
-func NewInfo(environment string) Info {
+func NewInfo(environment string, deps []*Dependency) Info {
 	if environment == "" {
 		environment = EnvironmentProduction
 	}
+	var (
+		commitHash string
+		buildDate  string
+		goVersion  string
+	)
+
+	bi := getBuildInfo()
+	if bi != nil {
+		commitHash = bi.Revision
+		buildDate = bi.RevisionTime
+		goVersion = bi.GoVersion
+	}
+
 	return Info{
 		CommitHash:  commitHash,
 		BuildDate:   buildDate,
 		Environment: environment,
+		deps:        deps,
+		GoVersion:   goVersion,
 	}
 }
+
+// GetExecEnviron creates and gets the common os/exec environment used in the
+// external programs we interact with via os/exec, e.g. postcss.
+func GetExecEnviron(workDir string, cfg config.Provider, fs afero.Fs) []string {
+	var env []string
+	nodepath := filepath.Join(workDir, "node_modules")
+	if np := os.Getenv("NODE_PATH"); np != "" {
+		nodepath = workDir + string(os.PathListSeparator) + np
+	}
+	config.SetEnvVars(&env, "NODE_PATH", nodepath)
+	config.SetEnvVars(&env, "PWD", workDir)
+	config.SetEnvVars(&env, "HUGO_ENVIRONMENT", cfg.GetString("environment"))
+	config.SetEnvVars(&env, "HUGO_ENV", cfg.GetString("environment"))
+
+	if fs != nil {
+		fis, err := afero.ReadDir(fs, files.FolderJSConfig)
+		if err == nil {
+			for _, fi := range fis {
+				key := fmt.Sprintf("HUGO_FILE_%s", strings.ReplaceAll(strings.ToUpper(fi.Name()), ".", "_"))
+				value := fi.(hugofs.FileMetaInfo).Meta().Filename
+				config.SetEnvVars(&env, key, value)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return env
+}
+
+type buildInfo struct {
+	VersionControlSystem string
+	Revision             string
+	RevisionTime         string
+	Modified             bool
+
+	GoOS   string
+	GoArch string
+
+	*debug.BuildInfo
+}
+
+var bInfo *buildInfo
+var bInfoInit sync.Once
+
+func getBuildInfo() *buildInfo {
+	bInfoInit.Do(func() {
+		bi, ok := debug.ReadBuildInfo()
+		if !ok {
+			return
+		}
+
+		bInfo = &buildInfo{BuildInfo: bi}
+
+		for _, s := range bInfo.Settings {
+			switch s.Key {
+			case "vcs":
+				bInfo.VersionControlSystem = s.Value
+			case "vcs.revision":
+				bInfo.Revision = s.Value
+			case "vcs.time":
+				bInfo.RevisionTime = s.Value
+			case "vcs.modified":
+				bInfo.Modified = s.Value == "true"
+			case "GOOS":
+				bInfo.GoOS = s.Value
+			case "GOARCH":
+				bInfo.GoArch = s.Value
+			}
+		}
+
+	})
+
+	return bInfo
+}
+
+// GetDependencyList returns a sorted dependency list on the format package="version".
+// It includes both Go dependencies and (a manually maintained) list of C(++) dependencies.
+func GetDependencyList() []string {
+	var deps []string
+
+	formatDep := func(path, version string) string {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%s=%q", path, version)
+	}
+
+	if IsExtended {
+		deps = append(
+			deps,
+			// TODO(bep) consider adding a DepsNonGo() method to these upstream projects.
+			formatDep("github.com/sass/libsass", "3.6.5"),
+			formatDep("github.com/webmproject/libwebp", "v1.2.0"),
+		)
+	}
+
+	bi := getBuildInfo()
+	if bi == nil {
+		return deps
+	}
+
+	for _, dep := range bi.Deps {
+		deps = append(deps, formatDep(dep.Path, dep.Version))
+	}
+
+	sort.Strings(deps)
+
+	return deps
+}
+
+// IsRunningAsTest reports whether we are running as a test.
+func IsRunningAsTest() bool {
+	for _, arg := range os.Args {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(arg, "-test") {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// Dependency is a single dependency, which can be either a Hugo Module or a local theme.
+type Dependency struct {
+	// Returns the path to this module.
+	// This will either be the module path, e.g. "github.com/gohugoio/myshortcodes",
+	// or the path below your /theme folder, e.g. "mytheme".
+	Path string
+
+	// The module version.
+	Version string
+
+	// Whether this dependency is vendored.
+	Vendor bool
+
+	// Time version was created.
+	Time time.Time
+
+	// In the dependency tree, this is the first module that defines this module
+	// as a dependency.
+	Owner *Dependency
+
+	// Replaced by this dependency.
+	Replace *Dependency
+}
@@ -23,13 +23,22 @@ import (
 func TestHugoInfo(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)

-	hugoInfo := NewInfo("")
+	hugoInfo := NewInfo("", nil)

 	c.Assert(hugoInfo.Version(), qt.Equals, CurrentVersion.Version())
 	c.Assert(fmt.Sprintf("%T", VersionString("")), qt.Equals, fmt.Sprintf("%T", hugoInfo.Version()))
-	c.Assert(hugoInfo.CommitHash, qt.Equals, commitHash)
-	c.Assert(hugoInfo.BuildDate, qt.Equals, buildDate)
+
+	bi := getBuildInfo()
+	if bi != nil {
+		c.Assert(hugoInfo.CommitHash, qt.Equals, bi.Revision)
+		c.Assert(hugoInfo.BuildDate, qt.Equals, bi.RevisionTime)
+		c.Assert(hugoInfo.GoVersion, qt.Equals, bi.GoVersion)
+	}
 	c.Assert(hugoInfo.Environment, qt.Equals, "production")
 	c.Assert(string(hugoInfo.Generator()), qt.Contains, fmt.Sprintf("Hugo %s", hugoInfo.Version()))
+	c.Assert(hugoInfo.IsProduction(), qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(hugoInfo.IsExtended(), qt.Equals, IsExtended)

+	devHugoInfo := NewInfo("development", nil)
+	c.Assert(devHugoInfo.IsProduction(), qt.Equals, false)
 }
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

+//go:build extended
 // +build extended

 package hugo
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

+//go:build !extended
 // +build !extended

 package hugo
@@ -15,9 +15,10 @@ package hugo

 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"strconv"
-
+	"io"
+	"math"
 	"runtime"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/compare"
@@ -26,8 +27,9 @@ import (

 // Version represents the Hugo build version.
 type Version struct {
-	// Major and minor version.
-	Number float32
+	Major int
+
+	Minor int

 	// Increment this for bug releases
 	PatchLevel int
@@ -43,7 +45,7 @@ var (
 )

 func (v Version) String() string {
-	return version(v.Number, v.PatchLevel, v.Suffix)
+	return version(v.Major, v.Minor, v.PatchLevel, v.Suffix)
 }

 // Version returns the Hugo version.
@@ -51,6 +53,11 @@ func (v Version) Version() VersionString {
 	return VersionString(v.String())
 }

+// Compare implements the compare.Comparer interface.
+func (h Version) Compare(other any) int {
+	return compareVersions(h, other)
+}
+
 // VersionString represents a Hugo version string.
 type VersionString string

@@ -59,13 +66,13 @@ func (h VersionString) String() string {
 }

 // Compare implements the compare.Comparer interface.
-func (h VersionString) Compare(other interface{}) int {
+func (h VersionString) Compare(other any) int {
 	v := MustParseVersion(h.String())
-	return compareVersionsWithSuffix(v.Number, v.PatchLevel, v.Suffix, other)
+	return compareVersions(v, other)
 }

 // Eq implements the compare.Eqer interface.
-func (h VersionString) Eq(other interface{}) bool {
+func (h VersionString) Eq(other any) bool {
 	s, err := cast.ToStringE(other)
 	if err != nil {
 		return false
@@ -85,10 +92,7 @@ func ParseVersion(s string) (Version, error) {
 		}
 	}

-	v, p := parseVersion(s)
-
-	vv.Number = v
-	vv.PatchLevel = p
+	vv.Major, vv.Minor, vv.PatchLevel = parseVersion(s)

 	return vv, nil
 }
@@ -111,76 +115,109 @@ func (v Version) ReleaseVersion() Version {

 // Next returns the next Hugo release version.
 func (v Version) Next() Version {
-	return Version{Number: v.Number + 0.01}
+	return Version{Major: v.Major, Minor: v.Minor + 1}
 }

 // Prev returns the previous Hugo release version.
 func (v Version) Prev() Version {
-	return Version{Number: v.Number - 0.01}
+	return Version{Major: v.Major, Minor: v.Minor - 1}
 }

 // NextPatchLevel returns the next patch/bugfix Hugo version.
 // This will be a patch increment on the previous Hugo version.
 func (v Version) NextPatchLevel(level int) Version {
-	return Version{Number: v.Number - 0.01, PatchLevel: level}
+	prev := v.Prev()
+	prev.PatchLevel = level
+	return prev
 }

 // BuildVersionString creates a version string. This is what you see when
 // running "hugo version".
 func BuildVersionString() string {
-	program := "Hugo Static Site Generator"
+	// program := "Hugo Static Site Generator"
+	program := "hugo"

 	version := "v" + CurrentVersion.String()
-	if commitHash != "" {
-		version += "-" + strings.ToUpper(commitHash)
+
+	bi := getBuildInfo()
+	if bi == nil {
+		return version
+	}
+	if bi.Revision != "" {
+		version += "-" + bi.Revision
 	}
 	if IsExtended {
-		version += "/extended"
+		version += "+extended"
 	}

-	osArch := runtime.GOOS + "/" + runtime.GOARCH
+	osArch := bi.GoOS + "/" + bi.GoArch

-	date := buildDate
+	date := bi.RevisionTime
+	if date == "" {
+		// Accept vendor-specified build date if .git/ is unavailable.
+		date = buildDate
+	}
 	if date == "" {
 		date = "unknown"
 	}

-	return fmt.Sprintf("%s %s %s BuildDate: %s", program, version, osArch, date)
+	versionString := fmt.Sprintf("%s %s %s BuildDate=%s",
+		program, version, osArch, date)

+	if vendorInfo != "" {
+		versionString += " VendorInfo=" + vendorInfo
+	}
+
+	return versionString
 }

-func version(version float32, patchVersion int, suffix string) string {
-	if patchVersion > 0 || version > 0.53 {
-		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2f.%d%s", version, patchVersion, suffix)
+func version(major, minor, patch int, suffix string) string {
+	if patch > 0 || minor > 53 {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%d.%d.%d%s", major, minor, patch, suffix)
 	}
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%.2f%s", version, suffix)
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%d.%d%s", major, minor, suffix)
 }

 // CompareVersion compares the given version string or number against the
 // running Hugo version.
 // It returns -1 if the given version is less than, 0 if equal and 1 if greater than
 // the running version.
-func CompareVersion(version interface{}) int {
-	return compareVersionsWithSuffix(CurrentVersion.Number, CurrentVersion.PatchLevel, CurrentVersion.Suffix, version)
+func CompareVersion(version any) int {
+	return compareVersions(CurrentVersion, version)
 }

-func compareVersions(inVersion float32, inPatchVersion int, in interface{}) int {
-	return compareVersionsWithSuffix(inVersion, inPatchVersion, "", in)
-}
-
-func compareVersionsWithSuffix(inVersion float32, inPatchVersion int, suffix string, in interface{}) int {
+func compareVersions(inVersion Version, in any) int {
 	var c int
 	switch d := in.(type) {
 	case float64:
-		c = compareFloatVersions(inVersion, float32(d))
+		c = compareFloatWithVersion(d, inVersion)
 	case float32:
-		c = compareFloatVersions(inVersion, d)
+		c = compareFloatWithVersion(float64(d), inVersion)
 	case int:
-		c = compareFloatVersions(inVersion, float32(d))
+		c = compareFloatWithVersion(float64(d), inVersion)
 	case int32:
-		c = compareFloatVersions(inVersion, float32(d))
+		c = compareFloatWithVersion(float64(d), inVersion)
 	case int64:
-		c = compareFloatVersions(inVersion, float32(d))
+		c = compareFloatWithVersion(float64(d), inVersion)
+	case Version:
+		if d.Major == inVersion.Major && d.Minor == inVersion.Minor && d.PatchLevel == inVersion.PatchLevel {
+			return strings.Compare(inVersion.Suffix, d.Suffix)
+		}
+		if d.Major > inVersion.Major {
+			return 1
+		} else if d.Major < inVersion.Major {
+			return -1
+		}
+		if d.Minor > inVersion.Minor {
+			return 1
+		} else if d.Minor < inVersion.Minor {
+			return -1
+		}
+		if d.PatchLevel > inVersion.PatchLevel {
+			return 1
+		} else if d.PatchLevel < inVersion.PatchLevel {
+			return -1
+		}
 	default:
 		s, err := cast.ToStringE(in)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -191,50 +228,55 @@ func compareVersionsWithSuffix(inVersion float32, inPatchVersion int, suffix str
 		if err != nil {
 			return -1
 		}
+		return inVersion.Compare(v)

-		if v.Number == inVersion && v.PatchLevel == inPatchVersion {
-			return strings.Compare(suffix, v.Suffix)
-		}
-
-		if v.Number < inVersion || (v.Number == inVersion && v.PatchLevel < inPatchVersion) {
-			return -1
-		}
-
-		return 1
-	}
-
-	if c == 0 && suffix != "" {
-		return 1
 	}

 	return c
 }

-func parseVersion(s string) (float32, int) {
-	var (
-		v float32
-		p int
-	)
-
-	if strings.Count(s, ".") == 2 {
-		li := strings.LastIndex(s, ".")
-		p = cast.ToInt(s[li+1:])
-		s = s[:li]
+func parseVersion(s string) (int, int, int) {
+	var major, minor, patch int
+	parts := strings.Split(s, ".")
+	if len(parts) > 0 {
+		major, _ = strconv.Atoi(parts[0])
+	}
+	if len(parts) > 1 {
+		minor, _ = strconv.Atoi(parts[1])
+	}
+	if len(parts) > 2 {
+		patch, _ = strconv.Atoi(parts[2])
 	}

-	v = float32(cast.ToFloat64(s))
-
-	return v, p
+	return major, minor, patch
 }

-func compareFloatVersions(version float32, v float32) int {
-	if v == version {
+// compareFloatWithVersion compares v1 with v2.
+// It returns -1 if v1 is less than v2, 0 if v1 is equal to v2 and 1 if v1 is greater than v2.
+func compareFloatWithVersion(v1 float64, v2 Version) int {
+	mf, minf := math.Modf(v1)
+	v1maj := int(mf)
+	v1min := int(minf * 100)
+
+	if v2.Major == v1maj && v2.Minor == v1min {
 		return 0
 	}
-	if v < version {
+
+	if v1maj > v2.Major {
+		return 1
+
+	}
+
+	if v1maj < v2.Major {
 		return -1
 	}
-	return 1
+
+	if v1min > v2.Minor {
+		return 1
+	}
+
+	return -1
+
 }

 func GoMinorVersion() int {
@@ -245,7 +287,15 @@ func goMinorVersion(version string) int {
 	if strings.HasPrefix(version, "devel") {
 		return 9999 // magic
 	}
-	i, _ := strconv.Atoi(strings.Split(version, ".")[1])
-	return i
-
+	var major, minor int
+	var trailing string
+	n, err := fmt.Sscanf(version, "go%d.%d%s", &major, &minor, &trailing)
+	if n == 2 && err == io.EOF {
+		// Means there were no trailing characters (i.e., not an alpha/beta)
+		err = nil
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return minor
 }
@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@ package hugo
 // CurrentVersion represents the current build version.
 // This should be the only one.
 var CurrentVersion = Version{
-	Number:     0.63,
-	PatchLevel: 2,
-	Suffix:     "",
+	Major:      0,
+	Minor:      102,
+	PatchLevel: 0,
+	Suffix:     "-DEV",
 }
@@ -22,10 +22,10 @@ import (
 func TestHugoVersion(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)

-	c.Assert(version(0.15, 0, "-DEV"), qt.Equals, "0.15-DEV")
-	c.Assert(version(0.15, 2, "-DEV"), qt.Equals, "0.15.2-DEV")
+	c.Assert(version(0, 15, 0, "-DEV"), qt.Equals, "0.15-DEV")
+	c.Assert(version(0, 15, 2, "-DEV"), qt.Equals, "0.15.2-DEV")

-	v := Version{Number: 0.21, PatchLevel: 0, Suffix: "-DEV"}
+	v := Version{Minor: 21, Suffix: "-DEV"}

 	c.Assert(v.ReleaseVersion().String(), qt.Equals, "0.21")
 	c.Assert(v.String(), qt.Equals, "0.21-DEV")
@@ -39,37 +39,36 @@ func TestHugoVersion(t *testing.T) {

 	// We started to use full semver versions even for main
 	// releases in v0.54.0
-	v = Version{Number: 0.53, PatchLevel: 0}
+	v = Version{Minor: 53, PatchLevel: 0}
 	c.Assert(v.String(), qt.Equals, "0.53")
 	c.Assert(v.Next().String(), qt.Equals, "0.54.0")
 	c.Assert(v.Next().Next().String(), qt.Equals, "0.55.0")
-	v = Version{Number: 0.54, PatchLevel: 0, Suffix: "-DEV"}
+	v = Version{Minor: 54, PatchLevel: 0, Suffix: "-DEV"}
 	c.Assert(v.String(), qt.Equals, "0.54.0-DEV")
 }

 func TestCompareVersions(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)

-	c.Assert(compareVersions(0.20, 0, 0.20), qt.Equals, 0)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(0.20, 0, float32(0.20)), qt.Equals, 0)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(0.20, 0, float64(0.20)), qt.Equals, 0)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(0.19, 1, 0.20), qt.Equals, 1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(0.19, 3, "0.20.2"), qt.Equals, 1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(0.19, 1, 0.01), qt.Equals, -1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(0, 1, 3), qt.Equals, 1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(0, 1, int32(3)), qt.Equals, 1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(0, 1, int64(3)), qt.Equals, 1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(0.20, 0, "0.20"), qt.Equals, 0)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(0.20, 1, "0.20.1"), qt.Equals, 0)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(0.20, 1, "0.20"), qt.Equals, -1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(0.20, 0, "0.20.1"), qt.Equals, 1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(0.20, 1, "0.20.2"), qt.Equals, 1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(0.21, 1, "0.22.1"), qt.Equals, 1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(0.22, 0, "0.22-DEV"), qt.Equals, -1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(0.22, 0, "0.22.1-DEV"), qt.Equals, 1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersionsWithSuffix(0.22, 0, "-DEV", "0.22"), qt.Equals, 1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersionsWithSuffix(0.22, 1, "-DEV", "0.22"), qt.Equals, -1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersionsWithSuffix(0.22, 1, "-DEV", "0.22.1-DEV"), qt.Equals, 0)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.20.0"), 0.20), qt.Equals, 0)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.20.0"), float32(0.20)), qt.Equals, 0)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.20.0"), float64(0.20)), qt.Equals, 0)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.19.1"), 0.20), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.19.3"), "0.20.2"), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.1"), 3), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.1"), int32(3)), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.1"), int64(3)), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.20"), "0.20"), qt.Equals, 0)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.20.1"), "0.20.1"), qt.Equals, 0)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.20.1"), "0.20"), qt.Equals, -1)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.20.0"), "0.20.1"), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.20.1"), "0.20.2"), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.21.1"), "0.22.1"), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.22.0"), "0.22-DEV"), qt.Equals, -1)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.22.0"), "0.22.1-DEV"), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.22.0-DEV"), "0.22"), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.22.1-DEV"), "0.22"), qt.Equals, -1)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.22.1-DEV"), "0.22.1-DEV"), qt.Equals, 0)
 }

 func TestParseHugoVersion(t *testing.T) {
@@ -84,5 +83,6 @@ func TestParseHugoVersion(t *testing.T) {
 func TestGoMinorVersion(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)
 	c.Assert(goMinorVersion("go1.12.5"), qt.Equals, 12)
+	c.Assert(goMinorVersion("go1.14rc1"), qt.Equals, 14)
 	c.Assert(GoMinorVersion() >= 11, qt.Equals, true)
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package loggers
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// IgnorableLogger is a logger that ignores certain log statements.
+type IgnorableLogger interface {
+	Logger
+	Errorsf(statementID, format string, v ...any)
+	Apply(logger Logger) IgnorableLogger
+}
+
+type ignorableLogger struct {
+	Logger
+	statements map[string]bool
+}
+
+// NewIgnorableLogger wraps the given logger and ignores the log statement IDs given.
+func NewIgnorableLogger(logger Logger, statements ...string) IgnorableLogger {
+	statementsSet := make(map[string]bool)
+	for _, s := range statements {
+		statementsSet[strings.ToLower(s)] = true
+	}
+	return ignorableLogger{
+		Logger:     logger,
+		statements: statementsSet,
+	}
+}
+
+// Errorsf logs statementID as an ERROR if not configured as ignoreable.
+func (l ignorableLogger) Errorsf(statementID, format string, v ...any) {
+	if l.statements[statementID] {
+		// Ignore.
+		return
+	}
+	ignoreMsg := fmt.Sprintf(`
+If you feel that this should not be logged as an ERROR, you can ignore it by adding this to your site config:
+ignoreErrors = [%q]`, statementID)
+
+	format += ignoreMsg
+
+	l.Errorf(format, v...)
+}
+
+func (l ignorableLogger) Apply(logger Logger) IgnorableLogger {
+	return ignorableLogger{
+		Logger:     logger,
+		statements: l.statements,
+	}
+}
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2020 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ import (
 var (
 	// Counts ERROR logs to the global jww logger.
 	GlobalErrorCounter *jww.Counter
+	PanicOnWarning     bool
 )

 func init() {
@@ -39,39 +40,157 @@ func init() {
 	jww.SetLogListeners(jww.LogCounter(GlobalErrorCounter, jww.LevelError))
 }

-// Logger wraps a *loggers.Logger and some other related logging state.
-type Logger struct {
+func LoggerToWriterWithPrefix(logger *log.Logger, prefix string) io.Writer {
+	return prefixWriter{
+		logger: logger,
+		prefix: prefix,
+	}
+}
+
+type prefixWriter struct {
+	logger *log.Logger
+	prefix string
+}
+
+func (w prefixWriter) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	w.logger.Printf("%s: %s", w.prefix, p)
+	return len(p), nil
+}
+
+type Logger interface {
+	Printf(format string, v ...any)
+	Println(v ...any)
+	PrintTimerIfDelayed(start time.Time, name string)
+	Debug() *log.Logger
+	Debugf(format string, v ...any)
+	Debugln(v ...any)
+	Info() *log.Logger
+	Infof(format string, v ...any)
+	Infoln(v ...any)
+	Warn() *log.Logger
+	Warnf(format string, v ...any)
+	Warnln(v ...any)
+	Error() *log.Logger
+	Errorf(format string, v ...any)
+	Errorln(v ...any)
+	Errors() string
+
+	Out() io.Writer
+
+	Reset()
+
+	// Used in tests.
+	LogCounters() *LogCounters
+}
+
+type LogCounters struct {
+	ErrorCounter *jww.Counter
+	WarnCounter  *jww.Counter
+}
+
+type logger struct {
 	*jww.Notepad

 	// The writer that represents stdout.
 	// Will be ioutil.Discard when in quiet mode.
-	Out io.Writer
+	out io.Writer

-	ErrorCounter *jww.Counter
-	WarnCounter  *jww.Counter
+	logCounters *LogCounters

 	// This is only set in server mode.
 	errors *bytes.Buffer
 }

+func (l *logger) Printf(format string, v ...any) {
+	l.FEEDBACK.Printf(format, v...)
+}
+
+func (l *logger) Println(v ...any) {
+	l.FEEDBACK.Println(v...)
+}
+
+func (l *logger) Debug() *log.Logger {
+	return l.DEBUG
+}
+
+func (l *logger) Debugf(format string, v ...any) {
+	l.DEBUG.Printf(format, v...)
+}
+
+func (l *logger) Debugln(v ...any) {
+	l.DEBUG.Println(v...)
+}
+
+func (l *logger) Infof(format string, v ...any) {
+	l.INFO.Printf(format, v...)
+}
+
+func (l *logger) Infoln(v ...any) {
+	l.INFO.Println(v...)
+}
+
+func (l *logger) Info() *log.Logger {
+	return l.INFO
+}
+
+const panicOnWarningMessage = "Warning trapped. Remove the --panicOnWarning flag to continue."
+
+func (l *logger) Warnf(format string, v ...any) {
+	l.WARN.Printf(format, v...)
+	if PanicOnWarning {
+		panic(panicOnWarningMessage)
+	}
+}
+
+func (l *logger) Warnln(v ...any) {
+	l.WARN.Println(v...)
+	if PanicOnWarning {
+		panic(panicOnWarningMessage)
+	}
+}
+
+func (l *logger) Warn() *log.Logger {
+	return l.WARN
+}
+
+func (l *logger) Errorf(format string, v ...any) {
+	l.ERROR.Printf(format, v...)
+}
+
+func (l *logger) Errorln(v ...any) {
+	l.ERROR.Println(v...)
+}
+
+func (l *logger) Error() *log.Logger {
+	return l.ERROR
+}
+
+func (l *logger) LogCounters() *LogCounters {
+	return l.logCounters
+}
+
+func (l *logger) Out() io.Writer {
+	return l.out
+}
+
 // PrintTimerIfDelayed prints a time statement to the FEEDBACK logger
 // if considerable time is spent.
-func (l *Logger) PrintTimerIfDelayed(start time.Time, name string) {
+func (l *logger) PrintTimerIfDelayed(start time.Time, name string) {
 	elapsed := time.Since(start)
 	milli := int(1000 * elapsed.Seconds())
 	if milli < 500 {
 		return
 	}
-	l.FEEDBACK.Printf("%s in %v ms", name, milli)
+	l.Printf("%s in %v ms", name, milli)
 }

-func (l *Logger) PrintTimer(start time.Time, name string) {
+func (l *logger) PrintTimer(start time.Time, name string) {
 	elapsed := time.Since(start)
 	milli := int(1000 * elapsed.Seconds())
-	l.FEEDBACK.Printf("%s in %v ms", name, milli)
+	l.Printf("%s in %v ms", name, milli)
 }

-func (l *Logger) Errors() string {
+func (l *logger) Errors() string {
 	if l.errors == nil {
 		return ""
 	}
@@ -79,31 +198,51 @@ func (l *Logger) Errors() string {
 }

 // Reset resets the logger's internal state.
-func (l *Logger) Reset() {
-	l.ErrorCounter.Reset()
+func (l *logger) Reset() {
+	l.logCounters.ErrorCounter.Reset()
 	if l.errors != nil {
 		l.errors.Reset()
 	}
 }

 //  NewLogger creates a new Logger for the given thresholds
-func NewLogger(stdoutThreshold, logThreshold jww.Threshold, outHandle, logHandle io.Writer, saveErrors bool) *Logger {
+func NewLogger(stdoutThreshold, logThreshold jww.Threshold, outHandle, logHandle io.Writer, saveErrors bool) Logger {
 	return newLogger(stdoutThreshold, logThreshold, outHandle, logHandle, saveErrors)
 }

 // NewDebugLogger is a convenience function to create a debug logger.
-func NewDebugLogger() *Logger {
-	return newBasicLogger(jww.LevelDebug)
+func NewDebugLogger() Logger {
+	return NewBasicLogger(jww.LevelDebug)
 }

 // NewWarningLogger is a convenience function to create a warning logger.
-func NewWarningLogger() *Logger {
-	return newBasicLogger(jww.LevelWarn)
+func NewWarningLogger() Logger {
+	return NewBasicLogger(jww.LevelWarn)
+}
+
+// NewInfoLogger is a convenience function to create a info logger.
+func NewInfoLogger() Logger {
+	return NewBasicLogger(jww.LevelInfo)
 }

 // NewErrorLogger is a convenience function to create an error logger.
-func NewErrorLogger() *Logger {
-	return newBasicLogger(jww.LevelError)
+func NewErrorLogger() Logger {
+	return NewBasicLogger(jww.LevelError)
+}
+
+// NewBasicLogger creates a new basic logger writing to Stdout.
+func NewBasicLogger(t jww.Threshold) Logger {
+	return newLogger(t, jww.LevelError, os.Stdout, ioutil.Discard, false)
+}
+
+// NewBasicLoggerForWriter creates a new basic logger writing to w.
+func NewBasicLoggerForWriter(t jww.Threshold, w io.Writer) Logger {
+	return newLogger(t, jww.LevelError, w, ioutil.Discard, false)
+}
+
+// RemoveANSIColours removes all ANSI colours from the given string.
+func RemoveANSIColours(s string) string {
+	return ansiColorRe.ReplaceAllString(s, "")
 }

 var (
@@ -138,7 +277,6 @@ func (a labelColorizer) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
 	// bytes, so we lie a little.
 	_, err = a.w.Write([]byte(replaced))
 	return len(p), err
-
 }

 // InitGlobalLogger initializes the global logger, used in some rare cases.
@@ -149,11 +287,10 @@ func InitGlobalLogger(stdoutThreshold, logThreshold jww.Threshold, outHandle, lo
 	jww.SetLogOutput(logHandle)
 	jww.SetLogThreshold(logThreshold)
 	jww.SetStdoutThreshold(stdoutThreshold)
-
 }

 func getLogWriters(outHandle, logHandle io.Writer) (io.Writer, io.Writer) {
-	isTerm := terminal.IsTerminal(os.Stdout)
+	isTerm := terminal.PrintANSIColors(os.Stdout)
 	if logHandle != ioutil.Discard && isTerm {
 		// Remove any Ansi coloring from log output
 		logHandle = ansiCleaner{w: logHandle}
@@ -164,7 +301,6 @@ func getLogWriters(outHandle, logHandle io.Writer) (io.Writer, io.Writer) {
 	}

 	return outHandle, logHandle
-
 }

 type fatalLogWriter int
@@ -187,7 +323,7 @@ var fatalLogListener = func(t jww.Threshold) io.Writer {
 	return new(fatalLogWriter)
 }

-func newLogger(stdoutThreshold, logThreshold jww.Threshold, outHandle, logHandle io.Writer, saveErrors bool) *Logger {
+func newLogger(stdoutThreshold, logThreshold jww.Threshold, outHandle, logHandle io.Writer, saveErrors bool) *logger {
 	errorCounter := &jww.Counter{}
 	warnCounter := &jww.Counter{}
 	outHandle, logHandle = getLogWriters(outHandle, logHandle)
@@ -207,15 +343,13 @@ func newLogger(stdoutThreshold, logThreshold jww.Threshold, outHandle, logHandle
 		listeners = append(listeners, errorCapture)
 	}

-	return &Logger{
-		Notepad:      jww.NewNotepad(stdoutThreshold, logThreshold, outHandle, logHandle, "", log.Ldate|log.Ltime, listeners...),
-		Out:          outHandle,
-		ErrorCounter: errorCounter,
-		WarnCounter:  warnCounter,
-		errors:       errorBuff,
+	return &logger{
+		Notepad: jww.NewNotepad(stdoutThreshold, logThreshold, outHandle, logHandle, "", log.Ldate|log.Ltime, listeners...),
+		out:     outHandle,
+		logCounters: &LogCounters{
+			ErrorCounter: errorCounter,
+			WarnCounter:  warnCounter,
+		},
+		errors: errorBuff,
 	}
 }
-
-func newBasicLogger(t jww.Threshold) *Logger {
-	return newLogger(t, jww.LevelError, os.Stdout, ioutil.Discard, false)
-}
@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@
 package loggers

 import (
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
 	"testing"

 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
@@ -23,10 +26,35 @@ func TestLogger(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)
 	l := NewWarningLogger()

-	l.ERROR.Println("One error")
-	l.ERROR.Println("Two error")
-	l.WARN.Println("A warning")
-
-	c.Assert(l.ErrorCounter.Count(), qt.Equals, uint64(2))
+	l.Errorln("One error")
+	l.Errorln("Two error")
+	l.Warnln("A warning")

+	c.Assert(l.LogCounters().ErrorCounter.Count(), qt.Equals, uint64(2))
+}
+
+func TestLoggerToWriterWithPrefix(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	var b bytes.Buffer
+
+	logger := log.New(&b, "", 0)
+
+	w := LoggerToWriterWithPrefix(logger, "myprefix")
+
+	fmt.Fprint(w, "Hello Hugo!")
+
+	c.Assert(b.String(), qt.Equals, "myprefix: Hello Hugo!\n")
+}
+
+func TestRemoveANSIColours(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	c.Assert(RemoveANSIColours(""), qt.Equals, "")
+	c.Assert(RemoveANSIColours("\033[31m"), qt.Equals, "")
+	c.Assert(RemoveANSIColours("\033[31mHello"), qt.Equals, "Hello")
+	c.Assert(RemoveANSIColours("\033[31mHello\033[0m"), qt.Equals, "Hello")
+	c.Assert(RemoveANSIColours("\033[31mHello\033[0m World"), qt.Equals, "Hello World")
+	c.Assert(RemoveANSIColours("\033[31mHello\033[0m World\033[31m!"), qt.Equals, "Hello World!")
+	c.Assert(RemoveANSIColours("\x1b[90m 5 |"), qt.Equals, " 5 |")
 }
@@ -14,56 +14,115 @@
 package maps

 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"strings"

-	"github.com/gobwas/glob"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/types"

+	"github.com/gobwas/glob"
 	"github.com/spf13/cast"
 )

-// ToLower makes all the keys in the given map lower cased and will do so
-// recursively.
-// Notes:
-// * This will modify the map given.
-// * Any nested map[interface{}]interface{} will be converted to Params.
-func ToLower(m Params) {
-	for k, v := range m {
-		var retyped bool
-		switch v.(type) {
-		case map[interface{}]interface{}:
-			var p Params = cast.ToStringMap(v)
-			v = p
-			ToLower(p)
-			retyped = true
-		case map[string]interface{}:
-			var p Params = v.(map[string]interface{})
-			v = p
-			ToLower(p)
-			retyped = true
-		}
-
-		lKey := strings.ToLower(k)
-		if retyped || k != lKey {
-			delete(m, k)
-			m[lKey] = v
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func ToStringMapE(in interface{}) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
-	switch in.(type) {
+// ToStringMapE converts in to map[string]interface{}.
+func ToStringMapE(in any) (map[string]any, error) {
+	switch vv := in.(type) {
 	case Params:
-		return in.(Params), nil
+		return vv, nil
+	case map[string]string:
+		var m = map[string]any{}
+		for k, v := range vv {
+			m[k] = v
+		}
+		return m, nil
+
 	default:
 		return cast.ToStringMapE(in)
 	}
 }

-func ToStringMap(in interface{}) map[string]interface{} {
+// ToParamsAndPrepare converts in to Params and prepares it for use.
+// If in is nil, an empty map is returned.
+// See PrepareParams.
+func ToParamsAndPrepare(in any) (Params, bool) {
+	if types.IsNil(in) {
+		return Params{}, true
+	}
+	m, err := ToStringMapE(in)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	PrepareParams(m)
+	return m, true
+}
+
+// MustToParamsAndPrepare calls ToParamsAndPrepare and panics if it fails.
+func MustToParamsAndPrepare(in any) Params {
+	if p, ok := ToParamsAndPrepare(in); ok {
+		return p
+	} else {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("cannot convert %T to maps.Params", in))
+	}
+}
+
+// ToStringMap converts in to map[string]interface{}.
+func ToStringMap(in any) map[string]any {
 	m, _ := ToStringMapE(in)
 	return m
 }

+// ToStringMapStringE converts in to map[string]string.
+func ToStringMapStringE(in any) (map[string]string, error) {
+	m, err := ToStringMapE(in)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return cast.ToStringMapStringE(m)
+}
+
+// ToStringMapString converts in to map[string]string.
+func ToStringMapString(in any) map[string]string {
+	m, _ := ToStringMapStringE(in)
+	return m
+}
+
+// ToStringMapBool converts in to bool.
+func ToStringMapBool(in any) map[string]bool {
+	m, _ := ToStringMapE(in)
+	return cast.ToStringMapBool(m)
+}
+
+// ToSliceStringMap converts in to []map[string]interface{}.
+func ToSliceStringMap(in any) ([]map[string]any, error) {
+	switch v := in.(type) {
+	case []map[string]any:
+		return v, nil
+	case []any:
+		var s []map[string]any
+		for _, entry := range v {
+			if vv, ok := entry.(map[string]any); ok {
+				s = append(s, vv)
+			}
+		}
+		return s, nil
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to cast %#v of type %T to []map[string]interface{}", in, in)
+	}
+}
+
+// LookupEqualFold finds key in m with case insensitive equality checks.
+func LookupEqualFold[T any | string](m map[string]T, key string) (T, bool) {
+	if v, found := m[key]; found {
+		return v, true
+	}
+	for k, v := range m {
+		if strings.EqualFold(k, key) {
+			return v, true
+		}
+	}
+	var s T
+	return s, false
+}
+
 type keyRename struct {
 	pattern glob.Glob
 	newKey  string
@@ -101,7 +160,7 @@ func (r KeyRenamer) getNewKey(keyPath string) string {

 // Rename renames the keys in the given map according
 // to the patterns in the current KeyRenamer.
-func (r KeyRenamer) Rename(m map[string]interface{}) {
+func (r KeyRenamer) Rename(m map[string]any) {
 	r.renamePath("", m)
 }

@@ -109,20 +168,19 @@ func (KeyRenamer) keyPath(k1, k2 string) string {
 	k1, k2 = strings.ToLower(k1), strings.ToLower(k2)
 	if k1 == "" {
 		return k2
-	} else {
-		return k1 + "/" + k2
 	}
+	return k1 + "/" + k2
 }

-func (r KeyRenamer) renamePath(parentKeyPath string, m map[string]interface{}) {
+func (r KeyRenamer) renamePath(parentKeyPath string, m map[string]any) {
 	for key, val := range m {
 		keyPath := r.keyPath(parentKeyPath, key)
 		switch val.(type) {
-		case map[interface{}]interface{}:
+		case map[any]any:
 			val = cast.ToStringMap(val)
-			r.renamePath(keyPath, val.(map[string]interface{}))
-		case map[string]interface{}:
-			r.renamePath(keyPath, val.(map[string]interface{}))
+			r.renamePath(keyPath, val.(map[string]any))
+		case map[string]any:
+			r.renamePath(keyPath, val.(map[string]any))
 		}

 		newKey := r.getNewKey(keyPath)
@@ -21,13 +21,13 @@ import (
 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
 )

-func TestToLower(t *testing.T) {
+func TestPrepareParams(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
-		input    map[string]interface{}
-		expected map[string]interface{}
+		input    Params
+		expected Params
 	}{
 		{
-			map[string]interface{}{
+			map[string]any{
 				"abC": 32,
 			},
 			Params{
@@ -35,18 +35,21 @@ func TestToLower(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		},
 		{
-			map[string]interface{}{
+			map[string]any{
 				"abC": 32,
-				"deF": map[interface{}]interface{}{
+				"deF": map[any]any{
 					23: "A value",
-					24: map[string]interface{}{
+					24: map[string]any{
 						"AbCDe": "A value",
 						"eFgHi": "Another value",
 					},
 				},
-				"gHi": map[string]interface{}{
+				"gHi": map[string]any{
 					"J": 25,
 				},
+				"jKl": map[string]string{
+					"M": "26",
+				},
 			},
 			Params{
 				"abc": 32,
@@ -60,14 +63,17 @@ func TestToLower(t *testing.T) {
 				"ghi": Params{
 					"j": 25,
 				},
+				"jkl": Params{
+					"m": "26",
+				},
 			},
 		},
 	}

 	for i, test := range tests {
 		t.Run(fmt.Sprint(i), func(t *testing.T) {
-			// ToLower modifies input.
-			ToLower(test.input)
+			// PrepareParams modifies input.
+			PrepareParams(test.input)
 			if !reflect.DeepEqual(test.expected, test.input) {
 				t.Errorf("[%d] Expected\n%#v, got\n%#v\n", i, test.expected, test.input)
 			}
@@ -75,36 +81,79 @@ func TestToLower(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

+func TestToSliceStringMap(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		input    any
+		expected []map[string]any
+	}{
+		{
+			input: []map[string]any{
+				{"abc": 123},
+			},
+			expected: []map[string]any{
+				{"abc": 123},
+			},
+		}, {
+			input: []any{
+				map[string]any{
+					"def": 456,
+				},
+			},
+			expected: []map[string]any{
+				{"def": 456},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		v, err := ToSliceStringMap(test.input)
+		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+		c.Assert(v, qt.DeepEquals, test.expected)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestToParamsAndPrepare(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+	_, ok := ToParamsAndPrepare(map[string]any{"A": "av"})
+	c.Assert(ok, qt.IsTrue)
+
+	params, ok := ToParamsAndPrepare(nil)
+	c.Assert(ok, qt.IsTrue)
+	c.Assert(params, qt.DeepEquals, Params{})
+}
+
 func TestRenameKeys(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)

-	m := map[string]interface{}{
+	m := map[string]any{
 		"a":    32,
 		"ren1": "m1",
 		"ren2": "m1_2",
-		"sub": map[string]interface{}{
-			"subsub": map[string]interface{}{
+		"sub": map[string]any{
+			"subsub": map[string]any{
 				"REN1": "m2",
 				"ren2": "m2_2",
 			},
 		},
-		"no": map[string]interface{}{
+		"no": map[string]any{
 			"ren1": "m2",
 			"ren2": "m2_2",
 		},
 	}

-	expected := map[string]interface{}{
+	expected := map[string]any{
 		"a":    32,
 		"new1": "m1",
 		"new2": "m1_2",
-		"sub": map[string]interface{}{
-			"subsub": map[string]interface{}{
+		"sub": map[string]any{
+			"subsub": map[string]any{
 				"new1": "m2",
 				"ren2": "m2_2",
 			},
 		},
-		"no": map[string]interface{}{
+		"no": map[string]any{
 			"ren1": "m2",
 			"ren2": "m2_2",
 		},
@@ -121,5 +170,27 @@ func TestRenameKeys(t *testing.T) {
 	if !reflect.DeepEqual(expected, m) {
 		t.Errorf("Expected\n%#v, got\n%#v\n", expected, m)
 	}
+}
+
+func TestLookupEqualFold(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	m1 := map[string]any{
+		"a": "av",
+		"B": "bv",
+	}
+
+	v, found := LookupEqualFold(m1, "b")
+	c.Assert(found, qt.IsTrue)
+	c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, "bv")
+
+	m2 := map[string]string{
+		"a": "av",
+		"B": "bv",
+	}
+
+	v, found = LookupEqualFold(m2, "b")
+	c.Assert(found, qt.IsTrue)
+	c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, "bv")

 }
@@ -14,22 +14,135 @@
 package maps

 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/spf13/cast"
 )

 // Params is a map where all keys are lower case.
-type Params map[string]interface{}
+type Params map[string]any

 // Get does a lower case and nested search in this map.
 // It will return nil if none found.
-func (p Params) Get(indices ...string) interface{} {
+func (p Params) Get(indices ...string) any {
 	v, _, _ := getNested(p, indices)
 	return v
 }

-func getNested(m map[string]interface{}, indices []string) (interface{}, string, map[string]interface{}) {
+// Set overwrites values in p with values in pp for common or new keys.
+// This is done recursively.
+func (p Params) Set(pp Params) {
+	for k, v := range pp {
+		vv, found := p[k]
+		if !found {
+			p[k] = v
+		} else {
+			switch vvv := vv.(type) {
+			case Params:
+				if pv, ok := v.(Params); ok {
+					vvv.Set(pv)
+				} else {
+					p[k] = v
+				}
+			default:
+				p[k] = v
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// IsZero returns true if p is considered empty.
+func (p Params) IsZero() bool {
+	if p == nil || len(p) == 0 {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	if len(p) > 1 {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	for k, _ := range p {
+		return k == mergeStrategyKey
+	}
+
+	return false
+
+}
+
+// Merge transfers values from pp to p for new keys.
+// This is done recursively.
+func (p Params) Merge(pp Params) {
+	p.merge("", pp)
+}
+
+// MergeRoot transfers values from pp to p for new keys where p is the
+// root of the tree.
+// This is done recursively.
+func (p Params) MergeRoot(pp Params) {
+	ms, _ := p.GetMergeStrategy()
+	p.merge(ms, pp)
+}
+
+func (p Params) merge(ps ParamsMergeStrategy, pp Params) {
+	ns, found := p.GetMergeStrategy()
+
+	var ms = ns
+	if !found && ps != "" {
+		ms = ps
+	}
+
+	noUpdate := ms == ParamsMergeStrategyNone
+	noUpdate = noUpdate || (ps != "" && ps == ParamsMergeStrategyShallow)
+
+	for k, v := range pp {
+
+		if k == mergeStrategyKey {
+			continue
+		}
+		vv, found := p[k]
+
+		if found {
+			// Key matches, if both sides are Params, we try to merge.
+			if vvv, ok := vv.(Params); ok {
+				if pv, ok := v.(Params); ok {
+					vvv.merge(ms, pv)
+				}
+			}
+		} else if !noUpdate {
+			p[k] = v
+		}
+
+	}
+}
+
+func (p Params) GetMergeStrategy() (ParamsMergeStrategy, bool) {
+	if v, found := p[mergeStrategyKey]; found {
+		if s, ok := v.(ParamsMergeStrategy); ok {
+			return s, true
+		}
+	}
+	return ParamsMergeStrategyShallow, false
+}
+
+func (p Params) DeleteMergeStrategy() bool {
+	if _, found := p[mergeStrategyKey]; found {
+		delete(p, mergeStrategyKey)
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func (p Params) SetDefaultMergeStrategy(s ParamsMergeStrategy) {
+	switch s {
+	case ParamsMergeStrategyDeep, ParamsMergeStrategyNone, ParamsMergeStrategyShallow:
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("invalid merge strategy %q", s))
+	}
+	p[mergeStrategyKey] = s
+}
+
+func getNested(m map[string]any, indices []string) (any, string, map[string]any) {
 	if len(indices) == 0 {
 		return nil, "", nil
 	}
@@ -37,7 +150,11 @@ func getNested(m map[string]interface{}, indices []string) (interface{}, string,
 	first := indices[0]
 	v, found := m[strings.ToLower(cast.ToString(first))]
 	if !found {
+		if len(indices) == 1 {
+			return nil, first, m
+		}
 		return nil, "", nil
+
 	}

 	if len(indices) == 1 {
@@ -47,7 +164,7 @@ func getNested(m map[string]interface{}, indices []string) (interface{}, string,
 	switch m2 := v.(type) {
 	case Params:
 		return getNested(m2, indices[1:])
-	case map[string]interface{}:
+	case map[string]any:
 		return getNested(m2, indices[1:])
 	default:
 		return nil, "", nil
@@ -58,7 +175,7 @@ func getNested(m map[string]interface{}, indices []string) (interface{}, string,
 // It will first try the exact match and then try to find it as a nested map value,
 // using the given separator, e.g. "mymap.name".
 // It assumes that all the maps given have lower cased keys.
-func GetNestedParam(keyStr, separator string, candidates ...Params) (interface{}, error) {
+func GetNestedParam(keyStr, separator string, candidates ...Params) (any, error) {
 	keyStr = strings.ToLower(keyStr)

 	// Try exact match first
@@ -76,11 +193,10 @@ func GetNestedParam(keyStr, separator string, candidates ...Params) (interface{}
 	}

 	return nil, nil
-
 }

-func GetNestedParamFn(keyStr, separator string, lookupFn func(key string) interface{}) (interface{}, string, map[string]interface{}, error) {
-	keySegments := strings.Split(strings.ToLower(keyStr), separator)
+func GetNestedParamFn(keyStr, separator string, lookupFn func(key string) any) (any, string, map[string]any, error) {
+	keySegments := strings.Split(keyStr, separator)
 	if len(keySegments) == 0 {
 		return nil, "", nil, nil
 	}
@@ -95,7 +211,7 @@ func GetNestedParamFn(keyStr, separator string, lookupFn func(key string) interf
 	}

 	switch m := first.(type) {
-	case map[string]interface{}:
+	case map[string]any:
 		v, key, owner := getNested(m, keySegments[1:])
 		return v, key, owner, nil
 	case Params:
@@ -105,3 +221,69 @@ func GetNestedParamFn(keyStr, separator string, lookupFn func(key string) interf

 	return nil, "", nil, nil
 }
+
+// ParamsMergeStrategy tells what strategy to use in Params.Merge.
+type ParamsMergeStrategy string
+
+const (
+	// Do not merge.
+	ParamsMergeStrategyNone ParamsMergeStrategy = "none"
+	// Only add new keys.
+	ParamsMergeStrategyShallow ParamsMergeStrategy = "shallow"
+	// Add new keys, merge existing.
+	ParamsMergeStrategyDeep ParamsMergeStrategy = "deep"
+
+	mergeStrategyKey = "_merge"
+)
+
+func toMergeStrategy(v any) ParamsMergeStrategy {
+	s := ParamsMergeStrategy(cast.ToString(v))
+	switch s {
+	case ParamsMergeStrategyDeep, ParamsMergeStrategyNone, ParamsMergeStrategyShallow:
+		return s
+	default:
+		return ParamsMergeStrategyDeep
+	}
+}
+
+// PrepareParams
+// * makes all the keys in the given map lower cased and will do so
+// * This will modify the map given.
+// * Any nested map[interface{}]interface{}, map[string]interface{},map[string]string  will be converted to Params.
+// * Any _merge value will be converted to proper type and value.
+func PrepareParams(m Params) {
+	for k, v := range m {
+		var retyped bool
+		lKey := strings.ToLower(k)
+		if lKey == mergeStrategyKey {
+			v = toMergeStrategy(v)
+			retyped = true
+		} else {
+			switch vv := v.(type) {
+			case map[any]any:
+				var p Params = cast.ToStringMap(v)
+				v = p
+				PrepareParams(p)
+				retyped = true
+			case map[string]any:
+				var p Params = v.(map[string]any)
+				v = p
+				PrepareParams(p)
+				retyped = true
+			case map[string]string:
+				p := make(Params)
+				for k, v := range vv {
+					p[k] = v
+				}
+				v = p
+				PrepareParams(p)
+				retyped = true
+			}
+		}
+
+		if retyped || k != lKey {
+			delete(m, k)
+			m[lKey] = v
+		}
+	}
+}
@@ -20,14 +20,13 @@ import (
 )

 func TestGetNestedParam(t *testing.T) {
-
-	m := map[string]interface{}{
+	m := map[string]any{
 		"string":          "value",
 		"first":           1,
 		"with_underscore": 2,
-		"nested": map[string]interface{}{
+		"nested": map[string]any{
 			"color": "blue",
-			"nestednested": map[string]interface{}{
+			"nestednested": map[string]any{
 				"color": "green",
 			},
 		},
@@ -35,7 +34,7 @@ func TestGetNestedParam(t *testing.T) {

 	c := qt.New(t)

-	must := func(keyStr, separator string, candidates ...Params) interface{} {
+	must := func(keyStr, separator string, candidates ...Params) any {
 		v, err := GetNestedParam(keyStr, separator, candidates...)
 		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 		return v
@@ -47,5 +46,125 @@ func TestGetNestedParam(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Assert(must("nested_color", "_", m), qt.Equals, "blue")
 	c.Assert(must("nested.nestednested.color", ".", m), qt.Equals, "green")
 	c.Assert(must("string.name", ".", m), qt.IsNil)
+	c.Assert(must("nested.foo", ".", m), qt.IsNil)
+}
+
+// https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/issues/7903
+func TestGetNestedParamFnNestedNewKey(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	nested := map[string]any{
+		"color": "blue",
+	}
+	m := map[string]any{
+		"nested": nested,
+	}
+
+	existing, nestedKey, owner, err := GetNestedParamFn("nested.new", ".", func(key string) any {
+		return m[key]
+	})
+
+	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+	c.Assert(existing, qt.IsNil)
+	c.Assert(nestedKey, qt.Equals, "new")
+	c.Assert(owner, qt.DeepEquals, nested)
+}
+
+func TestParamsSetAndMerge(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	createParamsPair := func() (Params, Params) {
+		p1 := Params{"a": "av", "c": "cv", "nested": Params{"al2": "al2v", "cl2": "cl2v"}}
+		p2 := Params{"b": "bv", "a": "abv", "nested": Params{"bl2": "bl2v", "al2": "al2bv"}, mergeStrategyKey: ParamsMergeStrategyDeep}
+		return p1, p2
+	}
+
+	p1, p2 := createParamsPair()
+
+	p1.Set(p2)
+
+	c.Assert(p1, qt.DeepEquals, Params{
+		"a": "abv",
+		"c": "cv",
+		"nested": Params{
+			"al2": "al2bv",
+			"cl2": "cl2v",
+			"bl2": "bl2v",
+		},
+		"b":              "bv",
+		mergeStrategyKey: ParamsMergeStrategyDeep,
+	})
+
+	p1, p2 = createParamsPair()
+
+	p1.Merge(p2)
+
+	// Default is to do a shallow merge.
+	c.Assert(p1, qt.DeepEquals, Params{
+		"c": "cv",
+		"nested": Params{
+			"al2": "al2v",
+			"cl2": "cl2v",
+		},
+		"b": "bv",
+		"a": "av",
+	})
+
+	p1, p2 = createParamsPair()
+	p1.SetDefaultMergeStrategy(ParamsMergeStrategyNone)
+	p1.Merge(p2)
+	p1.DeleteMergeStrategy()
+
+	c.Assert(p1, qt.DeepEquals, Params{
+		"a": "av",
+		"c": "cv",
+		"nested": Params{
+			"al2": "al2v",
+			"cl2": "cl2v",
+		},
+	})
+
+	p1, p2 = createParamsPair()
+	p1.SetDefaultMergeStrategy(ParamsMergeStrategyShallow)
+	p1.Merge(p2)
+	p1.DeleteMergeStrategy()
+
+	c.Assert(p1, qt.DeepEquals, Params{
+		"a": "av",
+		"c": "cv",
+		"nested": Params{
+			"al2": "al2v",
+			"cl2": "cl2v",
+		},
+		"b": "bv",
+	})
+
+	p1, p2 = createParamsPair()
+	p1.SetDefaultMergeStrategy(ParamsMergeStrategyDeep)
+	p1.Merge(p2)
+	p1.DeleteMergeStrategy()
+
+	c.Assert(p1, qt.DeepEquals, Params{
+		"nested": Params{
+			"al2": "al2v",
+			"cl2": "cl2v",
+			"bl2": "bl2v",
+		},
+		"b": "bv",
+		"a": "av",
+		"c": "cv",
+	})

 }
+
+func TestParamsIsZero(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	var nilParams Params
+
+	c.Assert(Params{}.IsZero(), qt.IsTrue)
+	c.Assert(nilParams.IsZero(), qt.IsTrue)
+	c.Assert(Params{"foo": "bar"}.IsZero(), qt.IsFalse)
+	c.Assert(Params{"_merge": "foo", "foo": "bar"}.IsZero(), qt.IsFalse)
+	c.Assert(Params{"_merge": "foo"}.IsZero(), qt.IsTrue)
+}
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ import (

 // Scratch is a writable context used for stateful operations in Page/Node rendering.
 type Scratch struct {
-	values map[string]interface{}
+	values map[string]any
 	mu     sync.RWMutex
 }

@@ -50,9 +50,8 @@ func NewScratcher() Scratcher {
 // Supports numeric values and strings.
 //
 // If the first add for a key is an array or slice, then the next value(s) will be appended.
-func (c *Scratch) Add(key string, newAddend interface{}) (string, error) {
-
-	var newVal interface{}
+func (c *Scratch) Add(key string, newAddend any) (string, error) {
+	var newVal any
 	c.mu.RLock()
 	existingAddend, found := c.values[key]
 	c.mu.RUnlock()
@@ -83,7 +82,7 @@ func (c *Scratch) Add(key string, newAddend interface{}) (string, error) {

 // Set stores a value with the given key in the Node context.
 // This value can later be retrieved with Get.
-func (c *Scratch) Set(key string, value interface{}) string {
+func (c *Scratch) Set(key string, value any) string {
 	c.mu.Lock()
 	c.values[key] = value
 	c.mu.Unlock()
@@ -99,7 +98,7 @@ func (c *Scratch) Delete(key string) string {
 }

 // Get returns a value previously set by Add or Set.
-func (c *Scratch) Get(key string) interface{} {
+func (c *Scratch) Get(key string) any {
 	c.mu.RLock()
 	val := c.values[key]
 	c.mu.RUnlock()
@@ -107,22 +106,42 @@ func (c *Scratch) Get(key string) interface{} {
 	return val
 }

+// Values returns the raw backing map. Note that you should just use
+// this method on the locally scoped Scratch instances you obtain via newScratch, not
+// .Page.Scratch etc., as that will lead to concurrency issues.
+func (c *Scratch) Values() map[string]any {
+	c.mu.RLock()
+	defer c.mu.RUnlock()
+	return c.values
+}
+
 // SetInMap stores a value to a map with the given key in the Node context.
 // This map can later be retrieved with GetSortedMapValues.
-func (c *Scratch) SetInMap(key string, mapKey string, value interface{}) string {
+func (c *Scratch) SetInMap(key string, mapKey string, value any) string {
 	c.mu.Lock()
 	_, found := c.values[key]
 	if !found {
-		c.values[key] = make(map[string]interface{})
+		c.values[key] = make(map[string]any)
 	}

-	c.values[key].(map[string]interface{})[mapKey] = value
+	c.values[key].(map[string]any)[mapKey] = value
+	c.mu.Unlock()
+	return ""
+}
+
+// DeleteInMap deletes a value to a map with the given key in the Node context.
+func (c *Scratch) DeleteInMap(key string, mapKey string) string {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	_, found := c.values[key]
+	if found {
+		delete(c.values[key].(map[string]any), mapKey)
+	}
 	c.mu.Unlock()
 	return ""
 }

 // GetSortedMapValues returns a sorted map previously filled with SetInMap.
-func (c *Scratch) GetSortedMapValues(key string) interface{} {
+func (c *Scratch) GetSortedMapValues(key string) any {
 	c.mu.RLock()

 	if c.values[key] == nil {
@@ -130,7 +149,7 @@ func (c *Scratch) GetSortedMapValues(key string) interface{} {
 		return nil
 	}

-	unsortedMap := c.values[key].(map[string]interface{})
+	unsortedMap := c.values[key].(map[string]any)
 	c.mu.RUnlock()
 	var keys []string
 	for mapKey := range unsortedMap {
@@ -139,7 +158,7 @@ func (c *Scratch) GetSortedMapValues(key string) interface{} {

 	sort.Strings(keys)

-	sortedArray := make([]interface{}, len(unsortedMap))
+	sortedArray := make([]any, len(unsortedMap))
 	for i, mapKey := range keys {
 		sortedArray[i] = unsortedMap[mapKey]
 	}
@@ -147,7 +166,7 @@ func (c *Scratch) GetSortedMapValues(key string) interface{} {
 	return sortedArray
 }

-// NewScratch returns a new instance Scratch.
+// NewScratch returns a new instance of Scratch.
 func NewScratch() *Scratch {
-	return &Scratch{values: make(map[string]interface{})}
+	return &Scratch{values: make(map[string]any)}
 }
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More