releaser: Bump versions for release of 0.111.3

[ci skip]
deps: Update go-org to v1.6.6
2026-09-02 03:32:38 +00:00 · 2023-03-12 11:40:50 +00:00 · 2023-03-12 12:38:12 +01:00 · 2023-03-12 11:39:38 +01:00 · 2023-03-12 10:32:29 +01:00 · 2023-03-12 10:32:01 +01:00
1012 changed files with 25340 additions and 17192 deletions
@@ -1,51 +1,114 @@
-defaults: &defaults
-  docker:
-      - image: bepsays/ci-goreleaser:1.1800.000
-  environment:
-    CGO_ENABLED: "0"
+parameters:

+# v2: 11m.
+defaults: &defaults
+  resource_class: large
+  docker:
+      - image: bepsays/ci-hugoreleaser:1.22000.20100
+environment: &buildenv
+      GOMODCACHE: /root/project/gomodcache
 version: 2
 jobs:
-  build:
-    <<: *defaults
+  prepare_release:
+    <<: *defaults 
+    environment: &buildenv
+        GOMODCACHE: /root/project/gomodcache
    steps:
-      - checkout:
+      - &remote-docker
+        setup_remote_docker: 
+          version: 20.10.14
+      - checkout: 
          path: hugo
+      - &git-config
+        run:
+           command: |
+            git config --global user.email "bjorn.erik.pedersen+hugoreleaser@gmail.com"
+            git config --global user.name "hugoreleaser"
      - run:
-            command: |
-                git clone git@github.com:gohugoio/hugoDocs.git
-                cd hugo
-                go mod download
-                sleep 5
-                go mod verify
-      - persist_to_workspace:
-          root: .
-          paths: .
-  release:
-    <<: *defaults
+          command: |
+            cd hugo
+            go mod download
+            go run -tags release main.go release --step 1
+      - save_cache:
+          key: git-sha-{{ .Revision }}
+          paths:
+            - hugo
+            - gomodcache
+  build_container1:
+    <<: [*defaults]
+    environment:
+      <<: [*buildenv]
    steps:
-      - attach_workspace:
-          at: /root/project
+      - &restore-cache
+        restore_cache:
+          key: git-sha-{{ .Revision }}
      - run:
-            command: |
-                    cd hugo
-                    git config --global user.email "bjorn.erik.pedersen+hugoreleaser@gmail.com"
-                    git config --global user.name "hugoreleaser"
-                    go run -tags release main.go release -r ${CIRCLE_BRANCH}
-
+          no_output_timeout: 20m
+          command: |
+            mkdir -p /tmp/files/dist1
+            cd hugo
+            hugoreleaser build -paths "builds/container1/**" -workers 3 -dist /tmp/files/dist1 -chunks $CIRCLE_NODE_TOTAL -chunk-index $CIRCLE_NODE_INDEX
+      - &persist-workspace
+        persist_to_workspace:
+          root: /tmp/files
+          paths:
+            - dist1
+            - dist2
+    parallelism: 7
+  build_container2:
+    <<: [*defaults]
+    environment:
+        <<: [*buildenv]
+    docker:
+    - image: bepsays/ci-hugoreleaser-linux-arm64:1.22000.20100
+    steps:
+      - *restore-cache
+      - &attach-workspace
+        attach_workspace:
+          at: /tmp/workspace
+      - run:
+          command: |
+                  mkdir -p /tmp/files/dist2
+                  cd hugo
+                  hugoreleaser build -paths "builds/container2/**" -workers 1 -dist /tmp/files/dist2
+      - *persist-workspace
+  archive_and_release:
+    <<: [*defaults]
+    environment:
+        <<: [*buildenv]
+    steps:
+      - *restore-cache
+      - *attach-workspace
+      - *git-config
+      - run:
+          command: |
+            cp -a /tmp/workspace/dist1/. ./hugo/dist
+            cp -a /tmp/workspace/dist2/. ./hugo/dist
+      - run:
+          command: |
+            cd hugo
+            hugoreleaser archive
+            hugoreleaser release
+            go run -tags release main.go release --step 2
 workflows:
  version: 2
  release:
      jobs:  
-        - build:
+        - prepare_release:
            filters:
              branches:
                only: /release-.*/
-        - hold:
-            type: approval
+        - build_container1:
            requires:
-              - build
-        - release:
+            - prepare_release
+        - build_container2:
+            requires:
+            - prepare_release
+        - archive_and_release:
            context: org-global
            requires:
-              - hold
+            - build_container1
+            - build_container2
+     
+  
+       
@@ -3,8 +3,13 @@ on:
  workflow_dispatch:
  schedule:
    - cron: '30 1 * * *'
+permissions:
+  contents: read
 jobs:
  stale:
+    permissions:
+      issues: write
+      pull-requests: write
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: dessant/lock-threads@08e671be8ac8944d0e132aa71d0ae8ccfb347675
@@ -23,9 +28,9 @@ jobs:
        with:
          operations-per-run: 999
          days-before-issue-stale: 365
-          days-before-pr-stale: 200
-          days-before-issue-close: 21
-          days-before-pr-close: 21
+          days-before-pr-stale: 365
+          days-before-issue-close: 56
+          days-before-pr-close: 56
          stale-issue-message: >
            This issue has been automatically marked as stale because it has not had
            recent activity. The resources of the Hugo team are limited, and so we are asking for your help.
@@ -1,28 +1,41 @@
-on: [push, pull_request]
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [ master ]
+  pull_request:
 name: Test
+env:
+    GOPROXY: https://proxy.golang.org
+    GO111MODULE: on
+    DART_SASS_VERSION: 1.56.2
+    DART_SASS_SHA_LINUX: 9e4f455f7b8619959d7878af2862383be58392eb963a14ff87cc512c03701e2a
+    DART_SASS_SHA_MACOS: 5992e979e2c30ec363f8e338822bb2b4443c74232b3340501a76180f5652cb09
+    DART_SASS_SHA_WINDOWS: 8d3d9117c54840e3e6a4919e43acf75ea52f28a64fc87a8e29d80ec72ee36cfb
+permissions:
+  contents: read
 jobs:
  test:
-    env:
-      GOPROXY: https://proxy.golang.org
-      GO111MODULE: on
    strategy:
      matrix:
-        # Note: We upgraded to Go 1.18 in Hugo v0.95.0
-        # Go 1.18 had some breaking changes on the source level which means Hugo cannot be built
-        # with older Go versions, but the improvements in Go 1.18 were to good to pass on (e.g. break and continue).
-        # Note that you don't need Go (or Go 1.18) to run a pre-built binary.
-        go-version: [1.18.x]
+        go-version: [1.19.x,1.20.x]
        os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest, windows-latest]
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    steps:
+    - name: Checkout code
+      uses: actions/checkout@93ea575cb5d8a053eaa0ac8fa3b40d7e05a33cc8
    - name: Install Go
-      uses: actions/setup-go@37335c7bb261b353407cff977110895fa0b4f7d8
+      uses: actions/setup-go@268d8c0ca0432bb2cf416faae41297df9d262d7f
      with:
        go-version: ${{ matrix.go-version }}
+        check-latest: true
+        cache: true
+        cache-dependency-path: |
+          **/go.sum
+          **/go.mod
    - name: Install Ruby
-      uses: actions/setup-ruby@5f29a1cd8dfebf420691c4c9a0e832e2fae5a526
+      uses: ruby/setup-ruby@ee2113536afb7f793eed4ce60e8d3b26db912da4
      with:
-        ruby-version: '2.7'
+        ruby-version: '2.7' 
+        bundler-cache: true #
    - name: Install Python
      uses: actions/setup-python@3105fb18c05ddd93efea5f9e0bef7a03a6e9e7df
      with:
@@ -31,8 +44,6 @@ jobs:
      run: go install github.com/magefile/mage@07afc7d24f4d6d6442305d49552f04fbda5ccb3e
    - name: Install asciidoctor
      uses: reitzig/actions-asciidoctor@7570212ae20b63653481675fb1ff62d1073632b0
-    - name: Checkout code
-      uses: actions/checkout@5a4ac9002d0be2fb38bd78e4b4dbde5606d7042f
    - name: Install docutils
      run: |
        pip install docutils
@@ -47,33 +58,39 @@ jobs:
        brew install pandoc
    - if: matrix.os == 'windows-latest'
      run: |
-        choco install pandoc
+        Choco-Install -PackageName pandoc
    - run: pandoc -v
+    - if: matrix.os == 'windows-latest'
+      run: |
+        Choco-Install -PackageName mingw -ArgumentList "--version","10.2.0","--allow-downgrade"
    - if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest'
      name: Install dart-sass-embedded Linux
      run: |
-        curl -LJO https://github.com/sass/dart-sass-embedded/releases/download/1.0.0-beta.6/sass_embedded-1.0.0-beta.6-linux-x64.tar.gz;
-        echo "04fc1e5e28d29a4585a701941b6dace56771d94bfbe7f9e4db28d24417ceeec3  sass_embedded-1.0.0-beta.6-linux-x64.tar.gz" | sha256sum -c;
-        tar -xvf sass_embedded-1.0.0-beta.6-linux-x64.tar.gz;
+        echo "Install Dart Sass version ${DART_SASS_VERSION} ..."
+        curl -LJO "https://github.com/sass/dart-sass-embedded/releases/download/${DART_SASS_VERSION}/sass_embedded-${DART_SASS_VERSION}-linux-x64.tar.gz";
+        echo "${DART_SASS_SHA_LINUX}  sass_embedded-${DART_SASS_VERSION}-linux-x64.tar.gz" | sha256sum -c;
+        tar -xvf "sass_embedded-${DART_SASS_VERSION}-linux-x64.tar.gz";
        echo "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/sass_embedded/" >> $GITHUB_PATH
    - if: matrix.os == 'macos-latest'
      name: Install dart-sass-embedded MacOS
      run: |
-        curl -LJO https://github.com/sass/dart-sass-embedded/releases/download/1.0.0-beta.6/sass_embedded-1.0.0-beta.6-macos-x64.tar.gz;
-        echo "b3b984675a9b04aa22f6f2302dda4191b507ac2ca124467db2dfe7e58e72fbad  sass_embedded-1.0.0-beta.6-macos-x64.tar.gz" | shasum -a 256 -c;
-        tar -xvf sass_embedded-1.0.0-beta.6-macos-x64.tar.gz;
+        echo "Install Dart Sass version ${DART_SASS_VERSION} ..."
+        curl -LJO "https://github.com/sass/dart-sass-embedded/releases/download/${DART_SASS_VERSION}/sass_embedded-${DART_SASS_VERSION}-macos-x64.tar.gz";
+        echo "${DART_SASS_SHA_MACOS}  sass_embedded-${DART_SASS_VERSION}-macos-x64.tar.gz" | shasum -a 256 -c;
+        tar -xvf "sass_embedded-${DART_SASS_VERSION}-macos-x64.tar.gz";
        echo "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/sass_embedded/" >> $GITHUB_PATH
    - if: matrix.os == 'windows-latest'
      name: Install dart-sass-embedded Windows
      run: |
-        curl -LJO https://github.com/sass/dart-sass-embedded/releases/download/1.0.0-beta.6/sass_embedded-1.0.0-beta.6-windows-x64.zip;
-        echo "6ae442129dbb3334bc21ef851261da6c0c1b560da790ca2e1350871d00ab816d  sass_embedded-1.0.0-beta.6-windows-x64.zip" | sha256sum -c;
-        unzip sass_embedded-1.0.0-beta.6-windows-x64.zip;
+        echo "Install Dart Sass version ${env:DART_SASS_VERSION} ..."
+        curl -LJO "https://github.com/sass/dart-sass-embedded/releases/download/${env:DART_SASS_VERSION}/sass_embedded-${env:DART_SASS_VERSION}-windows-x64.zip";
+        Expand-Archive -Path "sass_embedded-${env:DART_SASS_VERSION}-windows-x64.zip" -DestinationPath .;
        echo  "$env:GITHUB_WORKSPACE/sass_embedded/" | Out-File -FilePath $Env:GITHUB_PATH -Encoding utf-8 -Append
-    - name: Test
+    - name: Check
      run: |
-        mage -v test
        mage -v check;
+      env:
+        HUGO_BUILD_TAGS: extended
    - name: Build Docs
      env:
        HUGO_BUILD_TAGS: extended
@@ -1,29 +1,2 @@
-/hugo
-docs/public*
-/.idea
-.vscode/*
-hugo.exe
-*.test
-*.prof
-nohup.out
-cover.out
-*.swp
-*.swo
-.DS_Store
-*~
-vendor/*/
-*.bench
-*.debug
-coverage*.out

-dock.sh
-
-GoBuilds
-dist
-
-hugolib/hugo_stats.json
-resources/sunset.jpg
-
-vendor
-
-.hugo_build.lock
+*.test
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-# Contributing to Hugo
+>**Note:** We would apprecitate if you hold on with any big refactorings (like renaming deprecated Go packages), mainly because of potential for extra merge work for future coming in in the near future.

-**Note  March 16th 2022:** We are currently very constrained on human resources to do code reviews, so we currently require any new Pull Requests to be limited to bug fixes closing an existing issue. Also, we have updated to Go 1.18, but we will currently not accept any generic rewrites, "interface{} to any" replacements and similar.
+# Contributing to Hugo

 We welcome contributions to Hugo of any kind including documentation, themes,
 organization, tutorials, blog posts, bug reports, issues, feature requests,
@@ -52,8 +52,6 @@ Hugo has become a fully featured static site generator, so any new functionality

 If it is of some complexity, the contributor is expected to maintain and support the new feature in the future (answer questions on the forum, fix any bugs etc.).

-It is recommended to open up a discussion on the [Hugo Forum](https://discourse.gohugo.io/) to get feedback on your idea before you begin. 
-
 Any non-trivial code change needs to update an open [issue](https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/issues). A non-trivial code change without an issue reference with one of the labels `bug` or `enhancement` will not be merged.

 Note that we do not accept new features that require [CGO](https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/cgo).
@@ -83,19 +81,22 @@ To make the contribution process as seamless as possible, we ask for the followi

 ### Git Commit Message Guidelines

-This [blog article](http://chris.beams.io/posts/git-commit/) is a good resource for learning how to write good commit messages,
+This [blog article](https://cbea.ms/git-commit/) is a good resource for learning how to write good commit messages,
 the most important part being that each commit message should have a title/subject in imperative mood starting with a capital letter and no trailing period:
-*"Return error on wrong use of the Paginator"*, **NOT** *"returning some error."*
+*"js: Return error when option x is not set"*, **NOT** *"returning some error."*
+
+Most title/subjects should have a lower-cased prefix with a colon and one whitespace. The prefix can be:
+
+* The name of the package where (most of) the changes are made (e.g. `media: Add text/calendar`)
+* If the package name is deeply nested/long, try to shorten it from the left side, e.g. `markup/goldmark` is OK, `resources/resource_transformers/js` can be shortened to `js`.
+* If this commit touches several packages with a common functional topic, use that as a prefix, e.g. `errors: Resolve correct line numbers`)
+* If this commit touches many packages without a common functional topic, prefix with `all:` (e.g. `all: Reformat Go code`)
+* If this is a documentation update, prefix with `docs:`.
+* If nothing of the above applies, just leave the prefix out.

 Also, if your commit references one or more GitHub issues, always end your commit message body with *See #1234* or *Fixes #1234*.
 Replace *1234* with the GitHub issue ID. The last example will close the issue when the commit is merged into *master*.

-Sometimes it makes sense to prefix the commit message with the package name (or docs folder) all lowercased ending with a colon.
-That is fine, but the rest of the rules above apply.
-So it is "tpl: Add emojify template func", not "tpl: add emojify template func.", and "docs: Document emoji", not "doc: document emoji."
-
-Please use a short and descriptive branch name, e.g. **NOT** "patch-1". It's very common but creates a naming conflict each time when a submission is pulled for a review.
-
 An example:

 ```text
@@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ go install
 For some convenient build and test targets, you also will want to install Mage:

 ```bash
-go get github.com/magefile/mage
+go install github.com/magefile/mage
 ```

 Now, to make a change to Hugo's source:
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 # Twitter:      https://twitter.com/gohugoio
 # Website:      https://gohugo.io/

-FROM golang:1.16-alpine AS build
+FROM golang:1.19-alpine AS build

 # Optionally set HUGO_BUILD_TAGS to "extended" or "nodeploy" when building like so:
 #   docker build --build-arg HUGO_BUILD_TAGS=extended .
@@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ COPY . /go/src/github.com/gohugoio/hugo/
 # gcc/g++ are required to build SASS libraries for extended version
 RUN apk update && \
    apk add --no-cache gcc g++ musl-dev git && \
-    go get github.com/magefile/mage
+    go install github.com/magefile/mage

 RUN mage hugo && mage install

 # ---

-FROM alpine:3.12
+FROM alpine:3.16

 COPY --from=build /go/bin/hugo /usr/bin/hugo

@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@
      same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier
      identification within third-party archives.

-   Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
+   Copyright 2022 The Hugo Authors.

   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 <a href="https://gohugo.io/"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gohugoio/gohugoioTheme/master/static/images/hugo-logo-wide.svg?sanitize=true" alt="Hugo" width="565"></a>

-A Fast and Flexible Static Site Generator built with love by [bep](https://github.com/bep), [spf13](http://spf13.com/) and [friends](https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/graphs/contributors) in [Go][].
+A Fast and Flexible Static Site Generator built with love by [bep](https://github.com/bep), [spf13](https://spf13.com/) and [friends](https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/graphs/contributors) in [Go](https://go.dev/).

 [Website](https://gohugo.io) |
 [Forum](https://discourse.gohugo.io) |
@@ -13,9 +13,19 @@ A Fast and Flexible Static Site Generator built with love by [bep](https://githu
 [![Tests on Linux, MacOS and Windows](https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/workflows/Test/badge.svg)](https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/actions?query=workflow%3ATest)
 [![Go Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/gohugoio/hugo)](https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/gohugoio/hugo)

+* [Overview](#overview)
+* [Banner Sponsors](#banner-sponsors)
+* [Supported Architectures](#supported-architectures)
+* [Choose How to Install](#choose-how-to-install)
+   * [Install Hugo as Your Site Generator (Binary Install)](#install-hugo-as-your-site-generator-binary-install)
+   * [Build and Install the Binary from Source (Using the Go toolchain)](#build-and-install-the-binary-from-source-using-the-go-toolchain)
+* [The Hugo Documentation](#the-hugo-documentation)
+* [Contributing to Hugo](#contributing-code-to-hugo)
+* [Dependencies](#dependencies)
+
 ## Overview

-Hugo is a static HTML and CSS website generator written in [Go][].
+Hugo is a static HTML and CSS website generator written in [Go](https://go.dev/).
 It is optimized for speed, ease of use, and configurability.
 Hugo takes a directory with content and templates and renders them into a full HTML website.

@@ -27,7 +37,17 @@ A good rule of thumb is that each piece of content renders in around 1 milliseco

 Hugo is designed to work well for any kind of website including blogs, tumbles, and docs.

-#### Supported Architectures
+## Banner Sponsors
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p float="left">
+  <a href="https://www.linode.com/?utm_campaign=hugosponsor&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hugogithub" target="_blank"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gohugoio/gohugoioTheme/master/assets/images/sponsors/linode-logo_standard_light_medium.png" width="200" alt="Linode"></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://buttercms.com/hugo-cms/?utm_campaign=sponsorship&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hugogithub" target="_blank"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gohugoio/gohugoioTheme/master/assets/images/sponsors/butter-dark.svg?sanitize=true" width="280" alt="ButterCMS"></a>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+<a href="https://www.gravitykit.com/?ref=532&campaign=hugo&utm_campaign=hugosponsor&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hugogithub" target="_blank"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gohugoio/gohugoioTheme/master/assets/images/sponsors/graitykit-dark.svg?sanitize=true" width="160" alt="Gravity Kit"></a>
+</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+## Supported Architectures

 Currently, we provide pre-built Hugo binaries for Windows, Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, DragonFly BSD, OpenBSD, macOS (Darwin), and [Android](https://gist.github.com/bep/a0d8a26cf6b4f8bc992729b8e50b480b) for x64, i386 and ARM architectures.

@@ -38,7 +58,6 @@ Hugo may also be compiled from source wherever the Go compiler tool chain can ru
 ## Choose How to Install

 If you want to use Hugo as your site generator, simply install the Hugo binaries.
-The Hugo binaries have no external dependencies.

 To contribute to the Hugo source code or documentation, you should [fork the Hugo GitHub project](https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo#fork-destination-box) and clone it to your local machine.

@@ -49,31 +68,24 @@ Building the binaries is an easy task for an experienced `go` getter.

 Use the [installation instructions in the Hugo documentation](https://gohugo.io/getting-started/installing/).

-### Build and Install the Binaries from Source (Advanced Install)
+### Build and Install the Binary from Source (Using the Go toolchain)

 #### Prerequisite Tools

-* [Git](https://git-scm.com/)
 * [Go (we test it with the last 2 major versions; but note that Hugo 0.95.0 only builds with >= Go 1.18.)](https://golang.org/dl/)

 #### Fetch from GitHub

-To fetch and build the source from GitHub:
+To fetch, build and install from the Github source:

 ```bash
-mkdir $HOME/src
-cd $HOME/src
-git clone https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo.git
-cd hugo
-go install
+go install github.com/gohugoio/hugo@latest
 ```

-**If you are a Windows user, substitute the `$HOME` environment variable above with `%USERPROFILE%`.**
-
 If you want to compile with Sass/SCSS support use `--tags extended` and make sure `CGO_ENABLED=1` is set in your go environment. If you don't want to have CGO enabled, you may use the following command to temporarily enable CGO only for hugo compilation:

 ```bash
-CGO_ENABLED=1 go install --tags extended
+CGO_ENABLED=1 go install --tags extended github.com/gohugoio/hugo@latest
 ```

 ## The Hugo Documentation
@@ -83,9 +95,7 @@ The Hugo documentation now lives in its own repository, see https://github.com/g
 ```bash
 git clone git@github.com:gohugoio/hugo.git
 ```
-## Contributing to Hugo
-
-**Note  March 16th 2022:** We are currently very constrained on human resources to do code reviews, so we currently require any new Pull Requests to be limited to bug fixes closing an existing issue. Also, we have updated to Go 1.18, but we will currently not accept any generic rewrites, "interface{} to any" replacements and similar.
+## Contributing code to Hugo

 For a complete guide to contributing to Hugo, see the [Contribution Guide](CONTRIBUTING.md).

@@ -96,131 +106,142 @@ helping to manage issues, etc.

 The Hugo community and maintainers are [very active](https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/pulse/monthly) and helpful, and the project benefits greatly from this activity.

-### Asking Support Questions
+## Asking Support Questions

 We have an active [discussion forum](https://discourse.gohugo.io) where users and developers can ask questions.
 Please don't use the GitHub issue tracker to ask questions.

-### Reporting Issues
+## Reporting Issues

 If you believe you have found a defect in Hugo or its documentation, use
 the GitHub issue tracker to report the problem to the Hugo maintainers.
 If you're not sure if it's a bug or not, start by asking in the [discussion forum](https://discourse.gohugo.io).
 When reporting the issue, please provide the version of Hugo in use (`hugo version`).

-### Submitting Patches
-
-The Hugo project welcomes all contributors and contributions regardless of skill or experience level.
-If you are interested in helping with the project, we will help you with your contribution.
-Hugo is a very active project with many contributions happening daily.
-
-We want to create the best possible product for our users and the best contribution experience for our developers,
-we have a set of guidelines which ensure that all contributions are acceptable.
-The guidelines are not intended as a filter or barrier to participation.
-If you are unfamiliar with the contribution process, the Hugo team will help you and teach you how to bring your contribution in accordance with the guidelines.
-
-For a complete guide to contributing code to Hugo, see the [Contribution Guide](CONTRIBUTING.md).
-
-[Go]: https://golang.org/
-[Hugo Documentation]: https://gohugo.io/overview/introduction/
-
 ## Dependencies

 Hugo stands on the shoulder of many great open source libraries.

 If you run `hugo env -v` you will get a complete and up to date list.

-In Hugo 0.89.0 that list is, in lexical order:
+In Hugo 0.111.2 that list is, in lexical order:

 ```
-cloud.google.com/go/storage="v1.10.0"
-cloud.google.com/go="v0.87.0"
-github.com/Azure/azure-pipeline-go="v0.2.2"
-github.com/Azure/azure-storage-blob-go="v0.9.0"
+cloud.google.com/go/compute="v1.6.1"
+cloud.google.com/go/iam="v0.3.0"
+cloud.google.com/go/storage="v1.22.0"
+cloud.google.com/go="v0.101.0"
+github.com/Azure/azure-pipeline-go="v0.2.3"
+github.com/Azure/azure-storage-blob-go="v0.14.0"
+github.com/Azure/go-autorest/autorest/adal="v0.9.15"
+github.com/Azure/go-autorest/autorest/date="v0.3.0"
+github.com/Azure/go-autorest/autorest="v0.11.20"
+github.com/Azure/go-autorest/logger="v0.2.1"
+github.com/Azure/go-autorest/tracing="v0.6.0"
 github.com/BurntSushi/locker="v0.0.0-20171006230638-a6e239ea1c69"
-github.com/BurntSushi/toml="v0.3.1"
 github.com/PuerkitoBio/purell="v1.1.1"
 github.com/PuerkitoBio/urlesc="v0.0.0-20170810143723-de5bf2ad4578"
-github.com/alecthomas/chroma="v0.9.4"
+github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2="v2.5.0"
 github.com/armon/go-radix="v1.0.0"
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go="v1.41.14"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config="v1.7.0"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials="v1.4.0"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds="v1.5.0"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/ini="v1.2.2"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url="v1.3.0"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso="v1.4.0"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts="v1.7.0"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2="v1.9.0"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go="v1.43.5"
+github.com/aws/smithy-go="v1.8.0"
+github.com/bep/clock="v0.3.0"
 github.com/bep/debounce="v1.2.0"
 github.com/bep/gitmap="v1.1.2"
-github.com/bep/godartsass="v0.12.0"
-github.com/bep/golibsass="v1.0.0"
-github.com/bep/gowebp="v0.1.0"
+github.com/bep/goat="v0.5.0"
+github.com/bep/godartsass="v0.16.0"
+github.com/bep/golibsass="v1.1.0"
+github.com/bep/gowebp="v0.2.0"
+github.com/bep/lazycache="v0.2.0"
+github.com/bep/overlayfs="v0.6.0"
 github.com/bep/tmc="v0.5.1"
+github.com/clbanning/mxj/v2="v2.5.7"
 github.com/cli/safeexec="v1.0.0"
-github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2="v2.0.0"
+github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2="v2.0.2"
 github.com/disintegration/gift="v1.2.1"
-github.com/dlclark/regexp2="v1.4.0"
+github.com/dlclark/regexp2="v1.7.0"
 github.com/dustin/go-humanize="v1.0.0"
-github.com/evanw/esbuild="v0.13.12"
-github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify="v1.5.1"
-github.com/getkin/kin-openapi="v0.80.0"
+github.com/evanw/esbuild="v0.17.0"
+github.com/frankban/quicktest="v1.14.4"
+github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify="v1.6.0"
+github.com/getkin/kin-openapi="v0.110.0"
 github.com/ghodss/yaml="v1.0.0"
 github.com/go-openapi/jsonpointer="v0.19.5"
 github.com/go-openapi/swag="v0.19.5"
-github.com/gobuffalo/flect="v0.2.3"
+github.com/gobuffalo/flect="v0.3.0"
 github.com/gobwas/glob="v0.2.3"
 github.com/gohugoio/go-i18n/v2="v2.1.3-0.20210430103248-4c28c89f8013"
 github.com/gohugoio/locales="v0.14.0"
-github.com/gohugoio/localescompressed="v0.14.0"
-github.com/golang/groupcache="v0.0.0-20200121045136-8c9f03a8e57e"
+github.com/gohugoio/localescompressed="v1.0.1"
+github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4="v4.0.0"
+github.com/golang/groupcache="v0.0.0-20210331224755-41bb18bfe9da"
 github.com/golang/protobuf="v1.5.2"
-github.com/google/go-cmp="v0.5.6"
-github.com/google/uuid="v1.1.2"
-github.com/google/wire="v0.4.0"
-github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2="v2.0.5"
-github.com/googleapis/gax-go="v2.0.2+incompatible"
-github.com/gorilla/websocket="v1.4.2"
-github.com/inconshreveable/mousetrap="v1.0.0"
+github.com/google/go-cmp="v0.5.9"
+github.com/google/uuid="v1.3.0"
+github.com/google/wire="v0.5.0"
+github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2="v2.3.0"
+github.com/googleapis/go-type-adapters="v1.0.0"
+github.com/gorilla/websocket="v1.5.0"
+github.com/hairyhenderson/go-codeowners="v0.2.3-0.20201026200250-cdc7c0759690"
+github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru/v2="v2.0.1"
+github.com/invopop/yaml="v0.1.0"
 github.com/jdkato/prose="v1.2.1"
 github.com/jmespath/go-jmespath="v0.4.0"
-github.com/kyokomi/emoji/v2="v2.2.8"
+github.com/kr/pretty="v0.3.1"
+github.com/kr/text="v0.2.0"
+github.com/kyokomi/emoji/v2="v2.2.11"
 github.com/mailru/easyjson="v0.0.0-20190626092158-b2ccc519800e"
+github.com/marekm4/color-extractor="v1.2.0"
 github.com/mattn/go-ieproxy="v0.0.1"
-github.com/mattn/go-isatty="v0.0.14"
+github.com/mattn/go-isatty="v0.0.17"
 github.com/mattn/go-runewidth="v0.0.9"
-github.com/miekg/mmark="v1.3.6"
 github.com/mitchellh/hashstructure="v1.1.0"
-github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure="v1.4.2"
+github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure="v1.5.0"
+github.com/mohae/deepcopy="v0.0.0-20170929034955-c48cc78d4826"
 github.com/muesli/smartcrop="v0.3.0"
-github.com/niklasfasching/go-org="v1.5.0"
+github.com/niklasfasching/go-org="v1.6.5"
 github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter="v0.0.5"
-github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2="v2.0.0-beta.3.0.20210727221244-fa0796069526"
-github.com/pkg/errors="v0.9.1"
-github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal="v1.8.0"
-github.com/russross/blackfriday/v2="v2.0.1"
-github.com/russross/blackfriday="v1.5.3-0.20200218234912-41c5fccfd6f6"
+github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2="v2.0.6"
+github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal="v1.9.0"
+github.com/russross/blackfriday/v2="v2.1.0"
 github.com/rwcarlsen/goexif="v0.0.0-20190401172101-9e8deecbddbd"
-github.com/sanity-io/litter="v1.5.1"
+github.com/sanity-io/litter="v1.5.5"
 github.com/sass/libsass="3.6.5"
-github.com/shurcooL/sanitized_anchor_name="v1.0.0"
-github.com/spf13/afero="v1.6.0"
-github.com/spf13/cast="v1.4.1"
-github.com/spf13/cobra="v1.2.1"
+github.com/spf13/afero="v1.9.3"
+github.com/spf13/cast="v1.5.0"
+github.com/spf13/cobra="v1.6.1"
 github.com/spf13/fsync="v0.9.0"
 github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman="v1.1.0"
 github.com/spf13/pflag="v1.0.5"
-github.com/tdewolff/minify/v2="v2.9.22"
-github.com/tdewolff/parse/v2="v2.5.21"
-github.com/webmproject/libwebp="v1.2.0"
-github.com/yuin/goldmark-highlighting="v0.0.0-20200307114337-60d527fdb691"
-github.com/yuin/goldmark="v1.4.2"
-go.opencensus.io="v0.23.0"
-gocloud.dev="v0.20.0"
-golang.org/x/image="v0.0.0-20210220032944-ac19c3e999fb"
-golang.org/x/net="v0.0.0-20210614182718-04defd469f4e"
-golang.org/x/oauth2="v0.0.0-20210628180205-a41e5a781914"
-golang.org/x/sync="v0.0.0-20210220032951-036812b2e83c"
-golang.org/x/sys="v0.0.0-20210908233432-aa78b53d3365"
-golang.org/x/text="v0.3.7"
-golang.org/x/xerrors="v0.0.0-20200804184101-5ec99f83aff1"
-google.golang.org/api="v0.51.0"
-google.golang.org/genproto="v0.0.0-20210716133855-ce7ef5c701ea"
-google.golang.org/grpc="v1.39.0"
-google.golang.org/protobuf="v1.27.1"
+github.com/tdewolff/minify/v2="v2.12.4"
+github.com/tdewolff/parse/v2="v2.6.5"
+github.com/webmproject/libwebp="v1.2.4"
+github.com/yuin/goldmark="v1.5.4"
+go.opencensus.io="v0.24.0"
+go.uber.org/atomic="v1.10.0"
+gocloud.dev="v0.24.0"
+golang.org/x/crypto="v0.3.0"
+golang.org/x/exp="v0.0.0-20221031165847-c99f073a8326"
+golang.org/x/image="v0.5.0"
+golang.org/x/net="v0.7.0"
+golang.org/x/oauth2="v0.2.0"
+golang.org/x/sync="v0.1.0"
+golang.org/x/sys="v0.5.0"
+golang.org/x/text="v0.7.0"
+golang.org/x/tools="v0.4.0"
+golang.org/x/xerrors="v0.0.0-20220907171357-04be3eba64a2"
+google.golang.org/api="v0.76.0"
+google.golang.org/genproto="v0.0.0-20220426171045-31bebdecfb46"
+google.golang.org/grpc="v1.46.0"
+google.golang.org/protobuf="v1.28.1"
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2="v2.4.0"
+gopkg.in/yaml.v3="v3.0.1"
 ```
-
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ import (
 )

 var bufferPool = &sync.Pool{
-	New: func() interface{} {
+	New: func() any {
 		return &bytes.Buffer{}
 	},
 }
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"errors"
 	"io"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
@@ -207,7 +206,7 @@ func (c *Cache) GetOrCreateBytes(id string, create func() ([]byte, error)) (Item

 	if r := c.getOrRemove(id); r != nil {
 		defer r.Close()
-		b, err := ioutil.ReadAll(r)
+		b, err := io.ReadAll(r)
 		return info, b, err
 	}

@@ -242,14 +241,14 @@ func (c *Cache) GetBytes(id string) (ItemInfo, []byte, error) {

 	if r := c.getOrRemove(id); r != nil {
 		defer r.Close()
-		b, err := ioutil.ReadAll(r)
+		b, err := io.ReadAll(r)
 		return info, b, err
 	}

 	return info, nil, nil
 }

-// Get gets the file with the given id from the cahce, nil if none found.
+// Get gets the file with the given id from the cache, nil if none found.
 func (c *Cache) Get(id string) (ItemInfo, io.ReadCloser, error) {
 	id = cleanID(id)

@@ -295,6 +294,9 @@ func (c *Cache) isExpired(modTime time.Time) bool {
 	if c.maxAge < 0 {
 		return false
 	}
+
+	// Note the use of time.Since here.
+	// We cannot use Hugo's global Clock for this.
 	return c.maxAge == 0 || time.Since(modTime) > c.maxAge
 }

@@ -311,7 +313,7 @@ func (c *Cache) getString(id string) string {
 	}
 	defer f.Close()

-	b, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(f)
+	b, _ := io.ReadAll(f)
 	return string(b)
 }

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 package filecache

 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"path"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
@@ -25,8 +26,9 @@ import (

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"

+	"errors"
+
 	"github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure"
-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/spf13/afero"
 )

@@ -153,7 +155,7 @@ func DecodeConfig(fs afero.Fs, cfg config.Provider) (Configs, error) {
 		}

 		if err := decoder.Decode(v); err != nil {
-			return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "failed to decode filecache config")
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode filecache config: %w", err)
 		}

 		if cc.Dir == "" {
@@ -162,7 +164,7 @@ func DecodeConfig(fs afero.Fs, cfg config.Provider) (Configs, error) {

 		name := strings.ToLower(k)
 		if !valid[name] {
-			return nil, errors.Errorf("%q is not a valid cache name", name)
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%q is not a valid cache name", name)
 		}

 		c[name] = cc
@@ -197,12 +199,12 @@ func DecodeConfig(fs afero.Fs, cfg config.Provider) (Configs, error) {

 		if !v.isResourceDir {
 			if isOsFs && !filepath.IsAbs(v.Dir) {
-				return c, errors.Errorf("%q must resolve to an absolute directory", v.Dir)
+				return c, fmt.Errorf("%q must resolve to an absolute directory", v.Dir)
 			}

 			// Avoid cache in root, e.g. / (Unix) or c:\ (Windows)
 			if len(strings.TrimPrefix(v.Dir, filepath.VolumeName(v.Dir))) == 1 {
-				return c, errors.Errorf("%q is a root folder and not allowed as cache dir", v.Dir)
+				return c, fmt.Errorf("%q is a root folder and not allowed as cache dir", v.Dir)
 			}
 		}

@@ -242,5 +244,5 @@ func resolveDirPlaceholder(fs afero.Fs, cfg config.Provider, placeholder string)
 		return filepath.Base(workingDir), false, nil
 	}

-	return "", false, errors.Errorf("%q is not a valid placeholder (valid values are :cacheDir or :resourceDir)", placeholder)
+	return "", false, fmt.Errorf("%q is not a valid placeholder (valid values are :cacheDir or :resourceDir)", placeholder)
 }
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ dir = "/"
 }

 func newTestConfig() config.Provider {
-	cfg := config.New()
+	cfg := config.NewWithTestDefaults()
 	cfg.Set("workingDir", filepath.FromSlash("/my/cool/hugoproject"))
 	cfg.Set("contentDir", "content")
 	cfg.Set("dataDir", "data")
@@ -14,12 +14,13 @@
 package filecache

 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"os"

+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/herrors"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"

-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/spf13/afero"
 )

@@ -36,10 +37,10 @@ func (c Caches) Prune() (int, error) {
 		counter += count

 		if err != nil {
-			if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			if herrors.IsNotExist(err) {
 				continue
 			}
-			return counter, errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to prune cache %q", k)
+			return counter, fmt.Errorf("failed to prune cache %q: %w", k, err)
 		}

 	}
@@ -65,18 +66,24 @@ func (c *Cache) Prune(force bool) (int, error) {

 		if info.IsDir() {
 			f, err := c.Fs.Open(name)
+
 			if err != nil {
 				// This cache dir may not exist.
 				return nil
 			}
-			defer f.Close()
 			_, err = f.Readdirnames(1)
+			f.Close()
 			if err == io.EOF {
 				// Empty dir.
-				err = c.Fs.Remove(name)
+				if name == "." {
+					// e.g. /_gen/images -- keep it even if empty.
+					err = nil
+				} else {
+					err = c.Fs.Remove(name)
+				}
 			}

-			if err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			if err != nil && !herrors.IsNotExist(err) {
 				return err
 			}

@@ -97,7 +104,7 @@ func (c *Cache) Prune(force bool) (int, error) {
 				counter++
 			}

-			if err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			if err != nil && !herrors.IsNotExist(err) {
 				return err
 			}

@@ -112,7 +119,7 @@ func (c *Cache) Prune(force bool) (int, error) {
 func (c *Cache) pruneRootDir(force bool) (int, error) {
 	info, err := c.Fs.Stat(c.pruneAllRootDir)
 	if err != nil {
-		if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		if herrors.IsNotExist(err) {
 			return 0, nil
 		}
 		return 0, err
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"io/ioutil"
-	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
@@ -44,13 +42,8 @@ func TestFileCache(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	c := qt.New(t)

-	tempWorkingDir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "hugo_filecache_test_work")
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	defer os.Remove(tempWorkingDir)
-
-	tempCacheDir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "hugo_filecache_test_cache")
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	defer os.Remove(tempCacheDir)
+	tempWorkingDir := t.TempDir()
+	tempCacheDir := t.TempDir()

 	osfs := afero.NewOsFs()

@@ -123,7 +116,7 @@ dir = ":cacheDir/c"
 					io.Closer
 				}{
 					strings.NewReader(s),
-					ioutil.NopCloser(nil),
+					io.NopCloser(nil),
 				}, nil
 			}
 		}
@@ -138,7 +131,7 @@ dir = ":cacheDir/c"
 				c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 				c.Assert(r, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
 				c.Assert(info.Name, qt.Equals, "a")
-				b, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(r)
+				b, _ := io.ReadAll(r)
 				r.Close()
 				c.Assert(string(b), qt.Equals, "abc")

@@ -154,7 +147,7 @@ dir = ":cacheDir/c"

 				_, r, err = ca.GetOrCreate("a", rf("bcd"))
 				c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-				b, _ = ioutil.ReadAll(r)
+				b, _ = io.ReadAll(r)
 				r.Close()
 				c.Assert(string(b), qt.Equals, "abc")
 			}
@@ -173,7 +166,7 @@ dir = ":cacheDir/c"
 		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 		c.Assert(r, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
 		c.Assert(info.Name, qt.Equals, "mykey")
-		b, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(r)
+		b, _ := io.ReadAll(r)
 		r.Close()
 		c.Assert(string(b), qt.Equals, "Hugo is great!")

@@ -233,7 +226,7 @@ dir = "/cache/c"
 					return hugio.ToReadCloser(strings.NewReader(data)), nil
 				})
 				c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-				b, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(r)
+				b, _ := io.ReadAll(r)
 				r.Close()
 				c.Assert(string(b), qt.Equals, data)
 				// Trigger some expiration.
@@ -260,7 +253,7 @@ func TestFileCacheReadOrCreateErrorInRead(t *testing.T) {
 				return errors.New("fail")
 			}

-			b, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(r)
+			b, _ := io.ReadAll(r)
 			result = string(b)

 			return nil
@@ -342,6 +335,7 @@ func newPathsSpec(t *testing.T, fs afero.Fs, configStr string) *helpers.PathSpec
 	cfg, err := config.FromConfigString(configStr, "toml")
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 	initConfig(fs, cfg)
+	config.SetBaseTestDefaults(cfg)
 	p, err := helpers.NewPathSpec(hugofs.NewFrom(fs, cfg), cfg, nil)
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 	return p
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package filecache_test
+
+import (
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib"
+)
+
+// See issue #10781. That issue wouldn't have been triggered if we kept
+// the empty root directories (e.g. _resources/gen/images).
+// It's still an upstream Go issue that we also need to handle, but
+// this is a test for the first part.
+func TestPruneShouldPreserveEmptyCacheRoots(t *testing.T) {
+	files := `
+-- hugo.toml --
+baseURL = "https://example.com"
+-- content/_index.md --
+---
+title: "Home"
+---
+
+`
+
+	b := hugolib.NewIntegrationTestBuilder(
+		hugolib.IntegrationTestConfig{T: t, TxtarString: files, RunGC: true, NeedsOsFS: true},
+	).Build()
+
+	_, err := b.H.BaseFs.ResourcesCache.Stat(filepath.Join("_gen", "images"))
+
+	b.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+
+}
+
+func TestPruneImages(t *testing.T) {
+	files := `
+-- hugo.toml --
+baseURL = "https://example.com"
+[caches]
+[caches.images]
+maxAge = "200ms"
+dir = ":resourceDir/_gen"
+-- content/_index.md --
+---
+title: "Home"
+---
+-- assets/a/pixel.png --
+iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mNkYPhfDwAChwGA60e6kgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==
+-- layouts/index.html --
+{{ $img := resources.GetMatch "**.png" }}
+{{ $img = $img.Resize "3x3" }}
+{{ $img.RelPermalink }}
+
+
+
+`
+
+	b := hugolib.NewIntegrationTestBuilder(
+		hugolib.IntegrationTestConfig{T: t, TxtarString: files, RunGC: true, NeedsOsFS: true},
+	).Build()
+
+	b.Assert(b.GCCount, qt.Equals, 0)
+
+	imagesCacheDir := filepath.Join("_gen", "images")
+	_, err := b.H.BaseFs.ResourcesCache.Stat(imagesCacheDir)
+
+	b.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+
+	// TODO(bep) we need a way to test full rebuilds.
+	// For now, just sleep a little so the cache elements expires.
+	time.Sleep(300 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	b.RenameFile("assets/a/pixel.png", "assets/b/pixel2.png").Build()
+	b.Assert(b.GCCount, qt.Equals, 1)
+	// Build it again to GC the empty a dir.
+	b.Build()
+	_, err = b.H.BaseFs.ResourcesCache.Stat(filepath.Join(imagesCacheDir, "a"))
+	b.Assert(err, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
+	_, err = b.H.BaseFs.ResourcesCache.Stat(imagesCacheDir)
+	b.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+
+}
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ type Cache struct {
 }

 type cacheEntry struct {
-	value interface{}
+	value any
 	err   error
 }

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ func (c *Cache) Clear() {
 // create will be called and cached.
 // This method is thread safe. It also guarantees that the create func for a given
 // key is invoked only once for this cache.
-func (c *Cache) GetOrCreate(key string, create func() (interface{}, error)) (interface{}, error) {
+func (c *Cache) GetOrCreate(key string, create func() (any, error)) (any, error) {
 	c.mu.RLock()
 	entry, found := c.cache[key]
 	c.mu.RUnlock()
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ func TestNamedCache(t *testing.T) {
 	cache := New()

 	counter := 0
-	create := func() (interface{}, error) {
+	create := func() (any, error) {
 		counter++
 		return counter, nil
 	}
@@ -58,8 +58,8 @@ func TestNamedCacheConcurrent(t *testing.T) {

 	cache := New()

-	create := func(i int) func() (interface{}, error) {
-		return func() (interface{}, error) {
+	create := func(i int) func() (any, error) {
+		return func() (any, error) {
 			return i, nil
 		}
 	}
@@ -452,12 +452,16 @@ func collectMethodsRecursive(pkg string, f []*ast.Field) []string {
 		}

 		if ident, ok := m.Type.(*ast.Ident); ok && ident.Obj != nil {
-			// Embedded interface
-			methodNames = append(
-				methodNames,
-				collectMethodsRecursive(
-					pkg,
-					ident.Obj.Decl.(*ast.TypeSpec).Type.(*ast.InterfaceType).Methods.List)...)
+			switch tt := ident.Obj.Decl.(*ast.TypeSpec).Type.(type) {
+			case *ast.InterfaceType:
+				// Embedded interface
+				methodNames = append(
+					methodNames,
+					collectMethodsRecursive(
+						pkg,
+						tt.Methods.List)...)
+			}
+
 		} else {
 			// Embedded, but in a different file/package. Return the
 			// package.Name and deal with that later.
@@ -505,7 +509,7 @@ func typeName(name, pkg string) string {

 func uniqueNonEmptyStrings(s []string) []string {
 	var unique []string
-	set := map[string]interface{}{}
+	set := map[string]any{}
 	for _, val := range s {
 		if val == "" {
 			continue
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ type I interface {
 	Method3(myint int, mystring string)
 	Method5() (string, error)
 	Method6() *net.IP
-	Method7() interface{}
+	Method7() any
 	Method8() herrors.ErrorContext
 	method2()
 	method9() os.FileInfo
@@ -14,9 +14,10 @@
 package commands

 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"errors"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"regexp"
@@ -28,8 +29,11 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/sync/semaphore"

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/herrors"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/htime"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugo"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/paths"

+	"github.com/spf13/cast"
 	jww "github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman"

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
@@ -40,7 +44,9 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib"
 	"github.com/spf13/afero"

+	"github.com/bep/clock"
 	"github.com/bep/debounce"
+	"github.com/bep/overlayfs"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/types"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/deps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
@@ -72,8 +78,10 @@ type commandeer struct {
 	// be fast enough that we could maybe just add it for all server modes.
 	changeDetector *fileChangeDetector

-	// We need to reuse this on server rebuilds.
-	destinationFs afero.Fs
+	// We need to reuse these on server rebuilds.
+	publishDirFs       afero.Fs
+	publishDirStaticFs afero.Fs
+	publishDirServerFs afero.Fs

 	h    *hugoBuilderCommon
 	ftch flagsToConfigHandler
@@ -88,13 +96,14 @@ type commandeer struct {
 	// Used in cases where we get flooded with events in server mode.
 	debounce func(f func())

-	serverPorts         []int
-	languagesConfigured bool
-	languages           langs.Languages
-	doLiveReload        bool
-	fastRenderMode      bool
-	showErrorInBrowser  bool
-	wasError            bool
+	serverPorts []serverPortListener
+
+	languages          langs.Languages
+	doLiveReload       bool
+	renderStaticToDisk bool
+	fastRenderMode     bool
+	showErrorInBrowser bool
+	wasError           bool

 	configured bool
 	paused     bool
@@ -105,6 +114,11 @@ type commandeer struct {
 	buildErr error
 }

+type serverPortListener struct {
+	p  int
+	ln net.Listener
+}
+
 func newCommandeerHugoState() *commandeerHugoState {
 	return &commandeerHugoState{
 		created: make(chan struct{}),
@@ -116,37 +130,38 @@ func (c *commandeerHugoState) hugo() *hugolib.HugoSites {
 	return c.hugoSites
 }

+func (c *commandeerHugoState) hugoTry() *hugolib.HugoSites {
+	select {
+	case <-c.created:
+		return c.hugoSites
+	case <-time.After(time.Millisecond * 100):
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
 func (c *commandeer) errCount() int {
 	return int(c.logger.LogCounters().ErrorCounter.Count())
 }

-func (c *commandeer) getErrorWithContext() interface{} {
+func (c *commandeer) getErrorWithContext() any {
 	errCount := c.errCount()

 	if errCount == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}

-	m := make(map[string]interface{})
+	m := make(map[string]any)

-	m["Error"] = errors.New(removeErrorPrefixFromLog(c.logger.Errors()))
+	//xwm["Error"] = errors.New(cleanErrorLog(removeErrorPrefixFromLog(c.logger.Errors())))
+	m["Error"] = errors.New(cleanErrorLog(removeErrorPrefixFromLog(c.logger.Errors())))
 	m["Version"] = hugo.BuildVersionString()
-
-	fe := herrors.UnwrapErrorWithFileContext(c.buildErr)
-	if fe != nil {
-		m["File"] = fe
-	}
-
-	if c.h.verbose {
-		var b bytes.Buffer
-		herrors.FprintStackTraceFromErr(&b, c.buildErr)
-		m["StackTrace"] = b.String()
-	}
+	ferrors := herrors.UnwrapFileErrorsWithErrorContext(c.buildErr)
+	m["Files"] = ferrors

 	return m
 }

-func (c *commandeer) Set(key string, value interface{}) {
+func (c *commandeer) Set(key string, value any) {
 	if c.configured {
 		panic("commandeer cannot be changed")
 	}
@@ -154,12 +169,29 @@ func (c *commandeer) Set(key string, value interface{}) {
 }

 func (c *commandeer) initFs(fs *hugofs.Fs) error {
-	c.destinationFs = fs.Destination
+	c.publishDirFs = fs.PublishDir
+	c.publishDirStaticFs = fs.PublishDirStatic
+	c.publishDirServerFs = fs.PublishDirServer
 	c.DepsCfg.Fs = fs

 	return nil
 }

+func (c *commandeer) initClock(loc *time.Location) error {
+	bt := c.Cfg.GetString("clock")
+	if bt == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	t, err := cast.StringToDateInDefaultLocation(bt, loc)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf(`failed to parse "clock" flag: %s`, err)
+	}
+
+	htime.Clock = clock.Start(t)
+	return nil
+}
+
 func newCommandeer(mustHaveConfigFile, failOnInitErr, running bool, h *hugoBuilderCommon, f flagsToConfigHandler, cfgInit func(c *commandeer) error, subCmdVs ...*cobra.Command) (*commandeer, error) {
 	var rebuildDebouncer func(f func())
 	if running {
@@ -169,7 +201,7 @@ func newCommandeer(mustHaveConfigFile, failOnInitErr, running bool, h *hugoBuild
 		rebuildDebouncer = debounce.New(4 * time.Second)
 	}

-	out := ioutil.Discard
+	out := io.Discard
 	if !h.quiet {
 		out = os.Stdout
 	}
@@ -189,7 +221,7 @@ func newCommandeer(mustHaveConfigFile, failOnInitErr, running bool, h *hugoBuild
 		running:            running,

 		// This will be replaced later, but we need something to log to before the configuration is read.
-		logger: loggers.NewLogger(jww.LevelWarn, jww.LevelError, out, ioutil.Discard, running),
+		logger: loggers.NewLogger(jww.LevelWarn, jww.LevelError, out, io.Discard, running),
 	}

 	return c, c.loadConfig()
@@ -337,14 +369,21 @@ func (c *commandeer) loadConfig() error {

 	c.configFiles = configFiles

-	if l, ok := c.Cfg.Get("languagesSorted").(langs.Languages); ok {
-		c.languagesConfigured = true
-		c.languages = l
+	var ok bool
+	loc := time.Local
+	c.languages, ok = c.Cfg.Get("languagesSorted").(langs.Languages)
+	if ok {
+		loc = langs.GetLocation(c.languages[0])
+	}
+
+	err = c.initClock(loc)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}

 	// Set some commonly used flags
 	c.doLiveReload = c.running && !c.Cfg.GetBool("disableLiveReload")
-	c.fastRenderMode = c.doLiveReload && !c.Cfg.GetBool("disableFastRender")
+	c.fastRenderMode = c.running && !c.Cfg.GetBool("disableFastRender")
 	c.showErrorInBrowser = c.doLiveReload && !c.Cfg.GetBool("disableBrowserError")

 	// This is potentially double work, but we need to do this one more time now
@@ -368,21 +407,61 @@ func (c *commandeer) loadConfig() error {
 	}

 	createMemFs := config.GetBool("renderToMemory")
+	c.renderStaticToDisk = config.GetBool("renderStaticToDisk")
+	// TODO(bep) we/I really need to look at the config set up, but to prevent changing too much
+	// we store away the original.
+	config.Set("publishDirOrig", config.GetString("publishDir"))

 	if createMemFs {
 		// Rendering to memoryFS, publish to Root regardless of publishDir.
 		config.Set("publishDir", "/")
+		config.Set("publishDirStatic", "/")
+	} else if c.renderStaticToDisk {
+		// Hybrid, render dynamic content to Root.
+		config.Set("publishDirStatic", config.Get("publishDir"))
+		config.Set("publishDir", "/")
+
 	}

 	c.fsCreate.Do(func() {
-		fs := hugofs.NewFrom(sourceFs, config)
+		// Assume both source and destination are using same filesystem.
+		fs := hugofs.NewFromSourceAndDestination(sourceFs, sourceFs, config)

-		if c.destinationFs != nil {
+		if c.publishDirFs != nil {
 			// Need to reuse the destination on server rebuilds.
-			fs.Destination = c.destinationFs
-		} else if createMemFs {
-			// Hugo writes the output to memory instead of the disk.
-			fs.Destination = new(afero.MemMapFs)
+			fs.PublishDir = c.publishDirFs
+			fs.PublishDirStatic = c.publishDirStaticFs
+			fs.PublishDirServer = c.publishDirServerFs
+		} else {
+			if c.renderStaticToDisk {
+				publishDirStatic := config.GetString("publishDirStatic")
+				workingDir := config.GetString("workingDir")
+				absPublishDirStatic := paths.AbsPathify(workingDir, publishDirStatic)
+
+				fs = hugofs.NewFromSourceAndDestination(sourceFs, afero.NewMemMapFs(), config)
+				// Writes the dynamic output to memory,
+				// while serve others directly from /public on disk.
+				dynamicFs := fs.PublishDir
+				staticFs := afero.NewBasePathFs(afero.NewOsFs(), absPublishDirStatic)
+
+				// Serve from both the static and dynamic fs,
+				// the first will take priority.
+				// THis is a read-only filesystem,
+				// we do all the writes to
+				// fs.Destination and fs.DestinationStatic.
+				fs.PublishDirServer = overlayfs.New(
+					overlayfs.Options{
+						Fss: []afero.Fs{
+							dynamicFs,
+							staticFs,
+						},
+					},
+				)
+				fs.PublishDirStatic = staticFs
+			} else if createMemFs {
+				// Hugo writes the output to memory instead of the disk.
+				fs = hugofs.NewFromSourceAndDestination(sourceFs, afero.NewMemMapFs(), config)
+			}
 		}

 		if c.fastRenderMode {
@@ -396,12 +475,15 @@ func (c *commandeer) loadConfig() error {
 			}

 			changeDetector.PrepareNew()
-			fs.Destination = hugofs.NewHashingFs(fs.Destination, changeDetector)
+			fs.PublishDir = hugofs.NewHashingFs(fs.PublishDir, changeDetector)
+			fs.PublishDirStatic = hugofs.NewHashingFs(fs.PublishDirStatic, changeDetector)
 			c.changeDetector = changeDetector
 		}

 		if c.Cfg.GetBool("logPathWarnings") {
-			fs.Destination = hugofs.NewCreateCountingFs(fs.Destination)
+			// Note that we only care about the "dynamic creates" here,
+			// so skip the static fs.
+			fs.PublishDir = hugofs.NewCreateCountingFs(fs.PublishDir)
 		}

 		// To debug hard-to-find path issues.
@@ -420,6 +502,7 @@ func (c *commandeer) loadConfig() error {
 		if h == nil || c.failOnInitErr {
 			err = createErr
 		}
+
 		c.hugoSites = h
 		// TODO(bep) improve.
 		if c.buildLock == nil && h != nil {
@@ -18,10 +18,9 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib/paths"
-
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugo"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
+	hpaths "github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/paths"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
@@ -150,7 +149,7 @@ func (b *commandsBuilder) newHugoCmd() *hugoCmd {
 Hugo is a Fast and Flexible Static Site Generator
 built with love by spf13 and friends in Go.

-Complete documentation is available at http://gohugo.io/.`,
+Complete documentation is available at https://gohugo.io/.`,
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			defer cc.timeTrack(time.Now(), "Total")
 			cfgInit := func(c *commandeer) error {
@@ -178,7 +177,7 @@ Complete documentation is available at http://gohugo.io/.`,
 		},
 	})

-	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&cc.cfgFile, "config", "", "config file (default is path/config.yaml|json|toml)")
+	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&cc.cfgFile, "config", "", "config file (default is hugo.yaml|json|toml)")
 	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&cc.cfgDir, "configDir", "config", "config dir")
 	cc.cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&cc.quiet, "quiet", false, "build in quiet mode")

@@ -211,6 +210,7 @@ type hugoBuilderCommon struct {

 	buildWatch bool
 	poll       string
+	clock      string

 	gc bool

@@ -243,14 +243,14 @@ func (cc *hugoBuilderCommon) timeTrack(start time.Time, name string) {

 func (cc *hugoBuilderCommon) getConfigDir(baseDir string) string {
 	if cc.cfgDir != "" {
-		return paths.AbsPathify(baseDir, cc.cfgDir)
+		return hpaths.AbsPathify(baseDir, cc.cfgDir)
 	}

 	if v, found := os.LookupEnv("HUGO_CONFIGDIR"); found {
-		return paths.AbsPathify(baseDir, v)
+		return hpaths.AbsPathify(baseDir, v)
 	}

-	return paths.AbsPathify(baseDir, "config")
+	return hpaths.AbsPathify(baseDir, "config")
 }

 func (cc *hugoBuilderCommon) getEnvironment(isServer bool) string {
@@ -280,6 +280,7 @@ func (cc *hugoBuilderCommon) handleCommonBuilderFlags(cmd *cobra.Command) {
 	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&cc.environment, "environment", "e", "", "build environment")
 	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringP("themesDir", "", "", "filesystem path to themes directory")
 	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringP("ignoreVendorPaths", "", "", "ignores any _vendor for module paths matching the given Glob pattern")
+	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&cc.clock, "clock", "", "set the clock used by Hugo, e.g. --clock 2021-11-06T22:30:00.00+09:00")
 }

 func (cc *hugoBuilderCommon) handleFlags(cmd *cobra.Command) {
@@ -294,7 +295,7 @@ func (cc *hugoBuilderCommon) handleFlags(cmd *cobra.Command) {
 	cmd.Flags().BoolP("ignoreCache", "", false, "ignores the cache directory")
 	cmd.Flags().StringP("destination", "d", "", "filesystem path to write files to")
 	cmd.Flags().StringSliceP("theme", "t", []string{}, "themes to use (located in /themes/THEMENAME/)")
-	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&cc.baseURL, "baseURL", "b", "", "hostname (and path) to the root, e.g. http://spf13.com/")
+	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&cc.baseURL, "baseURL", "b", "", "hostname (and path) to the root, e.g. https://spf13.com/")
 	cmd.Flags().Bool("enableGitInfo", false, "add Git revision, date, author, and CODEOWNERS info to the pages")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&cc.gc, "gc", false, "enable to run some cleanup tasks (remove unused cache files) after the build")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&cc.poll, "poll", "", "set this to a poll interval, e.g --poll 700ms, to use a poll based approach to watch for file system changes")
@@ -304,6 +305,7 @@ func (cc *hugoBuilderCommon) handleFlags(cmd *cobra.Command) {
 	cmd.Flags().BoolP("forceSyncStatic", "", false, "copy all files when static is changed.")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolP("noTimes", "", false, "don't sync modification time of files")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolP("noChmod", "", false, "don't sync permission mode of files")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolP("noBuildLock", "", false, "don't create .hugo_build.lock file")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolP("printI18nWarnings", "", false, "print missing translations")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolP("printPathWarnings", "", false, "print warnings on duplicate target paths etc.")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolP("printUnusedTemplates", "", false, "print warnings on unused templates.")
@@ -15,15 +15,12 @@ package commands

 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"

-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/htesting"
-
 	"github.com/spf13/afero"

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
@@ -38,26 +35,23 @@ import (
 func TestExecute(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)

-	createSite := func(c *qt.C) (string, func()) {
-		dir, clean, err := createSimpleTestSite(t, testSiteConfig{})
-		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-		return dir, clean
+	createSite := func(c *qt.C) string {
+		dir := createSimpleTestSite(t, testSiteConfig{})
+		return dir
 	}

 	c.Run("hugo", func(c *qt.C) {
-		dir, clean := createSite(c)
-		defer clean()
+		dir := createSite(c)
 		resp := Execute([]string{"-s=" + dir})
 		c.Assert(resp.Err, qt.IsNil)
 		result := resp.Result
 		c.Assert(len(result.Sites) == 1, qt.Equals, true)
-		c.Assert(len(result.Sites[0].RegularPages()) == 1, qt.Equals, true)
+		c.Assert(len(result.Sites[0].RegularPages()) == 2, qt.Equals, true)
 		c.Assert(result.Sites[0].Info.Params()["myparam"], qt.Equals, "paramproduction")
 	})

 	c.Run("hugo, set environment", func(c *qt.C) {
-		dir, clean := createSite(c)
-		defer clean()
+		dir := createSite(c)
 		resp := Execute([]string{"-s=" + dir, "-e=staging"})
 		c.Assert(resp.Err, qt.IsNil)
 		result := resp.Result
@@ -65,9 +59,8 @@ func TestExecute(t *testing.T) {
 	})

 	c.Run("convert toJSON", func(c *qt.C) {
-		dir, clean := createSite(c)
+		dir := createSite(c)
 		output := filepath.Join(dir, "myjson")
-		defer clean()
 		resp := Execute([]string{"convert", "toJSON", "-s=" + dir, "-e=staging", "-o=" + output})
 		c.Assert(resp.Err, qt.IsNil)
 		converted := readFileFrom(c, filepath.Join(output, "content", "p1.md"))
@@ -75,8 +68,7 @@ func TestExecute(t *testing.T) {
 	})

 	c.Run("config, set environment", func(c *qt.C) {
-		dir, clean := createSite(c)
-		defer clean()
+		dir := createSite(c)
 		out, err := captureStdout(func() error {
 			resp := Execute([]string{"config", "-s=" + dir, "-e=staging"})
 			return resp.Err
@@ -86,16 +78,14 @@ func TestExecute(t *testing.T) {
 	})

 	c.Run("deploy, environment set", func(c *qt.C) {
-		dir, clean := createSite(c)
-		defer clean()
+		dir := createSite(c)
 		resp := Execute([]string{"deploy", "-s=" + dir, "-e=staging", "--target=mydeployment", "--dryRun"})
 		c.Assert(resp.Err, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
 		c.Assert(resp.Err.Error(), qt.Contains, `no driver registered for "hugocloud"`)
 	})

 	c.Run("list", func(c *qt.C) {
-		dir, clean := createSite(c)
-		defer clean()
+		dir := createSite(c)
 		out, err := captureStdout(func() error {
 			resp := Execute([]string{"list", "all", "-s=" + dir, "-e=staging"})
 			return resp.Err
@@ -105,8 +95,7 @@ func TestExecute(t *testing.T) {
 	})

 	c.Run("new theme", func(c *qt.C) {
-		dir, clean := createSite(c)
-		defer clean()
+		dir := createSite(c)
 		themesDir := filepath.Join(dir, "mythemes")
 		resp := Execute([]string{"new", "theme", "mytheme", "-s=" + dir, "-e=staging", "--themesDir=" + themesDir})
 		c.Assert(resp.Err, qt.IsNil)
@@ -115,8 +104,7 @@ func TestExecute(t *testing.T) {
 	})

 	c.Run("new site", func(c *qt.C) {
-		dir, clean := createSite(c)
-		defer clean()
+		dir := createSite(c)
 		siteDir := filepath.Join(dir, "mysite")
 		resp := Execute([]string{"new", "site", siteDir, "-e=staging"})
 		c.Assert(resp.Err, qt.IsNil)
@@ -128,11 +116,13 @@ func TestExecute(t *testing.T) {

 func checkNewSiteInited(c *qt.C, basepath string) {
 	paths := []string{
-		filepath.Join(basepath, "layouts"),
-		filepath.Join(basepath, "content"),
 		filepath.Join(basepath, "archetypes"),
-		filepath.Join(basepath, "static"),
+		filepath.Join(basepath, "assets"),
+		filepath.Join(basepath, "content"),
 		filepath.Join(basepath, "data"),
+		filepath.Join(basepath, "layouts"),
+		filepath.Join(basepath, "static"),
+		filepath.Join(basepath, "themes"),
 		filepath.Join(basepath, "config.toml"),
 	}

@@ -167,7 +157,7 @@ func TestFlags(t *testing.T) {
 			name: "ignoreVendorPaths",
 			args: []string{"server", "--ignoreVendorPaths=github.com/**"},
 			check: func(c *qt.C, cmd *serverCmd) {
-				cfg := config.New()
+				cfg := config.NewWithTestDefaults()
 				cmd.flagsToConfig(cfg)
 				c.Assert(cfg.Get("ignoreVendorPaths"), qt.Equals, "github.com/**")
 			},
@@ -208,7 +198,7 @@ func TestFlags(t *testing.T) {
 				c.Assert(sc.serverPort, qt.Equals, 1366)
 				c.Assert(sc.environment, qt.Equals, "testing")

-				cfg := config.New()
+				cfg := config.NewWithTestDefaults()
 				sc.flagsToConfig(cfg)
 				c.Assert(cfg.GetString("publishDir"), qt.Equals, "/tmp/mydestination")
 				c.Assert(cfg.GetString("contentDir"), qt.Equals, "mycontent")
@@ -239,7 +229,7 @@ func TestFlags(t *testing.T) {
 				if cmd.getCommand() == nil {
 					continue
 				}
-				// We are only intereseted in the flag handling here.
+				// We are only interested in the flag handling here.
 				cmd.getCommand().RunE = noOpRunE
 			}
 			rootCmd := root.getCommand()
@@ -253,14 +243,8 @@ func TestFlags(t *testing.T) {
 func TestCommandsExecute(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)

-	dir, clean, err := createSimpleTestSite(t, testSiteConfig{})
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-
-	dirOut, clean2, err := htesting.CreateTempDir(hugofs.Os, "hugo-cli-out")
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-
-	defer clean()
-	defer clean2()
+	dir := createSimpleTestSite(t, testSiteConfig{})
+	dirOut := t.TempDir()

 	sourceFlag := fmt.Sprintf("-s=%s", dir)

@@ -297,29 +281,35 @@ func TestCommandsExecute(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	for _, test := range tests {
-		b := newCommandsBuilder().addAll().build()
-		hugoCmd := b.getCommand()
-		test.flags = append(test.flags, "--quiet")
-		hugoCmd.SetArgs(append(test.commands, test.flags...))
-
-		// TODO(bep) capture output and add some simple asserts
-		// TODO(bep) misspelled subcommands does not return an error. We should investigate this
-		// but before that, check for "Error: unknown command".
-
-		_, err := hugoCmd.ExecuteC()
-		if test.expectErrToContain != "" {
-			c.Assert(err, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
-			c.Assert(err.Error(), qt.Contains, test.expectErrToContain)
-		} else {
-			c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+		name := "hugo"
+		if len(test.commands) > 0 {
+			name = test.commands[0]
 		}
+		c.Run(name, func(c *qt.C) {
+			b := newCommandsBuilder().addAll().build()
+			hugoCmd := b.getCommand()
+			test.flags = append(test.flags, "--quiet")
+			hugoCmd.SetArgs(append(test.commands, test.flags...))

-		// Assert that we have not left any development debug artifacts in
-		// the code.
-		if b.c != nil {
-			_, ok := b.c.destinationFs.(types.DevMarker)
-			c.Assert(ok, qt.Equals, false)
-		}
+			// TODO(bep) capture output and add some simple asserts
+			// TODO(bep) misspelled subcommands does not return an error. We should investigate this
+			// but before that, check for "Error: unknown command".
+
+			_, err := hugoCmd.ExecuteC()
+			if test.expectErrToContain != "" {
+				c.Assert(err, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
+				c.Assert(err.Error(), qt.Contains, test.expectErrToContain)
+			} else {
+				c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+			}
+
+			// Assert that we have not left any development debug artifacts in
+			// the code.
+			if b.c != nil {
+				_, ok := b.c.publishDirFs.(types.DevMarker)
+				c.Assert(ok, qt.Equals, false)
+			}
+		})

 	}
 }
@@ -329,11 +319,8 @@ type testSiteConfig struct {
 	contentDir string
 }

-func createSimpleTestSite(t testing.TB, cfg testSiteConfig) (string, func(), error) {
-	d, clean, e := htesting.CreateTempDir(hugofs.Os, "hugo-cli")
-	if e != nil {
-		return "", nil, e
-	}
+func createSimpleTestSite(t testing.TB, cfg testSiteConfig) string {
+	dir := t.TempDir()

 	cfgStr := `

@@ -352,23 +339,23 @@ title = "Hugo Commands"
 		contentDir = cfg.contentDir
 	}

-	os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(d, "public"), 0777)
+	os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(dir, "public"), 0777)

 	// Just the basic. These are for CLI tests, not site testing.
-	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(d, "config.toml"), cfgStr)
-	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(d, "config", "staging", "params.toml"), `myparam="paramstaging"`)
-	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(d, "config", "staging", "deployment.toml"), `
+	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(dir, "config.toml"), cfgStr)
+	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(dir, "config", "staging", "params.toml"), `myparam="paramstaging"`)
+	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(dir, "config", "staging", "deployment.toml"), `
 [[targets]]
 name = "mydeployment"
 URL = "hugocloud://hugotestbucket"
 `)

-	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(d, "config", "testing", "params.toml"), `myparam="paramtesting"`)
-	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(d, "config", "production", "params.toml"), `myparam="paramproduction"`)
+	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(dir, "config", "testing", "params.toml"), `myparam="paramtesting"`)
+	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(dir, "config", "production", "params.toml"), `myparam="paramproduction"`)

-	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(d, "static", "myfile.txt"), `Hello World!`)
+	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(dir, "static", "myfile.txt"), `Hello World!`)

-	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(d, contentDir, "p1.md"), `
+	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(dir, contentDir, "p1.md"), `
 ---
 title: "P1"
 weight: 1
@@ -378,25 +365,43 @@ Content

 `)

-	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(d, "layouts", "_default", "single.html"), `
+	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(dir, contentDir, "hügö.md"), `
+---
+weight: 2
+---

-Single: {{ .Title }}
+This is hügö.

 `)

-	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(d, "layouts", "_default", "list.html"), `
+	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(dir, "layouts", "_default", "single.html"), `
+
+Single: {{ .Title }}|{{ .Content }}
+
+`)
+
+	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(dir, "layouts", "404.html"), `
+404: {{ .Title }}|Not Found.
+
+`)
+
+	writeFile(t, filepath.Join(dir, "layouts", "_default", "list.html"), `

 List: {{ .Title }}
 Environment: {{ hugo.Environment }}

+For issue 9788:
+{{ $foo :="abc" | resources.FromString "foo.css" | minify | resources.PostProcess }}
+PostProcess: {{ $foo.RelPermalink }}
+
 `)

-	return d, clean, nil
+	return dir
 }

 func writeFile(t testing.TB, filename, content string) {
 	must(t, os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(filename), os.FileMode(0755)))
-	must(t, ioutil.WriteFile(filename, []byte(content), os.FileMode(0755)))
+	must(t, os.WriteFile(filename, []byte(content), os.FileMode(0755)))
 }

 func must(t testing.TB, err error) {
@@ -126,6 +126,7 @@ type modMount struct {
 	Lang   string `json:"lang,omitempty"`
 }

+// MarshalJSON is for internal use only.
 func (m *modMounts) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 	var mounts []modMount

@@ -145,13 +146,13 @@ func (m *modMounts) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 	if m.verbose {
 		config := m.m.Config()
 		return json.Marshal(&struct {
-			Path        string                 `json:"path"`
-			Version     string                 `json:"version"`
-			Time        time.Time              `json:"time"`
-			Owner       string                 `json:"owner"`
-			Dir         string                 `json:"dir"`
-			Meta        map[string]interface{} `json:"meta"`
-			HugoVersion modules.HugoVersion    `json:"hugoVersion"`
+			Path        string              `json:"path"`
+			Version     string              `json:"version"`
+			Time        time.Time           `json:"time"`
+			Owner       string              `json:"owner"`
+			Dir         string              `json:"dir"`
+			Meta        map[string]any      `json:"meta"`
+			HugoVersion modules.HugoVersion `json:"hugoVersion"`

 			Mounts []modMount `json:"mounts"`
 		}{
@@ -31,8 +31,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser/metadecoders"

-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
-
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib"

 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
@@ -193,7 +191,7 @@ func (cc *convertCmd) convertAndSavePage(p page.Page, site *hugolib.Site, target

 	fs := hugofs.Os
 	if err := helpers.WriteToDisk(newFilename, &newContent, fs); err != nil {
-		return errors.Wrapf(err, "Failed to save file %q:", newFilename)
+		return fmt.Errorf("Failed to save file %q:: %w", newFilename, err)
 	}

 	return nil
@@ -202,7 +200,7 @@ func (cc *convertCmd) convertAndSavePage(p page.Page, site *hugolib.Site, target
 type parsedFile struct {
 	frontMatterFormat metadecoders.Format
 	frontMatterSource []byte
-	frontMatter       map[string]interface{}
+	frontMatter       map[string]any

 	// Everything after Front Matter
 	content []byte
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

+//go:build !nodeploy
 // +build !nodeploy

 package commands
@@ -30,6 +31,7 @@ type deployCmd struct {

 	invalidateCDN bool
 	maxDeletes    int
+	workers       int
 }

 // TODO: In addition to the "deploy" command, consider adding a "--deploy"
@@ -58,6 +60,7 @@ documentation.
 			cfgInit := func(c *commandeer) error {
 				c.Set("invalidateCDN", cc.invalidateCDN)
 				c.Set("maxDeletes", cc.maxDeletes)
+				c.Set("workers", cc.workers)
 				return nil
 			}
 			comm, err := initializeConfig(true, true, false, &cc.hugoBuilderCommon, cc, cfgInit)
@@ -78,6 +81,7 @@ documentation.
 	cmd.Flags().Bool("force", false, "force upload of all files")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&cc.invalidateCDN, "invalidateCDN", true, "invalidate the CDN cache listed in the deployment target")
 	cmd.Flags().IntVar(&cc.maxDeletes, "maxDeletes", 256, "maximum # of files to delete, or -1 to disable")
+	cmd.Flags().IntVar(&cc.workers, "workers", 10, "number of workers to transfer files. defaults to 10")

 	cc.baseBuilderCmd = b.newBuilderBasicCmd(cmd)

@@ -50,6 +50,14 @@ If you add the -v flag, you will get a full dependency list.
 					for _, dep := range deps {
 						jww.FEEDBACK.Printf("%s\n", dep)
 					}
+				} else {
+					// These are also included in the GetDependencyList above;
+					// always print these as these are most likely the most useful to know about.
+					deps := hugo.GetDependencyListNonGo()
+					for _, dep := range deps {
+						jww.FEEDBACK.Printf("%s\n", dep)
+					}
+
 				}

 				return nil
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ package commands
 import (
 	"os"

-	"github.com/alecthomas/chroma"
-	"github.com/alecthomas/chroma/formatters/html"
-	"github.com/alecthomas/chroma/styles"
+	"github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2"
+	"github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2/formatters/html"
+	"github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2/styles"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ url: %s
 		Long: `Generate Markdown documentation for the Hugo CLI.

 This command is, mostly, used to create up-to-date documentation
-of Hugo's command-line interface for http://gohugo.io/.
+of Hugo's command-line interface for https://gohugo.io/.

 It creates one Markdown file per command with front matter suitable
 for rendering in Hugo.`,
@@ -53,15 +53,15 @@ func (c commandError) isUserError() bool {
 	return c.userError
 }

-func newUserError(a ...interface{}) commandError {
+func newUserError(a ...any) commandError {
 	return commandError{s: fmt.Sprintln(a...), userError: true}
 }

-func newSystemError(a ...interface{}) commandError {
+func newSystemError(a ...any) commandError {
 	return commandError{s: fmt.Sprintln(a...), userError: false}
 }

-func newSystemErrorF(format string, a ...interface{}) commandError {
+func newSystemErrorF(format string, a ...any) commandError {
 	return commandError{s: fmt.Sprintf(format, a...), userError: false}
 }

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ package commands
 import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
 	"os"
 	"os/signal"
 	"path/filepath"
@@ -33,15 +33,14 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs/files"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/tpl"

+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/herrors"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/htime"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/types"

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources/page"

-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
-
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/herrors"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugo"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/terminal"
@@ -128,15 +127,21 @@ func initializeConfig(mustHaveConfigFile, failOnInitErr, running bool,
 		return nil, err
 	}

+	if h := c.hugoTry(); h != nil {
+		for _, s := range h.Sites {
+			s.RegisterMediaTypes()
+		}
+	}
+
 	return c, nil
 }

 func (c *commandeer) createLogger(cfg config.Provider) (loggers.Logger, error) {
 	var (
-		logHandle       = ioutil.Discard
+		logHandle       = io.Discard
 		logThreshold    = jww.LevelWarn
 		logFile         = cfg.GetString("logFile")
-		outHandle       = ioutil.Discard
+		outHandle       = io.Discard
 		stdoutThreshold = jww.LevelWarn
 	)

@@ -152,7 +157,7 @@ func (c *commandeer) createLogger(cfg config.Provider) (loggers.Logger, error) {
 				return nil, newSystemError("Failed to open log file:", logFile, err)
 			}
 		} else {
-			logHandle, err = ioutil.TempFile("", "hugo")
+			logHandle, err = os.CreateTemp("", "hugo")
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, newSystemError(err)
 			}
@@ -190,6 +195,7 @@ func initializeFlags(cmd *cobra.Command, cfg config.Provider) {
 		"buildDrafts",
 		"buildFuture",
 		"buildExpired",
+		"clock",
 		"uglyURLs",
 		"canonifyURLs",
 		"enableRobotsTXT",
@@ -200,6 +206,7 @@ func initializeFlags(cmd *cobra.Command, cfg config.Provider) {
 		"forceSyncStatic",
 		"noTimes",
 		"noChmod",
+		"noBuildLock",
 		"ignoreVendorPaths",
 		"templateMetrics",
 		"templateMetricsHints",
@@ -231,6 +238,7 @@ func initializeFlags(cmd *cobra.Command, cfg config.Provider) {
 		"themesDir",
 		"verbose",
 		"verboseLog",
+		"workers",
 		"duplicateTargetPaths",
 	}

@@ -277,10 +285,6 @@ func setValueFromFlag(flags *flag.FlagSet, key string, cfg config.Provider, targ
 	}
 }

-func isTerminal() bool {
-	return terminal.IsTerminal(os.Stdout)
-}
-
 func (c *commandeer) fullBuild(noBuildLock bool) error {
 	var (
 		g         errgroup.Group
@@ -290,7 +294,7 @@ func (c *commandeer) fullBuild(noBuildLock bool) error {
 	if !c.h.quiet {
 		fmt.Println("Start building sites … ")
 		fmt.Println(hugo.BuildVersionString())
-		if isTerminal() {
+		if terminal.IsTerminal(os.Stdout) {
 			defer func() {
 				fmt.Print(showCursor + clearLine)
 			}()
@@ -300,14 +304,14 @@ func (c *commandeer) fullBuild(noBuildLock bool) error {
 	copyStaticFunc := func() error {
 		cnt, err := c.copyStatic()
 		if err != nil {
-			return errors.Wrap(err, "Error copying static files")
+			return fmt.Errorf("Error copying static files: %w", err)
 		}
 		langCount = cnt
 		return nil
 	}
 	buildSitesFunc := func() error {
 		if err := c.buildSites(noBuildLock); err != nil {
-			return errors.Wrap(err, "Error building site")
+			return fmt.Errorf("Error building site: %w", err)
 		}
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -354,10 +358,10 @@ func (c *commandeer) initCPUProfile() (func(), error) {

 	f, err := os.Create(c.h.cpuprofile)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "failed to create CPU profile")
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create CPU profile: %w", err)
 	}
 	if err := pprof.StartCPUProfile(f); err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "failed to start CPU profile")
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to start CPU profile: %w", err)
 	}
 	return func() {
 		pprof.StopCPUProfile()
@@ -388,11 +392,11 @@ func (c *commandeer) initTraceProfile() (func(), error) {

 	f, err := os.Create(c.h.traceprofile)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "failed to create trace file")
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create trace file: %w", err)
 	}

 	if err := trace.Start(f); err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "failed to start trace")
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to start trace: %w", err)
 	}

 	return func() {
@@ -508,12 +512,15 @@ func (c *commandeer) build() error {
 		c.hugo().PrintProcessingStats(os.Stdout)
 		fmt.Println()

-		if createCounter, ok := c.destinationFs.(hugofs.DuplicatesReporter); ok {
-			dupes := createCounter.ReportDuplicates()
-			if dupes != "" {
-				c.logger.Warnln("Duplicate target paths:", dupes)
+		hugofs.WalkFilesystems(c.publishDirFs, func(fs afero.Fs) bool {
+			if dfs, ok := fs.(hugofs.DuplicatesReporter); ok {
+				dupes := dfs.ReportDuplicates()
+				if dupes != "" {
+					c.logger.Warnln("Duplicate target paths:", dupes)
+				}
 			}
-		}
+			return false
+		})

 		unusedTemplates := c.hugo().Tmpl().(tpl.UnusedTemplatesProvider).UnusedTemplates()
 		for _, unusedTemplate := range unusedTemplates {
@@ -573,7 +580,7 @@ func (c *commandeer) serverBuild() error {

 func (c *commandeer) copyStatic() (map[string]uint64, error) {
 	m, err := c.doWithPublishDirs(c.copyStaticTo)
-	if err == nil || os.IsNotExist(err) {
+	if err == nil || herrors.IsNotExist(err) {
 		return m, nil
 	}
 	return m, err
@@ -634,11 +641,7 @@ func chmodFilter(dst, src os.FileInfo) bool {
 }

 func (c *commandeer) copyStaticTo(sourceFs *filesystems.SourceFilesystem) (uint64, error) {
-	publishDir := c.hugo().PathSpec.PublishDir
-	// If root, remove the second '/'
-	if publishDir == "//" {
-		publishDir = helpers.FilePathSeparator
-	}
+	publishDir := helpers.FilePathSeparator

 	if sourceFs.PublishFolder != "" {
 		publishDir = filepath.Join(publishDir, sourceFs.PublishFolder)
@@ -651,7 +654,7 @@ func (c *commandeer) copyStaticTo(sourceFs *filesystems.SourceFilesystem) (uint6
 	syncer.NoChmod = c.Cfg.GetBool("noChmod")
 	syncer.ChmodFilter = chmodFilter
 	syncer.SrcFs = fs
-	syncer.DestFs = c.Fs.Destination
+	syncer.DestFs = c.Fs.PublishDirStatic
 	// Now that we are using a unionFs for the static directories
 	// We can effectively clean the publishDir on initial sync
 	syncer.Delete = c.Cfg.GetBool("cleanDestinationDir")
@@ -683,6 +686,10 @@ func (c *commandeer) firstPathSpec() *helpers.PathSpec {
 }

 func (c *commandeer) timeTrack(start time.Time, name string) {
+	// Note the use of time.Since here and time.Now in the callers.
+	// We have a htime.Sinnce, but that may be adjusted to the future,
+	// and that does not make sense here, esp. when used before the
+	// global Clock is initialized.
 	elapsed := time.Since(start)
 	c.logger.Printf("%s in %v ms", name, int(1000*elapsed.Seconds()))
 }
@@ -733,15 +740,16 @@ func (c *commandeer) buildSites(noBuildLock bool) (err error) {

 func (c *commandeer) handleBuildErr(err error, msg string) {
 	c.buildErr = err
-
-	c.logger.Errorln(msg + ":\n")
-	c.logger.Errorln(helpers.FirstUpper(err.Error()))
-	if !c.h.quiet && c.h.verbose {
-		herrors.PrintStackTraceFromErr(err)
-	}
+	c.logger.Errorln(msg + ": " + cleanErrorLog(err.Error()))
 }

 func (c *commandeer) rebuildSites(events []fsnotify.Event) error {
+	if c.buildErr != nil {
+		ferrs := herrors.UnwrapFileErrorsWithErrorContext(c.buildErr)
+		for _, err := range ferrs {
+			events = append(events, fsnotify.Event{Name: err.Position().Filename, Op: fsnotify.Write})
+		}
+	}
 	c.buildErr = nil
 	visited := c.visitedURLs.PeekAllSet()
 	if c.fastRenderMode {
@@ -856,8 +864,13 @@ func (c *commandeer) newWatcher(pollIntervalStr string, dirList ...string) (*wat
 		return nil, err
 	}

+	spec := c.hugo().Deps.SourceSpec
+
 	for _, d := range dirList {
 		if d != "" {
+			if spec.IgnoreFile(d) {
+				continue
+			}
 			_ = watcher.Add(d)
 		}
 	}
@@ -887,7 +900,7 @@ func (c *commandeer) newWatcher(pollIntervalStr string, dirList ...string) (*wat
 				}
 				unlock()
 			case err := <-watcher.Errors():
-				if err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+				if err != nil && !herrors.IsNotExist(err) {
 					c.logger.Errorln("Error while watching:", err)
 				}
 			}
@@ -906,12 +919,13 @@ func (c *commandeer) printChangeDetected(typ string) {

 	c.logger.Println(msg)
 	const layout = "2006-01-02 15:04:05.000 -0700"
-	c.logger.Println(time.Now().Format(layout))
+	c.logger.Println(htime.Now().Format(layout))
 }

 const (
 	configChangeConfig = "config file"
 	configChangeGoMod  = "go.mod file"
+	configChangeGoWork = "go work file"
 )

 func (c *commandeer) handleEvents(watcher *watcher.Batcher,
@@ -931,6 +945,9 @@ func (c *commandeer) handleEvents(watcher *watcher.Batcher,
 			if strings.Contains(ev.Name, "go.mod") {
 				configChangeType = configChangeGoMod
 			}
+			if strings.Contains(ev.Name, ".work") {
+				configChangeType = configChangeGoWork
+			}
 		}
 		if !isConfig {
 			// It may be one of the /config folders
@@ -14,34 +14,193 @@
 package commands

 import (
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/rand"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"

+	"github.com/bep/clock"
 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/htime"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
+	"github.com/spf13/afero"
+	"golang.org/x/tools/txtar"
 )

 // Issue #5662
 func TestHugoWithContentDirOverride(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
 	c := qt.New(t)

+	files := `
+-- config.toml --
+baseURL = "https://example.org"
+title = "Hugo Commands"
+-- mycontent/p1.md --
+---
+title: "P1"
+---
+-- layouts/_default/single.html --
+Page: {{ .Title }}|
+
+`
+	s := newTestHugoCmdBuilder(c, files, []string{"-c", "mycontent"}).Build()
+	s.AssertFileContent("public/p1/index.html", `Page: P1|`)
+
+}
+
+// Issue #9794
+func TestHugoStaticFilesMultipleStaticAndManyFolders(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	files := `
+-- config.toml --
+baseURL = "https://example.org"
+theme = "mytheme"
+-- layouts/index.html --
+Home.
+
+`
+	const (
+		numDirs     = 33
+		numFilesMax = 12
+	)
+
+	r := rand.New(rand.NewSource(32))
+
+	for i := 0; i < numDirs; i++ {
+		for j := 0; j < r.Intn(numFilesMax); j++ {
+			if j%3 == 0 {
+				files += fmt.Sprintf("-- themes/mytheme/static/d%d/f%d.txt --\nHellot%d-%d\n", i, j, i, j)
+				files += fmt.Sprintf("-- themes/mytheme/static/d%d/ft%d.txt --\nHellot%d-%d\n", i, j, i, j)
+			}
+			files += fmt.Sprintf("-- static/d%d/f%d.txt --\nHello%d-%d\n", i, j, i, j)
+		}
+	}
+
+	r = rand.New(rand.NewSource(32))
+
+	s := newTestHugoCmdBuilder(c, files, []string{"-c", "mycontent"}).Build()
+	for i := 0; i < numDirs; i++ {
+		for j := 0; j < r.Intn(numFilesMax); j++ {
+			if j%3 == 0 {
+				if j%3 == 0 {
+					s.AssertFileContent(fmt.Sprintf("public/d%d/ft%d.txt", i, j), fmt.Sprintf("Hellot%d-%d", i, j))
+				}
+				s.AssertFileContent(fmt.Sprintf("public/d%d/f%d.txt", i, j), fmt.Sprintf("Hello%d-%d", i, j))
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+}
+
+// Issue #8787
+func TestHugoListCommandsWithClockFlag(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Cleanup(func() { htime.Clock = clock.System() })
+
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	files := `
+-- config.toml --
+baseURL = "https://example.org"
+title = "Hugo Commands"
+timeZone = "UTC"
+-- content/past.md --
+---
+title: "Past"
+date: 2000-11-06
+---
+-- content/future.md --
+---
+title: "Future"
+date: 2200-11-06
+---
+-- layouts/_default/single.html --
+Page: {{ .Title }}|
+
+`
+	s := newTestHugoCmdBuilder(c, files, []string{"list", "future"})
+	s.captureOut = true
+	s.Build()
+	p := filepath.Join("content", "future.md")
+	s.AssertStdout(p + ",2200-11-06T00:00:00Z")
+
+	s = newTestHugoCmdBuilder(c, files, []string{"list", "future", "--clock", "2300-11-06"}).Build()
+	s.AssertStdout("")
+}
+
+type testHugoCmdBuilder struct {
+	*qt.C
+
+	fs    afero.Fs
+	dir   string
+	files string
+	args  []string
+
+	captureOut bool
+	out        string
+}
+
+func newTestHugoCmdBuilder(c *qt.C, files string, args []string) *testHugoCmdBuilder {
+	s := &testHugoCmdBuilder{C: c, files: files, args: args}
+	s.dir = s.TempDir()
+	s.fs = afero.NewBasePathFs(hugofs.Os, s.dir)
+
+	return s
+}
+
+func (s *testHugoCmdBuilder) Build() *testHugoCmdBuilder {
+	data := txtar.Parse([]byte(s.files))
+
+	for _, f := range data.Files {
+		filename := filepath.Clean(f.Name)
+		data := bytes.TrimSuffix(f.Data, []byte("\n"))
+		s.Assert(s.fs.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(filename), 0777), qt.IsNil)
+		s.Assert(afero.WriteFile(s.fs, filename, data, 0666), qt.IsNil)
+	}
+
 	hugoCmd := newCommandsBuilder().addAll().build()
 	cmd := hugoCmd.getCommand()
+	args := append(s.args, "-s="+s.dir, "--quiet")
+	cmd.SetArgs(args)

-	contentDir := "contentOverride"
+	if s.captureOut {
+		out, err := captureStdout(func() error {
+			_, err := cmd.ExecuteC()
+			return err
+		})
+		s.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+		s.out = out
+	} else {
+		_, err := cmd.ExecuteC()
+		s.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+	}

-	cfgStr := `
-
-baseURL = "https://example.org"
-title = "Hugo Commands"
-
-contentDir = "thisdoesnotexist"
-
-`
-	dir, clean, err := createSimpleTestSite(t, testSiteConfig{configTOML: cfgStr, contentDir: contentDir})
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	defer clean()
-
-	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"-s=" + dir, "-c=" + contentDir})
-
-	_, err = cmd.ExecuteC()
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+	return s
+}
+
+func (s *testHugoCmdBuilder) AssertFileContent(filename string, matches ...string) {
+	s.Helper()
+	data, err := afero.ReadFile(s.fs, filename)
+	s.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+	content := strings.TrimSpace(string(data))
+	for _, m := range matches {
+		lines := strings.Split(m, "\n")
+		for _, match := range lines {
+			match = strings.TrimSpace(match)
+			if match == "" || strings.HasPrefix(match, "#") {
+				continue
+			}
+			s.Assert(content, qt.Contains, match, qt.Commentf(m))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *testHugoCmdBuilder) AssertStdout(match string) {
+	s.Helper()
+	content := strings.TrimSpace(s.out)
+	s.Assert(content, qt.Contains, strings.TrimSpace(match))
 }
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"regexp"
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import (

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser/pageparser"

+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/htime"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugio"

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser/metadecoders"
@@ -35,7 +36,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser"
 	"github.com/spf13/afero"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ func (i *importCmd) importFromJekyll(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 func (i *importCmd) getJekyllDirInfo(fs afero.Fs, jekyllRoot string) (map[string]bool, bool) {
 	postDirs := make(map[string]bool)
 	hasAnyPost := false
-	if entries, err := ioutil.ReadDir(jekyllRoot); err == nil {
+	if entries, err := os.ReadDir(jekyllRoot); err == nil {
 		for _, entry := range entries {
 			if entry.IsDir() {
 				subDir := filepath.Join(jekyllRoot, entry.Name())
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ func (i *importCmd) retrieveJekyllPostDir(fs afero.Fs, dir string) (bool, bool)
 		return true, !isEmpty
 	}

-	if entries, err := ioutil.ReadDir(dir); err == nil {
+	if entries, err := os.ReadDir(dir); err == nil {
 		for _, entry := range entries {
 			if entry.IsDir() {
 				subDir := filepath.Join(dir, entry.Name())
@@ -201,12 +201,7 @@ func (i *importCmd) retrieveJekyllPostDir(fs afero.Fs, dir string) (bool, bool)
 }

 func (i *importCmd) createSiteFromJekyll(jekyllRoot, targetDir string, jekyllPostDirs map[string]bool, force bool) error {
-	s, err := hugolib.NewSiteDefaultLang()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	fs := s.Fs.Source
+	fs := &afero.OsFs{}
 	if exists, _ := helpers.Exists(targetDir, fs); exists {
 		if isDir, _ := helpers.IsDir(targetDir, fs); !isDir {
 			return errors.New("target path \"" + targetDir + "\" exists but is not a directory")
@@ -235,7 +230,7 @@ func (i *importCmd) createSiteFromJekyll(jekyllRoot, targetDir string, jekyllPos
 	return nil
 }

-func (i *importCmd) loadJekyllConfig(fs afero.Fs, jekyllRoot string) map[string]interface{} {
+func (i *importCmd) loadJekyllConfig(fs afero.Fs, jekyllRoot string) map[string]any {
 	path := filepath.Join(jekyllRoot, "_config.yml")

 	exists, err := helpers.Exists(path, fs)
@@ -252,7 +247,7 @@ func (i *importCmd) loadJekyllConfig(fs afero.Fs, jekyllRoot string) map[string]

 	defer f.Close()

-	b, err := ioutil.ReadAll(f)
+	b, err := io.ReadAll(f)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -265,7 +260,7 @@ func (i *importCmd) loadJekyllConfig(fs afero.Fs, jekyllRoot string) map[string]
 	return c
 }

-func (i *importCmd) createConfigFromJekyll(fs afero.Fs, inpath string, kind metadecoders.Format, jekyllConfig map[string]interface{}) (err error) {
+func (i *importCmd) createConfigFromJekyll(fs afero.Fs, inpath string, kind metadecoders.Format, jekyllConfig map[string]any) (err error) {
 	title := "My New Hugo Site"
 	baseURL := "http://example.org/"

@@ -285,7 +280,7 @@ func (i *importCmd) createConfigFromJekyll(fs afero.Fs, inpath string, kind meta
 		}
 	}

-	in := map[string]interface{}{
+	in := map[string]any{
 		"baseURL":            baseURL,
 		"title":              title,
 		"languageCode":       "en-us",
@@ -315,7 +310,7 @@ func (i *importCmd) copyJekyllFilesAndFolders(jekyllRoot, dest string, jekyllPos
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	entries, err := ioutil.ReadDir(jekyllRoot)
+	entries, err := os.ReadDir(jekyllRoot)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -362,12 +357,12 @@ func parseJekyllFilename(filename string) (time.Time, string, error) {
 	re := regexp.MustCompile(`(\d+-\d+-\d+)-(.+)\..*`)
 	r := re.FindAllStringSubmatch(filename, -1)
 	if len(r) == 0 {
-		return time.Now(), "", errors.New("filename not match")
+		return htime.Now(), "", errors.New("filename not match")
 	}

 	postDate, err := time.Parse("2006-1-2", r[0][1])
 	if err != nil {
-		return time.Now(), "", err
+		return htime.Now(), "", err
 	}

 	postName := r[0][2]
@@ -391,7 +386,7 @@ func convertJekyllPost(path, relPath, targetDir string, draft bool) error {
 	targetParentDir := filepath.Dir(targetFile)
 	os.MkdirAll(targetParentDir, 0777)

-	contentBytes, err := ioutil.ReadFile(path)
+	contentBytes, err := os.ReadFile(path)
 	if err != nil {
 		jww.ERROR.Println("Read file error:", path)
 		return err
@@ -423,7 +418,7 @@ func convertJekyllPost(path, relPath, targetDir string, draft bool) error {
 	return nil
 }

-func convertJekyllMetaData(m interface{}, postName string, postDate time.Time, draft bool) (interface{}, error) {
+func convertJekyllMetaData(m any, postName string, postDate time.Time, draft bool) (any, error) {
 	metadata, err := maps.ToStringMapE(m)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -475,7 +470,7 @@ func convertJekyllMetaData(m interface{}, postName string, postDate time.Time, d
 	return metadata, nil
 }

-func convertJekyllContent(m interface{}, content string) (string, error) {
+func convertJekyllContent(m any, content string) (string, error) {
 	metadata, _ := maps.ToStringMapE(m)

 	lines := strings.Split(content, "\n")
@@ -47,44 +47,44 @@ func TestParseJekyllFilename(t *testing.T) {
 func TestConvertJekyllMetadata(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)
 	testDataList := []struct {
-		metadata interface{}
+		metadata any
 		postName string
 		postDate time.Time
 		draft    bool
 		expect   string
 	}{
 		{
-			map[interface{}]interface{}{},
+			map[any]any{},
 			"testPost", time.Date(2015, 10, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC), false,
 			`{"date":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z"}`,
 		},
 		{
-			map[interface{}]interface{}{},
+			map[any]any{},
 			"testPost", time.Date(2015, 10, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC), true,
 			`{"date":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","draft":true}`,
 		},
 		{
-			map[interface{}]interface{}{"Permalink": "/permalink.html", "layout": "post"},
+			map[any]any{"Permalink": "/permalink.html", "layout": "post"},
 			"testPost", time.Date(2015, 10, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC), false,
 			`{"date":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","url":"/permalink.html"}`,
 		},
 		{
-			map[interface{}]interface{}{"permalink": "/permalink.html"},
+			map[any]any{"permalink": "/permalink.html"},
 			"testPost", time.Date(2015, 10, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC), false,
 			`{"date":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","url":"/permalink.html"}`,
 		},
 		{
-			map[interface{}]interface{}{"category": nil, "permalink": 123},
+			map[any]any{"category": nil, "permalink": 123},
 			"testPost", time.Date(2015, 10, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC), false,
 			`{"date":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z"}`,
 		},
 		{
-			map[interface{}]interface{}{"Excerpt_Separator": "sep"},
+			map[any]any{"Excerpt_Separator": "sep"},
 			"testPost", time.Date(2015, 10, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC), false,
 			`{"date":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","excerpt_separator":"sep"}`,
 		},
 		{
-			map[interface{}]interface{}{"category": "book", "layout": "post", "Others": "Goods", "Date": "2015-10-01 12:13:11"},
+			map[any]any{"category": "book", "layout": "post", "Others": "Goods", "Date": "2015-10-01 12:13:11"},
 			"testPost", time.Date(2015, 10, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC), false,
 			`{"Others":"Goods","categories":["book"],"date":"2015-10-01T12:13:11Z"}`,
 		},
@@ -102,69 +102,69 @@ func TestConvertJekyllMetadata(t *testing.T) {
 func TestConvertJekyllContent(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)
 	testDataList := []struct {
-		metadata interface{}
+		metadata any
 		content  string
 		expect   string
 	}{
 		{
-			map[interface{}]interface{}{},
+			map[any]any{},
 			"Test content\r\n<!-- more -->\npart2 content", "Test content\n<!--more-->\npart2 content",
 		},
 		{
-			map[interface{}]interface{}{},
+			map[any]any{},
 			"Test content\n<!-- More -->\npart2 content", "Test content\n<!--more-->\npart2 content",
 		},
 		{
-			map[interface{}]interface{}{"excerpt_separator": "<!--sep-->"},
+			map[any]any{"excerpt_separator": "<!--sep-->"},
 			"Test content\n<!--sep-->\npart2 content",
 			"---\nexcerpt_separator: <!--sep-->\n---\nTest content\n<!--more-->\npart2 content",
 		},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{}, "{% raw %}text{% endraw %}", "text"},
-		{map[interface{}]interface{}{}, "{%raw%} text2 {%endraw %}", "text2"},
+		{map[any]any{}, "{% raw %}text{% endraw %}", "text"},
+		{map[any]any{}, "{%raw%} text2 {%endraw %}", "text2"},
 		{
-			map[interface{}]interface{}{},
+			map[any]any{},
 			"{% highlight go %}\nvar s int\n{% endhighlight %}",
 			"{{< highlight go >}}\nvar s int\n{{< / highlight >}}",
 		},
 		{
-			map[interface{}]interface{}{},
+			map[any]any{},
 			"{% highlight go linenos hl_lines=\"1 2\" %}\nvar s string\nvar i int\n{% endhighlight %}",
 			"{{< highlight go \"linenos=table,hl_lines=1 2\" >}}\nvar s string\nvar i int\n{{< / highlight >}}",
 		},

 		// Octopress image tag
 		{
-			map[interface{}]interface{}{},
+			map[any]any{},
 			"{% img http://placekitten.com/890/280 %}",
 			"{{< figure src=\"http://placekitten.com/890/280\" >}}",
 		},
 		{
-			map[interface{}]interface{}{},
+			map[any]any{},
 			"{% img left http://placekitten.com/320/250 Place Kitten #2 %}",
 			"{{< figure class=\"left\" src=\"http://placekitten.com/320/250\" title=\"Place Kitten #2\" >}}",
 		},
 		{
-			map[interface{}]interface{}{},
+			map[any]any{},
 			"{% img right http://placekitten.com/300/500 150 250 'Place Kitten #3' %}",
 			"{{< figure class=\"right\" src=\"http://placekitten.com/300/500\" width=\"150\" height=\"250\" title=\"Place Kitten #3\" >}}",
 		},
 		{
-			map[interface{}]interface{}{},
+			map[any]any{},
 			"{% img right http://placekitten.com/300/500 150 250 'Place Kitten #4' 'An image of a very cute kitten' %}",
 			"{{< figure class=\"right\" src=\"http://placekitten.com/300/500\" width=\"150\" height=\"250\" title=\"Place Kitten #4\" alt=\"An image of a very cute kitten\" >}}",
 		},
 		{
-			map[interface{}]interface{}{},
+			map[any]any{},
 			"{% img http://placekitten.com/300/500 150 250 'Place Kitten #4' 'An image of a very cute kitten' %}",
 			"{{< figure src=\"http://placekitten.com/300/500\" width=\"150\" height=\"250\" title=\"Place Kitten #4\" alt=\"An image of a very cute kitten\" >}}",
 		},
 		{
-			map[interface{}]interface{}{},
+			map[any]any{},
 			"{% img right /placekitten/300/500 'Place Kitten #4' 'An image of a very cute kitten' %}",
 			"{{< figure class=\"right\" src=\"/placekitten/300/500\" title=\"Place Kitten #4\" alt=\"An image of a very cute kitten\" >}}",
 		},
 		{
-			map[interface{}]interface{}{"category": "book", "layout": "post", "Date": "2015-10-01 12:13:11"},
+			map[any]any{"category": "book", "layout": "post", "Date": "2015-10-01 12:13:11"},
 			"somecontent",
 			"---\nDate: \"2015-10-01 12:13:11\"\ncategory: book\nlayout: post\n---\nsomecontent",
 		},
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

+//go:build !darwin
 // +build !darwin

 package commands
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ type listCmd struct {
 	*baseBuilderCmd
 }

-func (lc *listCmd) buildSites(config map[string]interface{}) (*hugolib.HugoSites, error) {
+func (lc *listCmd) buildSites(config map[string]any) (*hugolib.HugoSites, error) {
 	cfgInit := func(c *commandeer) error {
 		for key, value := range config {
 			c.Set(key, value)
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ List requires a subcommand, e.g. ` + "`hugo list drafts`.",
 			Short: "List all drafts",
 			Long:  `List all of the drafts in your content directory.`,
 			RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-				sites, err := cc.buildSites(map[string]interface{}{"buildDrafts": true})
+				sites, err := cc.buildSites(map[string]any{"buildDrafts": true})
 				if err != nil {
 					return newSystemError("Error building sites", err)
 				}
@@ -94,7 +94,11 @@ List requires a subcommand, e.g. ` + "`hugo list drafts`.",
 			Short: "List all posts dated in the future",
 			Long:  `List all of the posts in your content directory which will be posted in the future.`,
 			RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-				sites, err := cc.buildSites(map[string]interface{}{"buildFuture": true})
+				sites, err := cc.buildSites(map[string]any{"buildFuture": true})
+				if err != nil {
+					return newSystemError("Error building sites", err)
+				}
+
 				if err != nil {
 					return newSystemError("Error building sites", err)
 				}
@@ -122,7 +126,11 @@ List requires a subcommand, e.g. ` + "`hugo list drafts`.",
 			Short: "List all posts already expired",
 			Long:  `List all of the posts in your content directory which has already expired.`,
 			RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-				sites, err := cc.buildSites(map[string]interface{}{"buildExpired": true})
+				sites, err := cc.buildSites(map[string]any{"buildExpired": true})
+				if err != nil {
+					return newSystemError("Error building sites", err)
+				}
+
 				if err != nil {
 					return newSystemError("Error building sites", err)
 				}
@@ -150,7 +158,7 @@ List requires a subcommand, e.g. ` + "`hugo list drafts`.",
 			Short: "List all posts",
 			Long:  `List all of the posts in your content directory, include drafts, future and expired pages.`,
 			RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-				sites, err := cc.buildSites(map[string]interface{}{
+				sites, err := cc.buildSites(map[string]any{
 					"buildExpired": true,
 					"buildDrafts":  true,
 					"buildFuture":  true,
@@ -29,17 +29,14 @@ func captureStdout(f func() error) (string, error) {

 func TestListAll(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)
-	dir, clean, err := createSimpleTestSite(t, testSiteConfig{})
-	defer clean()
-
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+	dir := createSimpleTestSite(t, testSiteConfig{})

 	hugoCmd := newCommandsBuilder().addAll().build()
 	cmd := hugoCmd.getCommand()

-	defer func() {
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
 		os.RemoveAll(dir)
-	}()
+	})

 	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"-s=" + dir, "list", "all"})

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ var _ cmder = (*newCmd)(nil)
 type newCmd struct {
 	contentEditor string
 	contentType   string
+	force         bool

 	*baseBuilderCmd
 }
@@ -54,6 +55,7 @@ Ensure you run this within the root directory of your site.`,

 	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&cc.contentType, "kind", "k", "", "content type to create")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&cc.contentEditor, "editor", "", "edit new content with this editor, if provided")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&cc.force, "force", "f", false, "overwrite file if it already exists")

 	cmd.AddCommand(b.newNewSiteCmd().getCommand())
 	cmd.AddCommand(b.newNewThemeCmd().getCommand())
@@ -80,7 +82,7 @@ func (n *newCmd) newContent(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 		return newUserError("path needs to be provided")
 	}

-	return create.NewContent(c.hugo(), n.contentType, args[0])
+	return create.NewContent(c.hugo(), n.contentType, args[0], n.force)
 }

 func mkdir(x ...string) {
@@ -16,14 +16,13 @@ package commands
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser/metadecoders"

-	_errors "github.com/pkg/errors"
-
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/create"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
@@ -63,11 +62,12 @@ Use ` + "`hugo new [contentPath]`" + ` to create new content.`,
 func (n *newSiteCmd) doNewSite(fs *hugofs.Fs, basepath string, force bool) error {
 	archeTypePath := filepath.Join(basepath, "archetypes")
 	dirs := []string{
-		filepath.Join(basepath, "layouts"),
-		filepath.Join(basepath, "content"),
 		archeTypePath,
-		filepath.Join(basepath, "static"),
+		filepath.Join(basepath, "assets"),
+		filepath.Join(basepath, "content"),
 		filepath.Join(basepath, "data"),
+		filepath.Join(basepath, "layouts"),
+		filepath.Join(basepath, "static"),
 		filepath.Join(basepath, "themes"),
 	}

@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ func (n *newSiteCmd) doNewSite(fs *hugofs.Fs, basepath string, force bool) error
 			return errors.New(basepath + " already exists and is not empty. See --force.")

 		case !isEmpty && force:
+			// TODO(bep) eventually rename this to hugo.
 			all := append(dirs, filepath.Join(basepath, "config."+n.configFormat))
 			for _, path := range all {
 				if exists, _ := helpers.Exists(path, fs.Source); exists {
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ func (n *newSiteCmd) doNewSite(fs *hugofs.Fs, basepath string, force bool) error

 	for _, dir := range dirs {
 		if err := fs.Source.MkdirAll(dir, 0777); err != nil {
-			return _errors.Wrap(err, "Failed to create dir")
+			return fmt.Errorf("Failed to create dir: %w", err)
 		}
 	}

@@ -122,8 +123,10 @@ func (n *newSiteCmd) newSite(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	}

 	forceNew, _ := cmd.Flags().GetBool("force")
-
-	return n.doNewSite(hugofs.NewDefault(config.New()), createpath, forceNew)
+	cfg := config.New()
+	cfg.Set("workingDir", createpath)
+	cfg.Set("publishDir", "public")
+	return n.doNewSite(hugofs.NewDefault(cfg), createpath, forceNew)
 }

 func createConfig(fs *hugofs.Fs, inpath string, kind string) (err error) {
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
-	"time"

+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/htime"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ func (n *newThemeCmd) newTheme(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {

 	by := []byte(`The MIT License (MIT)

-Copyright (c) ` + time.Now().Format("2006") + ` YOUR_NAME_HERE
+Copyright (c) ` + htime.Now().Format("2006") + ` YOUR_NAME_HERE

 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
 this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

+//go:build nodeploy
 // +build nodeploy

 package commands
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+//go:build release
 // +build release

 // Copyright 2017-present The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
@@ -16,8 +17,6 @@
 package commands

 import (
-	"errors"
-
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/releaser"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
@@ -28,10 +27,9 @@ var _ cmder = (*releaseCommandeer)(nil)
 type releaseCommandeer struct {
 	cmd *cobra.Command

-	version string
-
-	skipPublish bool
-	try         bool
+	step     int
+	skipPush bool
+	try      bool
 }

 func createReleaser() cmder {
@@ -49,9 +47,9 @@ func createReleaser() cmder {
 		return r.release()
 	}

-	r.cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&r.version, "rel", "r", "", "new release version, i.e. 0.25.1")
-	r.cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&r.skipPublish, "skip-publish", "", false, "skip all publishing pipes of the release")
-	r.cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&r.try, "try", "", false, "simulate a release, i.e. no changes")
+	r.cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&r.skipPush, "skip-push", "", false, "skip pushing to remote")
+	r.cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&r.try, "try", "", false, "no changes")
+	r.cmd.PersistentFlags().IntVarP(&r.step, "step", "", 0, "step to run (1: set new version 2: prepare next dev version)")

 	return r
 }
@@ -64,8 +62,10 @@ func (c *releaseCommandeer) flagsToConfig(cfg config.Provider) {
 }

 func (r *releaseCommandeer) release() error {
-	if r.version == "" {
-		return errors.New("must set the --rel flag to the relevant version number")
+	rel, err := releaser.New(r.skipPush, r.try, r.step)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
-	return releaser.New(r.version, r.skipPublish, r.try).Run()
+
+	return rel.Run()
 }
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+//go:build !release
 // +build !release

 // Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import (
 	"net/url"
 	"os"
 	"os/signal"
+	"path"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"regexp"
 	"runtime"
@@ -32,11 +33,12 @@ import (
 	"syscall"
 	"time"

+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/htime"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/paths"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/tpl"
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"

-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
-
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/livereload"

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
@@ -48,17 +50,18 @@ import (

 type serverCmd struct {
 	// Can be used to stop the server. Useful in tests
-	stop <-chan bool
+	stop chan bool

-	disableLiveReload bool
-	navigateToChanged bool
-	renderToDisk      bool
-	serverAppend      bool
-	serverInterface   string
-	serverPort        int
-	liveReloadPort    int
-	serverWatch       bool
-	noHTTPCache       bool
+	disableLiveReload  bool
+	navigateToChanged  bool
+	renderToDisk       bool
+	renderStaticToDisk bool
+	serverAppend       bool
+	serverInterface    string
+	serverPort         int
+	liveReloadPort     int
+	serverWatch        bool
+	noHTTPCache        bool

 	disableFastRender   bool
 	disableBrowserError bool
@@ -70,7 +73,7 @@ func (b *commandsBuilder) newServerCmd() *serverCmd {
 	return b.newServerCmdSignaled(nil)
 }

-func (b *commandsBuilder) newServerCmdSignaled(stop <-chan bool) *serverCmd {
+func (b *commandsBuilder) newServerCmdSignaled(stop chan bool) *serverCmd {
 	cc := &serverCmd{stop: stop}

 	cc.baseBuilderCmd = b.newBuilderCmd(&cobra.Command{
@@ -89,7 +92,13 @@ By default hugo will also watch your files for any changes you make and
 automatically rebuild the site. It will then live reload any open browser pages
 and push the latest content to them. As most Hugo sites are built in a fraction
 of a second, you will be able to save and see your changes nearly instantly.`,
-		RunE: cc.server,
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			err := cc.server(cmd, args)
+			if err != nil && cc.stop != nil {
+				cc.stop <- true
+			}
+			return err
+		},
 	})

 	cc.cmd.Flags().IntVarP(&cc.serverPort, "port", "p", 1313, "port on which the server will listen")
@@ -100,7 +109,8 @@ of a second, you will be able to save and see your changes nearly instantly.`,
 	cc.cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&cc.serverAppend, "appendPort", "", true, "append port to baseURL")
 	cc.cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&cc.disableLiveReload, "disableLiveReload", false, "watch without enabling live browser reload on rebuild")
 	cc.cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&cc.navigateToChanged, "navigateToChanged", false, "navigate to changed content file on live browser reload")
-	cc.cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&cc.renderToDisk, "renderToDisk", false, "render to Destination path (default is render to memory & serve from there)")
+	cc.cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&cc.renderToDisk, "renderToDisk", false, "serve all files from disk (default is from memory)")
+	cc.cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&cc.renderStaticToDisk, "renderStaticToDisk", false, "serve static files from disk and dynamic files from memory")
 	cc.cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&cc.disableFastRender, "disableFastRender", false, "enables full re-renders on changes")
 	cc.cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&cc.disableBrowserError, "disableBrowserError", false, "do not show build errors in the browser")

@@ -130,8 +140,6 @@ func (f noDirFile) Readdir(count int) ([]os.FileInfo, error) {
 	return nil, nil
 }

-var serverPorts []int
-
 func (sc *serverCmd) server(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	// If a Destination is provided via flag write to disk
 	destination, _ := cmd.Flags().GetString("destination")
@@ -142,7 +150,8 @@ func (sc *serverCmd) server(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	var serverCfgInit sync.Once

 	cfgInit := func(c *commandeer) (rerr error) {
-		c.Set("renderToMemory", !sc.renderToDisk)
+		c.Set("renderToMemory", !(sc.renderToDisk || sc.renderStaticToDisk))
+		c.Set("renderStaticToDisk", sc.renderStaticToDisk)
 		if cmd.Flags().Changed("navigateToChanged") {
 			c.Set("navigateToChanged", sc.navigateToChanged)
 		}
@@ -159,29 +168,31 @@ func (sc *serverCmd) server(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			c.Set("watch", true)
 		}

-		// TODO(bep) yes, we should fix.
-		if !c.languagesConfigured {
+		// TODO(bep) see issue 9901
+		// cfgInit is called twice, before and after the languages have been initialized.
+		// The servers (below) can not be initialized before we
+		// know if we're configured in a multihost setup.
+		if len(c.languages) == 0 {
 			return nil
 		}

 		// We can only do this once.
 		serverCfgInit.Do(func() {
-			serverPorts = make([]int, 1)
+			c.serverPorts = make([]serverPortListener, 1)

 			if c.languages.IsMultihost() {
 				if !sc.serverAppend {
 					rerr = newSystemError("--appendPort=false not supported when in multihost mode")
 				}
-				serverPorts = make([]int, len(c.languages))
+				c.serverPorts = make([]serverPortListener, len(c.languages))
 			}

 			currentServerPort := sc.serverPort

-			for i := 0; i < len(serverPorts); i++ {
+			for i := 0; i < len(c.serverPorts); i++ {
 				l, err := net.Listen("tcp", net.JoinHostPort(sc.serverInterface, strconv.Itoa(currentServerPort)))
 				if err == nil {
-					l.Close()
-					serverPorts[i] = currentServerPort
+					c.serverPorts[i] = serverPortListener{ln: l, p: currentServerPort}
 				} else {
 					if i == 0 && sc.cmd.Flags().Changed("port") {
 						// port set explicitly by user -- he/she probably meant it!
@@ -189,15 +200,15 @@ func (sc *serverCmd) server(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 						return
 					}
 					c.logger.Println("port", sc.serverPort, "already in use, attempting to use an available port")
-					sp, err := helpers.FindAvailablePort()
+					l, sp, err := helpers.TCPListen()
 					if err != nil {
 						rerr = newSystemError("Unable to find alternative port to use:", err)
 						return
 					}
-					serverPorts[i] = sp.Port
+					c.serverPorts[i] = serverPortListener{ln: l, p: sp.Port}
 				}

-				currentServerPort = serverPorts[i] + 1
+				currentServerPort = c.serverPorts[i].p + 1
 			}
 		})

@@ -205,22 +216,20 @@ func (sc *serverCmd) server(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			return
 		}

-		c.serverPorts = serverPorts
-
 		c.Set("port", sc.serverPort)
 		if sc.liveReloadPort != -1 {
 			c.Set("liveReloadPort", sc.liveReloadPort)
 		} else {
-			c.Set("liveReloadPort", serverPorts[0])
+			c.Set("liveReloadPort", c.serverPorts[0].p)
 		}

 		isMultiHost := c.languages.IsMultihost()
 		for i, language := range c.languages {
 			var serverPort int
 			if isMultiHost {
-				serverPort = serverPorts[i]
+				serverPort = c.serverPorts[i].p
 			} else {
-				serverPort = serverPorts[0]
+				serverPort = c.serverPorts[0].p
 			}

 			baseURL, err := sc.fixURL(language, sc.baseURL, serverPort)
@@ -263,10 +272,6 @@ func (sc *serverCmd) server(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 		return err
 	}

-	for _, s := range c.hugo().Sites {
-		s.RegisterMediaTypes()
-	}
-
 	// Watch runs its own server as part of the routine
 	if sc.serverWatch {

@@ -304,7 +309,7 @@ func getRootWatchDirsStr(baseDir string, watchDirs []string) string {
 type fileServer struct {
 	baseURLs      []string
 	roots         []string
-	errorTemplate func(err interface{}) (io.Reader, error)
+	errorTemplate func(err any) (io.Reader, error)
 	c             *commandeer
 	s             *serverCmd
 }
@@ -320,31 +325,39 @@ func (f *fileServer) rewriteRequest(r *http.Request, toPath string) *http.Reques
 	return r2
 }

-func (f *fileServer) createEndpoint(i int) (*http.ServeMux, string, string, error) {
+func (f *fileServer) createEndpoint(i int) (*http.ServeMux, net.Listener, string, string, error) {
 	baseURL := f.baseURLs[i]
 	root := f.roots[i]
-	port := f.c.serverPorts[i]
+	port := f.c.serverPorts[i].p
+	listener := f.c.serverPorts[i].ln

+	// For logging only.
+	// TODO(bep) consolidate.
 	publishDir := f.c.Cfg.GetString("publishDir")
+	publishDirStatic := f.c.Cfg.GetString("publishDirStatic")
+	workingDir := f.c.Cfg.GetString("workingDir")

 	if root != "" {
 		publishDir = filepath.Join(publishDir, root)
+		publishDirStatic = filepath.Join(publishDirStatic, root)
 	}
-
-	absPublishDir := f.c.hugo().PathSpec.AbsPathify(publishDir)
+	absPublishDir := paths.AbsPathify(workingDir, publishDir)
+	absPublishDirStatic := paths.AbsPathify(workingDir, publishDirStatic)

 	jww.FEEDBACK.Printf("Environment: %q", f.c.hugo().Deps.Site.Hugo().Environment)

 	if i == 0 {
 		if f.s.renderToDisk {
 			jww.FEEDBACK.Println("Serving pages from " + absPublishDir)
+		} else if f.s.renderStaticToDisk {
+			jww.FEEDBACK.Println("Serving pages from memory and static files from " + absPublishDirStatic)
 		} else {
 			jww.FEEDBACK.Println("Serving pages from memory")
 		}
 	}

-	httpFs := afero.NewHttpFs(f.c.destinationFs)
-	fs := filesOnlyFs{httpFs.Dir(absPublishDir)}
+	httpFs := afero.NewHttpFs(f.c.publishDirServerFs)
+	fs := filesOnlyFs{httpFs.Dir(path.Join("/", root))}

 	if i == 0 && f.c.fastRenderMode {
 		jww.FEEDBACK.Println("Running in Fast Render Mode. For full rebuilds on change: hugo server --disableFastRender")
@@ -353,7 +366,7 @@ func (f *fileServer) createEndpoint(i int) (*http.ServeMux, string, string, erro
 	// We're only interested in the path
 	u, err := url.Parse(baseURL)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, "", "", errors.Wrap(err, "Invalid baseURL")
+		return nil, nil, "", "", fmt.Errorf("Invalid baseURL: %w", err)
 	}

 	decorate := func(h http.Handler) http.Handler {
@@ -387,24 +400,31 @@ func (f *fileServer) createEndpoint(i int) (*http.ServeMux, string, string, erro
 			}

 			// Ignore any query params for the operations below.
-			requestURI := strings.TrimSuffix(r.RequestURI, "?"+r.URL.RawQuery)
+			requestURI, _ := url.PathUnescape(strings.TrimSuffix(r.RequestURI, "?"+r.URL.RawQuery))

 			for _, header := range f.c.serverConfig.MatchHeaders(requestURI) {
 				w.Header().Set(header.Key, header.Value)
 			}

 			if redirect := f.c.serverConfig.MatchRedirect(requestURI); !redirect.IsZero() {
+				// fullName := filepath.Join(dir, filepath.FromSlash(path.Clean("/"+name)))
 				doRedirect := true
 				// This matches Netlify's behaviour and is needed for SPA behaviour.
 				// See https://docs.netlify.com/routing/redirects/rewrites-proxies/
 				if !redirect.Force {
 					path := filepath.Clean(strings.TrimPrefix(requestURI, u.Path))
-					fi, err := f.c.hugo().BaseFs.PublishFs.Stat(path)
+					if root != "" {
+						path = filepath.Join(root, path)
+					}
+					fs := f.c.publishDirServerFs
+
+					fi, err := fs.Stat(path)
+
 					if err == nil {
 						if fi.IsDir() {
 							// There will be overlapping directories, so we
 							// need to check for a file.
-							_, err = f.c.hugo().BaseFs.PublishFs.Stat(filepath.Join(path, "index.html"))
+							_, err = fs.Stat(filepath.Join(path, "index.html"))
 							doRedirect = err != nil
 						} else {
 							doRedirect = false
@@ -413,15 +433,27 @@ func (f *fileServer) createEndpoint(i int) (*http.ServeMux, string, string, erro
 				}

 				if doRedirect {
-					if redirect.Status == 200 {
+					switch redirect.Status {
+					case 404:
+						w.WriteHeader(404)
+						file, err := fs.Open(strings.TrimPrefix(redirect.To, u.Path))
+						if err == nil {
+							defer file.Close()
+							io.Copy(w, file)
+						} else {
+							fmt.Fprintln(w, "<h1>Page Not Found</h1>")
+						}
+						return
+					case 200:
 						if r2 := f.rewriteRequest(r, strings.TrimPrefix(redirect.To, u.Path)); r2 != nil {
 							requestURI = redirect.To
 							r = r2
 						}
-					} else {
+					default:
 						w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "")
 						http.Redirect(w, r, redirect.To, redirect.Status)
 						return
+
 					}
 				}

@@ -459,15 +491,43 @@ func (f *fileServer) createEndpoint(i int) (*http.ServeMux, string, string, erro

 	endpoint := net.JoinHostPort(f.s.serverInterface, strconv.Itoa(port))

-	return mu, u.String(), endpoint, nil
+	return mu, listener, u.String(), endpoint, nil
 }

-var logErrorRe = regexp.MustCompile(`(?s)ERROR \d{4}/\d{2}/\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2} `)
+var (
+	logErrorRe                    = regexp.MustCompile(`(?s)ERROR \d{4}/\d{2}/\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2} `)
+	logDuplicateTemplateExecuteRe = regexp.MustCompile(`: template: .*?:\d+:\d+: executing ".*?"`)
+	logDuplicateTemplateParseRe   = regexp.MustCompile(`: template: .*?:\d+:\d*`)
+)

 func removeErrorPrefixFromLog(content string) string {
 	return logErrorRe.ReplaceAllLiteralString(content, "")
 }

+var logReplacer = strings.NewReplacer(
+	"can't", "can’t", // Chroma lexer doesn't do well with "can't"
+	"*hugolib.pageState", "page.Page", // Page is the public interface.
+	"Rebuild failed:", "",
+)
+
+func cleanErrorLog(content string) string {
+	content = strings.ReplaceAll(content, "\n", " ")
+	content = logReplacer.Replace(content)
+	content = logDuplicateTemplateExecuteRe.ReplaceAllString(content, "")
+	content = logDuplicateTemplateParseRe.ReplaceAllString(content, "")
+	seen := make(map[string]bool)
+	parts := strings.Split(content, ": ")
+	keep := make([]string, 0, len(parts))
+	for _, part := range parts {
+		if seen[part] {
+			continue
+		}
+		seen[part] = true
+		keep = append(keep, part)
+	}
+	return strings.Join(keep, ": ")
+}
+
 func (c *commandeer) serve(s *serverCmd) error {
 	isMultiHost := c.hugo().IsMultihost()

@@ -487,19 +547,37 @@ func (c *commandeer) serve(s *serverCmd) error {
 		roots = []string{""}
 	}

-	templ, err := c.hugo().TextTmpl().Parse("__default_server_error", buildErrorTemplate)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
+	// Cache it here. The HugoSites object may be unavailable later on due to intermittent configuration errors.
+	// To allow the en user to change the error template while the server is running, we use
+	// the freshest template we can provide.
+	var (
+		errTempl     tpl.Template
+		templHandler tpl.TemplateHandler
+	)
+	getErrorTemplateAndHandler := func(h *hugolib.HugoSites) (tpl.Template, tpl.TemplateHandler) {
+		if h == nil {
+			return errTempl, templHandler
+		}
+		templHandler := h.Tmpl()
+		errTempl, found := templHandler.Lookup("_server/error.html")
+		if !found {
+			panic("template server/error.html not found")
+		}
+		return errTempl, templHandler
 	}
+	errTempl, templHandler = getErrorTemplateAndHandler(c.hugo())

 	srv := &fileServer{
 		baseURLs: baseURLs,
 		roots:    roots,
 		c:        c,
 		s:        s,
-		errorTemplate: func(ctx interface{}) (io.Reader, error) {
+		errorTemplate: func(ctx any) (io.Reader, error) {
+			// hugoTry does not block, getErrorTemplateAndHandler will fall back
+			// to cached values if nil.
+			templ, handler := getErrorTemplateAndHandler(c.hugoTry())
 			b := &bytes.Buffer{}
-			err := c.hugo().Tmpl().Execute(templ, b, ctx)
+			err := handler.ExecuteWithContext(context.Background(), templ, b, ctx)
 			return b, err
 		},
 	}
@@ -514,8 +592,10 @@ func (c *commandeer) serve(s *serverCmd) error {
 	signal.Notify(sigs, syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM)
 	var servers []*http.Server

+	wg1, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(context.Background())
+
 	for i := range baseURLs {
-		mu, serverURL, endpoint, err := srv.createEndpoint(i)
+		mu, listener, serverURL, endpoint, err := srv.createEndpoint(i)
 		srv := &http.Server{
 			Addr:    endpoint,
 			Handler: mu,
@@ -532,39 +612,64 @@ func (c *commandeer) serve(s *serverCmd) error {
 			mu.HandleFunc(u.Path+"/livereload", livereload.Handler)
 		}
 		jww.FEEDBACK.Printf("Web Server is available at %s (bind address %s)\n", serverURL, s.serverInterface)
-		go func() {
-			err = srv.ListenAndServe()
+		wg1.Go(func() error {
+			err = srv.Serve(listener)
 			if err != nil && err != http.ErrServerClosed {
-				c.logger.Errorf("Error: %s\n", err.Error())
-				os.Exit(1)
+				return err
 			}
-		}()
+			return nil
+		})
 	}

 	jww.FEEDBACK.Println("Press Ctrl+C to stop")

-	if s.stop != nil {
-		select {
-		case <-sigs:
-		case <-s.stop:
+	err := func() error {
+		if s.stop != nil {
+			for {
+				select {
+				case <-sigs:
+					return nil
+				case <-s.stop:
+					return nil
+				case <-ctx.Done():
+					return ctx.Err()
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			for {
+				select {
+				case <-sigs:
+					return nil
+				case <-ctx.Done():
+					return ctx.Err()
+				}
+			}
 		}
-	} else {
-		<-sigs
+	}()
+
+	if err != nil {
+		jww.ERROR.Println("Error:", err)
 	}

-	c.hugo().Close()
+	if h := c.hugoTry(); h != nil {
+		h.Close()
+	}

 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
 	defer cancel()
-	wg, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+	wg2, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
 	for _, srv := range servers {
 		srv := srv
-		wg.Go(func() error {
+		wg2.Go(func() error {
 			return srv.Shutdown(ctx)
 		})
 	}

-	return wg.Wait()
+	err1, err2 := wg1.Wait(), wg2.Wait()
+	if err1 != nil {
+		return err1
+	}
+	return err2
 }

 // fixURL massages the baseURL into a form needed for serving
@@ -608,7 +713,7 @@ func (sc *serverCmd) fixURL(cfg config.Provider, s string, port int) (string, er
 		if strings.Contains(u.Host, ":") {
 			u.Host, _, err = net.SplitHostPort(u.Host)
 			if err != nil {
-				return "", errors.Wrap(err, "Failed to split baseURL hostpost")
+				return "", fmt.Errorf("Failed to split baseURL hostpost: %w", err)
 			}
 		}
 		u.Host += fmt.Sprintf(":%d", port)
@@ -637,13 +742,13 @@ func memStats() error {
 		go func() {
 			var stats runtime.MemStats

-			start := time.Now().UnixNano()
+			start := htime.Now().UnixNano()

 			for {
 				runtime.ReadMemStats(&stats)
 				if fileMemStats != nil {
 					fileMemStats.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("%d\t%d\t%d\t%d\t%d\n",
-						(time.Now().UnixNano()-start)/1000000, stats.HeapSys, stats.HeapAlloc, stats.HeapIdle, stats.HeapReleased))
+						(htime.Now().UnixNano()-start)/1000000, stats.HeapSys, stats.HeapAlloc, stats.HeapIdle, stats.HeapReleased))
 					time.Sleep(interval)
 				} else {
 					break
@@ -22,67 +22,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/transform/livereloadinject"
 )

-var buildErrorTemplate = `<!doctype html>
-<html class="no-js" lang="">
-	<head>
-		<meta charset="utf-8">
-		<title>Hugo Server: Error</title>
-		<style type="text/css">
-		body {
-			font-family: "Muli",avenir, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol";
-			font-size: 16px;
-			background-color: #2f1e2e;
-		}
-		main {
-			margin: auto;
-			width: 95%;
-			padding: 1rem;
-		}		
-		.version {
-			color: #ccc;
-			padding: 1rem 0;
-		}
-		.stack {
-			margin-top: 4rem;
-		}
-		pre {
-			white-space: pre-wrap;      
-			white-space: -moz-pre-wrap;  
-			white-space: -pre-wrap;     
-			white-space: -o-pre-wrap;    
-			word-wrap: break-word;     
-		}
-		.highlight {
-			overflow-x: auto;
-			margin-bottom: 1rem;
-		}
-		a {
-			color: #0594cb;
-			text-decoration: none;
-		}
-		a:hover {
-			color: #ccc;
-		}
-		</style>
-	</head>
-	<body>
-		<main>
-			{{ highlight .Error "apl" "linenos=false,noclasses=true,style=paraiso-dark" }}
-			{{ with .File }}
-			{{ $params := printf "noclasses=true,style=paraiso-dark,linenos=table,hl_lines=%d,linenostart=%d" (add .LinesPos 1) (sub .Position.LineNumber .LinesPos) }}
-			{{ $lexer := .ChromaLexer | default "go-html-template" }}
-			{{  highlight (delimit .Lines "\n") $lexer $params }}
-			{{ end }}
-			{{ with .StackTrace }}
-			{{ highlight . "apl" "noclasses=true,style=paraiso-dark" }}
-			{{ end }}
-			<p class="version">{{ .Version }}</p>
-			<a href="">Reload Page</a>
-		</main>
-</body>
-</html>
-`
-
 func injectLiveReloadScript(src io.Reader, baseURL url.URL) string {
 	var b bytes.Buffer
 	chain := transform.Chain{livereloadinject.New(baseURL)}
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 package commands

 import (
+	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
@@ -25,22 +26,12 @@ import (

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
-	"golang.org/x/net/context"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/htesting"
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"

 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
 )

-func TestServer(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	r := runServerTest(c, "")
-
-	c.Assert(r.err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(r.homeContent, qt.Contains, "List: Hugo Commands")
-	c.Assert(r.homeContent, qt.Contains, "Environment: development")
-}
-
 // Issue 9518
 func TestServerPanicOnConfigError(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)
@@ -51,18 +42,104 @@ func TestServerPanicOnConfigError(t *testing.T) {
 linenos='table'
 `

-	r := runServerTest(c, config)
+	r := runServerTest(c,
+		serverTestOptions{
+			config: config,
+		},
+	)

 	c.Assert(r.err, qt.IsNotNil)
 	c.Assert(r.err.Error(), qt.Contains, "cannot parse 'Highlight.LineNos' as bool:")
 }

+func TestServer404(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	r := runServerTest(c,
+		serverTestOptions{
+			pathsToGet:  []string{"this/does/not/exist"},
+			getNumHomes: 1,
+		},
+	)
+
+	c.Assert(r.err, qt.IsNil)
+	pr := r.pathsResults["this/does/not/exist"]
+	c.Assert(pr.statusCode, qt.Equals, http.StatusNotFound)
+	c.Assert(pr.body, qt.Contains, "404: 404 Page not found|Not Found.")
+}
+
+func TestServerPathEncodingIssues(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	// Issue 10287
+	c.Run("Unicode paths", func(c *qt.C) {
+		r := runServerTest(c,
+			serverTestOptions{
+				pathsToGet:  []string{"hügö/"},
+				getNumHomes: 1,
+			},
+		)
+
+		c.Assert(r.err, qt.IsNil)
+		c.Assert(r.pathsResults["hügö/"].body, qt.Contains, "This is hügö")
+	})
+
+	// Issue 10314
+	c.Run("Windows multilingual 404", func(c *qt.C) {
+		config := `
+baseURL = 'https://example.org/'
+title = 'Hugo Forum Topic #40568'
+
+defaultContentLanguageInSubdir = true
+
+[languages.en]
+contentDir = 'content/en'
+languageCode = 'en-US'
+languageName = 'English'
+weight = 1
+
+[languages.es]
+contentDir = 'content/es'
+languageCode = 'es-ES'
+languageName = 'Espanol'
+weight = 2
+
+[server]
+[[server.redirects]]
+from = '/en/**'
+to = '/en/404.html'
+status = 404
+
+[[server.redirects]]
+from = '/es/**'
+to = '/es/404.html'
+status = 404
+`
+		r := runServerTest(c,
+			serverTestOptions{
+				config:      config,
+				pathsToGet:  []string{"en/this/does/not/exist", "es/this/does/not/exist"},
+				getNumHomes: 1,
+			},
+		)
+
+		c.Assert(r.err, qt.IsNil)
+		pr1 := r.pathsResults["en/this/does/not/exist"]
+		pr2 := r.pathsResults["es/this/does/not/exist"]
+		c.Assert(pr1.statusCode, qt.Equals, http.StatusNotFound)
+		c.Assert(pr2.statusCode, qt.Equals, http.StatusNotFound)
+		c.Assert(pr1.body, qt.Contains, "404: 404 Page not found|Not Found.")
+		c.Assert(pr2.body, qt.Contains, "404: 404 Page not found|Not Found.")
+
+	})
+
+}
 func TestServerFlags(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)

 	assertPublic := func(c *qt.C, r serverTestResult, renderStaticToDisk bool) {
 		c.Assert(r.err, qt.IsNil)
-		c.Assert(r.homeContent, qt.Contains, "Environment: development")
+		c.Assert(r.homesContent[0], qt.Contains, "Environment: development")
 		c.Assert(r.publicDirnames["myfile.txt"], qt.Equals, renderStaticToDisk)

 	}
@@ -77,6 +154,9 @@ func TestServerFlags(t *testing.T) {
 		{"--renderToDisk", func(c *qt.C, r serverTestResult) {
 			assertPublic(c, r, true)
 		}},
+		{"--renderStaticToDisk", func(c *qt.C, r serverTestResult) {
+			assertPublic(c, r, true)
+		}},
 	} {
 		c.Run(test.flag, func(c *qt.C) {
 			config := `
@@ -88,8 +168,91 @@ baseURL="https://example.org"
 				args = strings.Split(test.flag, "=")
 			}

-			r := runServerTest(c, config, args...)
+			opts := serverTestOptions{
+				config:      config,
+				args:        args,
+				getNumHomes: 1,
+			}

+			r := runServerTest(c, opts)
+
+			test.assert(c, r)
+
+		})
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+func TestServerBugs(t *testing.T) {
+	// TODO(bep) this is flaky on Windows on GH Actions.
+	if htesting.IsGitHubAction() && runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
+		t.Skip("skipping on windows")
+	}
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	for _, test := range []struct {
+		name       string
+		config     string
+		flag       string
+		numservers int
+		assert     func(c *qt.C, r serverTestResult)
+	}{
+		{"PostProcess, memory", "", "", 1, func(c *qt.C, r serverTestResult) {
+			c.Assert(r.err, qt.IsNil)
+			c.Assert(r.homesContent[0], qt.Contains, "PostProcess: /foo.min.css")
+		}},
+		// Issue 9788
+		{"PostProcess, memory", "", "", 1, func(c *qt.C, r serverTestResult) {
+			c.Assert(r.err, qt.IsNil)
+			c.Assert(r.homesContent[0], qt.Contains, "PostProcess: /foo.min.css")
+		}},
+		{"PostProcess, disk", "", "--renderToDisk", 1, func(c *qt.C, r serverTestResult) {
+			c.Assert(r.err, qt.IsNil)
+			c.Assert(r.homesContent[0], qt.Contains, "PostProcess: /foo.min.css")
+		}},
+		// Issue 9901
+		{"Multihost", `
+defaultContentLanguage = 'en'
+[languages]
+[languages.en]
+baseURL = 'https://example.com'
+title = 'My blog'
+weight = 1
+[languages.fr]
+baseURL = 'https://example.fr'
+title = 'Mon blogue'
+weight = 2
+`, "", 2, func(c *qt.C, r serverTestResult) {
+			c.Assert(r.err, qt.IsNil)
+			for i, s := range []string{"My blog", "Mon blogue"} {
+				c.Assert(r.homesContent[i], qt.Contains, s)
+			}
+		}},
+	} {
+		c.Run(test.name, func(c *qt.C) {
+			if test.config == "" {
+				test.config = `
+baseURL="https://example.org"
+`
+			}
+
+			var args []string
+			if test.flag != "" {
+				args = strings.Split(test.flag, "=")
+			}
+
+			opts := serverTestOptions{
+				config:      test.config,
+				getNumHomes: test.numservers,
+				pathsToGet:  []string{"this/does/not/exist"},
+				args:        args,
+			}
+
+			r := runServerTest(c, opts)
+			pr := r.pathsResults["this/does/not/exist"]
+			c.Assert(pr.statusCode, qt.Equals, http.StatusNotFound)
+			c.Assert(pr.body, qt.Contains, "404: 404 Page not found|Not Found.")
 			test.assert(c, r)

 		})
@@ -100,14 +263,30 @@ baseURL="https://example.org"

 type serverTestResult struct {
 	err            error
-	homeContent    string
+	homesContent   []string
+	content404     string
 	publicDirnames map[string]bool
+	pathsResults   map[string]pathResult
 }

-func runServerTest(c *qt.C, config string, args ...string) (result serverTestResult) {
-	dir, clean, err := createSimpleTestSite(c, testSiteConfig{configTOML: config})
-	defer clean()
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+type pathResult struct {
+	statusCode int
+	body       string
+}
+
+type serverTestOptions struct {
+	getNumHomes int
+	config      string
+	pathsToGet  []string
+	args        []string
+}
+
+func runServerTest(c *qt.C, opts serverTestOptions) serverTestResult {
+	dir := createSimpleTestSite(c, testSiteConfig{configTOML: opts.config})
+	result := serverTestResult{
+		publicDirnames: make(map[string]bool),
+		pathsResults:   make(map[string]pathResult),
+	}

 	sp, err := helpers.FindAvailablePort()
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
@@ -123,7 +302,7 @@ func runServerTest(c *qt.C, config string, args ...string) (result serverTestRes
 	scmd := b.newServerCmdSignaled(stop)

 	cmd := scmd.getCommand()
-	args = append([]string{"-s=" + dir, fmt.Sprintf("-p=%d", port)}, args...)
+	args := append([]string{"-s=" + dir, fmt.Sprintf("-p=%d", port)}, opts.args...)
 	cmd.SetArgs(args)

 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
@@ -135,35 +314,60 @@ func runServerTest(c *qt.C, config string, args ...string) (result serverTestRes
 		return err
 	})

-	select {
-	// There is no way to know exactly when the server is ready for connections.
-	// We could improve by something like https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/httptest/#Server
-	// But for now, let us sleep and pray!
-	case <-time.After(2 * time.Second):
-	case <-ctx.Done():
-		result.err = wg.Wait()
-		return
+	if opts.getNumHomes > 0 {
+		// Esp. on slow CI machines, we need to wait a little before the web
+		// server is ready.
+		wait := 567 * time.Millisecond
+		if os.Getenv("CI") != "" {
+			wait = 2 * time.Second
+		}
+		time.Sleep(wait)
+		result.homesContent = make([]string, opts.getNumHomes)
+		for i := 0; i < opts.getNumHomes; i++ {
+			func() {
+				resp, err := http.Get(fmt.Sprintf("http://localhost:%d/", port+i))
+				c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+				c.Assert(resp.StatusCode, qt.Equals, http.StatusOK)
+				if err == nil {
+					defer resp.Body.Close()
+					result.homesContent[i] = helpers.ReaderToString(resp.Body)
+				}
+			}()
+		}
 	}

-	resp, err := http.Get(fmt.Sprintf("http://localhost:%d/", port))
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	defer resp.Body.Close()
-	homeContent := helpers.ReaderToString(resp.Body)
+	for _, path := range opts.pathsToGet {
+		func() {
+			resp, err := http.Get(fmt.Sprintf("http://localhost:%d/%s", port, path))
+			c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+			pr := pathResult{
+				statusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+			}

-	// Stop the server.
-	stop <- true
+			if err == nil {
+				defer resp.Body.Close()
+				pr.body = helpers.ReaderToString(resp.Body)
+			}
+			result.pathsResults[path] = pr
+		}()
+	}

-	result.homeContent = homeContent
+	time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
+
+	select {
+	case <-stop:
+	case stop <- true:
+	}

 	pubFiles, err := os.ReadDir(filepath.Join(dir, "public"))
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	result.publicDirnames = make(map[string]bool)
 	for _, f := range pubFiles {
 		result.publicDirnames[f.Name()] = true
 	}

 	result.err = wg.Wait()
-	return
+
+	return result

 }

@@ -193,7 +397,7 @@ func TestFixURL(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run(test.TestName, func(t *testing.T) {
 			b := newCommandsBuilder()
 			s := b.newServerCmd()
-			v := config.New()
+			v := config.NewWithTestDefaults()
 			baseURL := test.CLIBaseURL
 			v.Set("baseURL", test.CfgBaseURL)
 			s.serverAppend = test.AppendPort
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@
 package commands

 import (
-	"os"
 	"path/filepath"

+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/herrors"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib/filesystems"

 	"github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify"
@@ -40,11 +40,7 @@ func (s *staticSyncer) syncsStaticEvents(staticEvents []fsnotify.Event) error {
 	c := s.c

 	syncFn := func(sourceFs *filesystems.SourceFilesystem) (uint64, error) {
-		publishDir := c.hugo().PathSpec.PublishDir
-		// If root, remove the second '/'
-		if publishDir == "//" {
-			publishDir = helpers.FilePathSeparator
-		}
+		publishDir := helpers.FilePathSeparator

 		if sourceFs.PublishFolder != "" {
 			publishDir = filepath.Join(publishDir, sourceFs.PublishFolder)
@@ -55,7 +51,10 @@ func (s *staticSyncer) syncsStaticEvents(staticEvents []fsnotify.Event) error {
 		syncer.NoChmod = c.Cfg.GetBool("noChmod")
 		syncer.ChmodFilter = chmodFilter
 		syncer.SrcFs = sourceFs.Fs
-		syncer.DestFs = c.Fs.Destination
+		syncer.DestFs = c.Fs.PublishDir
+		if c.renderStaticToDisk {
+			syncer.DestFs = c.Fs.PublishDirStatic
+		}

 		// prevent spamming the log on changes
 		logger := helpers.NewDistinctErrorLogger()
@@ -96,17 +95,16 @@ func (s *staticSyncer) syncsStaticEvents(staticEvents []fsnotify.Event) error {
 			// the source of that static file. In this case Hugo will incorrectly remove that file
 			// from the published directory.
 			if ev.Op&fsnotify.Rename == fsnotify.Rename || ev.Op&fsnotify.Remove == fsnotify.Remove {
-				if _, err := sourceFs.Fs.Stat(relPath); os.IsNotExist(err) {
+				if _, err := sourceFs.Fs.Stat(relPath); herrors.IsNotExist(err) {
 					// If file doesn't exist in any static dir, remove it
-					toRemove := filepath.Join(publishDir, relPath)
+					logger.Println("File no longer exists in static dir, removing", relPath)
+					_ = c.Fs.PublishDirStatic.RemoveAll(relPath)

-					logger.Println("File no longer exists in static dir, removing", toRemove)
-					_ = c.Fs.Destination.RemoveAll(toRemove)
 				} else if err == nil {
 					// If file still exists, sync it
 					logger.Println("Syncing", relPath, "to", publishDir)

-					if err := syncer.Sync(filepath.Join(publishDir, relPath), relPath); err != nil {
+					if err := syncer.Sync(relPath, relPath); err != nil {
 						c.logger.Errorln(err)
 					}
 				} else {
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import (
 // Append appends from to a slice to and returns the resulting slice.
 // If length of from is one and the only element is a slice of same type as to,
 // it will be appended.
-func Append(to interface{}, from ...interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
+func Append(to any, from ...any) (any, error) {
 	tov, toIsNil := indirect(reflect.ValueOf(to))

 	toIsNil = toIsNil || to == nil
@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ func Append(to interface{}, from ...interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
 	return tov.Interface(), nil
 }

-func appendToInterfaceSliceFromValues(slice1, slice2 reflect.Value) ([]interface{}, error) {
-	var tos []interface{}
+func appendToInterfaceSliceFromValues(slice1, slice2 reflect.Value) ([]any, error) {
+	var tos []any

 	for _, slice := range []reflect.Value{slice1, slice2} {
 		for i := 0; i < slice.Len(); i++ {
@@ -85,8 +85,8 @@ func appendToInterfaceSliceFromValues(slice1, slice2 reflect.Value) ([]interface
 	return tos, nil
 }

-func appendToInterfaceSlice(tov reflect.Value, from ...interface{}) ([]interface{}, error) {
-	var tos []interface{}
+func appendToInterfaceSlice(tov reflect.Value, from ...any) ([]any, error) {
+	var tos []any

 	for i := 0; i < tov.Len(); i++ {
 		tos = append(tos, tov.Index(i).Interface())
@@ -25,25 +25,25 @@ func TestAppend(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)

 	for _, test := range []struct {
-		start    interface{}
-		addend   []interface{}
-		expected interface{}
+		start    any
+		addend   []any
+		expected any
 	}{
-		{[]string{"a", "b"}, []interface{}{"c"}, []string{"a", "b", "c"}},
-		{[]string{"a", "b"}, []interface{}{"c", "d", "e"}, []string{"a", "b", "c", "d", "e"}},
-		{[]string{"a", "b"}, []interface{}{[]string{"c", "d", "e"}}, []string{"a", "b", "c", "d", "e"}},
-		{[]string{"a"}, []interface{}{"b", template.HTML("c")}, []interface{}{"a", "b", template.HTML("c")}},
-		{nil, []interface{}{"a", "b"}, []string{"a", "b"}},
-		{nil, []interface{}{nil}, []interface{}{nil}},
-		{[]interface{}{}, []interface{}{[]string{"c", "d", "e"}}, []string{"c", "d", "e"}},
+		{[]string{"a", "b"}, []any{"c"}, []string{"a", "b", "c"}},
+		{[]string{"a", "b"}, []any{"c", "d", "e"}, []string{"a", "b", "c", "d", "e"}},
+		{[]string{"a", "b"}, []any{[]string{"c", "d", "e"}}, []string{"a", "b", "c", "d", "e"}},
+		{[]string{"a"}, []any{"b", template.HTML("c")}, []any{"a", "b", template.HTML("c")}},
+		{nil, []any{"a", "b"}, []string{"a", "b"}},
+		{nil, []any{nil}, []any{nil}},
+		{[]any{}, []any{[]string{"c", "d", "e"}}, []string{"c", "d", "e"}},
 		{
 			tstSlicers{&tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}},
-			[]interface{}{&tstSlicer{"c"}},
+			[]any{&tstSlicer{"c"}},
 			tstSlicers{&tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}, &tstSlicer{"c"}},
 		},
 		{
 			&tstSlicers{&tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}},
-			[]interface{}{&tstSlicer{"c"}},
+			[]any{&tstSlicer{"c"}},
 			tstSlicers{
 				&tstSlicer{"a"},
 				&tstSlicer{"b"},
@@ -52,26 +52,26 @@ func TestAppend(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			testSlicerInterfaces{&tstSlicerIn1{"a"}, &tstSlicerIn1{"b"}},
-			[]interface{}{&tstSlicerIn1{"c"}},
+			[]any{&tstSlicerIn1{"c"}},
 			testSlicerInterfaces{&tstSlicerIn1{"a"}, &tstSlicerIn1{"b"}, &tstSlicerIn1{"c"}},
 		},
 		//https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/issues/5361
 		{
 			[]string{"a", "b"},
-			[]interface{}{tstSlicers{&tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}}},
-			[]interface{}{"a", "b", &tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}},
+			[]any{tstSlicers{&tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}}},
+			[]any{"a", "b", &tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}},
 		},
 		{
 			[]string{"a", "b"},
-			[]interface{}{&tstSlicer{"a"}},
-			[]interface{}{"a", "b", &tstSlicer{"a"}},
+			[]any{&tstSlicer{"a"}},
+			[]any{"a", "b", &tstSlicer{"a"}},
 		},
 		// Errors
-		{"", []interface{}{[]string{"a", "b"}}, false},
+		{"", []any{[]string{"a", "b"}}, false},
 		// No string concatenation.
 		{
 			"ab",
-			[]interface{}{"c"},
+			[]any{"c"},
 			false,
 		},
 	} {
@@ -17,5 +17,5 @@ package collections

 // Grouper defines a very generic way to group items by a given key.
 type Grouper interface {
-	Group(key interface{}, items interface{}) (interface{}, error)
+	Group(key any, items any) (any, error)
 }
@@ -15,17 +15,18 @@ package collections

 import (
 	"reflect"
+	"sort"
 )

 // Slicer defines a very generic way to create a typed slice. This is used
 // in collections.Slice template func to get types such as Pages, PageGroups etc.
 // instead of the less useful []interface{}.
 type Slicer interface {
-	Slice(items interface{}) (interface{}, error)
+	Slice(items any) (any, error)
 }

 // Slice returns a slice of all passed arguments.
-func Slice(args ...interface{}) interface{} {
+func Slice(args ...any) any {
 	if len(args) == 0 {
 		return args
 	}
@@ -66,11 +67,30 @@ func Slice(args ...interface{}) interface{} {
 }

 // StringSliceToInterfaceSlice converts ss to []interface{}.
-func StringSliceToInterfaceSlice(ss []string) []interface{} {
-	result := make([]interface{}, len(ss))
+func StringSliceToInterfaceSlice(ss []string) []any {
+	result := make([]any, len(ss))
 	for i, s := range ss {
 		result[i] = s
 	}
 	return result

 }
+
+type SortedStringSlice []string
+
+// Contains returns true if s is in ss.
+func (ss SortedStringSlice) Contains(s string) bool {
+	i := sort.SearchStrings(ss, s)
+	return i < len(ss) && ss[i] == s
+}
+
+// Count returns the number of times s is in ss.
+func (ss SortedStringSlice) Count(s string) int {
+	var count int
+	i := sort.SearchStrings(ss, s)
+	for i < len(ss) && ss[i] == s {
+		count++
+		i++
+	}
+	return count
+}
@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ type tstSlicer struct {
 	TheName string
 }

-func (p *tstSlicerIn1) Slice(in interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
-	items := in.([]interface{})
+func (p *tstSlicerIn1) Slice(in any) (any, error) {
+	items := in.([]any)
 	result := make(testSlicerInterfaces, len(items))
 	for i, v := range items {
 		switch vv := v.(type) {
@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ func (p *tstSlicerIn1) Slice(in interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
 	return result, nil
 }

-func (p *tstSlicerIn2) Slice(in interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
-	items := in.([]interface{})
+func (p *tstSlicerIn2) Slice(in any) (any, error) {
+	items := in.([]any)
 	result := make(testSlicerInterfaces, len(items))
 	for i, v := range items {
 		switch vv := v.(type) {
@@ -82,8 +82,8 @@ func (p *tstSlicerIn2) Name() string {
 	return p.TheName
 }

-func (p *tstSlicer) Slice(in interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
-	items := in.([]interface{})
+func (p *tstSlicer) Slice(in any) (any, error) {
+	items := in.([]any)
 	result := make(tstSlicers, len(items))
 	for i, v := range items {
 		switch vv := v.(type) {
@@ -103,17 +103,17 @@ func TestSlice(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)

 	for i, test := range []struct {
-		args     []interface{}
-		expected interface{}
+		args     []any
+		expected any
 	}{
-		{[]interface{}{"a", "b"}, []string{"a", "b"}},
-		{[]interface{}{&tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}}, tstSlicers{&tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}}},
-		{[]interface{}{&tstSlicer{"a"}, "b"}, []interface{}{&tstSlicer{"a"}, "b"}},
-		{[]interface{}{}, []interface{}{}},
-		{[]interface{}{nil}, []interface{}{nil}},
-		{[]interface{}{5, "b"}, []interface{}{5, "b"}},
-		{[]interface{}{&tstSlicerIn1{"a"}, &tstSlicerIn2{"b"}}, testSlicerInterfaces{&tstSlicerIn1{"a"}, &tstSlicerIn2{"b"}}},
-		{[]interface{}{&tstSlicerIn1{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}}, []interface{}{&tstSlicerIn1{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}}},
+		{[]any{"a", "b"}, []string{"a", "b"}},
+		{[]any{&tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}}, tstSlicers{&tstSlicer{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}}},
+		{[]any{&tstSlicer{"a"}, "b"}, []any{&tstSlicer{"a"}, "b"}},
+		{[]any{}, []any{}},
+		{[]any{nil}, []any{nil}},
+		{[]any{5, "b"}, []any{5, "b"}},
+		{[]any{&tstSlicerIn1{"a"}, &tstSlicerIn2{"b"}}, testSlicerInterfaces{&tstSlicerIn1{"a"}, &tstSlicerIn2{"b"}}},
+		{[]any{&tstSlicerIn1{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}}, []any{&tstSlicerIn1{"a"}, &tstSlicer{"b"}}},
 	} {
 		errMsg := qt.Commentf("[%d] %v", i, test.args)

@@ -122,3 +122,18 @@ func TestSlice(t *testing.T) {
 		c.Assert(test.expected, qt.DeepEquals, result, errMsg)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestSortedStringSlice(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	var s SortedStringSlice = []string{"a", "b", "b", "b", "c", "d"}
+
+	c.Assert(s.Contains("a"), qt.IsTrue)
+	c.Assert(s.Contains("b"), qt.IsTrue)
+	c.Assert(s.Contains("z"), qt.IsFalse)
+	c.Assert(s.Count("b"), qt.Equals, 3)
+	c.Assert(s.Count("z"), qt.Equals, 0)
+	c.Assert(s.Count("a"), qt.Equals, 1)
+
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+// Package common provides common helper functionality for Hugo.
+package common
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2022 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -16,13 +16,10 @@ package herrors

 import (
 	"io"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/text"
-
-	"github.com/spf13/afero"
 )

 // LineMatcher contains the elements used to match an error to a line
@@ -36,14 +33,33 @@ type LineMatcher struct {
 }

 // LineMatcherFn is used to match a line with an error.
-type LineMatcherFn func(m LineMatcher) bool
+// It returns the column number or 0 if the line was found, but column could not be determinde. Returns -1 if no line match.
+type LineMatcherFn func(m LineMatcher) int

 // SimpleLineMatcher simply matches by line number.
-var SimpleLineMatcher = func(m LineMatcher) bool {
-	return m.Position.LineNumber == m.LineNumber
+var SimpleLineMatcher = func(m LineMatcher) int {
+	if m.Position.LineNumber == m.LineNumber {
+		// We found the line, but don't know the column.
+		return 0
+	}
+	return -1
 }

-var _ text.Positioner = ErrorContext{}
+// NopLineMatcher is a matcher that always returns 1.
+// This will effectively give line 1, column 1.
+var NopLineMatcher = func(m LineMatcher) int {
+	return 1
+}
+
+// OffsetMatcher is a line matcher that matches by offset.
+var OffsetMatcher = func(m LineMatcher) int {
+	if m.Offset+len(m.Line) >= m.Position.Offset {
+		// We found the line, but return 0 to signal that we want to determine
+		// the column from the error.
+		return 0
+	}
+	return -1
+}

 // ErrorContext contains contextual information about an error. This will
 // typically be the lines surrounding some problem in a file.
@@ -56,125 +72,15 @@ type ErrorContext struct {
 	// The position of the error in the Lines above. 0 based.
 	LinesPos int

-	position text.Position
+	// The position of the content in the file. Note that this may be different from the error's position set
+	// in FileError.
+	Position text.Position

 	// The lexer to use for syntax highlighting.
 	// https://gohugo.io/content-management/syntax-highlighting/#list-of-chroma-highlighting-languages
 	ChromaLexer string
 }

-// Position returns the text position of this error.
-func (e ErrorContext) Position() text.Position {
-	return e.position
-}
-
-var _ causer = (*ErrorWithFileContext)(nil)
-
-// ErrorWithFileContext is an error with some additional file context related
-// to that error.
-type ErrorWithFileContext struct {
-	cause error
-	ErrorContext
-}
-
-func (e *ErrorWithFileContext) Error() string {
-	pos := e.Position()
-	if pos.IsValid() {
-		return pos.String() + ": " + e.cause.Error()
-	}
-	return e.cause.Error()
-}
-
-func (e *ErrorWithFileContext) Cause() error {
-	return e.cause
-}
-
-// WithFileContextForFile will try to add a file context with lines matching the given matcher.
-// If no match could be found, the original error is returned with false as the second return value.
-func WithFileContextForFile(e error, realFilename, filename string, fs afero.Fs, matcher LineMatcherFn) (error, bool) {
-	f, err := fs.Open(filename)
-	if err != nil {
-		return e, false
-	}
-	defer f.Close()
-	return WithFileContext(e, realFilename, f, matcher)
-}
-
-// WithFileContextForFileDefault tries to add file context using the default line matcher.
-func WithFileContextForFileDefault(err error, filename string, fs afero.Fs) error {
-	err, _ = WithFileContextForFile(
-		err,
-		filename,
-		filename,
-		fs,
-		SimpleLineMatcher)
-	return err
-}
-
-// WithFileContextForFile will try to add a file context with lines matching the given matcher.
-// If no match could be found, the original error is returned with false as the second return value.
-func WithFileContext(e error, realFilename string, r io.Reader, matcher LineMatcherFn) (error, bool) {
-	if e == nil {
-		panic("error missing")
-	}
-	le := UnwrapFileError(e)
-
-	if le == nil {
-		var ok bool
-		if le, ok = ToFileError("", e).(FileError); !ok {
-			return e, false
-		}
-	}
-
-	var errCtx ErrorContext
-
-	posle := le.Position()
-
-	if posle.Offset != -1 {
-		errCtx = locateError(r, le, func(m LineMatcher) bool {
-			if posle.Offset >= m.Offset && posle.Offset < m.Offset+len(m.Line) {
-				lno := posle.LineNumber - m.Position.LineNumber + m.LineNumber
-				m.Position = text.Position{LineNumber: lno}
-			}
-			return matcher(m)
-		})
-	} else {
-		errCtx = locateError(r, le, matcher)
-	}
-
-	pos := &errCtx.position
-
-	if pos.LineNumber == -1 {
-		return e, false
-	}
-
-	pos.Filename = realFilename
-
-	if le.Type() != "" {
-		errCtx.ChromaLexer = chromaLexerFromType(le.Type())
-	} else {
-		errCtx.ChromaLexer = chromaLexerFromFilename(realFilename)
-	}
-
-	return &ErrorWithFileContext{cause: e, ErrorContext: errCtx}, true
-}
-
-// UnwrapErrorWithFileContext tries to unwrap an ErrorWithFileContext from err.
-// It returns nil if this is not possible.
-func UnwrapErrorWithFileContext(err error) *ErrorWithFileContext {
-	for err != nil {
-		switch v := err.(type) {
-		case *ErrorWithFileContext:
-			return v
-		case causer:
-			err = v.Cause()
-		default:
-			return nil
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
 func chromaLexerFromType(fileType string) string {
 	switch fileType {
 	case "html", "htm":
@@ -196,31 +102,24 @@ func chromaLexerFromFilename(filename string) string {
 	return chromaLexerFromType(ext)
 }

-func locateErrorInString(src string, matcher LineMatcherFn) ErrorContext {
+func locateErrorInString(src string, matcher LineMatcherFn) *ErrorContext {
 	return locateError(strings.NewReader(src), &fileError{}, matcher)
 }

-func locateError(r io.Reader, le FileError, matches LineMatcherFn) ErrorContext {
+func locateError(r io.Reader, le FileError, matches LineMatcherFn) *ErrorContext {
 	if le == nil {
 		panic("must provide an error")
 	}

-	errCtx := ErrorContext{position: text.Position{LineNumber: -1, ColumnNumber: 1, Offset: -1}, LinesPos: -1}
+	ectx := &ErrorContext{LinesPos: -1, Position: text.Position{Offset: -1}}

-	b, err := ioutil.ReadAll(r)
+	b, err := io.ReadAll(r)
 	if err != nil {
-		return errCtx
+		return ectx
 	}

-	pos := &errCtx.position
-	lepos := le.Position()
-
 	lines := strings.Split(string(b), "\n")

-	if lepos.ColumnNumber >= 0 {
-		pos.ColumnNumber = lepos.ColumnNumber
-	}
-
 	lineNo := 0
 	posBytes := 0

@@ -233,34 +132,36 @@ func locateError(r io.Reader, le FileError, matches LineMatcherFn) ErrorContext
 			Offset:     posBytes,
 			Line:       line,
 		}
-		if errCtx.LinesPos == -1 && matches(m) {
-			pos.LineNumber = lineNo
+		v := matches(m)
+		if ectx.LinesPos == -1 && v != -1 {
+			ectx.Position.LineNumber = lineNo
+			ectx.Position.ColumnNumber = v
 			break
 		}

 		posBytes += len(line)
 	}

-	if pos.LineNumber != -1 {
-		low := pos.LineNumber - 3
+	if ectx.Position.LineNumber > 0 {
+		low := ectx.Position.LineNumber - 3
 		if low < 0 {
 			low = 0
 		}

-		if pos.LineNumber > 2 {
-			errCtx.LinesPos = 2
+		if ectx.Position.LineNumber > 2 {
+			ectx.LinesPos = 2
 		} else {
-			errCtx.LinesPos = pos.LineNumber - 1
+			ectx.LinesPos = ectx.Position.LineNumber - 1
 		}

-		high := pos.LineNumber + 2
+		high := ectx.Position.LineNumber + 2
 		if high > len(lines) {
 			high = len(lines)
 		}

-		errCtx.Lines = lines[low:high]
+		ectx.Lines = lines[low:high]

 	}

-	return errCtx
+	return ectx
 }
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2022 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -24,8 +24,11 @@ import (
 func TestErrorLocator(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)

-	lineMatcher := func(m LineMatcher) bool {
-		return strings.Contains(m.Line, "THEONE")
+	lineMatcher := func(m LineMatcher) int {
+		if strings.Contains(m.Line, "THEONE") {
+			return 1
+		}
+		return -1
 	}

 	lines := `LINE 1
@@ -39,35 +42,41 @@ LINE 8
 `

 	location := locateErrorInString(lines, lineMatcher)
+	pos := location.Position
 	c.Assert(location.Lines, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"LINE 3", "LINE 4", "This is THEONE", "LINE 6", "LINE 7"})

-	pos := location.Position()
 	c.Assert(pos.LineNumber, qt.Equals, 5)
 	c.Assert(location.LinesPos, qt.Equals, 2)

-	c.Assert(locateErrorInString(`This is THEONE`, lineMatcher).Lines, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"This is THEONE"})
+	locate := func(s string, m LineMatcherFn) *ErrorContext {
+		ctx := locateErrorInString(s, m)
+		return ctx
+	}
+
+	c.Assert(locate(`This is THEONE`, lineMatcher).Lines, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"This is THEONE"})

 	location = locateErrorInString(`L1
 This is THEONE
 L2
 `, lineMatcher)
-	c.Assert(location.Position().LineNumber, qt.Equals, 2)
+	pos = location.Position
+	c.Assert(pos.LineNumber, qt.Equals, 2)
 	c.Assert(location.LinesPos, qt.Equals, 1)
 	c.Assert(location.Lines, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"L1", "This is THEONE", "L2", ""})

-	location = locateErrorInString(`This is THEONE
+	location = locate(`This is THEONE
 L2
 `, lineMatcher)
 	c.Assert(location.LinesPos, qt.Equals, 0)
 	c.Assert(location.Lines, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"This is THEONE", "L2", ""})

-	location = locateErrorInString(`L1
+	location = locate(`L1
 This THEONE
 `, lineMatcher)
 	c.Assert(location.Lines, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"L1", "This THEONE", ""})
 	c.Assert(location.LinesPos, qt.Equals, 1)

-	location = locateErrorInString(`L1
+	location = locate(`L1
 L2
 This THEONE
 `, lineMatcher)
@@ -75,12 +84,16 @@ This THEONE
 	c.Assert(location.LinesPos, qt.Equals, 2)

 	location = locateErrorInString("NO MATCH", lineMatcher)
-	c.Assert(location.Position().LineNumber, qt.Equals, -1)
+	pos = location.Position
+	c.Assert(pos.LineNumber, qt.Equals, 0)
 	c.Assert(location.LinesPos, qt.Equals, -1)
 	c.Assert(len(location.Lines), qt.Equals, 0)

-	lineMatcher = func(m LineMatcher) bool {
-		return m.LineNumber == 6
+	lineMatcher = func(m LineMatcher) int {
+		if m.LineNumber == 6 {
+			return 1
+		}
+		return -1
 	}

 	location = locateErrorInString(`A
@@ -93,14 +106,18 @@ G
 H
 I
 J`, lineMatcher)
+	pos = location.Position

 	c.Assert(location.Lines, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"D", "E", "F", "G", "H"})
-	c.Assert(location.Position().LineNumber, qt.Equals, 6)
+	c.Assert(pos.LineNumber, qt.Equals, 6)
 	c.Assert(location.LinesPos, qt.Equals, 2)

 	// Test match EOF
-	lineMatcher = func(m LineMatcher) bool {
-		return m.LineNumber == 4
+	lineMatcher = func(m LineMatcher) int {
+		if m.LineNumber == 4 {
+			return 1
+		}
+		return -1
 	}

 	location = locateErrorInString(`A
@@ -108,12 +125,17 @@ B
 C
 `, lineMatcher)

+	pos = location.Position
+
 	c.Assert(location.Lines, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"B", "C", ""})
-	c.Assert(location.Position().LineNumber, qt.Equals, 4)
+	c.Assert(pos.LineNumber, qt.Equals, 4)
 	c.Assert(location.LinesPos, qt.Equals, 2)

-	offsetMatcher := func(m LineMatcher) bool {
-		return m.Offset == 1
+	offsetMatcher := func(m LineMatcher) int {
+		if m.Offset == 1 {
+			return 1
+		}
+		return -1
 	}

 	location = locateErrorInString(`A
@@ -122,7 +144,9 @@ C
 D
 E`, offsetMatcher)

+	pos = location.Position
+
 	c.Assert(location.Lines, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"A", "B", "C", "D"})
-	c.Assert(location.Position().LineNumber, qt.Equals, 2)
+	c.Assert(pos.LineNumber, qt.Equals, 2)
 	c.Assert(location.LinesPos, qt.Equals, 1)
 }
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2022 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -23,33 +23,8 @@ import (
 	"runtime"
 	"runtime/debug"
 	"strconv"
-
-	_errors "github.com/pkg/errors"
 )

-// As defined in https://godoc.org/github.com/pkg/errors
-type causer interface {
-	Cause() error
-}
-
-type stackTracer interface {
-	StackTrace() _errors.StackTrace
-}
-
-// PrintStackTraceFromErr prints the error's stack trace to stdoud.
-func PrintStackTraceFromErr(err error) {
-	FprintStackTraceFromErr(os.Stdout, err)
-}
-
-// FprintStackTraceFromErr prints the error's stack trace to w.
-func FprintStackTraceFromErr(w io.Writer, err error) {
-	if err, ok := err.(stackTracer); ok {
-		for _, f := range err.StackTrace() {
-			fmt.Fprintf(w, "%+s:%d\n", f, f)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
 // PrintStackTrace prints the current stacktrace to w.
 func PrintStackTrace(w io.Writer) {
 	buf := make([]byte, 1<<16)
@@ -64,8 +39,9 @@ type ErrorSender interface {

 // Recover is a helper function that can be used to capture panics.
 // Put this at the top of a method/function that crashes in a template:
-//     defer herrors.Recover()
-func Recover(args ...interface{}) {
+//
+//	defer herrors.Recover()
+func Recover(args ...any) {
 	if r := recover(); r != nil {
 		fmt.Println("ERR:", r)
 		args = append(args, "stacktrace from panic: \n"+string(debug.Stack()), "\n")
@@ -95,3 +71,18 @@ func Must(err error) {
 		panic(err)
 	}
 }
+
+// IsNotExist returns true if the error is a file not found error.
+// Unlike os.IsNotExist, this also considers wrapped errors.
+func IsNotExist(err error) bool {
+	if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	// os.IsNotExist does not consider wrapped errors.
+	if os.IsNotExist(errors.Unwrap(err)) {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	return false
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package herrors
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+
+	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+	"github.com/spf13/afero"
+)
+
+func TestIsNotExist(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	c.Assert(IsNotExist(afero.ErrFileNotFound), qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(IsNotExist(afero.ErrFileExists), qt.Equals, false)
+	c.Assert(IsNotExist(afero.ErrDestinationExists), qt.Equals, false)
+	c.Assert(IsNotExist(nil), qt.Equals, false)
+
+	c.Assert(IsNotExist(fmt.Errorf("foo")), qt.Equals, false)
+
+	// os.IsNotExist returns false for wrapped errors.
+	c.Assert(IsNotExist(fmt.Errorf("foo: %w", afero.ErrFileNotFound)), qt.Equals, true)
+}
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2022 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 // You may obtain a copy of the License at
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 //
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// Unless required by applicable lfmtaw or agreed to in writing, software
 // distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 // WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
@@ -15,61 +15,306 @@ package herrors

 import (
 	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"path/filepath"

+	"github.com/bep/godartsass"
+	"github.com/bep/golibsass/libsass/libsasserrors"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/paths"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/text"
+	"github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2"
+	"github.com/spf13/afero"
+	"github.com/tdewolff/parse/v2"

-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"errors"
 )

-var _ causer = (*fileError)(nil)
-
 // FileError represents an error when handling a file: Parsing a config file,
 // execute a template etc.
 type FileError interface {
 	error

+	// ErroContext holds some context information about the error.
+	ErrorContext() *ErrorContext
+
 	text.Positioner

-	// A string identifying the type of file, e.g. JSON, TOML, markdown etc.
-	Type() string
+	// UpdatePosition updates the position of the error.
+	UpdatePosition(pos text.Position) FileError
+
+	// UpdateContent updates the error with a new ErrorContext from the content of the file.
+	UpdateContent(r io.Reader, linematcher LineMatcherFn) FileError
 }

-var _ FileError = (*fileError)(nil)
+// Unwrapper can unwrap errors created with fmt.Errorf.
+type Unwrapper interface {
+	Unwrap() error
+}
+
+var (
+	_ FileError = (*fileError)(nil)
+	_ Unwrapper = (*fileError)(nil)
+)
+
+func (fe *fileError) UpdatePosition(pos text.Position) FileError {
+	oldFilename := fe.Position().Filename
+	if pos.Filename != "" && fe.fileType == "" {
+		_, fe.fileType = paths.FileAndExtNoDelimiter(filepath.Clean(pos.Filename))
+	}
+	if pos.Filename == "" {
+		pos.Filename = oldFilename
+	}
+	fe.position = pos
+	return fe
+}
+
+func (fe *fileError) UpdateContent(r io.Reader, linematcher LineMatcherFn) FileError {
+	if linematcher == nil {
+		linematcher = SimpleLineMatcher
+	}
+
+	var (
+		posle = fe.position
+		ectx  *ErrorContext
+	)
+
+	if posle.LineNumber <= 1 && posle.Offset > 0 {
+		// Try to locate the line number from the content if offset is set.
+		ectx = locateError(r, fe, func(m LineMatcher) int {
+			if posle.Offset >= m.Offset && posle.Offset < m.Offset+len(m.Line) {
+				lno := posle.LineNumber - m.Position.LineNumber + m.LineNumber
+				m.Position = text.Position{LineNumber: lno}
+				return linematcher(m)
+			}
+			return -1
+		})
+	} else {
+		ectx = locateError(r, fe, linematcher)
+	}
+
+	if ectx.ChromaLexer == "" {
+		if fe.fileType != "" {
+			ectx.ChromaLexer = chromaLexerFromType(fe.fileType)
+		} else {
+			ectx.ChromaLexer = chromaLexerFromFilename(fe.Position().Filename)
+		}
+	}
+
+	fe.errorContext = ectx
+
+	if ectx.Position.LineNumber > 0 {
+		fe.position.LineNumber = ectx.Position.LineNumber
+	}
+
+	if ectx.Position.ColumnNumber > 0 {
+		fe.position.ColumnNumber = ectx.Position.ColumnNumber
+	}
+
+	return fe
+
+}

 type fileError struct {
-	position text.Position
+	position     text.Position
+	errorContext *ErrorContext

 	fileType string

 	cause error
 }

+func (e *fileError) ErrorContext() *ErrorContext {
+	return e.errorContext
+}
+
 // Position returns the text position of this error.
 func (e fileError) Position() text.Position {
 	return e.position
 }

-func (e *fileError) Type() string {
-	return e.fileType
+func (e *fileError) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s: %s", e.position, e.causeString())
 }

-func (e *fileError) Error() string {
+func (e *fileError) causeString() string {
 	if e.cause == nil {
 		return ""
 	}
-	return e.cause.Error()
+	switch v := e.cause.(type) {
+	// Avoid repeating the file info in the error message.
+	case godartsass.SassError:
+		return v.Message
+	case libsasserrors.Error:
+		return v.Message
+	default:
+		return v.Error()
+	}
 }

-func (f *fileError) Cause() error {
-	return f.cause
+func (e *fileError) Unwrap() error {
+	return e.cause
 }

-// NewFileError creates a new FileError.
-func NewFileError(fileType string, offset, lineNumber, columnNumber int, err error) FileError {
-	pos := text.Position{Offset: offset, LineNumber: lineNumber, ColumnNumber: columnNumber}
+// NewFileError creates a new FileError that wraps err.
+// It will try to extract the filename and line number from err.
+func NewFileError(err error) FileError {
+	// Filetype is used to determine the Chroma lexer to use.
+	fileType, pos := extractFileTypePos(err)
 	return &fileError{cause: err, fileType: fileType, position: pos}
 }

+// NewFileErrorFromName creates a new FileError that wraps err.
+// The value for name should identify the file, the best
+// being the full filename to the file on disk.
+func NewFileErrorFromName(err error, name string) FileError {
+	// Filetype is used to determine the Chroma lexer to use.
+	fileType, pos := extractFileTypePos(err)
+	pos.Filename = name
+	if fileType == "" {
+		_, fileType = paths.FileAndExtNoDelimiter(filepath.Clean(name))
+	}
+
+	return &fileError{cause: err, fileType: fileType, position: pos}
+
+}
+
+// NewFileErrorFromPos will use the filename and line number from pos to create a new FileError, wrapping err.
+func NewFileErrorFromPos(err error, pos text.Position) FileError {
+	// Filetype is used to determine the Chroma lexer to use.
+	fileType, _ := extractFileTypePos(err)
+	if fileType == "" {
+		_, fileType = paths.FileAndExtNoDelimiter(filepath.Clean(pos.Filename))
+	}
+	return &fileError{cause: err, fileType: fileType, position: pos}
+
+}
+
+func NewFileErrorFromFileInErr(err error, fs afero.Fs, linematcher LineMatcherFn) FileError {
+	fe := NewFileError(err)
+	pos := fe.Position()
+	if pos.Filename == "" {
+		return fe
+	}
+
+	f, realFilename, err2 := openFile(pos.Filename, fs)
+	if err2 != nil {
+		return fe
+	}
+
+	pos.Filename = realFilename
+	defer f.Close()
+	return fe.UpdateContent(f, linematcher)
+}
+
+func NewFileErrorFromFileInPos(err error, pos text.Position, fs afero.Fs, linematcher LineMatcherFn) FileError {
+	if err == nil {
+		panic("err is nil")
+	}
+	f, realFilename, err2 := openFile(pos.Filename, fs)
+	if err2 != nil {
+		return NewFileErrorFromPos(err, pos)
+	}
+	pos.Filename = realFilename
+	defer f.Close()
+	return NewFileErrorFromPos(err, pos).UpdateContent(f, linematcher)
+}
+
+// NewFileErrorFromFile is a convenience method to create a new FileError from a file.
+func NewFileErrorFromFile(err error, filename string, fs afero.Fs, linematcher LineMatcherFn) FileError {
+	if err == nil {
+		panic("err is nil")
+	}
+	f, realFilename, err2 := openFile(filename, fs)
+	if err2 != nil {
+		return NewFileErrorFromName(err, realFilename)
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+	return NewFileErrorFromName(err, realFilename).UpdateContent(f, linematcher)
+}
+
+func openFile(filename string, fs afero.Fs) (afero.File, string, error) {
+	realFilename := filename
+
+	// We want the most specific filename possible in the error message.
+	fi, err2 := fs.Stat(filename)
+	if err2 == nil {
+		if s, ok := fi.(interface {
+			Filename() string
+		}); ok {
+			realFilename = s.Filename()
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	f, err2 := fs.Open(filename)
+	if err2 != nil {
+		return nil, realFilename, err2
+	}
+
+	return f, realFilename, nil
+}
+
+// Cause returns the underlying error or itself if it does not implement Unwrap.
+func Cause(err error) error {
+	if u := errors.Unwrap(err); u != nil {
+		return u
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+func extractFileTypePos(err error) (string, text.Position) {
+	err = Cause(err)
+
+	var fileType string
+
+	// LibSass, DartSass
+	if pos := extractPosition(err); pos.LineNumber > 0 || pos.Offset > 0 {
+		_, fileType = paths.FileAndExtNoDelimiter(pos.Filename)
+		return fileType, pos
+	}
+
+	// Default to line 1 col 1 if we don't find any better.
+	pos := text.Position{
+		Offset:       -1,
+		LineNumber:   1,
+		ColumnNumber: 1,
+	}
+
+	// JSON errors.
+	offset, typ := extractOffsetAndType(err)
+	if fileType == "" {
+		fileType = typ
+	}
+
+	if offset >= 0 {
+		pos.Offset = offset
+	}
+
+	// The error type from the minifier contains line number and column number.
+	if line, col := exctractLineNumberAndColumnNumber(err); line >= 0 {
+		pos.LineNumber = line
+		pos.ColumnNumber = col
+		return fileType, pos
+	}
+
+	// Look in the error message for the line number.
+	for _, handle := range lineNumberExtractors {
+		lno, col := handle(err)
+		if lno > 0 {
+			pos.ColumnNumber = col
+			pos.LineNumber = lno
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	if fileType == "" && pos.Filename != "" {
+		_, fileType = paths.FileAndExtNoDelimiter(pos.Filename)
+	}
+
+	return fileType, pos
+}
+
 // UnwrapFileError tries to unwrap a FileError from err.
 // It returns nil if this is not possible.
 func UnwrapFileError(err error) FileError {
@@ -77,49 +322,38 @@ func UnwrapFileError(err error) FileError {
 		switch v := err.(type) {
 		case FileError:
 			return v
-		case causer:
-			err = v.Cause()
 		default:
-			return nil
+			err = errors.Unwrap(err)
 		}
 	}
 	return nil
 }

-// ToFileErrorWithOffset will return a new FileError with a line number
-// with the given offset from the original.
-func ToFileErrorWithOffset(fe FileError, offset int) FileError {
-	pos := fe.Position()
-	return ToFileErrorWithLineNumber(fe, pos.LineNumber+offset)
-}
-
-// ToFileErrorWithOffset will return a new FileError with the given line number.
-func ToFileErrorWithLineNumber(fe FileError, lineNumber int) FileError {
-	pos := fe.Position()
-	pos.LineNumber = lineNumber
-	return &fileError{cause: fe, fileType: fe.Type(), position: pos}
-}
-
-// ToFileError will convert the given error to an error supporting
-// the FileError interface.
-func ToFileError(fileType string, err error) FileError {
-	for _, handle := range lineNumberExtractors {
-		lno, col := handle(err)
-		offset, typ := extractOffsetAndType(err)
-		if fileType == "" {
-			fileType = typ
-		}
-
-		if lno > 0 || offset != -1 {
-			return NewFileError(fileType, offset, lno, col, err)
+// UnwrapFileErrors tries to unwrap all FileError.
+func UnwrapFileErrors(err error) []FileError {
+	var errs []FileError
+	for err != nil {
+		if v, ok := err.(FileError); ok {
+			errs = append(errs, v)
 		}
+		err = errors.Unwrap(err)
 	}
-	// Fall back to the pointing to line number 1.
-	return NewFileError(fileType, -1, 1, 1, err)
+	return errs
+}
+
+// UnwrapFileErrorsWithErrorContext tries to unwrap all FileError in err that has an ErrorContext.
+func UnwrapFileErrorsWithErrorContext(err error) []FileError {
+	var errs []FileError
+	for err != nil {
+		if v, ok := err.(FileError); ok && v.ErrorContext() != nil {
+			errs = append(errs, v)
+		}
+		err = errors.Unwrap(err)
+	}
+	return errs
 }

 func extractOffsetAndType(e error) (int, string) {
-	e = errors.Cause(e)
 	switch v := e.(type) {
 	case *json.UnmarshalTypeError:
 		return int(v.Offset), "json"
@@ -129,3 +363,32 @@ func extractOffsetAndType(e error) (int, string) {
 		return -1, ""
 	}
 }
+
+func exctractLineNumberAndColumnNumber(e error) (int, int) {
+	switch v := e.(type) {
+	case *parse.Error:
+		return v.Line, v.Column
+	case *toml.DecodeError:
+		return v.Position()
+
+	}
+
+	return -1, -1
+}
+
+func extractPosition(e error) (pos text.Position) {
+	switch v := e.(type) {
+	case godartsass.SassError:
+		span := v.Span
+		start := span.Start
+		filename, _ := paths.UrlToFilename(span.Url)
+		pos.Filename = filename
+		pos.Offset = start.Offset
+		pos.ColumnNumber = start.Column
+	case libsasserrors.Error:
+		pos.Filename = v.File
+		pos.LineNumber = v.Line
+		pos.ColumnNumber = v.Column
+	}
+	return
+}
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2022 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -14,14 +14,44 @@
 package herrors

 import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"

-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"errors"
+
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/text"

 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
 )

-func TestToLineNumberError(t *testing.T) {
+func TestNewFileError(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	fe := NewFileErrorFromName(errors.New("bar"), "foo.html")
+	c.Assert(fe.Error(), qt.Equals, `"foo.html:1:1": bar`)
+
+	lines := ""
+	for i := 1; i <= 100; i++ {
+		lines += fmt.Sprintf("line %d\n", i)
+	}
+
+	fe.UpdatePosition(text.Position{LineNumber: 32, ColumnNumber: 2})
+	c.Assert(fe.Error(), qt.Equals, `"foo.html:32:2": bar`)
+	fe.UpdatePosition(text.Position{LineNumber: 0, ColumnNumber: 0, Offset: 212})
+	fe.UpdateContent(strings.NewReader(lines), nil)
+	c.Assert(fe.Error(), qt.Equals, `"foo.html:32:0": bar`)
+	errorContext := fe.ErrorContext()
+	c.Assert(errorContext, qt.IsNotNil)
+	c.Assert(errorContext.Lines, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"line 30", "line 31", "line 32", "line 33", "line 34"})
+	c.Assert(errorContext.LinesPos, qt.Equals, 2)
+	c.Assert(errorContext.ChromaLexer, qt.Equals, "go-html-template")
+
+}
+
+func TestNewFileErrorExtractFromMessage(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()

 	c := qt.New(t)
@@ -37,18 +67,16 @@ func TestToLineNumberError(t *testing.T) {
 		{errors.New("parse failed: template: _default/bundle-resource-meta.html:11: unexpected in operand"), 0, 11, 1},
 		{errors.New(`failed:: template: _default/bundle-resource-meta.html:2:7: executing "main" at <.Titles>`), 0, 2, 7},
 		{errors.New(`failed to load translations: (6, 7): was expecting token =, but got "g" instead`), 0, 6, 7},
+		{errors.New(`execute of template failed: template: index.html:2:5: executing "index.html" at <partial "foo.html" .>: error calling partial: "/layouts/partials/foo.html:3:6": execute of template failed: template: partials/foo.html:3:6: executing "partials/foo.html" at <.ThisDoesNotExist>: can't evaluate field ThisDoesNotExist in type *hugolib.pageStat`), 0, 2, 5},
 	} {

-		got := ToFileError("template", test.in)
+		got := NewFileErrorFromName(test.in, "test.txt")

 		errMsg := qt.Commentf("[%d][%T]", i, got)
-		le, ok := got.(FileError)
-		c.Assert(ok, qt.Equals, true)

-		c.Assert(ok, qt.Equals, true, errMsg)
-		pos := le.Position()
+		pos := got.Position()
 		c.Assert(pos.LineNumber, qt.Equals, test.lineNumber, errMsg)
 		c.Assert(pos.ColumnNumber, qt.Equals, test.columnNumber, errMsg)
-		c.Assert(errors.Cause(got), qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
+		c.Assert(errors.Unwrap(got), qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
 	}
 }
@@ -16,36 +16,22 @@ package herrors
 import (
 	"regexp"
 	"strconv"
-
-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
-
-	"github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2"
 )

 var lineNumberExtractors = []lineNumberExtractor{
 	// Template/shortcode parse errors
-	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp(".*:(\\d+):(\\d*):"),
-	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp(".*:(\\d+):"),
+	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp(`:(\d+):(\d*):`),
+	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp(`:(\d+):`),

-	// TOML parse errors
-	tomlLineNumberExtractor,
 	// YAML parse errors
-	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp("line (\\d+):"),
+	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp(`line (\d+):`),

 	// i18n bundle errors
-	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp("\\((\\d+),\\s(\\d*)"),
+	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp(`\((\d+),\s(\d*)`),
 }

 type lineNumberExtractor func(e error) (int, int)

-var tomlLineNumberExtractor = func(e error) (int, int) {
-	e = errors.Cause(e)
-	if terr, ok := e.(*toml.DecodeError); ok {
-		return terr.Position()
-	}
-	return -1, -1
-}
-
 func newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp(expression string) lineNumberExtractor {
 	re := regexp.MustCompile(expression)
 	return extractLineNo(re)
@@ -72,6 +58,6 @@ func extractLineNo(re *regexp.Regexp) lineNumberExtractor {
 			return lno, col
 		}

-		return -1, col
+		return 0, col
 	}
 }
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ type Exec struct {

 // New will fail if name is not allowed according to the configured security policy.
 // Else a configured Runner will be returned ready to be Run.
-func (e *Exec) New(name string, arg ...interface{}) (Runner, error) {
+func (e *Exec) New(name string, arg ...any) (Runner, error) {
 	if err := e.sc.CheckAllowedExec(name); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -146,8 +146,8 @@ func (e *Exec) New(name string, arg ...interface{}) (Runner, error) {
 }

 // Npx is a convenience method to create a Runner running npx --no-install <name> <args.
-func (e *Exec) Npx(name string, arg ...interface{}) (Runner, error) {
-	arg = append(arg[:0], append([]interface{}{"--no-install", name}, arg[0:]...)...)
+func (e *Exec) Npx(name string, arg ...any) (Runner, error) {
+	arg = append(arg[:0], append([]any{"--no-install", name}, arg[0:]...)...)
 	return e.New("npx", arg...)
 }

@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ type commandeer struct {
 	env  []string
 }

-func (c *commandeer) command(arg ...interface{}) (*cmdWrapper, error) {
+func (c *commandeer) command(arg ...any) (*cmdWrapper, error) {
 	if c == nil {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
@@ -20,7 +20,9 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"reflect"
 	"sync"
+	"time"

+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/htime"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/types"
 )

@@ -62,7 +64,7 @@ func IsFloat(kind reflect.Kind) bool {

 // IsTruthful returns whether in represents a truthful value.
 // See IsTruthfulValue
-func IsTruthful(in interface{}) bool {
+func IsTruthful(in any) bool {
 	switch v := in.(type) {
 	case reflect.Value:
 		return IsTruthfulValue(v)
@@ -128,7 +130,7 @@ type methods struct {

 var methodCache = &methods{cache: make(map[methodKey]int)}

-// GetMethodByName is the samve as reflect.Value.MethodByName, but it caches the
+// GetMethodByName is the same as reflect.Value.MethodByName, but it caches the
 // type lookup.
 func GetMethodByName(v reflect.Value, name string) reflect.Value {
 	index := GetMethodIndexByName(v.Type(), name)
@@ -168,6 +170,61 @@ func GetMethodIndexByName(tp reflect.Type, name string) int {
 	return m.Index
 }

+var (
+	timeType           = reflect.TypeOf((*time.Time)(nil)).Elem()
+	asTimeProviderType = reflect.TypeOf((*htime.AsTimeProvider)(nil)).Elem()
+)
+
+// IsTime returns whether tp is a time.Time type or if it can be converted into one
+// in ToTime.
+func IsTime(tp reflect.Type) bool {
+	if tp == timeType {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	if tp.Implements(asTimeProviderType) {
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// AsTime returns v as a time.Time if possible.
+// The given location is only used if the value implements AsTimeProvider (e.g. go-toml local).
+// A zero Time and false is returned if this isn't possible.
+// Note that this function does not accept string dates.
+func AsTime(v reflect.Value, loc *time.Location) (time.Time, bool) {
+	if v.Kind() == reflect.Interface {
+		return AsTime(v.Elem(), loc)
+	}
+
+	if v.Type() == timeType {
+		return v.Interface().(time.Time), true
+	}
+
+	if v.Type().Implements(asTimeProviderType) {
+		return v.Interface().(htime.AsTimeProvider).AsTime(loc), true
+	}
+
+	return time.Time{}, false
+}
+
+func CallMethodByName(cxt context.Context, name string, v reflect.Value) []reflect.Value {
+	fn := v.MethodByName(name)
+	var args []reflect.Value
+	tp := fn.Type()
+	if tp.NumIn() > 0 {
+		if tp.NumIn() > 1 {
+			panic("not supported")
+		}
+		first := tp.In(0)
+		if first.Implements(ContextInterface) {
+			args = append(args, reflect.ValueOf(cxt))
+		}
+	}
+
+	return fn.Call(args)
+}
+
 // Based on: https://github.com/golang/go/blob/178a2c42254166cffed1b25fb1d3c7a5727cada6/src/text/template/exec.go#L931
 func indirectInterface(v reflect.Value) reflect.Value {
 	if v.Kind() != reflect.Interface {
@@ -17,10 +17,9 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"

+	"github.com/bep/clock"
 	"github.com/spf13/cast"

-	toml "github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2"
-
 	"github.com/gohugoio/locales"
 )

@@ -74,6 +73,8 @@ var (
 		"November",
 		"December",
 	}
+
+	Clock = clock.System()
 )

 func NewTimeFormatter(ltr locales.Translator) TimeFormatter {
@@ -134,17 +135,31 @@ func (f TimeFormatter) Format(t time.Time, layout string) string {
 	return s
 }

-func ToTimeInDefaultLocationE(i interface{}, location *time.Location) (tim time.Time, err error) {
+func ToTimeInDefaultLocationE(i any, location *time.Location) (tim time.Time, err error) {
 	switch vv := i.(type) {
-	case toml.LocalDate:
-		return vv.AsTime(location), nil
-	case toml.LocalDateTime:
+	case AsTimeProvider:
 		return vv.AsTime(location), nil
 	// issue #8895
 	// datetimes parsed by `go-toml` have empty zone name
 	// convert back them into string and use `cast`
+	// TODO(bep) add tests, make sure we really need this.
 	case time.Time:
 		i = vv.Format(time.RFC3339)
 	}
 	return cast.ToTimeInDefaultLocationE(i, location)
 }
+
+// Now returns time.Now() or time value based on the `clock` flag.
+// Use this function to fake time inside hugo.
+func Now() time.Time {
+	return Clock.Now()
+}
+
+func Since(t time.Time) time.Duration {
+	return Clock.Since(t)
+}
+
+// AsTimeProvider is implemented by go-toml's LocalDate and LocalDateTime.
+type AsTimeProvider interface {
+	AsTime(zone *time.Location) time.Time
+}
@@ -14,13 +14,10 @@
 package hugio

 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"io/ioutil"
-	"os"
 	"path/filepath"

-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
-
 	"github.com/spf13/afero"
 )

@@ -54,13 +51,13 @@ func CopyFile(fs afero.Fs, from, to string) error {

 // CopyDir copies a directory.
 func CopyDir(fs afero.Fs, from, to string, shouldCopy func(filename string) bool) error {
-	fi, err := os.Stat(from)
+	fi, err := fs.Stat(from)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

 	if !fi.IsDir() {
-		return errors.Errorf("%q is not a directory", from)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%q is not a directory", from)
 	}

 	err = fs.MkdirAll(to, 0777) // before umask
@@ -68,7 +65,7 @@ func CopyDir(fs afero.Fs, from, to string, shouldCopy func(filename string) bool
 		return err
 	}

-	entries, _ := ioutil.ReadDir(from)
+	entries, _ := afero.ReadDir(fs, from)
 	for _, entry := range entries {
 		fromFilename := filepath.Join(from, entry.Name())
 		toFilename := filepath.Join(to, entry.Name())
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package hugio
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+)
+
+// HasBytesWriter is a writer that will set Match to true if the given pattern
+// is found in the stream.
+type HasBytesWriter struct {
+	Match   bool
+	Pattern []byte
+
+	i    int
+	done bool
+	buff []byte
+}
+
+func (h *HasBytesWriter) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	if h.done {
+		return len(p), nil
+	}
+
+	if len(h.buff) == 0 {
+		h.buff = make([]byte, len(h.Pattern)*2)
+	}
+
+	for i := range p {
+		h.buff[h.i] = p[i]
+		h.i++
+		if h.i == len(h.buff) {
+			// Shift left.
+			copy(h.buff, h.buff[len(h.buff)/2:])
+			h.i = len(h.buff) / 2
+		}
+
+		if bytes.Contains(h.buff, h.Pattern) {
+			h.Match = true
+			h.done = true
+			return len(p), nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	return len(p), nil
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package hugio
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"math/rand"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+)
+
+func TestHasBytesWriter(t *testing.T) {
+	r := rand.New(rand.NewSource(time.Now().UnixNano()))
+
+	c := qt.New((t))
+
+	neww := func() (*HasBytesWriter, io.Writer) {
+		var b bytes.Buffer
+
+		h := &HasBytesWriter{
+			Pattern: []byte("__foo"),
+		}
+		return h, io.MultiWriter(&b, h)
+	}
+
+	rndStr := func() string {
+		return strings.Repeat("ab cfo", r.Intn(33))
+	}
+
+	for i := 0; i < 22; i++ {
+		h, w := neww()
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, rndStr()+"abc __foobar"+rndStr())
+		c.Assert(h.Match, qt.Equals, true)
+
+		h, w = neww()
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, rndStr()+"abc __f")
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "oo bar"+rndStr())
+		c.Assert(h.Match, qt.Equals, true)
+
+		h, w = neww()
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, rndStr()+"abc __moo bar")
+		c.Assert(h.Match, qt.Equals, false)
+	}
+
+	h, w := neww()
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "__foo")
+	c.Assert(h.Match, qt.Equals, true)
+}
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ package hugio

 import (
 	"io"
-	"io/ioutil"
 )

 // As implemented by strings.Builder.
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ type multiWriteCloser struct {
 func (m multiWriteCloser) Close() error {
 	var err error
 	for _, c := range m.closers {
-		if closeErr := c.Close(); err != nil {
+		if closeErr := c.Close(); closeErr != nil {
 			err = closeErr
 		}
 	}
@@ -63,7 +62,7 @@ func ToWriteCloser(w io.Writer) io.WriteCloser {
 		io.Closer
 	}{
 		w,
-		ioutil.NopCloser(nil),
+		io.NopCloser(nil),
 	}
 }

@@ -79,6 +78,6 @@ func ToReadCloser(r io.Reader) io.ReadCloser {
 		io.Closer
 	}{
 		r,
-		ioutil.NopCloser(nil),
+		io.NopCloser(nil),
 	}
 }
@@ -21,8 +21,11 @@ import (
 	"runtime/debug"
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
 	"time"

+	"github.com/bep/godartsass"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hexec"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs/files"

 	"github.com/spf13/afero"
@@ -37,13 +40,8 @@ const (
 )

 var (
-	// commitHash contains the current Git revision.
-	// Use mage to build to make sure this gets set.
-	commitHash string
-
-	// buildDate contains the date of the current build.
+	// buildDate allows vendor-specified build date when .git/ is unavailable.
 	buildDate string
-
 	// vendorInfo contains vendor notes about the current build.
 	vendorInfo string
 )
@@ -59,6 +57,9 @@ type Info struct {
 	// It can be any string, but it will be all lower case.
 	Environment string

+	// version of go that the Hugo binary was built with
+	GoVersion string
+
 	deps []*Dependency
 }

@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@ func (i Info) Version() VersionString {

 // Generator a Hugo meta generator HTML tag.
 func (i Info) Generator() template.HTML {
-	return template.HTML(fmt.Sprintf(`<meta name="generator" content="Hugo %s" />`, CurrentVersion.String()))
+	return template.HTML(fmt.Sprintf(`<meta name="generator" content="Hugo %s">`, CurrentVersion.String()))
 }

 func (i Info) IsProduction() bool {
@@ -90,11 +91,25 @@ func NewInfo(environment string, deps []*Dependency) Info {
 	if environment == "" {
 		environment = EnvironmentProduction
 	}
+	var (
+		commitHash string
+		buildDate  string
+		goVersion  string
+	)
+
+	bi := getBuildInfo()
+	if bi != nil {
+		commitHash = bi.Revision
+		buildDate = bi.RevisionTime
+		goVersion = bi.GoVersion
+	}
+
 	return Info{
 		CommitHash:  commitHash,
 		BuildDate:   buildDate,
 		Environment: environment,
 		deps:        deps,
+		GoVersion:   goVersion,
 	}
 }

@@ -111,6 +126,8 @@ func GetExecEnviron(workDir string, cfg config.Provider, fs afero.Fs) []string {
 	config.SetEnvVars(&env, "HUGO_ENVIRONMENT", cfg.GetString("environment"))
 	config.SetEnvVars(&env, "HUGO_ENV", cfg.GetString("environment"))

+	config.SetEnvVars(&env, "HUGO_PUBLISHDIR", filepath.Join(workDir, cfg.GetString("publishDirOrig")))
+
 	if fs != nil {
 		fis, err := afero.ReadDir(fs, files.FolderJSConfig)
 		if err == nil {
@@ -125,26 +142,63 @@ func GetExecEnviron(workDir string, cfg config.Provider, fs afero.Fs) []string {
 	return env
 }

+type buildInfo struct {
+	VersionControlSystem string
+	Revision             string
+	RevisionTime         string
+	Modified             bool
+
+	GoOS   string
+	GoArch string
+
+	*debug.BuildInfo
+}
+
+var bInfo *buildInfo
+var bInfoInit sync.Once
+
+func getBuildInfo() *buildInfo {
+	bInfoInit.Do(func() {
+		bi, ok := debug.ReadBuildInfo()
+		if !ok {
+			return
+		}
+
+		bInfo = &buildInfo{BuildInfo: bi}
+
+		for _, s := range bInfo.Settings {
+			switch s.Key {
+			case "vcs":
+				bInfo.VersionControlSystem = s.Value
+			case "vcs.revision":
+				bInfo.Revision = s.Value
+			case "vcs.time":
+				bInfo.RevisionTime = s.Value
+			case "vcs.modified":
+				bInfo.Modified = s.Value == "true"
+			case "GOOS":
+				bInfo.GoOS = s.Value
+			case "GOARCH":
+				bInfo.GoArch = s.Value
+			}
+		}
+
+	})
+
+	return bInfo
+}
+
+func formatDep(path, version string) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s=%q", path, version)
+}
+
 // GetDependencyList returns a sorted dependency list on the format package="version".
 // It includes both Go dependencies and (a manually maintained) list of C(++) dependencies.
 func GetDependencyList() []string {
 	var deps []string

-	formatDep := func(path, version string) string {
-		return fmt.Sprintf("%s=%q", path, version)
-	}
-
-	if IsExtended {
-		deps = append(
-			deps,
-			// TODO(bep) consider adding a DepsNonGo() method to these upstream projects.
-			formatDep("github.com/sass/libsass", "3.6.5"),
-			formatDep("github.com/webmproject/libwebp", "v1.2.0"),
-		)
-	}
-
-	bi, ok := debug.ReadBuildInfo()
-	if !ok {
+	bi := getBuildInfo()
+	if bi == nil {
 		return deps
 	}

@@ -152,11 +206,36 @@ func GetDependencyList() []string {
 		deps = append(deps, formatDep(dep.Path, dep.Version))
 	}

+	deps = append(deps, GetDependencyListNonGo()...)
+
 	sort.Strings(deps)

 	return deps
 }

+// GetDependencyListNonGo returns a list of non-Go dependencies.
+func GetDependencyListNonGo() []string {
+	var deps []string
+
+	if IsExtended {
+		deps = append(
+			deps,
+			formatDep("github.com/sass/libsass", "3.6.5"),
+			formatDep("github.com/webmproject/libwebp", "v1.2.4"),
+		)
+	}
+
+	if dartSass := dartSassVersion(); dartSass.ProtocolVersion != "" {
+		const dartSassPath = "github.com/sass/dart-sass-embedded"
+		deps = append(deps,
+			formatDep(dartSassPath+"/protocol", dartSass.ProtocolVersion),
+			formatDep(dartSassPath+"/compiler", dartSass.CompilerVersion),
+			formatDep(dartSassPath+"/implementation", dartSass.ImplementationVersion),
+		)
+	}
+	return deps
+}
+
 // IsRunningAsTest reports whether we are running as a test.
 func IsRunningAsTest() bool {
 	for _, arg := range os.Args {
@@ -190,3 +269,13 @@ type Dependency struct {
 	// Replaced by this dependency.
 	Replace *Dependency
 }
+
+func dartSassVersion() godartsass.DartSassVersion {
+	// This is also duplicated in the dartsass package.
+	const dartSassEmbeddedBinaryName = "dart-sass-embedded"
+	if !hexec.InPath(dartSassEmbeddedBinaryName) {
+		return godartsass.DartSassVersion{}
+	}
+	v, _ := godartsass.Version(dartSassEmbeddedBinaryName)
+	return v
+}
@@ -27,8 +27,13 @@ func TestHugoInfo(t *testing.T) {

 	c.Assert(hugoInfo.Version(), qt.Equals, CurrentVersion.Version())
 	c.Assert(fmt.Sprintf("%T", VersionString("")), qt.Equals, fmt.Sprintf("%T", hugoInfo.Version()))
-	c.Assert(hugoInfo.CommitHash, qt.Equals, commitHash)
-	c.Assert(hugoInfo.BuildDate, qt.Equals, buildDate)
+
+	bi := getBuildInfo()
+	if bi != nil {
+		c.Assert(hugoInfo.CommitHash, qt.Equals, bi.Revision)
+		c.Assert(hugoInfo.BuildDate, qt.Equals, bi.RevisionTime)
+		c.Assert(hugoInfo.GoVersion, qt.Equals, bi.GoVersion)
+	}
 	c.Assert(hugoInfo.Environment, qt.Equals, "production")
 	c.Assert(string(hugoInfo.Generator()), qt.Contains, fmt.Sprintf("Hugo %s", hugoInfo.Version()))
 	c.Assert(hugoInfo.IsProduction(), qt.Equals, true)
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

+//go:build extended
 // +build extended

 package hugo
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

+//go:build !extended
 // +build !extended

 package hugo
@@ -16,7 +16,9 @@ package hugo
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
+	"math"
 	"runtime"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/compare"
@@ -25,8 +27,9 @@ import (

 // Version represents the Hugo build version.
 type Version struct {
-	// Major and minor version.
-	Number float32
+	Major int
+
+	Minor int

 	// Increment this for bug releases
 	PatchLevel int
@@ -42,7 +45,7 @@ var (
 )

 func (v Version) String() string {
-	return version(v.Number, v.PatchLevel, v.Suffix)
+	return version(v.Major, v.Minor, v.PatchLevel, v.Suffix)
 }

 // Version returns the Hugo version.
@@ -50,6 +53,11 @@ func (v Version) Version() VersionString {
 	return VersionString(v.String())
 }

+// Compare implements the compare.Comparer interface.
+func (h Version) Compare(other any) int {
+	return compareVersions(h, other)
+}
+
 // VersionString represents a Hugo version string.
 type VersionString string

@@ -58,13 +66,13 @@ func (h VersionString) String() string {
 }

 // Compare implements the compare.Comparer interface.
-func (h VersionString) Compare(other interface{}) int {
+func (h VersionString) Compare(other any) int {
 	v := MustParseVersion(h.String())
-	return compareVersionsWithSuffix(v.Number, v.PatchLevel, v.Suffix, other)
+	return compareVersions(v, other)
 }

 // Eq implements the compare.Eqer interface.
-func (h VersionString) Eq(other interface{}) bool {
+func (h VersionString) Eq(other any) bool {
 	s, err := cast.ToStringE(other)
 	if err != nil {
 		return false
@@ -84,10 +92,7 @@ func ParseVersion(s string) (Version, error) {
 		}
 	}

-	v, p := parseVersion(s)
-
-	vv.Number = v
-	vv.PatchLevel = p
+	vv.Major, vv.Minor, vv.PatchLevel = parseVersion(s)

 	return vv, nil
 }
@@ -110,18 +115,20 @@ func (v Version) ReleaseVersion() Version {

 // Next returns the next Hugo release version.
 func (v Version) Next() Version {
-	return Version{Number: v.Number + 0.01}
+	return Version{Major: v.Major, Minor: v.Minor + 1}
 }

 // Prev returns the previous Hugo release version.
 func (v Version) Prev() Version {
-	return Version{Number: v.Number - 0.01}
+	return Version{Major: v.Major, Minor: v.Minor - 1}
 }

 // NextPatchLevel returns the next patch/bugfix Hugo version.
 // This will be a patch increment on the previous Hugo version.
 func (v Version) NextPatchLevel(level int) Version {
-	return Version{Number: v.Number - 0.01, PatchLevel: level}
+	prev := v.Prev()
+	prev.PatchLevel = level
+	return prev
 }

 // BuildVersionString creates a version string. This is what you see when
@@ -131,16 +138,25 @@ func BuildVersionString() string {
 	program := "hugo"

 	version := "v" + CurrentVersion.String()
-	if commitHash != "" {
-		version += "-" + strings.ToUpper(commitHash)
+
+	bi := getBuildInfo()
+	if bi == nil {
+		return version
+	}
+	if bi.Revision != "" {
+		version += "-" + bi.Revision
 	}
 	if IsExtended {
 		version += "+extended"
 	}

-	osArch := runtime.GOOS + "/" + runtime.GOARCH
+	osArch := bi.GoOS + "/" + bi.GoArch

-	date := buildDate
+	date := bi.RevisionTime
+	if date == "" {
+		// Accept vendor-specified build date if .git/ is unavailable.
+		date = buildDate
+	}
 	if date == "" {
 		date = "unknown"
 	}
@@ -155,38 +171,53 @@ func BuildVersionString() string {
 	return versionString
 }

-func version(version float32, patchVersion int, suffix string) string {
-	if patchVersion > 0 || version > 0.53 {
-		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2f.%d%s", version, patchVersion, suffix)
+func version(major, minor, patch int, suffix string) string {
+	if patch > 0 || minor > 53 {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%d.%d.%d%s", major, minor, patch, suffix)
 	}
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%.2f%s", version, suffix)
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%d.%d%s", major, minor, suffix)
 }

 // CompareVersion compares the given version string or number against the
 // running Hugo version.
 // It returns -1 if the given version is less than, 0 if equal and 1 if greater than
 // the running version.
-func CompareVersion(version interface{}) int {
-	return compareVersionsWithSuffix(CurrentVersion.Number, CurrentVersion.PatchLevel, CurrentVersion.Suffix, version)
+func CompareVersion(version any) int {
+	return compareVersions(CurrentVersion, version)
 }

-func compareVersions(inVersion float32, inPatchVersion int, in interface{}) int {
-	return compareVersionsWithSuffix(inVersion, inPatchVersion, "", in)
-}
-
-func compareVersionsWithSuffix(inVersion float32, inPatchVersion int, suffix string, in interface{}) int {
+func compareVersions(inVersion Version, in any) int {
 	var c int
 	switch d := in.(type) {
 	case float64:
-		c = compareFloatVersions(inVersion, float32(d))
+		c = compareFloatWithVersion(d, inVersion)
 	case float32:
-		c = compareFloatVersions(inVersion, d)
+		c = compareFloatWithVersion(float64(d), inVersion)
 	case int:
-		c = compareFloatVersions(inVersion, float32(d))
+		c = compareFloatWithVersion(float64(d), inVersion)
 	case int32:
-		c = compareFloatVersions(inVersion, float32(d))
+		c = compareFloatWithVersion(float64(d), inVersion)
 	case int64:
-		c = compareFloatVersions(inVersion, float32(d))
+		c = compareFloatWithVersion(float64(d), inVersion)
+	case Version:
+		if d.Major == inVersion.Major && d.Minor == inVersion.Minor && d.PatchLevel == inVersion.PatchLevel {
+			return strings.Compare(inVersion.Suffix, d.Suffix)
+		}
+		if d.Major > inVersion.Major {
+			return 1
+		} else if d.Major < inVersion.Major {
+			return -1
+		}
+		if d.Minor > inVersion.Minor {
+			return 1
+		} else if d.Minor < inVersion.Minor {
+			return -1
+		}
+		if d.PatchLevel > inVersion.PatchLevel {
+			return 1
+		} else if d.PatchLevel < inVersion.PatchLevel {
+			return -1
+		}
 	default:
 		s, err := cast.ToStringE(in)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -197,50 +228,55 @@ func compareVersionsWithSuffix(inVersion float32, inPatchVersion int, suffix str
 		if err != nil {
 			return -1
 		}
+		return inVersion.Compare(v)

-		if v.Number == inVersion && v.PatchLevel == inPatchVersion {
-			return strings.Compare(suffix, v.Suffix)
-		}
-
-		if v.Number < inVersion || (v.Number == inVersion && v.PatchLevel < inPatchVersion) {
-			return -1
-		}
-
-		return 1
-	}
-
-	if c == 0 && suffix != "" {
-		return 1
 	}

 	return c
 }

-func parseVersion(s string) (float32, int) {
-	var (
-		v float32
-		p int
-	)
-
-	if strings.Count(s, ".") == 2 {
-		li := strings.LastIndex(s, ".")
-		p = cast.ToInt(s[li+1:])
-		s = s[:li]
+func parseVersion(s string) (int, int, int) {
+	var major, minor, patch int
+	parts := strings.Split(s, ".")
+	if len(parts) > 0 {
+		major, _ = strconv.Atoi(parts[0])
+	}
+	if len(parts) > 1 {
+		minor, _ = strconv.Atoi(parts[1])
+	}
+	if len(parts) > 2 {
+		patch, _ = strconv.Atoi(parts[2])
 	}

-	v = float32(cast.ToFloat64(s))
-
-	return v, p
+	return major, minor, patch
 }

-func compareFloatVersions(version float32, v float32) int {
-	if v == version {
+// compareFloatWithVersion compares v1 with v2.
+// It returns -1 if v1 is less than v2, 0 if v1 is equal to v2 and 1 if v1 is greater than v2.
+func compareFloatWithVersion(v1 float64, v2 Version) int {
+	mf, minf := math.Modf(v1)
+	v1maj := int(mf)
+	v1min := int(minf * 100)
+
+	if v2.Major == v1maj && v2.Minor == v1min {
 		return 0
 	}
-	if v < version {
+
+	if v1maj > v2.Major {
+		return 1
+
+	}
+
+	if v1maj < v2.Major {
 		return -1
 	}
-	return 1
+
+	if v1min > v2.Minor {
+		return 1
+	}
+
+	return -1
+
 }

 func GoMinorVersion() int {
@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@ package hugo
 // CurrentVersion represents the current build version.
 // This should be the only one.
 var CurrentVersion = Version{
-	Number:     0.95,
-	PatchLevel: 0,
+	Major:      0,
+	Minor:      111,
+	PatchLevel: 3,
 	Suffix:     "",
 }
@@ -22,10 +22,10 @@ import (
 func TestHugoVersion(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)

-	c.Assert(version(0.15, 0, "-DEV"), qt.Equals, "0.15-DEV")
-	c.Assert(version(0.15, 2, "-DEV"), qt.Equals, "0.15.2-DEV")
+	c.Assert(version(0, 15, 0, "-DEV"), qt.Equals, "0.15-DEV")
+	c.Assert(version(0, 15, 2, "-DEV"), qt.Equals, "0.15.2-DEV")

-	v := Version{Number: 0.21, PatchLevel: 0, Suffix: "-DEV"}
+	v := Version{Minor: 21, Suffix: "-DEV"}

 	c.Assert(v.ReleaseVersion().String(), qt.Equals, "0.21")
 	c.Assert(v.String(), qt.Equals, "0.21-DEV")
@@ -39,37 +39,36 @@ func TestHugoVersion(t *testing.T) {

 	// We started to use full semver versions even for main
 	// releases in v0.54.0
-	v = Version{Number: 0.53, PatchLevel: 0}
+	v = Version{Minor: 53, PatchLevel: 0}
 	c.Assert(v.String(), qt.Equals, "0.53")
 	c.Assert(v.Next().String(), qt.Equals, "0.54.0")
 	c.Assert(v.Next().Next().String(), qt.Equals, "0.55.0")
-	v = Version{Number: 0.54, PatchLevel: 0, Suffix: "-DEV"}
+	v = Version{Minor: 54, PatchLevel: 0, Suffix: "-DEV"}
 	c.Assert(v.String(), qt.Equals, "0.54.0-DEV")
 }

 func TestCompareVersions(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)

-	c.Assert(compareVersions(0.20, 0, 0.20), qt.Equals, 0)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(0.20, 0, float32(0.20)), qt.Equals, 0)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(0.20, 0, float64(0.20)), qt.Equals, 0)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(0.19, 1, 0.20), qt.Equals, 1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(0.19, 3, "0.20.2"), qt.Equals, 1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(0.19, 1, 0.01), qt.Equals, -1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(0, 1, 3), qt.Equals, 1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(0, 1, int32(3)), qt.Equals, 1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(0, 1, int64(3)), qt.Equals, 1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(0.20, 0, "0.20"), qt.Equals, 0)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(0.20, 1, "0.20.1"), qt.Equals, 0)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(0.20, 1, "0.20"), qt.Equals, -1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(0.20, 0, "0.20.1"), qt.Equals, 1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(0.20, 1, "0.20.2"), qt.Equals, 1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(0.21, 1, "0.22.1"), qt.Equals, 1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(0.22, 0, "0.22-DEV"), qt.Equals, -1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(0.22, 0, "0.22.1-DEV"), qt.Equals, 1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersionsWithSuffix(0.22, 0, "-DEV", "0.22"), qt.Equals, 1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersionsWithSuffix(0.22, 1, "-DEV", "0.22"), qt.Equals, -1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersionsWithSuffix(0.22, 1, "-DEV", "0.22.1-DEV"), qt.Equals, 0)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.20.0"), 0.20), qt.Equals, 0)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.20.0"), float32(0.20)), qt.Equals, 0)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.20.0"), float64(0.20)), qt.Equals, 0)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.19.1"), 0.20), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.19.3"), "0.20.2"), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.1"), 3), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.1"), int32(3)), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.1"), int64(3)), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.20"), "0.20"), qt.Equals, 0)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.20.1"), "0.20.1"), qt.Equals, 0)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.20.1"), "0.20"), qt.Equals, -1)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.20.0"), "0.20.1"), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.20.1"), "0.20.2"), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.21.1"), "0.22.1"), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.22.0"), "0.22-DEV"), qt.Equals, -1)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.22.0"), "0.22.1-DEV"), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.22.0-DEV"), "0.22"), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.22.1-DEV"), "0.22"), qt.Equals, -1)
+	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.22.1-DEV"), "0.22.1-DEV"), qt.Equals, 0)
 }

 func TestParseHugoVersion(t *testing.T) {
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import (
 // IgnorableLogger is a logger that ignores certain log statements.
 type IgnorableLogger interface {
 	Logger
-	Errorsf(statementID, format string, v ...interface{})
+	Errorsf(statementID, format string, v ...any)
 	Apply(logger Logger) IgnorableLogger
 }

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ func NewIgnorableLogger(logger Logger, statements ...string) IgnorableLogger {
 }

 // Errorsf logs statementID as an ERROR if not configured as ignoreable.
-func (l ignorableLogger) Errorsf(statementID, format string, v ...interface{}) {
+func (l ignorableLogger) Errorsf(statementID, format string, v ...any) {
 	if l.statements[statementID] {
 		// Ignore.
 		return
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"log"
 	"os"
 	"regexp"
@@ -58,21 +57,21 @@ func (w prefixWriter) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
 }

 type Logger interface {
-	Printf(format string, v ...interface{})
-	Println(v ...interface{})
+	Printf(format string, v ...any)
+	Println(v ...any)
 	PrintTimerIfDelayed(start time.Time, name string)
 	Debug() *log.Logger
-	Debugf(format string, v ...interface{})
-	Debugln(v ...interface{})
+	Debugf(format string, v ...any)
+	Debugln(v ...any)
 	Info() *log.Logger
-	Infof(format string, v ...interface{})
-	Infoln(v ...interface{})
+	Infof(format string, v ...any)
+	Infoln(v ...any)
 	Warn() *log.Logger
-	Warnf(format string, v ...interface{})
-	Warnln(v ...interface{})
+	Warnf(format string, v ...any)
+	Warnln(v ...any)
 	Error() *log.Logger
-	Errorf(format string, v ...interface{})
-	Errorln(v ...interface{})
+	Errorf(format string, v ...any)
+	Errorln(v ...any)
 	Errors() string

 	Out() io.Writer
@@ -92,7 +91,7 @@ type logger struct {
 	*jww.Notepad

 	// The writer that represents stdout.
-	// Will be ioutil.Discard when in quiet mode.
+	// Will be io.Discard when in quiet mode.
 	out io.Writer

 	logCounters *LogCounters
@@ -101,11 +100,11 @@ type logger struct {
 	errors *bytes.Buffer
 }

-func (l *logger) Printf(format string, v ...interface{}) {
+func (l *logger) Printf(format string, v ...any) {
 	l.FEEDBACK.Printf(format, v...)
 }

-func (l *logger) Println(v ...interface{}) {
+func (l *logger) Println(v ...any) {
 	l.FEEDBACK.Println(v...)
 }

@@ -113,19 +112,19 @@ func (l *logger) Debug() *log.Logger {
 	return l.DEBUG
 }

-func (l *logger) Debugf(format string, v ...interface{}) {
+func (l *logger) Debugf(format string, v ...any) {
 	l.DEBUG.Printf(format, v...)
 }

-func (l *logger) Debugln(v ...interface{}) {
+func (l *logger) Debugln(v ...any) {
 	l.DEBUG.Println(v...)
 }

-func (l *logger) Infof(format string, v ...interface{}) {
+func (l *logger) Infof(format string, v ...any) {
 	l.INFO.Printf(format, v...)
 }

-func (l *logger) Infoln(v ...interface{}) {
+func (l *logger) Infoln(v ...any) {
 	l.INFO.Println(v...)
 }

@@ -135,14 +134,14 @@ func (l *logger) Info() *log.Logger {

 const panicOnWarningMessage = "Warning trapped. Remove the --panicOnWarning flag to continue."

-func (l *logger) Warnf(format string, v ...interface{}) {
+func (l *logger) Warnf(format string, v ...any) {
 	l.WARN.Printf(format, v...)
 	if PanicOnWarning {
 		panic(panicOnWarningMessage)
 	}
 }

-func (l *logger) Warnln(v ...interface{}) {
+func (l *logger) Warnln(v ...any) {
 	l.WARN.Println(v...)
 	if PanicOnWarning {
 		panic(panicOnWarningMessage)
@@ -153,11 +152,11 @@ func (l *logger) Warn() *log.Logger {
 	return l.WARN
 }

-func (l *logger) Errorf(format string, v ...interface{}) {
+func (l *logger) Errorf(format string, v ...any) {
 	l.ERROR.Printf(format, v...)
 }

-func (l *logger) Errorln(v ...interface{}) {
+func (l *logger) Errorln(v ...any) {
 	l.ERROR.Println(v...)
 }

@@ -205,7 +204,7 @@ func (l *logger) Reset() {
 	}
 }

-//  NewLogger creates a new Logger for the given thresholds
+// NewLogger creates a new Logger for the given thresholds
 func NewLogger(stdoutThreshold, logThreshold jww.Threshold, outHandle, logHandle io.Writer, saveErrors bool) Logger {
 	return newLogger(stdoutThreshold, logThreshold, outHandle, logHandle, saveErrors)
 }
@@ -232,12 +231,17 @@ func NewErrorLogger() Logger {

 // NewBasicLogger creates a new basic logger writing to Stdout.
 func NewBasicLogger(t jww.Threshold) Logger {
-	return newLogger(t, jww.LevelError, os.Stdout, ioutil.Discard, false)
+	return newLogger(t, jww.LevelError, os.Stdout, io.Discard, false)
 }

 // NewBasicLoggerForWriter creates a new basic logger writing to w.
 func NewBasicLoggerForWriter(t jww.Threshold, w io.Writer) Logger {
-	return newLogger(t, jww.LevelError, w, ioutil.Discard, false)
+	return newLogger(t, jww.LevelError, w, io.Discard, false)
+}
+
+// RemoveANSIColours removes all ANSI colours from the given string.
+func RemoveANSIColours(s string) string {
+	return ansiColorRe.ReplaceAllString(s, "")
 }

 var (
@@ -285,8 +289,8 @@ func InitGlobalLogger(stdoutThreshold, logThreshold jww.Threshold, outHandle, lo
 }

 func getLogWriters(outHandle, logHandle io.Writer) (io.Writer, io.Writer) {
-	isTerm := terminal.IsTerminal(os.Stdout)
-	if logHandle != ioutil.Discard && isTerm {
+	isTerm := terminal.PrintANSIColors(os.Stdout)
+	if logHandle != io.Discard && isTerm {
 		// Remove any Ansi coloring from log output
 		logHandle = ansiCleaner{w: logHandle}
 	}
@@ -46,3 +46,15 @@ func TestLoggerToWriterWithPrefix(t *testing.T) {

 	c.Assert(b.String(), qt.Equals, "myprefix: Hello Hugo!\n")
 }
+
+func TestRemoveANSIColours(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	c.Assert(RemoveANSIColours(""), qt.Equals, "")
+	c.Assert(RemoveANSIColours("\033[31m"), qt.Equals, "")
+	c.Assert(RemoveANSIColours("\033[31mHello"), qt.Equals, "Hello")
+	c.Assert(RemoveANSIColours("\033[31mHello\033[0m"), qt.Equals, "Hello")
+	c.Assert(RemoveANSIColours("\033[31mHello\033[0m World"), qt.Equals, "Hello World")
+	c.Assert(RemoveANSIColours("\033[31mHello\033[0m World\033[31m!"), qt.Equals, "Hello World!")
+	c.Assert(RemoveANSIColours("\x1b[90m 5 |"), qt.Equals, " 5 |")
+}
@@ -24,12 +24,12 @@ import (
 )

 // ToStringMapE converts in to map[string]interface{}.
-func ToStringMapE(in interface{}) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+func ToStringMapE(in any) (map[string]any, error) {
 	switch vv := in.(type) {
 	case Params:
 		return vv, nil
 	case map[string]string:
-		var m = map[string]interface{}{}
+		var m = map[string]any{}
 		for k, v := range vv {
 			m[k] = v
 		}
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ func ToStringMapE(in interface{}) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
 // ToParamsAndPrepare converts in to Params and prepares it for use.
 // If in is nil, an empty map is returned.
 // See PrepareParams.
-func ToParamsAndPrepare(in interface{}) (Params, bool) {
+func ToParamsAndPrepare(in any) (Params, bool) {
 	if types.IsNil(in) {
 		return Params{}, true
 	}
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ func ToParamsAndPrepare(in interface{}) (Params, bool) {
 }

 // MustToParamsAndPrepare calls ToParamsAndPrepare and panics if it fails.
-func MustToParamsAndPrepare(in interface{}) Params {
+func MustToParamsAndPrepare(in any) Params {
 	if p, ok := ToParamsAndPrepare(in); ok {
 		return p
 	} else {
@@ -65,13 +65,13 @@ func MustToParamsAndPrepare(in interface{}) Params {
 }

 // ToStringMap converts in to map[string]interface{}.
-func ToStringMap(in interface{}) map[string]interface{} {
+func ToStringMap(in any) map[string]any {
 	m, _ := ToStringMapE(in)
 	return m
 }

 // ToStringMapStringE converts in to map[string]string.
-func ToStringMapStringE(in interface{}) (map[string]string, error) {
+func ToStringMapStringE(in any) (map[string]string, error) {
 	m, err := ToStringMapE(in)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -80,26 +80,26 @@ func ToStringMapStringE(in interface{}) (map[string]string, error) {
 }

 // ToStringMapString converts in to map[string]string.
-func ToStringMapString(in interface{}) map[string]string {
+func ToStringMapString(in any) map[string]string {
 	m, _ := ToStringMapStringE(in)
 	return m
 }

 // ToStringMapBool converts in to bool.
-func ToStringMapBool(in interface{}) map[string]bool {
+func ToStringMapBool(in any) map[string]bool {
 	m, _ := ToStringMapE(in)
 	return cast.ToStringMapBool(m)
 }

 // ToSliceStringMap converts in to []map[string]interface{}.
-func ToSliceStringMap(in interface{}) ([]map[string]interface{}, error) {
+func ToSliceStringMap(in any) ([]map[string]any, error) {
 	switch v := in.(type) {
-	case []map[string]interface{}:
+	case []map[string]any:
 		return v, nil
-	case []interface{}:
-		var s []map[string]interface{}
+	case []any:
+		var s []map[string]any
 		for _, entry := range v {
-			if vv, ok := entry.(map[string]interface{}); ok {
+			if vv, ok := entry.(map[string]any); ok {
 				s = append(s, vv)
 			}
 		}
@@ -109,6 +109,20 @@ func ToSliceStringMap(in interface{}) ([]map[string]interface{}, error) {
 	}
 }

+// LookupEqualFold finds key in m with case insensitive equality checks.
+func LookupEqualFold[T any | string](m map[string]T, key string) (T, bool) {
+	if v, found := m[key]; found {
+		return v, true
+	}
+	for k, v := range m {
+		if strings.EqualFold(k, key) {
+			return v, true
+		}
+	}
+	var s T
+	return s, false
+}
+
 type keyRename struct {
 	pattern glob.Glob
 	newKey  string
@@ -146,7 +160,7 @@ func (r KeyRenamer) getNewKey(keyPath string) string {

 // Rename renames the keys in the given map according
 // to the patterns in the current KeyRenamer.
-func (r KeyRenamer) Rename(m map[string]interface{}) {
+func (r KeyRenamer) Rename(m map[string]any) {
 	r.renamePath("", m)
 }

@@ -158,15 +172,15 @@ func (KeyRenamer) keyPath(k1, k2 string) string {
 	return k1 + "/" + k2
 }

-func (r KeyRenamer) renamePath(parentKeyPath string, m map[string]interface{}) {
+func (r KeyRenamer) renamePath(parentKeyPath string, m map[string]any) {
 	for key, val := range m {
 		keyPath := r.keyPath(parentKeyPath, key)
 		switch val.(type) {
-		case map[interface{}]interface{}:
+		case map[any]any:
 			val = cast.ToStringMap(val)
-			r.renamePath(keyPath, val.(map[string]interface{}))
-		case map[string]interface{}:
-			r.renamePath(keyPath, val.(map[string]interface{}))
+			r.renamePath(keyPath, val.(map[string]any))
+		case map[string]any:
+			r.renamePath(keyPath, val.(map[string]any))
 		}

 		newKey := r.getNewKey(keyPath)
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ func TestPrepareParams(t *testing.T) {
 		expected Params
 	}{
 		{
-			map[string]interface{}{
+			map[string]any{
 				"abC": 32,
 			},
 			Params{
@@ -35,16 +35,16 @@ func TestPrepareParams(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		},
 		{
-			map[string]interface{}{
+			map[string]any{
 				"abC": 32,
-				"deF": map[interface{}]interface{}{
+				"deF": map[any]any{
 					23: "A value",
-					24: map[string]interface{}{
+					24: map[string]any{
 						"AbCDe": "A value",
 						"eFgHi": "Another value",
 					},
 				},
-				"gHi": map[string]interface{}{
+				"gHi": map[string]any{
 					"J": 25,
 				},
 				"jKl": map[string]string{
@@ -85,23 +85,23 @@ func TestToSliceStringMap(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)

 	tests := []struct {
-		input    interface{}
-		expected []map[string]interface{}
+		input    any
+		expected []map[string]any
 	}{
 		{
-			input: []map[string]interface{}{
+			input: []map[string]any{
 				{"abc": 123},
 			},
-			expected: []map[string]interface{}{
+			expected: []map[string]any{
 				{"abc": 123},
 			},
 		}, {
-			input: []interface{}{
-				map[string]interface{}{
+			input: []any{
+				map[string]any{
 					"def": 456,
 				},
 			},
-			expected: []map[string]interface{}{
+			expected: []map[string]any{
 				{"def": 456},
 			},
 		},
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ func TestToSliceStringMap(t *testing.T) {

 func TestToParamsAndPrepare(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)
-	_, ok := ToParamsAndPrepare(map[string]interface{}{"A": "av"})
+	_, ok := ToParamsAndPrepare(map[string]any{"A": "av"})
 	c.Assert(ok, qt.IsTrue)

 	params, ok := ToParamsAndPrepare(nil)
@@ -127,33 +127,33 @@ func TestToParamsAndPrepare(t *testing.T) {
 func TestRenameKeys(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)

-	m := map[string]interface{}{
+	m := map[string]any{
 		"a":    32,
 		"ren1": "m1",
 		"ren2": "m1_2",
-		"sub": map[string]interface{}{
-			"subsub": map[string]interface{}{
+		"sub": map[string]any{
+			"subsub": map[string]any{
 				"REN1": "m2",
 				"ren2": "m2_2",
 			},
 		},
-		"no": map[string]interface{}{
+		"no": map[string]any{
 			"ren1": "m2",
 			"ren2": "m2_2",
 		},
 	}

-	expected := map[string]interface{}{
+	expected := map[string]any{
 		"a":    32,
 		"new1": "m1",
 		"new2": "m1_2",
-		"sub": map[string]interface{}{
-			"subsub": map[string]interface{}{
+		"sub": map[string]any{
+			"subsub": map[string]any{
 				"new1": "m2",
 				"ren2": "m2_2",
 			},
 		},
-		"no": map[string]interface{}{
+		"no": map[string]any{
 			"ren1": "m2",
 			"ren2": "m2_2",
 		},
@@ -171,3 +171,26 @@ func TestRenameKeys(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("Expected\n%#v, got\n%#v\n", expected, m)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestLookupEqualFold(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	m1 := map[string]any{
+		"a": "av",
+		"B": "bv",
+	}
+
+	v, found := LookupEqualFold(m1, "b")
+	c.Assert(found, qt.IsTrue)
+	c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, "bv")
+
+	m2 := map[string]string{
+		"a": "av",
+		"B": "bv",
+	}
+
+	v, found = LookupEqualFold(m2, "b")
+	c.Assert(found, qt.IsTrue)
+	c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, "bv")
+
+}
@@ -21,11 +21,11 @@ import (
 )

 // Params is a map where all keys are lower case.
-type Params map[string]interface{}
+type Params map[string]any

 // Get does a lower case and nested search in this map.
 // It will return nil if none found.
-func (p Params) Get(indices ...string) interface{} {
+func (p Params) Get(indices ...string) any {
 	v, _, _ := getNested(p, indices)
 	return v
 }
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ func (p Params) IsZero() bool {
 		return false
 	}

-	for k, _ := range p {
+	for k := range p {
 		return k == mergeStrategyKey
 	}

@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ func (p Params) SetDefaultMergeStrategy(s ParamsMergeStrategy) {
 	p[mergeStrategyKey] = s
 }

-func getNested(m map[string]interface{}, indices []string) (interface{}, string, map[string]interface{}) {
+func getNested(m map[string]any, indices []string) (any, string, map[string]any) {
 	if len(indices) == 0 {
 		return nil, "", nil
 	}
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ func getNested(m map[string]interface{}, indices []string) (interface{}, string,
 	switch m2 := v.(type) {
 	case Params:
 		return getNested(m2, indices[1:])
-	case map[string]interface{}:
+	case map[string]any:
 		return getNested(m2, indices[1:])
 	default:
 		return nil, "", nil
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ func getNested(m map[string]interface{}, indices []string) (interface{}, string,
 // It will first try the exact match and then try to find it as a nested map value,
 // using the given separator, e.g. "mymap.name".
 // It assumes that all the maps given have lower cased keys.
-func GetNestedParam(keyStr, separator string, candidates ...Params) (interface{}, error) {
+func GetNestedParam(keyStr, separator string, candidates ...Params) (any, error) {
 	keyStr = strings.ToLower(keyStr)

 	// Try exact match first
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ func GetNestedParam(keyStr, separator string, candidates ...Params) (interface{}
 	return nil, nil
 }

-func GetNestedParamFn(keyStr, separator string, lookupFn func(key string) interface{}) (interface{}, string, map[string]interface{}, error) {
+func GetNestedParamFn(keyStr, separator string, lookupFn func(key string) any) (any, string, map[string]any, error) {
 	keySegments := strings.Split(keyStr, separator)
 	if len(keySegments) == 0 {
 		return nil, "", nil, nil
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ func GetNestedParamFn(keyStr, separator string, lookupFn func(key string) interf
 	}

 	switch m := first.(type) {
-	case map[string]interface{}:
+	case map[string]any:
 		v, key, owner := getNested(m, keySegments[1:])
 		return v, key, owner, nil
 	case Params:
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ const (
 	mergeStrategyKey = "_merge"
 )

-func toMergeStrategy(v interface{}) ParamsMergeStrategy {
+func toMergeStrategy(v any) ParamsMergeStrategy {
 	s := ParamsMergeStrategy(cast.ToString(v))
 	switch s {
 	case ParamsMergeStrategyDeep, ParamsMergeStrategyNone, ParamsMergeStrategyShallow:
@@ -260,13 +260,13 @@ func PrepareParams(m Params) {
 			retyped = true
 		} else {
 			switch vv := v.(type) {
-			case map[interface{}]interface{}:
+			case map[any]any:
 				var p Params = cast.ToStringMap(v)
 				v = p
 				PrepareParams(p)
 				retyped = true
-			case map[string]interface{}:
-				var p Params = v.(map[string]interface{})
+			case map[string]any:
+				var p Params = v.(map[string]any)
 				v = p
 				PrepareParams(p)
 				retyped = true
@@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ import (
 )

 func TestGetNestedParam(t *testing.T) {
-	m := map[string]interface{}{
+	m := map[string]any{
 		"string":          "value",
 		"first":           1,
 		"with_underscore": 2,
-		"nested": map[string]interface{}{
+		"nested": map[string]any{
 			"color": "blue",
-			"nestednested": map[string]interface{}{
+			"nestednested": map[string]any{
 				"color": "green",
 			},
 		},
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ func TestGetNestedParam(t *testing.T) {

 	c := qt.New(t)

-	must := func(keyStr, separator string, candidates ...Params) interface{} {
+	must := func(keyStr, separator string, candidates ...Params) any {
 		v, err := GetNestedParam(keyStr, separator, candidates...)
 		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 		return v
@@ -53,14 +53,14 @@ func TestGetNestedParam(t *testing.T) {
 func TestGetNestedParamFnNestedNewKey(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)

-	nested := map[string]interface{}{
+	nested := map[string]any{
 		"color": "blue",
 	}
-	m := map[string]interface{}{
+	m := map[string]any{
 		"nested": nested,
 	}

-	existing, nestedKey, owner, err := GetNestedParamFn("nested.new", ".", func(key string) interface{} {
+	existing, nestedKey, owner, err := GetNestedParamFn("nested.new", ".", func(key string) any {
 		return m[key]
 	})

@@ -24,12 +24,13 @@ import (

 // Scratch is a writable context used for stateful operations in Page/Node rendering.
 type Scratch struct {
-	values map[string]interface{}
+	values map[string]any
 	mu     sync.RWMutex
 }

 // Scratcher provides a scratching service.
 type Scratcher interface {
+	// Scratch returns a "scratch pad" that can be used to store state.
 	Scratch() *Scratch
 }

@@ -50,8 +51,8 @@ func NewScratcher() Scratcher {
 // Supports numeric values and strings.
 //
 // If the first add for a key is an array or slice, then the next value(s) will be appended.
-func (c *Scratch) Add(key string, newAddend interface{}) (string, error) {
-	var newVal interface{}
+func (c *Scratch) Add(key string, newAddend any) (string, error) {
+	var newVal any
 	c.mu.RLock()
 	existingAddend, found := c.values[key]
 	c.mu.RUnlock()
@@ -82,7 +83,7 @@ func (c *Scratch) Add(key string, newAddend interface{}) (string, error) {

 // Set stores a value with the given key in the Node context.
 // This value can later be retrieved with Get.
-func (c *Scratch) Set(key string, value interface{}) string {
+func (c *Scratch) Set(key string, value any) string {
 	c.mu.Lock()
 	c.values[key] = value
 	c.mu.Unlock()
@@ -98,7 +99,7 @@ func (c *Scratch) Delete(key string) string {
 }

 // Get returns a value previously set by Add or Set.
-func (c *Scratch) Get(key string) interface{} {
+func (c *Scratch) Get(key string) any {
 	c.mu.RLock()
 	val := c.values[key]
 	c.mu.RUnlock()
@@ -109,7 +110,7 @@ func (c *Scratch) Get(key string) interface{} {
 // Values returns the raw backing map. Note that you should just use
 // this method on the locally scoped Scratch instances you obtain via newScratch, not
 // .Page.Scratch etc., as that will lead to concurrency issues.
-func (c *Scratch) Values() map[string]interface{} {
+func (c *Scratch) Values() map[string]any {
 	c.mu.RLock()
 	defer c.mu.RUnlock()
 	return c.values
@@ -117,14 +118,14 @@ func (c *Scratch) Values() map[string]interface{} {

 // SetInMap stores a value to a map with the given key in the Node context.
 // This map can later be retrieved with GetSortedMapValues.
-func (c *Scratch) SetInMap(key string, mapKey string, value interface{}) string {
+func (c *Scratch) SetInMap(key string, mapKey string, value any) string {
 	c.mu.Lock()
 	_, found := c.values[key]
 	if !found {
-		c.values[key] = make(map[string]interface{})
+		c.values[key] = make(map[string]any)
 	}

-	c.values[key].(map[string]interface{})[mapKey] = value
+	c.values[key].(map[string]any)[mapKey] = value
 	c.mu.Unlock()
 	return ""
 }
@@ -134,14 +135,14 @@ func (c *Scratch) DeleteInMap(key string, mapKey string) string {
 	c.mu.Lock()
 	_, found := c.values[key]
 	if found {
-		delete(c.values[key].(map[string]interface{}), mapKey)
+		delete(c.values[key].(map[string]any), mapKey)
 	}
 	c.mu.Unlock()
 	return ""
 }

 // GetSortedMapValues returns a sorted map previously filled with SetInMap.
-func (c *Scratch) GetSortedMapValues(key string) interface{} {
+func (c *Scratch) GetSortedMapValues(key string) any {
 	c.mu.RLock()

 	if c.values[key] == nil {
@@ -149,7 +150,7 @@ func (c *Scratch) GetSortedMapValues(key string) interface{} {
 		return nil
 	}

-	unsortedMap := c.values[key].(map[string]interface{})
+	unsortedMap := c.values[key].(map[string]any)
 	c.mu.RUnlock()
 	var keys []string
 	for mapKey := range unsortedMap {
@@ -158,7 +159,7 @@ func (c *Scratch) GetSortedMapValues(key string) interface{} {

 	sort.Strings(keys)

-	sortedArray := make([]interface{}, len(unsortedMap))
+	sortedArray := make([]any, len(unsortedMap))
 	for i, mapKey := range keys {
 		sortedArray[i] = unsortedMap[mapKey]
 	}
@@ -168,5 +169,5 @@ func (c *Scratch) GetSortedMapValues(key string) interface{} {

 // NewScratch returns a new instance of Scratch.
 func NewScratch() *Scratch {
-	return &Scratch{values: make(map[string]interface{})}
+	return &Scratch{values: make(map[string]any)}
 }
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ func TestScratchAddTypedSliceToInterfaceSlice(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)

 	scratch := NewScratch()
-	scratch.Set("slice", []interface{}{})
+	scratch.Set("slice", []any{})

 	_, err := scratch.Add("slice", []int{1, 2})
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ func TestScratchAddDifferentTypedSliceToInterfaceSlice(t *testing.T) {

 	_, err := scratch.Add("slice", []int{1, 2})
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(scratch.Get("slice"), qt.DeepEquals, []interface{}{"foo", 1, 2})
+	c.Assert(scratch.Get("slice"), qt.DeepEquals, []any{"foo", 1, 2})
 }

 func TestScratchSet(t *testing.T) {
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ func TestScratchSetInMap(t *testing.T) {
 	scratch.SetInMap("key", "zyx", "Zyx")
 	scratch.SetInMap("key", "abc", "Abc (updated)")
 	scratch.SetInMap("key", "def", "Def")
-	c.Assert(scratch.GetSortedMapValues("key"), qt.DeepEquals, []interface{}{0: "Abc (updated)", 1: "Def", 2: "Lux", 3: "Zyx"})
+	c.Assert(scratch.GetSortedMapValues("key"), qt.DeepEquals, []any{0: "Abc (updated)", 1: "Def", 2: "Lux", 3: "Zyx"})
 }

 func TestScratchDeleteInMap(t *testing.T) {
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ func TestScratchDeleteInMap(t *testing.T) {
 	scratch.DeleteInMap("key", "abc")
 	scratch.SetInMap("key", "def", "Def")
 	scratch.DeleteInMap("key", "lmn") // Do nothing
-	c.Assert(scratch.GetSortedMapValues("key"), qt.DeepEquals, []interface{}{0: "Def", 1: "Lux", 2: "Zyx"})
+	c.Assert(scratch.GetSortedMapValues("key"), qt.DeepEquals, []any{0: "Def", 1: "Lux", 2: "Zyx"})
 }

 func TestScratchGetSortedMapValues(t *testing.T) {
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ import (

 // DoArithmetic performs arithmetic operations (+,-,*,/) using reflection to
 // determine the type of the two terms.
-func DoArithmetic(a, b interface{}, op rune) (interface{}, error) {
+func DoArithmetic(a, b any, op rune) (any, error) {
 	av := reflect.ValueOf(a)
 	bv := reflect.ValueOf(b)
 	var ai, bi int64
@@ -24,10 +24,10 @@ func TestDoArithmetic(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)

 	for _, test := range []struct {
-		a      interface{}
-		b      interface{}
+		a      any
+		b      any
 		op     rune
-		expect interface{}
+		expect any
 	}{
 		{3, 2, '+', int64(5)},
 		{3, 2, '-', int64(1)},
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ type Workers struct {

 // Runner wraps the lifecycle methods of a new task set.
 //
-// Run wil block until a worker is available or the context is cancelled,
+// Run will block until a worker is available or the context is cancelled,
 // and then run the given func in a new goroutine.
 // Wait will wait for all the running goroutines to finish.
 type Runner interface {
@@ -63,6 +63,15 @@ func (filepathBridge) Separator() string {

 var fpb filepathBridge

+// AbsPathify creates an absolute path if given a working dir and a relative path.
+// If already absolute, the path is just cleaned.
+func AbsPathify(workingDir, inPath string) string {
+	if filepath.IsAbs(inPath) {
+		return filepath.Clean(inPath)
+	}
+	return filepath.Join(workingDir, inPath)
+}
+
 // MakeTitle converts the path given to a suitable title, trimming whitespace
 // and replacing hyphens with whitespace.
 func MakeTitle(inpath string) string {
@@ -91,25 +100,25 @@ var isFileRe = regexp.MustCompile(`.*\..{1,6}$`)
 // GetDottedRelativePath expects a relative path starting after the content directory.
 // It returns a relative path with dots ("..") navigating up the path structure.
 func GetDottedRelativePath(inPath string) string {
-	inPath = filepath.Clean(filepath.FromSlash(inPath))
+	inPath = path.Clean(filepath.ToSlash(inPath))

 	if inPath == "." {
 		return "./"
 	}

-	if !isFileRe.MatchString(inPath) && !strings.HasSuffix(inPath, FilePathSeparator) {
-		inPath += FilePathSeparator
+	if !isFileRe.MatchString(inPath) && !strings.HasSuffix(inPath, "/") {
+		inPath += "/"
 	}

-	if !strings.HasPrefix(inPath, FilePathSeparator) {
-		inPath = FilePathSeparator + inPath
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(inPath, "/") {
+		inPath = "/" + inPath
 	}

 	dir, _ := filepath.Split(inPath)

-	sectionCount := strings.Count(dir, FilePathSeparator)
+	sectionCount := strings.Count(dir, "/")

-	if sectionCount == 0 || dir == FilePathSeparator {
+	if sectionCount == 0 || dir == "/" {
 		return "./"
 	}

@@ -254,3 +263,14 @@ func (n NamedSlice) String() string {
 	}
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%s%s{%s}", n.Name, FilePathSeparator, strings.Join(n.Slice, ","))
 }
+
+// DirFile holds the result from path.Split.
+type DirFile struct {
+	Dir  string
+	File string
+}
+
+// Used in test.
+func (df DirFile) String() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s|%s", df.Dir, df.File)
+}
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ func TestGetRelativePath(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		path   string
 		base   string
-		expect interface{}
+		expect any
 	}{
 		{filepath.FromSlash("/a/b"), filepath.FromSlash("/a"), filepath.FromSlash("b")},
 		{filepath.FromSlash("/a/b/c/"), filepath.FromSlash("/a"), filepath.FromSlash("b/c/")},
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net/url"
 	"path"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 )

@@ -152,3 +153,29 @@ func Uglify(in string) string {
 	// /section/name.html -> /section/name.html
 	return path.Clean(in)
 }
+
+// UrlToFilename converts the URL s to a filename.
+// If ParseRequestURI fails, the input is just converted to OS specific slashes and returned.
+func UrlToFilename(s string) (string, bool) {
+	u, err := url.ParseRequestURI(s)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return filepath.FromSlash(s), false
+	}
+
+	p := u.Path
+
+	if p == "" {
+		p, _ = url.QueryUnescape(u.Opaque)
+		return filepath.FromSlash(p), true
+	}
+
+	p = filepath.FromSlash(p)
+
+	if u.Host != "" {
+		// C:\data\file.txt
+		p = strings.ToUpper(u.Host) + ":" + p
+	}
+
+	return p, true
+}
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2022 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -29,6 +29,15 @@ const (
 	noticeColor  = "\033[1;36m%s\033[0m"
 )

+// PrintANSIColors returns false if NO_COLOR env variable is set,
+// else  IsTerminal(f).
+func PrintANSIColors(f *os.File) bool {
+	if os.Getenv("NO_COLOR") != "" {
+		return false
+	}
+	return IsTerminal(f)
+}
+
 // IsTerminal return true if the file descriptor is terminal and the TERM
 // environment variable isn't a dumb one.
 func IsTerminal(f *os.File) bool {
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ import (
 // Positioner represents a thing that knows its position in a text file or stream,
 // typically an error.
 type Positioner interface {
+	// Position returns the current position.
+	// Useful in error logging, e.g. {{ errorf "error in code block: %s" .Position }}.
 	Position() Position
 }

@@ -69,7 +71,7 @@ func createPositionStringFormatter(formatStr string) func(p Position) string {
 	format := replacer.Replace(formatStr)

 	f := func(pos Position) string {
-		args := make([]interface{}, len(identifiersFound))
+		args := make([]any, len(identifiersFound))
 		for i, id := range identifiersFound {
 			switch id {
 			case ":file":
@@ -83,7 +85,7 @@ func createPositionStringFormatter(formatStr string) func(p Position) string {

 		msg := fmt.Sprintf(format, args...)

-		if terminal.IsTerminal(os.Stdout) {
+		if terminal.PrintANSIColors(os.Stdout) {
 			return terminal.Notice(msg)
 		}

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ import (
 )

 var accentTransformerPool = &sync.Pool{
-	New: func() interface{} {
+	New: func() any {
 		return transform.Chain(norm.NFD, runes.Remove(runes.In(unicode.Mn)), norm.NFC)
 	},
 }
@@ -61,3 +61,18 @@ func Puts(s string) string {
 	}
 	return s + "\n"
 }
+
+// VisitLinesAfter calls the given function for each line, including newlines, in the given string.
+func VisitLinesAfter(s string, fn func(line string)) {
+	high := strings.IndexRune(s, '\n')
+	for high != -1 {
+		fn(s[:high+1])
+		s = s[high+1:]
+
+		high = strings.IndexRune(s, '\n')
+	}
+
+	if s != "" {
+		fn(s)
+	}
+}
@@ -41,3 +41,36 @@ func TestPuts(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Assert(Puts("\nA\n"), qt.Equals, "\nA\n")
 	c.Assert(Puts(""), qt.Equals, "")
 }
+
+func TestVisitLinesAfter(t *testing.T) {
+	const lines = `line 1
+line 2
+
+line 3`
+
+	var collected []string
+
+	VisitLinesAfter(lines, func(s string) {
+		collected = append(collected, s)
+	})
+
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	c.Assert(collected, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"line 1\n", "line 2\n", "\n", "line 3"})
+
+}
+
+func BenchmarkVisitLinesAfter(b *testing.B) {
+	const lines = `line 1
+	line 2
+	
+	line 3`
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		VisitLinesAfter(lines, func(s string) {
+
+		})
+
+	}
+
+}
@@ -25,13 +25,13 @@ import (

 // ToDuration converts v to time.Duration.
 // See ToDurationE if you need to handle errors.
-func ToDuration(v interface{}) time.Duration {
+func ToDuration(v any) time.Duration {
 	d, _ := ToDurationE(v)
 	return d
 }

 // ToDurationE converts v to time.Duration.
-func ToDurationE(v interface{}) (time.Duration, error) {
+func ToDurationE(v any) (time.Duration, error) {
 	if n := cast.ToInt(v); n > 0 {
 		return time.Duration(n) * time.Millisecond, nil
 	}
@@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ func ToDurationE(v interface{}) (time.Duration, error) {

 // ToStringSlicePreserveString is the same as ToStringSlicePreserveStringE,
 // but it never fails.
-func ToStringSlicePreserveString(v interface{}) []string {
+func ToStringSlicePreserveString(v any) []string {
 	vv, _ := ToStringSlicePreserveStringE(v)
 	return vv
 }

 // ToStringSlicePreserveStringE converts v to a string slice.
 // If v is a string, it will be wrapped in a string slice.
-func ToStringSlicePreserveStringE(v interface{}) ([]string, error) {
+func ToStringSlicePreserveStringE(v any) ([]string, error) {
 	if v == nil {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ func ToStringSlicePreserveStringE(v interface{}) ([]string, error) {
 // TypeToString converts v to a string if it's a valid string type.
 // Note that this will not try to convert numeric values etc.,
 // use ToString for that.
-func TypeToString(v interface{}) (string, bool) {
+func TypeToString(v any) (string, bool) {
 	switch s := v.(type) {
 	case string:
 		return s, true
@@ -110,13 +110,13 @@ func TypeToString(v interface{}) (string, bool) {
 }

 // ToString converts v to a string.
-func ToString(v interface{}) string {
+func ToString(v any) string {
 	s, _ := ToStringE(v)
 	return s
 }

 // ToStringE converts v to a string.
-func ToStringE(v interface{}) (string, error) {
+func ToStringE(v any) (string, error) {
 	if s, ok := TypeToString(v); ok {
 		return s, nil
 	}
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ func TestToStringSlicePreserveString(t *testing.T) {

 	c.Assert(ToStringSlicePreserveString("Hugo"), qt.DeepEquals, []string{"Hugo"})
 	c.Assert(ToStringSlicePreserveString(qt.Commentf("Hugo")), qt.DeepEquals, []string{"Hugo"})
-	c.Assert(ToStringSlicePreserveString([]interface{}{"A", "B"}), qt.DeepEquals, []string{"A", "B"})
+	c.Assert(ToStringSlicePreserveString([]any{"A", "B"}), qt.DeepEquals, []string{"A", "B"})
 	c.Assert(ToStringSlicePreserveString([]int{1, 3}), qt.DeepEquals, []string{"1", "3"})
 	c.Assert(ToStringSlicePreserveString(nil), qt.IsNil)
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package css
+
+// QuotedString is a string that needs to be quoted in CSS.
+type QuotedString string
+
+// UnquotedString is a string that does not need to be quoted in CSS.
+type UnquotedString string
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/spf13/cast"
 )

-func TestStringTypes(t *testing.T) {
+func TestRenderedString(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)

 	// Validate that it will behave like a string in Hugo settings.
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ type RLocker interface {

 // KeyValue is a interface{} tuple.
 type KeyValue struct {
-	Key   interface{}
-	Value interface{}
+	Key   any
+	Value any
 }

 // KeyValueStr is a string tuple.
@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@ type KeyValueStr struct {

 // KeyValues holds an key and a slice of values.
 type KeyValues struct {
-	Key    interface{}
-	Values []interface{}
+	Key    any
+	Values []any
 }

 // KeyString returns the key as a string, an empty string if conversion fails.
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ func (k KeyValues) String() string {
 // NewKeyValuesStrings takes a given key and slice of values and returns a new
 // KeyValues struct.
 func NewKeyValuesStrings(key string, values ...string) KeyValues {
-	iv := make([]interface{}, len(values))
+	iv := make([]any, len(values))
 	for i := 0; i < len(values); i++ {
 		iv[i] = values[i]
 	}
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ type Zeroer interface {
 }

 // IsNil reports whether v is nil.
-func IsNil(v interface{}) bool {
+func IsNil(v any) bool {
 	if v == nil {
 		return true
 	}
@@ -25,5 +25,5 @@ func TestKeyValues(t *testing.T) {
 	kv := NewKeyValuesStrings("key", "a1", "a2")

 	c.Assert(kv.KeyString(), qt.Equals, "key")
-	c.Assert(kv.Values, qt.DeepEquals, []interface{}{"a1", "a2"})
+	c.Assert(kv.Values, qt.DeepEquals, []any{"a1", "a2"})
 }
@@ -17,6 +17,6 @@ package urls
 // args must contain a path, but can also point to the target
 // language or output format.
 type RefLinker interface {
-	Ref(args map[string]interface{}) (string, error)
-	RelRef(args map[string]interface{}) (string, error)
+	Ref(args map[string]any) (string, error)
+	RelRef(args map[string]any) (string, error)
 }
@@ -17,13 +17,16 @@ package compare
 // The semantics of equals is that the two value are interchangeable
 // in the Hugo templates.
 type Eqer interface {
-	Eq(other interface{}) bool
+	// Eq returns whether this value is equal to the other.
+	// This is for internal use.
+	Eq(other any) bool
 }

 // ProbablyEqer is an equal check that may return false positives, but never
 // a false negative.
 type ProbablyEqer interface {
-	ProbablyEq(other interface{}) bool
+	// For internal use.
+	ProbablyEq(other any) bool
 }

 // Comparer can be used to compare two values.
@@ -31,5 +34,21 @@ type ProbablyEqer interface {
 // Compare returns -1 if the given version is less than, 0 if equal and 1 if greater than
 // the running version.
 type Comparer interface {
-	Compare(other interface{}) int
+	Compare(other any) int
+}
+
+// Eq returns whether v1 is equal to v2.
+// It will use the Eqer interface if implemented, which
+// defines equals when two value are interchangeable
+// in the Hugo templates.
+func Eq(v1, v2 any) bool {
+	if v1 == nil || v2 == nil {
+		return v1 == v2
+	}
+
+	if eqer, ok := v1.(Eqer); ok {
+		return eqer.Eq(v2)
+	}
+
+	return v1 == v2
 }
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More