releaser: Bump versions for release of 0.155.2

[ci skip]

.circleci/config.yml

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ parameters:
 defaults: &defaults
   resource_class: large
   docker:
-      - image: bepsays/ci-hugoreleaser:1.22400.20000
+      - image: bepsays/ci-hugoreleaser:1.22500.20400
 environment: &buildenv
       GOMODCACHE: /root/project/gomodcache
 version: 2
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ jobs:
     environment:
         <<: [*buildenv]
     docker:
-    - image: bepsays/ci-hugoreleaser-linux-arm64:1.22400.20000
+    - image: bepsays/ci-hugoreleaser-linux-arm64:1.22500.20400
     steps:
       - *restore-cache
       - &attach-workspace

.gemini/config.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+have_fun: false
+memory_config:
+  disabled: false
+code_review:
+  disable: false
+  comment_severity_threshold: HIGH
+  max_review_comments: -1
+  pull_request_opened:
+    help: true
+    summary: false
+    code_review: false
+    include_drafts: false
+ignore_patterns: []

.github/pull_request_template.md

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+🛑 Before submitting this PR
+
+All PRs must be linked to an Issue in this repository, and that Issue must be approved by a project maintainer:
+
+- For a bug, approval means that the "needs triage" label is removed.
+- For a proposal, approval means that the "proposal" label is replaced by an "enhancement" label.
+
+PRs without a linked, approved Issue will be closed immediately.
+
+Please review the contribution guide (CONTRIBUTING.md) to understand commit message guidelines and AI assistance disclosures.

.github/workflows/aiwatchdog.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+name: AI Detection
+on:
+  # Use pull_request_target instead of pull_request (we need the secrets.OPENAI_API_KEY to be available for forks)
+  pull_request_target:
+    types: [opened, ready_for_review]
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+  pull-requests: write
+jobs:
+  detect-ai:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: ${{ !github.event.pull_request.draft }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
+      - name: AI Watchdog
+        uses: bep/ai-watchdog@995475dd81767f8035dc2c943e9230918d06caca # temporary fork (probably)
+        with:
+          openai-api-key: ${{ secrets.OPENAI_API_KEY }}
+          pr-label: AI Suspect
+          fail-when-confident: false
+          # CSV list.
+          pr-user-logins-skip: dependabot[bot],bep,jmooring

.github/workflows/image.yml

@@ -16,20 +16,20 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332 # v4.1.7
+        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
 
       - name: Docker meta
         id: meta
-        uses: docker/metadata-action@8e5442c4ef9f78752691e2d8f8d19755c6f78e81 # v5.5.1
+        uses: docker/metadata-action@318604b99e75e41977312d83839a89be02ca4893 # v5.9.0
         with:
           images: ${{ env.REGISTRY_IMAGE }}
 
       - name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@988b5a0280414f521da01fcc63a27aeeb4b104db # v3.6.1
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@e468171a9de216ec08956ac3ada2f0791b6bd435 # v3.11.1
 
       - name: Login to GHCR
         # Login is only needed when the image is pushed
-        uses: docker/login-action@9780b0c442fbb1117ed29e0efdff1e18412f7567 # v3.3.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@5e57cd118135c172c3672efd75eb46360885c0ef # v3.6.0
         with:
           registry: ghcr.io
           username: ${{ github.repository_owner }}
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Build and push
         id: build
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@16ebe778df0e7752d2cfcbd924afdbbd89c1a755 # v6.6.1
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@263435318d21b8e681c14492fe198d362a7d2c83 # v6.18.0
         with:
           context: .
           provenance: mode=max

.github/workflows/stale.yml

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ jobs:
             This pull request has been automatically locked since there
             has not been any recent activity after it was closed.
             Please open a new issue for related bugs.
-      - uses: actions/stale@28ca1036281a5e5922ead5184a1bbf96e5fc984e # v9.0.0
+      - uses: actions/stale@5f858e3efba33a5ca4407a664cc011ad407f2008 # v10.1.0
         with:
           operations-per-run: 999
           days-before-issue-stale: 365
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ jobs:
           stale-pr-message: This PR has been automatically marked as stale because it has not had
             recent activity. The resources of the Hugo team are limited, and so we are asking for your help.
 
-            Please check https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#code-contribution and verify that this code contribution fits with the description. If yes, tell is in a comment.
+            Please check https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#code-contribution and verify that this code contribution fits with the description. If yes, tell us in a comment.
 
             This PR will automatically be closed in the near future if no further activity occurs. Thank you for all your contributions.
           stale-issue-label: 'Stale'

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ jobs:
   test:
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        go-version: [1.23.x, 1.24.x]
+        go-version: [1.24.x, 1.25.x]
         os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest] # macos disabled for now because of disk space issues.
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     steps:
@@ -24,9 +24,7 @@ jobs:
         name: Free Disk Space (Ubuntu)
         uses: jlumbroso/free-disk-space@54081f138730dfa15788a46383842cd2f914a1be # v1.3.1
         with:
-          # this might remove tools that are actually needed,
-          # if set to "true" but frees about 6 GB
-          tool-cache: false
+          tool-cache: true
           android: true
           dotnet: true
           haskell: true
@@ -34,9 +32,9 @@ jobs:
           docker-images: true
           swap-storage: true
       - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332 # v4.1.7
+        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
       - name: Install Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@0a12ed9d6a96ab950c8f026ed9f722fe0da7ef32 # v5.0.2
+        uses: actions/setup-go@44694675825211faa026b3c33043df3e48a5fa00 # v6.0.0
         with:
           go-version: ${{ matrix.go-version }}
           check-latest: true
@@ -45,18 +43,21 @@ jobs:
             **/go.sum
             **/go.mod
       - name: Install Ruby
-        uses: ruby/setup-ruby@a6e6f86333f0a2523ece813039b8b4be04560854 # v1.190.0
+        uses: ruby/setup-ruby@8aeb6ff8030dd539317f8e1769a044873b56ea71 # v1.268.0
         with:
-          ruby-version: "2.7"
-          bundler-cache: true #
+          ruby-version: "3.4.5"
+      - name: Install Ruby gems
+        run: |
+          gem install asciidoctor -v "2.0.26"
+          gem install asciidoctor-diagram -v "3.1.0"
+      - name: Install GoAT
+        run: go install github.com/blampe/goat/cmd/goat@177de93b192b8ffae608e5d9ec421cc99bf68402
       - name: Install Python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@39cd14951b08e74b54015e9e001cdefcf80e669f # v5.1.1
+        uses: actions/setup-python@e797f83bcb11b83ae66e0230d6156d7c80228e7c # v6.0.0
         with:
           python-version: "3.x"
       - name: Install Mage
         run: go install github.com/magefile/mage@v1.15.0
-      - name: Install asciidoctor
-        uses: reitzig/actions-asciidoctor@c642db5eedd1d729bb8c92034770d0b2f769eda6 # v2.0.2
       - name: Install docutils
         run: |
           pip install docutils
@@ -105,7 +106,10 @@ jobs:
         run: go install honnef.co/go/tools/cmd/staticcheck@latest
       - if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest'
         name: Run staticcheck
-        run: staticcheck ./...
+        run: |
+          export STATICCHECK_CACHE="${{ runner.temp }}/staticcheck"
+          staticcheck ./...
+          rm -rf ${{ runner.temp }}/staticcheck
       - if: matrix.os != 'windows-latest'
         name: Check
         run: |
@@ -117,16 +121,14 @@ jobs:
         # See issue #11052. We limit the build to regular test (no -race flag) on Windows for now.
         name: Test
         run: |
-          mage -v test;
+          mage -v test
         env:
           HUGO_BUILD_TAGS: extended,withdeploy
-      - name: Build tags
-        run: |
-          go install -tags extended
       - if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest'
         name: Build for dragonfly
         run: |
           go install
+          go clean -i -cache
         env:
           GOARCH: amd64
           GOOS: dragonfly

.gitignore

@@ -3,4 +3,5 @@
 imports.*
 dist/
 public/
-.DS_Store 
+.DS_Store 
+cache/filecache/_gen/

.prettierignore

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+tpl/tplimpl/embedded/templates/**

AGENTS.md

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+* Brevity is good.
+* Assume that the maintainers and readers of the code you write are Go experts:
+   * Don't use comments to explain the obvious.
+   * Use self-explanatory variable and function names.
+   * Use short variable names when the context is clear.
+* If you need to add temporary debug printing, use `hdebug.Printf`.[^1]
+* Never export symbols that's not needed outside of the package.
+* Avoid global state at (almost) all cost.
+* This is a project with a long history; assume that a similiar problem has been solved before, look hard for helper functions before creating new ones.
+* Use `./check.sh ./somepackage/...` when iterating.
+* Use `./check.sh` when you're done.
+
+
+[^1]: CI build fail if you forget to remove the debug printing.

CLAUDE.md

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+@AGENTS.md

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ The Hugo community and maintainers are [very active](https://github.com/gohugoio
 * [Reporting Issues](#reporting-issues)
 * [Submitting Patches](#submitting-patches)
   * [Code Contribution Guidelines](#code-contribution-guidelines)
+  * [AI Assistance Notice](#ai-assistance-notice)
   * [Git Commit Message Guidelines](#git-commit-message-guidelines)
   * [Fetching the Sources From GitHub](#fetching-the-sources-from-github)
   * [Building Hugo with Your Changes](#building-hugo-with-your-changes)
@@ -54,7 +55,7 @@ If it is of some complexity, the contributor is expected to maintain and support
 
 Any non-trivial code change needs to update an open [issue](https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/issues). A non-trivial code change without an issue reference with one of the labels `bug` or `enhancement` will not be merged.
 
-Note that we do not accept new features that require [CGO](https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/cgo).
+Note that we do not accept new features that require [CGO](https://go.dev/wiki/cgo).
 We have one exception to this rule which is LibSASS.
 
 **Bug fixes are, of course, always welcome.**
@@ -76,9 +77,19 @@ To make the contribution process as seamless as possible, we ask for the followi
     * Run `go fmt`.
     * Add documentation if you are adding new features or changing functionality.  The docs site lives in `/docs`.
     * Squash your commits into a single commit. `git rebase -i`. It’s okay to force update your pull request with `git push -f`.
-    * Ensure that `mage check` succeeds. [Travis CI](https://travis-ci.org/gohugoio/hugo) (Windows, Linux and macOS) will fail the build if `mage check` fails.
+    * Ensure that `./check.sh` succeeds. Note that some tests are skipped when running locally, some because they are slow. To run these locally,  do `CI_LOCAL=true ./check.sh ./somepackage/...`.
     * Follow the **Git Commit Message Guidelines** below.
 
+## AI Assistance Notice
+
+If a substantial part of your contribution is autogenerated with AI, **this must be disclosed in the pull request**, along with the extent to which AI assistance was used.
+
+An example disclosure:
+
+> This PR was written primarily by Claude Code.
+
+When using AI assistance, we expect contributors to understand the code that is produced and be able to answer critical questions about it.
+
 ### Git Commit Message Guidelines
 
 This [blog article](https://cbea.ms/git-commit/) is a good resource for learning how to write good commit messages,

Dockerfile

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 # Twitter:      https://twitter.com/gohugoio
 # Website:      https://gohugo.io/
 
-ARG GO_VERSION="1.24"
+ARG GO_VERSION="1.25"
 ARG ALPINE_VERSION="3.22"
 ARG DART_SASS_VERSION="1.79.3"
 

README.md

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ Use Hugo's embedded web server during development to instantly see changes to co
 
 Hugo's fast asset pipelines include:
 
-- Image processing – Convert, resize, crop, rotate, adjust colors, apply filters, overlay text and images, and extract EXIF data
+- Image processing – Convert, resize, crop, rotate, adjust colors, apply filters, overlay text and images, and extract metadata
 - JavaScript bundling – Transpile TypeScript and JSX to JavaScript, bundle, tree shake, minify, create source maps, and perform SRI hashing.
 - Sass processing – Transpile Sass to CSS, bundle, tree shake, minify, create source maps, perform SRI hashing, and integrate with PostCSS
 - Tailwind CSS processing – Compile Tailwind CSS utility classes into standard CSS, bundle, tree shake, optimize, minify, perform SRI hashing, and integrate with PostCSS
@@ -65,30 +65,24 @@ See the [features] section of the documentation for a comprehensive summary of H
 
 <p>&nbsp;</p>
 <p float="left">
-  <a href="https://www.linode.com/?utm_campaign=hugosponsor&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hugogithub" target="_blank"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gohugoio/hugoDocs/master/assets/images/sponsors/linode-logo_standard_light_medium.png" width="200" alt="Linode"></a>
-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
   <a href="https://www.jetbrains.com/go/?utm_source=OSS&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=hugo" target="_blank"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gohugoio/hugoDocs/master/assets/images/sponsors/goland.svg" width="200" alt="The complete IDE crafted for professional Go developers."></a>
   &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
-  <a href="https://pinme.eth.limo/?s=hugo" target="_blank"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gohugoio/hugoDocs/master/assets/images/sponsors/logo-pinme.svg" width="200" alt="PinMe."></a>
+    <a href="https://cloudcannon.com/hugo-cms/?utm_campaign=HugoSponsorship&utm_source=sponsor&utm_content=gohugo" target="_blank"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gohugoio/hugoDocs/master/assets/images/sponsors/cloudcannon-cms-logo.svg" width="200" alt="CloudCannon"></a>
 </p>
 
 ## Editions
 
-Hugo is available in three editions: standard, extended, and extended/deploy. While the standard edition provides core functionality, the extended and extended/deploy editions offer advanced features.
+Hugo offers a standard edition with core features, plus extended and extended/deploy editions with more. Use the standard edition unless you need the features below.
 
 Feature|extended edition|extended/deploy edition
 :--|:-:|:-:
-Encode to the WebP format when [processing images]. You can decode WebP images with any edition.|:heavy_check_mark:|:heavy_check_mark:
-[Transpile Sass to CSS] using the embedded LibSass transpiler. You can use the [Dart Sass] transpiler with any edition.|:heavy_check_mark:|:heavy_check_mark:
+[Transpile Sass to CSS] via embedded LibSass. Note that embedded LibSass was deprecated in v0.153.0 and will be removed in a future release. Use the [Dart Sass] transpiler instead, which is compatible with any edition.|:heavy_check_mark:|:heavy_check_mark:
 Deploy your site directly to a Google Cloud Storage bucket, an AWS S3 bucket, or an Azure Storage container. See&nbsp;[details].|:x:|:heavy_check_mark:
 
 [dart sass]: https://gohugo.io/functions/css/sass/#dart-sass
-[processing images]: https://gohugo.io/content-management/image-processing/
 [transpile sass to css]: https://gohugo.io/functions/css/sass/
 [details]: https://gohugo.io/hosting-and-deployment/hugo-deploy/
 
-Unless your specific deployment needs require the extended/deploy edition, we recommend the extended edition.
-
 ## Installation
 
 Install Hugo from a [prebuilt binary], package manager, or package repository. Please see the installation instructions for your operating system:
@@ -102,9 +96,9 @@ Install Hugo from a [prebuilt binary], package manager, or package repository. P
 
 Prerequisites to build Hugo from source:
 
-- Standard edition: Go 1.23.0 or later
-- Extended edition: Go 1.23.0 or later, and GCC
-- Extended/deploy edition: Go 1.23.0 or later, and GCC
+- Standard edition: Go 1.24.0 or later
+- Extended edition: Go 1.24.0 or later, and GCC
+- Extended/deploy edition: Go 1.24.0 or later, and GCC
 
 Build the standard edition:
 
@@ -162,6 +156,16 @@ If there is sufficient interest, [create a proposal]. Do not submit a pull reque
 
 For a complete guide to contributing to Hugo, see the [Contribution Guide](CONTRIBUTING.md).
 
+## License
+
+For the Hugo source code, see [LICENSE](/LICENSE).
+
+We also bundle some libraries in binary/WASM form:
+
+* [libwebp](https://github.com/webmproject/libwebp), [BSD-3-Clause license](https://github.com/webmproject/libwebp?tab=BSD-3-Clause-1-ov-file#readme)
+* [Katex](https://github.com/KaTeX/KaTeX), [MIT license](https://github.com/KaTeX/KaTeX?tab=MIT-1-ov-file#readme)
+* [QuickJS](https://github.com/bellard/quickjs?tab=License-1-ov-file#readme), [License](https://github.com/bellard/quickjs?tab=License-1-ov-file#readme)
+
 ## Dependencies
 
 Hugo stands on the shoulders of great open source libraries. Run `hugo env --logLevel info` to display a list of dependencies.
@@ -171,51 +175,55 @@ Hugo stands on the shoulders of great open source libraries. Run `hugo env --log
 
 ```text
 github.com/BurntSushi/locker="v0.0.0-20171006230638-a6e239ea1c69"
-github.com/PuerkitoBio/goquery="v1.10.1"
-github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2="v2.15.0"
-github.com/andybalholm/cascadia="v1.3.3"
-github.com/armon/go-radix="v1.0.1-0.20221118154546-54df44f2176c"
+github.com/JohannesKaufmann/dom="v0.2.0"
+github.com/JohannesKaufmann/html-to-markdown/v2="v2.5.0"
+github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2="v2.21.1"
+github.com/aymerick/douceur="v0.2.0"
 github.com/bep/clocks="v0.5.0"
 github.com/bep/debounce="v1.2.0"
-github.com/bep/gitmap="v1.6.0"
+github.com/bep/gitmap="v1.9.0"
 github.com/bep/goat="v0.5.0"
-github.com/bep/godartsass/v2="v2.3.2"
+github.com/bep/godartsass/v2="v2.5.0"
 github.com/bep/golibsass="v1.2.0"
-github.com/bep/gowebp="v0.3.0"
-github.com/bep/imagemeta="v0.8.4"
-github.com/bep/lazycache="v0.7.0"
+github.com/bep/goportabletext="v0.1.0"
+github.com/bep/helpers="v0.6.0"
+github.com/bep/imagemeta="v0.12.0"
+github.com/bep/lazycache="v0.8.0"
 github.com/bep/logg="v0.4.0"
 github.com/bep/mclib="v1.20400.20402"
-github.com/bep/overlayfs="v0.9.2"
-github.com/bep/simplecobra="v0.5.0"
+github.com/bep/overlayfs="v0.10.0"
+github.com/bep/simplecobra="v0.6.1"
+github.com/bep/textandbinarywriter="v0.0.0-20251212174530-cd9f0732f60f"
 github.com/bep/tmc="v0.5.1"
+github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset="v1.24.4"
 github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2="v2.3.0"
 github.com/clbanning/mxj/v2="v2.7.0"
-github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2="v2.0.4"
+github.com/clipperhouse/displaywidth="v0.6.0"
+github.com/clipperhouse/stringish="v0.1.1"
+github.com/clipperhouse/uax29/v2="v2.3.0"
+github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2="v2.0.6"
 github.com/disintegration/gift="v1.2.1"
 github.com/dlclark/regexp2="v1.11.5"
-github.com/dop251/goja="v0.0.0-20250125213203-5ef83b82af17"
-github.com/evanw/esbuild="v0.24.2"
+github.com/evanw/esbuild="v0.27.2"
 github.com/fatih/color="v1.18.0"
 github.com/frankban/quicktest="v1.14.6"
-github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify="v1.8.0"
-github.com/getkin/kin-openapi="v0.129.0"
-github.com/ghodss/yaml="v1.0.0"
+github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify="v1.9.0"
+github.com/getkin/kin-openapi="v0.133.0"
 github.com/go-openapi/jsonpointer="v0.21.0"
 github.com/go-openapi/swag="v0.23.0"
-github.com/go-sourcemap/sourcemap="v2.1.4+incompatible"
 github.com/gobuffalo/flect="v1.0.3"
 github.com/gobwas/glob="v0.2.3"
-github.com/gohugoio/go-i18n/v2="v2.1.3-0.20230805085216-e63c13218d0e"
-github.com/gohugoio/hashstructure="v0.5.0"
-github.com/gohugoio/httpcache="v0.7.0"
-github.com/gohugoio/hugo-goldmark-extensions/extras="v0.2.0"
-github.com/gohugoio/hugo-goldmark-extensions/passthrough="v0.3.0"
+github.com/goccy/go-yaml="v1.19.1"
+github.com/gohugoio/go-i18n/v2="v2.1.3-0.20251018145728-cfcc22d823c6"
+github.com/gohugoio/go-radix="v1.2.0"
+github.com/gohugoio/hashstructure="v0.6.0"
+github.com/gohugoio/httpcache="v0.8.0"
+github.com/gohugoio/hugo-goldmark-extensions/extras="v0.5.0"
+github.com/gohugoio/hugo-goldmark-extensions/passthrough="v0.3.1"
 github.com/gohugoio/locales="v0.14.0"
 github.com/gohugoio/localescompressed="v1.0.1"
-github.com/golang/freetype="v0.0.0-20170609003504-e2365dfdc4a0"
-github.com/google/go-cmp="v0.6.0"
-github.com/google/pprof="v0.0.0-20250208200701-d0013a598941"
+github.com/google/go-cmp="v0.7.0"
+github.com/gorilla/css="v1.0.1"
 github.com/gorilla/websocket="v1.5.3"
 github.com/hairyhenderson/go-codeowners="v0.7.0"
 github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru/v2="v2.0.7"
@@ -224,58 +232,57 @@ github.com/josharian/intern="v1.0.0"
 github.com/kr/pretty="v0.3.1"
 github.com/kr/text="v0.2.0"
 github.com/kyokomi/emoji/v2="v2.2.13"
-github.com/lucasb-eyer/go-colorful="v1.2.0"
 github.com/mailru/easyjson="v0.7.7"
 github.com/makeworld-the-better-one/dither/v2="v2.4.0"
 github.com/marekm4/color-extractor="v1.2.1"
 github.com/mattn/go-colorable="v0.1.13"
 github.com/mattn/go-isatty="v0.0.20"
-github.com/mattn/go-runewidth="v0.0.9"
-github.com/mazznoer/csscolorparser="v0.1.5"
+github.com/mattn/go-runewidth="v0.0.19"
+github.com/microcosm-cc/bluemonday="v1.0.27"
 github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure="v1.5.1-0.20231216201459-8508981c8b6c"
 github.com/mohae/deepcopy="v0.0.0-20170929034955-c48cc78d4826"
 github.com/muesli/smartcrop="v0.3.0"
-github.com/niklasfasching/go-org="v1.7.0"
-github.com/oasdiff/yaml3="v0.0.0-20241210130736-a94c01f36349"
-github.com/oasdiff/yaml="v0.0.0-20241210131133-6b86fb107d80"
-github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter="v0.0.5"
+github.com/niklasfasching/go-org="v1.9.1"
+github.com/oasdiff/yaml3="v0.0.0-20250309153720-d2182401db90"
+github.com/oasdiff/yaml="v0.0.0-20250309154309-f31be36b4037"
+github.com/olekukonko/cat="v0.0.0-20250911104152-50322a0618f6"
+github.com/olekukonko/errors="v1.1.0"
+github.com/olekukonko/ll="v0.1.3"
+github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter="v1.1.2"
 github.com/pbnjay/memory="v0.0.0-20210728143218-7b4eea64cf58"
-github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2="v2.2.3"
+github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2="v2.2.4"
 github.com/perimeterx/marshmallow="v1.1.5"
 github.com/pkg/browser="v0.0.0-20240102092130-5ac0b6a4141c"
 github.com/pkg/errors="v0.9.1"
-github.com/rivo/uniseg="v0.4.7"
-github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal="v1.13.1"
+github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal="v1.14.1"
 github.com/russross/blackfriday/v2="v2.1.0"
-github.com/sass/libsass="3.6.6"
-github.com/spf13/afero="v1.11.0"
-github.com/spf13/cast="v1.7.1"
-github.com/spf13/cobra="v1.8.1"
+github.com/sass/dart-sass/compiler="1.97.1"
+github.com/sass/dart-sass/implementation="1.97.1"
+github.com/sass/dart-sass/protocol="3.2.0"
+github.com/spf13/afero="v1.15.0"
+github.com/spf13/cast="v1.10.0"
+github.com/spf13/cobra="v1.10.2"
 github.com/spf13/fsync="v0.10.1"
-github.com/spf13/pflag="v1.0.6"
-github.com/tdewolff/minify/v2="v2.20.37"
-github.com/tdewolff/parse/v2="v2.7.15"
-github.com/tetratelabs/wazero="v1.8.2"
-github.com/webmproject/libwebp="v1.3.2"
-github.com/yuin/goldmark-emoji="v1.0.4"
-github.com/yuin/goldmark="v1.7.8"
+github.com/spf13/pflag="v1.0.9"
+github.com/tdewolff/minify/v2="v2.24.8"
+github.com/tdewolff/parse/v2="v2.8.5"
+github.com/tetratelabs/wazero="v1.10.1"
+github.com/webmproject/libwebp="v1.6.0"
+github.com/woodsbury/decimal128="v1.3.0"
+github.com/yuin/goldmark-emoji="v1.0.6"
+github.com/yuin/goldmark="v1.7.13"
 go.uber.org/automaxprocs="v1.5.3"
-golang.org/x/crypto="v0.33.0"
-golang.org/x/exp="v0.0.0-20250210185358-939b2ce775ac"
-golang.org/x/image="v0.24.0"
-golang.org/x/mod="v0.23.0"
-golang.org/x/net="v0.35.0"
-golang.org/x/sync="v0.11.0"
-golang.org/x/sys="v0.30.0"
-golang.org/x/text="v0.22.0"
-golang.org/x/tools="v0.30.0"
-golang.org/x/xerrors="v0.0.0-20240903120638-7835f813f4da"
-gonum.org/v1/plot="v0.15.0"
-google.golang.org/protobuf="v1.36.5"
-gopkg.in/yaml.v2="v2.4.0"
+go.yaml.in/yaml/v3="v3.0.4"
+golang.org/x/crypto="v0.46.0"
+golang.org/x/image="v0.34.0"
+golang.org/x/mod="v0.31.0"
+golang.org/x/net="v0.48.0"
+golang.org/x/sync="v0.19.0"
+golang.org/x/sys="v0.39.0"
+golang.org/x/text="v0.32.0"
+golang.org/x/tools="v0.40.0"
+google.golang.org/protobuf="v1.36.10"
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3="v3.0.1"
-oss.terrastruct.com/d2="v0.6.9"
-oss.terrastruct.com/util-go="v0.0.0-20241005222610-44c011a04896"
 rsc.io/qr="v0.2.0"
 software.sslmate.com/src/go-pkcs12="v0.2.0"
 ```

cache/dynacache/dynacache.go

@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ func New(opts Options) *Cache {
 
 	infol := opts.Log.InfoCommand("dynacache")
 
-	evictedIdentities := collections.NewStack[KeyIdentity]()
+	evictedIdentities := collections.NewStackThreadSafe[KeyIdentity]()
 
 	onEvict := func(k, v any) {
 		if !opts.Watching {
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ type Cache struct {
 	partitions map[string]PartitionManager
 
 	onEvict           func(k, v any)
-	evictedIdentities *collections.Stack[KeyIdentity]
+	evictedIdentities *collections.StackThreadSafe[KeyIdentity]
 
 	opts  Options
 	infol logg.LevelLogger
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ func GetOrCreatePartition[K comparable, V any](c *Cache, name string, opts Optio
 		panic("invalid Weight, must be between 1 and 100")
 	}
 
-	if partitionNameRe.FindString(name) != name {
+	if !partitionNameRe.MatchString(name) {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("invalid partition name %q", name))
 	}
 

cache/filecache/filecache.go

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ package filecache
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
@@ -54,7 +55,11 @@ type Cache struct {
 
 	nlocker *lockTracker
 
+	isResourceDir bool
+	baseDir       string
+
 	initOnce sync.Once
+	isInited bool
 	initErr  error
 }
 
@@ -109,9 +114,14 @@ func (l *lockedFile) Close() error {
 }
 
 func (c *Cache) init() error {
+	if c == nil {
+		panic("cache is nil")
+	}
 	c.initOnce.Do(func() {
+		c.isInited = true
 		// Create the base dir if it does not exist.
 		if err := c.Fs.MkdirAll("", 0o777); err != nil && !os.IsExist(err) {
+			err = fmt.Errorf("failled to create base cache directory: %s", err)
 			c.initErr = err
 		}
 	})
@@ -286,8 +296,32 @@ func (c *Cache) GetOrCreateBytes(id string, create func() ([]byte, error)) (Item
 	return info, b, nil
 }
 
+// SetBytes sets the file content with the given id in the cache.
+func (c *Cache) SetBytes(id string, data []byte) error {
+	if err := c.init(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	id = cleanID(id)
+
+	c.nlocker.Lock(id)
+	defer c.nlocker.Unlock(id)
+
+	if c.maxAge == 0 {
+		// No caching.
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	return c.writeReader(id, bytes.NewReader(data))
+}
+
 // GetBytes gets the file content with the given id from the cache, nil if none found.
-func (c *Cache) GetBytes(id string) (ItemInfo, []byte, error) {
+func (c *Cache) GetBytes(id string) ([]byte, error) {
+	_, b, err := c.GetItemBytes(id)
+	return b, err
+}
+
+// GetItemBytes gets the ItemInfo and file content with the given id from the cache, nil if none found.
+func (c *Cache) GetItemBytes(id string) (ItemInfo, []byte, error) {
 	if err := c.init(); err != nil {
 		return ItemInfo{}, nil, err
 	}
@@ -417,6 +451,17 @@ func (c *Cache) GetString(id string) string {
 // Caches is a named set of caches.
 type Caches map[string]*Cache
 
+func (f Caches) SetResourceFs(fs afero.Fs) {
+	for _, c := range f {
+		if c.isResourceDir {
+			if c.isInited {
+				panic("cannot set resource fs after init")
+			}
+			c.Fs = hugofs.NewBasePathFs(fs, c.baseDir)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 // Get gets a named cache, nil if none found.
 func (f Caches) Get(name string) *Cache {
 	return f[strings.ToLower(name)]
@@ -424,24 +469,19 @@ func (f Caches) Get(name string) *Cache {
 
 // NewCaches creates a new set of file caches from the given
 // configuration.
-func NewCaches(p *helpers.PathSpec) (Caches, error) {
-	dcfg := p.Cfg.GetConfigSection("caches").(Configs)
-	fs := p.Fs.Source
+func NewCaches(dcfg Configs, sourceFs afero.Fs) (Caches, error) {
+	// dcfg := p.Cfg.GetConfigSection("caches").(Configs)
+	fs := sourceFs
 
 	m := make(Caches)
 	for k, v := range dcfg {
 		var cfs afero.Fs
-
 		if v.IsResourceDir {
-			cfs = p.BaseFs.ResourcesCache
+			cfs = nil // Set later. TODO(bep) this needs to be cleanded up.
 		} else {
 			cfs = fs
 		}
 
-		if cfs == nil {
-			panic("nil fs")
-		}
-
 		baseDir := v.DirCompiled
 
 		bfs := hugofs.NewBasePathFs(cfs, baseDir)
@@ -451,7 +491,11 @@ func NewCaches(p *helpers.PathSpec) (Caches, error) {
 			pruneAllRootDir = "pkg"
 		}
 
-		m[k] = NewCache(bfs, v.MaxAge, pruneAllRootDir)
+		c := NewCache(bfs, v.MaxAge, pruneAllRootDir)
+		c.isResourceDir = v.IsResourceDir
+		c.baseDir = baseDir
+
+		m[k] = c
 	}
 
 	return m, nil

cache/filecache/filecache_config.go

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 package filecache
 
 import (
+	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"path"
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hmaps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
 
 	"github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure"
@@ -40,27 +41,39 @@ var defaultCacheConfig = FileCacheConfig{
 }
 
 const (
-	CacheKeyGetJSON     = "getjson"
-	CacheKeyGetCSV      = "getcsv"
-	CacheKeyImages      = "images"
-	CacheKeyAssets      = "assets"
-	CacheKeyModules     = "modules"
-	CacheKeyGetResource = "getresource"
-	CacheKeyMisc        = "misc"
+	CacheKeyGetJSON       = "getjson"
+	CacheKeyGetCSV        = "getcsv"
+	CacheKeyImages        = "images"
+	CacheKeyAssets        = "assets"
+	CacheKeyModules       = "modules"
+	CacheKeyModuleQueries = "modulequeries"
+	CacheKeyGetResource   = "getresource"
+	CacheKeyMisc          = "misc"
 )
 
 type Configs map[string]FileCacheConfig
 
+// CacheDirModules returns the compiled path to the modules cache.
 // For internal use.
 func (c Configs) CacheDirModules() string {
 	return c[CacheKeyModules].DirCompiled
 }
 
+// CacheDirMisc returns the compiled path to the misc cache.
+// For internal use.
+func (c Configs) CacheDirMisc() string {
+	return c[CacheKeyMisc].DirCompiled
+}
+
 var defaultCacheConfigs = Configs{
 	CacheKeyModules: {
 		MaxAge: -1,
 		Dir:    ":cacheDir/modules",
 	},
+	CacheKeyModuleQueries: {
+		MaxAge: 24 * time.Hour,
+		Dir:    ":cacheDir/modules",
+	},
 	CacheKeyGetJSON: defaultCacheConfig,
 	CacheKeyGetCSV:  defaultCacheConfig,
 	CacheKeyImages: {
@@ -100,6 +113,23 @@ type FileCacheConfig struct {
 	IsResourceDir bool `json:"-"`
 }
 
+// MarshalJSON marshals FileCacheConfig to JSON with MaxAge as a human-readable string.
+func (c FileCacheConfig) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	var maxAge any
+	if c.MaxAge == -1 {
+		maxAge = -1
+	} else {
+		maxAge = strings.TrimSuffix(c.MaxAge.String(), "0m0s")
+	}
+	return json.Marshal(&struct {
+		MaxAge any    `json:"maxAge"`
+		Dir    string `json:"dir"`
+	}{
+		MaxAge: maxAge,
+		Dir:    c.Dir,
+	})
+}
+
 // GetJSONCache gets the file cache for getJSON.
 func (f Caches) GetJSONCache() *Cache {
 	return f[CacheKeyGetJSON]
@@ -120,6 +150,16 @@ func (f Caches) ModulesCache() *Cache {
 	return f[CacheKeyModules]
 }
 
+// ModuleQueriesCache gets the file cache for Hugo Module version queries.
+// Returns nil if not found.
+func (f Caches) ModuleQueriesCache() *Cache {
+	c, ok := f[CacheKeyModuleQueries]
+	if !ok {
+		panic("module queries cache not set")
+	}
+	return c
+}
+
 // AssetsCache gets the file cache for assets (processed resources, SCSS etc.).
 func (f Caches) AssetsCache() *Cache {
 	return f[CacheKeyAssets]
@@ -147,7 +187,7 @@ func DecodeConfig(fs afero.Fs, bcfg config.BaseConfig, m map[string]any) (Config
 	_, isOsFs := fs.(*afero.OsFs)
 
 	for k, v := range m {
-		if _, ok := v.(maps.Params); !ok {
+		if _, ok := v.(hmaps.Params); !ok {
 			continue
 		}
 		cc := defaultCacheConfig

cache/filecache/filecache_config_test.go

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 package filecache_test
 
 import (
+	"encoding/json"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"runtime"
 	"testing"
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ dir = "/path/to/c4"
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 	fs := afero.NewMemMapFs()
 	decoded := testconfig.GetTestConfigs(fs, cfg).Base.Caches
-	c.Assert(len(decoded), qt.Equals, 7)
+	c.Assert(len(decoded), qt.Equals, 8)
 
 	c2 := decoded["getcsv"]
 	c.Assert(c2.MaxAge.String(), qt.Equals, "11h0m0s")
@@ -106,7 +107,7 @@ dir = "/path/to/c4"
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 	fs := afero.NewMemMapFs()
 	decoded := testconfig.GetTestConfigs(fs, cfg).Base.Caches
-	c.Assert(len(decoded), qt.Equals, 7)
+	c.Assert(len(decoded), qt.Equals, 8)
 
 	for _, v := range decoded {
 		c.Assert(v.MaxAge, qt.Equals, time.Duration(0))
@@ -129,7 +130,7 @@ func TestDecodeConfigDefault(t *testing.T) {
 
 	fs := afero.NewMemMapFs()
 	decoded := testconfig.GetTestConfigs(fs, cfg).Base.Caches
-	c.Assert(len(decoded), qt.Equals, 7)
+	c.Assert(len(decoded), qt.Equals, 8)
 
 	imgConfig := decoded[filecache.CacheKeyImages]
 	jsonConfig := decoded[filecache.CacheKeyGetJSON]
@@ -144,3 +145,29 @@ func TestDecodeConfigDefault(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Assert(imgConfig.IsResourceDir, qt.Equals, true)
 	c.Assert(jsonConfig.IsResourceDir, qt.Equals, false)
 }
+
+func TestFileCacheConfigMarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	cfg := config.New()
+	cfg.Set("cacheDir", "/cache")
+	cfg.Set("workingDir", "/my/project")
+
+	fs := afero.NewMemMapFs()
+	decoded := testconfig.GetTestConfigs(fs, cfg).Base.Caches
+
+	moduleQueriesConfig := decoded[filecache.CacheKeyModuleQueries]
+	c.Assert(moduleQueriesConfig.MaxAge, qt.Equals, 24*time.Hour)
+
+	b, err := json.Marshal(moduleQueriesConfig)
+	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+
+	c.Assert(string(b), qt.Contains, `"maxAge":"24h"`)
+	c.Assert(string(b), qt.Not(qt.Contains), "86400000000000")
+	c.Assert(string(b), qt.Not(qt.Contains), "8.64e")
+
+	moduleQueriesConfig.MaxAge = -1
+	b, err = json.Marshal(moduleQueriesConfig)
+	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+	c.Assert(string(b), qt.Contains, `"maxAge":-1`)
+}

cache/filecache/filecache_integration_test.go

@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ title: "Home"
 ---
 -- assets/a/pixel.png --
 iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mNkYPhfDwAChwGA60e6kgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==
--- layouts/index.html --
+-- layouts/home.html --
 {{ warnf "HOME!" }}
 {{ $img := resources.GetMatch "**.png" }}
 {{ $img = $img.Resize "3x3" }}

cache/filecache/filecache_pruner_test.go

@@ -55,9 +55,12 @@ dir = ":resourceDir/_gen"
 
 	for _, name := range []string{filecache.CacheKeyGetCSV, filecache.CacheKeyGetJSON, filecache.CacheKeyAssets, filecache.CacheKeyImages} {
 		msg := qt.Commentf("cache: %s", name)
-		p := newPathsSpec(t, afero.NewMemMapFs(), configStr)
-		caches, err := filecache.NewCaches(p)
+		fs := afero.NewMemMapFs()
+		p := newPathsSpec(t, fs, configStr)
+		fileCachConfig := p.Cfg.GetConfigSection("caches").(filecache.Configs)
+		caches, err := filecache.NewCaches(fileCachConfig, fs)
 		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+		caches.SetResourceFs(fs)
 		cache := caches[name]
 		for i := range 10 {
 			id := fmt.Sprintf("i%d", i)
@@ -84,8 +87,9 @@ dir = ":resourceDir/_gen"
 			}
 		}
 
-		caches, err = filecache.NewCaches(p)
+		caches, err = filecache.NewCaches(fileCachConfig, fs)
 		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+		caches.SetResourceFs(fs)
 		cache = caches[name]
 		// Touch one and then prune.
 		cache.GetOrCreateBytes("i5", func() ([]byte, error) {

cache/filecache/filecache_test.go

@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/htesting"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
@@ -78,9 +80,11 @@ dir = ":cacheDir/c"
 		configStr = strings.Replace(configStr, "\\", winPathSep, -1)
 
 		p := newPathsSpec(t, osfs, configStr)
+		fileCachConfig := p.Cfg.GetConfigSection("caches").(filecache.Configs)
 
-		caches, err := filecache.NewCaches(p)
+		caches, err := filecache.NewCaches(fileCachConfig, p.Fs.Source)
 		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+		caches.SetResourceFs(p.SourceFs)
 
 		cache := caches.Get("GetJSON")
 		c.Assert(cache, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
@@ -149,7 +153,7 @@ dir = ":cacheDir/c"
 		r.Close()
 		c.Assert(string(b), qt.Equals, "Hugo is great!")
 
-		info, b, err = caches.ImageCache().GetBytes("mykey")
+		info, b, err = caches.ImageCache().GetItemBytes("mykey")
 		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 		c.Assert(info.Name, qt.Equals, "mykey")
 		c.Assert(string(b), qt.Equals, "Hugo is great!")
@@ -158,6 +162,7 @@ dir = ":cacheDir/c"
 }
 
 func TestFileCacheConcurrent(t *testing.T) {
+	htesting.SkipSlowTestUnlessCI(t)
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	c := qt.New(t)
@@ -179,9 +184,10 @@ dir = "/cache/c"
 `
 
 	p := newPathsSpec(t, afero.NewMemMapFs(), configStr)
-
-	caches, err := filecache.NewCaches(p)
+	fileCachConfig := p.Cfg.GetConfigSection("caches").(filecache.Configs)
+	caches, err := filecache.NewCaches(fileCachConfig, p.Fs.Source)
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+	caches.SetResourceFs(p.Fs.Source)
 
 	const cacheName = "getjson"
 
@@ -270,7 +276,7 @@ func newPathsSpec(t *testing.T, fs afero.Fs, configStr string) *helpers.PathSpec
 	cfg, err := config.FromConfigString(configStr, "toml")
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 	acfg := testconfig.GetTestConfig(fs, cfg)
-	p, err := helpers.NewPathSpec(hugofs.NewFrom(fs, acfg.BaseConfig()), acfg, nil)
+	p, err := helpers.NewPathSpec(hugofs.NewFrom(fs, acfg.BaseConfig()), acfg, nil, nil)
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 	return p
 }

cache/httpcache/httpcache.go

@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ import (
 
 // DefaultConfig holds the default configuration for the HTTP cache.
 var DefaultConfig = Config{
+	RespectCacheControlNoStoreInRequest:  true,
+	RespectCacheControlNoStoreInResponse: false,
 	Cache: Cache{
 		For: GlobMatcher{
 			Excludes: []string{"**"},
@@ -42,7 +44,13 @@ var DefaultConfig = Config{
 
 // Config holds the configuration for the HTTP cache.
 type Config struct {
-	// Configures the HTTP cache behavior (RFC 9111).
+	// When enabled and there's a Cache-Control: no-store directive in the request, response will never be stored in disk cache.
+	RespectCacheControlNoStoreInRequest bool
+
+	// When enabled and there's a Cache-Control: no-store directive in the response, response will never be stored in disk cache.
+	RespectCacheControlNoStoreInResponse bool
+
+	// Enables HTTP cache behavior (RFC 9111) for these resources.
 	// When this is not enabled for a resource, Hugo will go straight to the file cache.
 	Cache Cache
 
@@ -57,7 +65,9 @@ type Cache struct {
 }
 
 func (c *Config) Compile() (ConfigCompiled, error) {
-	var cc ConfigCompiled
+	cc := ConfigCompiled{
+		Base: *c,
+	}
 
 	p, err := c.Cache.For.CompilePredicate()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -127,6 +137,7 @@ func (gm GlobMatcher) IsZero() bool {
 }
 
 type ConfigCompiled struct {
+	Base        Config
 	For         predicate.P[string]
 	PollConfigs []PollConfigCompiled
 }
@@ -162,16 +173,16 @@ func (gm *GlobMatcher) CompilePredicate() (func(string) bool, error) {
 	if gm.IsZero() {
 		panic("no includes or excludes")
 	}
-	var p predicate.P[string]
+	var b predicate.PR[string]
 	for _, include := range gm.Includes {
 		g, err := glob.Compile(include, '/')
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		fn := func(s string) bool {
-			return g.Match(s)
+		fn := func(s string) predicate.Match {
+			return predicate.BoolMatch(g.Match(s))
 		}
-		p = p.Or(fn)
+		b = b.Or(fn)
 	}
 
 	for _, exclude := range gm.Excludes {
@@ -179,13 +190,13 @@ func (gm *GlobMatcher) CompilePredicate() (func(string) bool, error) {
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		fn := func(s string) bool {
-			return !g.Match(s)
+		fn := func(s string) predicate.Match {
+			return predicate.BoolMatch(!g.Match(s))
 		}
-		p = p.And(fn)
+		b = b.And(fn)
 	}
 
-	return p, nil
+	return b.BoolFunc(), nil
 }
 
 func DecodeConfig(_ config.BaseConfig, m map[string]any) (Config, error) {

cache/httpcache/httpcache_test.go

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ func TestDefaultConfig(t *testing.T) {
 func TestDecodeConfigInjectsDefaultAndCompiles(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)
 
-	cfg, err := DecodeConfig(config.BaseConfig{}, map[string]interface{}{})
+	cfg, err := DecodeConfig(config.BaseConfig{}, map[string]any{})
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 	c.Assert(cfg, qt.DeepEquals, DefaultConfig)
 

check.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+set -e
+
+# Default to all packages if none specified
+PACKAGES="${1:-./...}"
+
+echo "==> Checking packages: $PACKAGES"
+
+# Timing arrays
+declare -a STEP_NAMES
+declare -a STEP_TIMES
+
+time_step() {
+    local name="$1"
+    shift
+    local start=$(date +%s.%N)
+    "$@"
+    local end=$(date +%s.%N)
+    local elapsed=$(echo "$end - $start" | bc)
+    STEP_NAMES+=("$name")
+    STEP_TIMES+=("$elapsed")
+}
+
+# Check gofmt
+run_gofmt() {
+    echo "==> Running gofmt..."
+    # Convert package pattern to path (e.g., ./hugolib/... -> ./hugolib)
+    local path="${PACKAGES%/...}"
+    GOFMT_OUTPUT=$(gofmt -l "$path" 2>&1) || true
+    if [ -n "$GOFMT_OUTPUT" ]; then
+        echo "gofmt found issues in:"
+        echo "$GOFMT_OUTPUT"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    echo "    OK"
+}
+
+# Run staticcheck
+run_staticcheck() {
+    # Check if staticcheck is installed, install if not
+    if ! command -v staticcheck &> /dev/null; then
+        echo "==> Installing staticcheck..."
+        go install honnef.co/go/tools/cmd/staticcheck@latest
+    fi
+    echo "==> Running staticcheck..."
+    staticcheck $PACKAGES
+    echo "    OK"
+}
+
+# Run tests
+run_tests() {
+    echo "==> Running tests..."
+    local output
+    if ! output=$(go test $PACKAGES 2>&1); then
+        echo "$output"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    echo "    OK"
+}
+
+# Run all steps with timing
+TOTAL_START=$(date +%s.%N)
+
+time_step "gofmt" run_gofmt
+time_step "staticcheck" run_staticcheck
+time_step "tests" run_tests
+
+TOTAL_END=$(date +%s.%N)
+TOTAL_ELAPSED=$(echo "$TOTAL_END - $TOTAL_START" | bc)
+
+# Print timing summary
+echo ""
+echo "==> All checks passed!"
+echo ""
+echo "Timing summary:"
+echo "---------------"
+for i in "${!STEP_NAMES[@]}"; do
+    printf "  %-15s %6.2fs\n" "${STEP_NAMES[$i]}" "${STEP_TIMES[$i]}"
+done
+echo "---------------"
+printf "  %-15s %6.2fs\n" "Total" "$TOTAL_ELAPSED"

commands/commandeer.go

@@ -401,9 +401,7 @@ func (r *rootCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, args
 
 	watchGroups := helpers.ExtractAndGroupRootPaths(watchDirs)
 
-	for _, group := range watchGroups {
-		r.Printf("Watching for changes in %s\n", group)
-	}
+	r.Printf("Watching for changes in %s\n", strings.Join(watchGroups, ", "))
 	watcher, err := b.newWatcher(r.poll, watchDirs...)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err

commands/config.go

@@ -23,8 +23,9 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hmaps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config/allconfig"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib/sitesmatrix"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/modules"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser/metadecoders"
@@ -71,7 +72,7 @@ func (c *configCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, arg
 			return fmt.Errorf("language %q not found", c.lang)
 		}
 	} else {
-		config = conf.configs.LanguageConfigSlice[0]
+		config = conf.configs.LanguageConfigMap[conf.configs.Base.DefaultContentLanguage]
 	}
 
 	var buf bytes.Buffer
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ func (c *configCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, arg
 		if err := json.Unmarshal(buf.Bytes(), &m); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		maps.ConvertFloat64WithNoDecimalsToInt(m)
+		hmaps.ConvertFloat64WithNoDecimalsToInt(m)
 		switch format {
 		case "yaml":
 			return parser.InterfaceToConfig(m, metadecoders.YAML, os.Stdout)
@@ -128,9 +129,9 @@ func (c *configCommand) PreRun(cd, runner *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
 }
 
 type configModMount struct {
-	Source string `json:"source"`
-	Target string `json:"target"`
-	Lang   string `json:"lang,omitempty"`
+	Source string            `json:"source"`
+	Target string            `json:"target"`
+	Sites  sitesmatrix.Sites `json:"sites,omitzero"`
 }
 
 type configModMounts struct {
@@ -146,7 +147,7 @@ func (m *configModMounts) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 		mounts = append(mounts, configModMount{
 			Source: mount.Source,
 			Target: mount.Target,
-			Lang:   mount.Lang,
+			Sites:  mount.Sites,
 		})
 	}
 

commands/gen.go

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2/formatters/html"
 	"github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2/styles"
 	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
+	"github.com/goccy/go-yaml"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugo"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/docshelper"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
@@ -36,7 +37,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra/doc"
-	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
 )
 
 func newGenCommand() *genCommand {
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ func newGenCommand() *genCommand {
 		lineNumbersInlineStyle string
 		lineNumbersTableStyle  string
 		omitEmpty              bool
+		omitClassComments      bool
 	)
 
 	newChromaStyles := func() simplecobra.Commander {
@@ -81,12 +82,14 @@ See https://xyproto.github.io/splash/docs/all.html for a preview of the availabl
 					return err
 				}
 
-				var formatter *html.Formatter
 				if omitEmpty {
-					formatter = html.New(html.WithClasses(true))
-				} else {
-					formatter = html.New(html.WithAllClasses(true))
+					// See https://github.com/alecthomas/chroma/commit/5b2a4c5a26c503c79bc86ba3c4ae5b330028bd3d
+					hugo.Deprecate("--omitEmpty", "Flag is no longer needed, empty classes are now always omitted.", "v0.149.0")
 				}
+				options := []html.Option{
+					html.WithCSSComments(!omitClassComments),
+				}
+				formatter := html.New(options...)
 
 				w := os.Stdout
 				fmt.Fprintf(w, "/* Generated using: hugo %s */\n\n", strings.Join(os.Args[1:], " "))
@@ -103,8 +106,10 @@ See https://xyproto.github.io/splash/docs/all.html for a preview of the availabl
 				_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("lineNumbersInlineStyle", cobra.NoFileCompletions)
 				cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&lineNumbersTableStyle, "lineNumbersTableStyle", "", `foreground and background colors for table line numbers, e.g. --lineNumbersTableStyle "#fff000 bg:#000fff"`)
 				_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("lineNumbersTableStyle", cobra.NoFileCompletions)
-				cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&omitEmpty, "omitEmpty", false, `omit empty CSS rules`)
+				cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&omitEmpty, "omitEmpty", false, `omit empty CSS rules (deprecated, no longer needed)`)
 				_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("omitEmpty", cobra.NoFileCompletions)
+				cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&omitClassComments, "omitClassComments", false, `omit CSS class comment prefixes in the generated CSS`)
+				_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("omitClassComments", cobra.NoFileCompletions)
 			},
 		}
 	}
@@ -244,7 +249,7 @@ url: %s
 					return err
 				}
 				defer f.Close()
-				yamlEnc := yaml.NewEncoder(f)
+				yamlEnc := yaml.NewEncoder(f, yaml.UseSingleQuote(true), yaml.AutoInt())
 				if err := yamlEnc.Encode(m); err != nil {
 					return err
 				}

commands/helpers.go

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ func flagsToCfgWithAdditionalConfigBase(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, cfg config.P
 
 	// Flags with a different name in the config.
 	keyMap := map[string]string{
-		"minify":      "minifyOutput",
+		"minify":      "minify.minifyOutput",
 		"destination": "publishDir",
 		"editor":      "newContentEditor",
 	}

commands/hugobuilder.go

@@ -27,13 +27,15 @@ import (
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/bep/debounce"
 	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
 	"github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/herrors"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hmaps"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hstrings"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/htime"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugo"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/paths"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/terminal"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/types"
@@ -142,7 +144,7 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) getDirList() ([]string, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	return helpers.UniqueStringsSorted(h.PathSpec.BaseFs.WatchFilenames()), nil
+	return hstrings.UniqueStringsSorted(h.PathSpec.BaseFs.WatchFilenames()), nil
 }
 
 func (c *hugoBuilder) initCPUProfile() (func(), error) {
@@ -462,7 +464,15 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) copyStaticTo(sourceFs *filesystems.SourceFilesystem) (uint
 		infol.Logf("removing all files from destination that don't exist in static dirs")
 
 		syncer.DeleteFilter = func(f fsync.FileInfo) bool {
-			return f.IsDir() && strings.HasPrefix(f.Name(), ".")
+			name := f.Name()
+
+			// Keep .gitignore and .gitattributes anywhere
+			if name == ".gitignore" || name == ".gitattributes" {
+				return true
+			}
+
+			// Keep Hugo's original dot-directory behavior
+			return f.IsDir() && strings.HasPrefix(name, ".")
 		}
 	}
 	start := time.Now()
@@ -515,6 +525,14 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) doWithPublishDirs(f func(sourceFs *filesystems.SourceFiles
 	return langCount, nil
 }
 
+func (c *hugoBuilder) progressIntermediate() {
+	terminal.ReportProgress(c.r.StdOut, terminal.ProgressIntermediate, 0)
+}
+
+func (c *hugoBuilder) progressHidden() {
+	terminal.ReportProgress(c.r.StdOut, terminal.ProgressHidden, 0)
+}
+
 func (c *hugoBuilder) fullBuild(noBuildLock bool) error {
 	var (
 		g         errgroup.Group
@@ -818,7 +836,7 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) handleEvents(watcher *watcher.Batcher,
 			continue
 		}
 
-		walkAdder := func(path string, f hugofs.FileMetaInfo) error {
+		walkAdder := func(ctx context.Context, path string, f hugofs.FileMetaInfo) error {
 			if f.IsDir() {
 				c.r.logger.Println("adding created directory to watchlist", path)
 				if err := watcher.Add(path); err != nil {
@@ -1027,6 +1045,17 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) hugoTry() *hugolib.HugoSites {
 }
 
 func (c *hugoBuilder) loadConfig(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, running bool) error {
+	if terminal.PrintANSIColors(os.Stdout) {
+		defer c.progressHidden()
+		// If the configuration takes a while to load, we want to show some progress.
+		// This is typically loading of external modules.
+		d := debounce.New(500 * time.Millisecond)
+		d(func() {
+			c.progressIntermediate()
+		})
+		defer d(func() {})
+	}
+
 	cfg := config.New()
 	cfg.Set("renderToMemory", c.r.renderToMemory)
 	watch := c.r.buildWatch || (c.s != nil && c.s.serverWatch)
@@ -1048,7 +1077,7 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) loadConfig(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, running bool) error
 	}
 	cfg.Set("environment", c.r.environment)
 
-	cfg.Set("internal", maps.Params{
+	cfg.Set("internal", hmaps.Params{
 		"running":        running,
 		"watch":          watch,
 		"verbose":        c.r.isVerbose(),

commands/import.go

@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ import (
 	"unicode"
 
 	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hmaps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/htime"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugio"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser"
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ func (c *importCommand) createSiteFromJekyll(jekyllRoot, targetDir string, jekyl
 }
 
 func (c *importCommand) convertJekyllContent(m any, content string) (string, error) {
-	metadata, _ := maps.ToStringMapE(m)
+	metadata, _ := hmaps.ToStringMapE(m)
 
 	lines := strings.Split(content, "\n")
 	var resultLines []string
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ func (c *importCommand) convertJekyllContent(m any, content string) (string, err
 }
 
 func (c *importCommand) convertJekyllMetaData(m any, postName string, postDate time.Time, draft bool) (any, error) {
-	metadata, err := maps.ToStringMapE(m)
+	metadata, err := hmaps.ToStringMapE(m)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ func (c *importCommand) importFromJekyll(args []string) error {
 	c.r.Println("Importing...")
 
 	fileCount := 0
-	callback := func(path string, fi hugofs.FileMetaInfo) error {
+	callback := func(ctx context.Context, path string, fi hugofs.FileMetaInfo) error {
 		if fi.IsDir() {
 			return nil
 		}

commands/new.go

@@ -53,7 +53,9 @@ Ensure you run this within the root directory of your site.`,
 					if len(args) < 1 {
 						return newUserError("path needs to be provided")
 					}
-					h, err := r.Hugo(flagsToCfg(cd, nil))
+					cfg := flagsToCfg(cd, nil)
+					cfg.Set("BuildFuture", true)
+					h, err := r.Hugo(cfg)
 					if err != nil {
 						return err
 					}

commands/server.go

@@ -49,6 +49,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/herrors"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugo"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/paths"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/langs"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/tpl/tplimpl"
 
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/types"
@@ -369,6 +371,12 @@ func (f *fileServer) createEndpoint(i int) (*http.ServeMux, net.Listener, string
 
 			if f.c.fastRenderMode && f.c.errState.buildErr() == nil {
 				if isNavigation(requestURI, r) {
+					// See issue 14240.
+					// Hugo escapes the URL paths when generating them,
+					// that may not be the case when we receive it back from the browser.
+					// PathEscape will escape if it is not already escaped.
+					requestURI = paths.PathEscape(requestURI)
+
 					if !f.c.visitedURLs.Contains(requestURI) {
 						// If not already on stack, re-render that single page.
 						if err := f.c.partialReRender(requestURI); err != nil {
@@ -491,9 +499,7 @@ func (c *serverCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, arg
 
 		watchGroups := helpers.ExtractAndGroupRootPaths(watchDirs)
 
-		for _, group := range watchGroups {
-			c.r.Printf("Watching for changes in %s\n", group)
-		}
+		c.r.Printf("Watching for changes in %s\n", strings.Join(watchGroups, ", "))
 		watcher, err := c.newWatcher(c.r.poll, watchDirs...)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -627,7 +633,7 @@ func (c *serverCommand) setServerInfoInConfig() error {
 		panic("no server ports set")
 	}
 	return c.withConfE(func(conf *commonConfig) error {
-		for i, language := range conf.configs.LanguagesDefaultFirst {
+		for i, language := range conf.configs.Languages {
 			isMultihost := conf.configs.IsMultihost
 			var serverPort int
 			if isMultihost {
@@ -879,7 +885,7 @@ func (c *serverCommand) serve() error {
 		if isMultihost {
 			for _, l := range conf.configs.ConfigLangs() {
 				baseURLs = append(baseURLs, l.BaseURL())
-				roots = append(roots, l.Language().Lang)
+				roots = append(roots, l.Language().(*langs.Language).Lang)
 			}
 		} else {
 			l := conf.configs.GetFirstLanguageConfig()
@@ -1034,7 +1040,6 @@ func (c *serverCommand) serve() error {
 	defer cancel()
 	wg2, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
 	for _, srv := range servers {
-		srv := srv
 		wg2.Go(func() error {
 			return srv.Shutdown(ctx)
 		})
@@ -1166,7 +1171,6 @@ func chmodFilter(dst, src os.FileInfo) bool {
 }
 
 func cleanErrorLog(content string) string {
-	content = strings.ReplaceAll(content, "\n", " ")
 	content = logReplacer.Replace(content)
 	content = logDuplicateTemplateExecuteRe.ReplaceAllString(content, "")
 	content = logDuplicateTemplateParseRe.ReplaceAllString(content, "")

common/collections/append.go

@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ package collections
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
+
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hreflect"
 )
 
 // Append appends from to a slice to and returns the resulting slice.
@@ -25,7 +27,7 @@ func Append(to any, from ...any) (any, error) {
 	if len(from) == 0 {
 		return to, nil
 	}
-	tov, toIsNil := indirect(reflect.ValueOf(to))
+	tov, toIsNil := hreflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(to))
 
 	toIsNil = toIsNil || to == nil
 	var tot reflect.Type
@@ -100,7 +102,7 @@ func Append(to any, from ...any) (any, error) {
 		fv := reflect.ValueOf(f)
 		if !fv.IsValid() || !fv.Type().AssignableTo(tot) {
 			// Fall back to a []interface{} slice.
-			tov, _ := indirect(reflect.ValueOf(to))
+			tov, _ := hreflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(to))
 			return appendToInterfaceSlice(tov, from...)
 		}
 		tov = reflect.Append(tov, fv)
@@ -136,17 +138,3 @@ func appendToInterfaceSlice(tov reflect.Value, from ...any) ([]any, error) {
 
 	return tos, nil
 }
-
-// indirect is borrowed from the Go stdlib: 'text/template/exec.go'
-// TODO(bep) consolidate
-func indirect(v reflect.Value) (rv reflect.Value, isNil bool) {
-	for ; v.Kind() == reflect.Ptr || v.Kind() == reflect.Interface; v = v.Elem() {
-		if v.IsNil() {
-			return v, true
-		}
-		if v.Kind() == reflect.Interface && v.NumMethod() > 0 {
-			break
-		}
-	}
-	return v, false
-}

common/collections/append_test.go

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ package collections
 
 import (
 	"html/template"
-	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 
 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
@@ -148,66 +147,3 @@ func TestAppendShouldMakeACopyOfTheInputSlice(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Assert(result, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"a", "b", "c"})
 	c.Assert(slice, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"d", "b"})
 }
-
-func TestIndirect(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	type testStruct struct {
-		Field string
-	}
-
-	var (
-		nilPtr      *testStruct
-		nilIface    interface{} = nil
-		nonNilIface interface{} = &testStruct{Field: "hello"}
-	)
-
-	tests := []struct {
-		name     string
-		input    any
-		wantKind reflect.Kind
-		wantNil  bool
-	}{
-		{
-			name:     "nil pointer",
-			input:    nilPtr,
-			wantKind: reflect.Ptr,
-			wantNil:  true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "nil interface",
-			input:    nilIface,
-			wantKind: reflect.Invalid,
-			wantNil:  false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "non-nil pointer to struct",
-			input:    &testStruct{Field: "abc"},
-			wantKind: reflect.Struct,
-			wantNil:  false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "non-nil interface holding pointer",
-			input:    nonNilIface,
-			wantKind: reflect.Struct,
-			wantNil:  false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "plain value",
-			input:    testStruct{Field: "xyz"},
-			wantKind: reflect.Struct,
-			wantNil:  false,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			v := reflect.ValueOf(tt.input)
-			got, isNil := indirect(v)
-
-			c.Assert(got.Kind(), qt.Equals, tt.wantKind)
-			c.Assert(isNil, qt.Equals, tt.wantNil)
-		})
-	}
-}

common/collections/stack.go

@@ -13,28 +13,32 @@
 
 package collections
 
-import "slices"
+import (
+	"iter"
+	"slices"
+	"sync"
 
-import "sync"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hiter"
+)
 
-// Stack is a simple LIFO stack that is safe for concurrent use.
-type Stack[T any] struct {
+// StackThreadSafe is a simple LIFO stack that is safe for concurrent use.
+type StackThreadSafe[T any] struct {
 	items []T
 	zero  T
 	mu    sync.RWMutex
 }
 
-func NewStack[T any]() *Stack[T] {
-	return &Stack[T]{}
+func NewStackThreadSafe[T any]() *StackThreadSafe[T] {
+	return &StackThreadSafe[T]{}
 }
 
-func (s *Stack[T]) Push(item T) {
+func (s *StackThreadSafe[T]) Push(item T) {
 	s.mu.Lock()
 	defer s.mu.Unlock()
 	s.items = append(s.items, item)
 }
 
-func (s *Stack[T]) Pop() (T, bool) {
+func (s *StackThreadSafe[T]) Pop() (T, bool) {
 	s.mu.Lock()
 	defer s.mu.Unlock()
 	if len(s.items) == 0 {
@@ -45,7 +49,7 @@ func (s *Stack[T]) Pop() (T, bool) {
 	return item, true
 }
 
-func (s *Stack[T]) Peek() (T, bool) {
+func (s *StackThreadSafe[T]) Peek() (T, bool) {
 	s.mu.RLock()
 	defer s.mu.RUnlock()
 	if len(s.items) == 0 {
@@ -54,13 +58,18 @@ func (s *Stack[T]) Peek() (T, bool) {
 	return s.items[len(s.items)-1], true
 }
 
-func (s *Stack[T]) Len() int {
+func (s *StackThreadSafe[T]) Len() int {
 	s.mu.RLock()
 	defer s.mu.RUnlock()
 	return len(s.items)
 }
 
-func (s *Stack[T]) Drain() []T {
+// All returns all items in the stack, from bottom to top.
+func (s *StackThreadSafe[T]) All() iter.Seq2[int, T] {
+	return hiter.Lock2(slices.All(s.items), s.mu.RLock, s.mu.RUnlock)
+}
+
+func (s *StackThreadSafe[T]) Drain() []T {
 	s.mu.Lock()
 	defer s.mu.Unlock()
 	items := s.items
@@ -68,7 +77,7 @@ func (s *Stack[T]) Drain() []T {
 	return items
 }
 
-func (s *Stack[T]) DrainMatching(predicate func(T) bool) []T {
+func (s *StackThreadSafe[T]) DrainMatching(predicate func(T) bool) []T {
 	s.mu.Lock()
 	defer s.mu.Unlock()
 	var items []T
@@ -80,3 +89,47 @@ func (s *Stack[T]) DrainMatching(predicate func(T) bool) []T {
 	}
 	return items
 }
+
+// Stack is a simple LIFO stack that is not safe for concurrent use.
+type Stack[T any] struct {
+	items []T
+	zero  T
+}
+
+func NewStack[T any]() *Stack[T] {
+	return &Stack[T]{}
+}
+
+func (s *Stack[T]) Push(item T) {
+	s.items = append(s.items, item)
+}
+
+func (s *Stack[T]) Pop() (T, bool) {
+	if len(s.items) == 0 {
+		return s.zero, false
+	}
+	item := s.items[len(s.items)-1]
+	s.items = s.items[:len(s.items)-1]
+	return item, true
+}
+
+func (s *Stack[T]) Peek() (T, bool) {
+	if len(s.items) == 0 {
+		return s.zero, false
+	}
+	return s.items[len(s.items)-1], true
+}
+
+func (s *Stack[T]) Len() int {
+	return len(s.items)
+}
+
+func (s *Stack[T]) All() iter.Seq2[int, T] {
+	return slices.All(s.items)
+}
+
+func (s *Stack[T]) Drain() []T {
+	items := s.items
+	s.items = nil
+	return items
+}

common/collections/stack_test.go

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ func TestNewStack(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	c := qt.New(t)
 
-	s := NewStack[int]()
+	s := NewStackThreadSafe[int]()
 
 	c.Assert(s, qt.IsNotNil)
 }
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ func TestStackBasic(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	c := qt.New(t)
 
-	s := NewStack[int]()
+	s := NewStackThreadSafe[int]()
 
 	c.Assert(s.Len(), qt.Equals, 0)
 
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ func TestStackDrain(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	c := qt.New(t)
 
-	s := NewStack[string]()
+	s := NewStackThreadSafe[string]()
 	s.Push("a")
 	s.Push("b")
 
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ func TestStackDrainMatching(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	c := qt.New(t)
 
-	s := NewStack[int]()
+	s := NewStackThreadSafe[int]()
 	s.Push(1)
 	s.Push(2)
 	s.Push(3)

common/hashing/hashing.go

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hashstructure"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugio"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/identity"
 )
 
@@ -38,6 +39,34 @@ func XXHashFromReader(r io.Reader) (uint64, int64, error) {
 	return h.Sum64(), size, nil
 }
 
+type Hasher interface {
+	io.StringWriter
+	io.Writer
+	io.ReaderFrom
+	Sum64() uint64
+}
+
+type HashCloser interface {
+	Hasher
+	io.Closer
+}
+
+// XxHasher returns a Hasher that uses xxHash.
+// Remember to call Close when done.
+func XxHasher() HashCloser {
+	h := getXxHashReadFrom()
+	return struct {
+		Hasher
+		io.Closer
+	}{
+		Hasher: h,
+		Closer: hugio.CloserFunc(func() error {
+			putXxHashReadFrom(h)
+			return nil
+		}),
+	}
+}
+
 // XxHashFromReaderHexEncoded calculates the xxHash for the given reader
 // and returns the hash as a hex encoded string.
 func XxHashFromReaderHexEncoded(r io.Reader) (string, error) {
@@ -58,11 +87,13 @@ func XXHashFromString(s string) (uint64, error) {
 	return h.Sum64(), nil
 }
 
-// XxHashFromStringHexEncoded calculates the xxHash for the given string
+// XxHashFromStringHexEncoded calculates the xxHash for the given strings
 // and returns the hash as a hex encoded string.
-func XxHashFromStringHexEncoded(f string) string {
+func XxHashFromStringHexEncoded(s ...string) string {
 	h := xxhash.New()
-	h.WriteString(f)
+	for _, f := range s {
+		h.WriteString(f)
+	}
 	hash := h.Sum(nil)
 	return hex.EncodeToString(hash)
 }

common/hashing/hashing_test.go

@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ func TestXxHashFromReaderPara(t *testing.T) {
 
 	var wg sync.WaitGroup
 	for i := range 10 {
-		i := i
 		wg.Add(1)
 		go func() {
 			defer wg.Done()
@@ -75,8 +74,8 @@ func TestXxHashFromStringHexEncoded(t *testing.T) {
 
 func BenchmarkXXHashFromReader(b *testing.B) {
 	r := strings.NewReader("Hello World")
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+
+	for b.Loop() {
 		XXHashFromReader(r)
 		r.Seek(0, 0)
 	}
@@ -84,16 +83,16 @@ func BenchmarkXXHashFromReader(b *testing.B) {
 
 func BenchmarkXXHashFromString(b *testing.B) {
 	s := "Hello World"
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+
+	for b.Loop() {
 		XXHashFromString(s)
 	}
 }
 
 func BenchmarkXXHashFromStringHexEncoded(b *testing.B) {
 	s := "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+
+	for b.Loop() {
 		XxHashFromStringHexEncoded(s)
 	}
 }
@@ -136,7 +135,7 @@ func BenchmarkHashString(b *testing.B) {
 
 	for _, test := range tests {
 		b.Run(fmt.Sprintf("n%d", len(test)), func(b *testing.B) {
-			for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+			for b.Loop() {
 				HashString(test)
 			}
 		})
@@ -149,9 +148,7 @@ func BenchmarkHashMap(b *testing.B) {
 		m[fmt.Sprintf("key%d", i)] = i
 	}
 
-	b.ResetTimer()
-
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		HashString(m)
 	}
 }

common/hcontext/context.go

@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package hcontext
-
-import "context"
-
-// ContextDispatcher is a generic interface for setting and getting values from a context.
-type ContextDispatcher[T any] interface {
-	Set(ctx context.Context, value T) context.Context
-	Get(ctx context.Context) T
-}
-
-// NewContextDispatcher creates a new ContextDispatcher with the given key.
-func NewContextDispatcher[T any, R comparable](key R) ContextDispatcher[T] {
-	return keyInContext[T, R]{
-		id: key,
-	}
-}
-
-type keyInContext[T any, R comparable] struct {
-	zero T
-	id   R
-}
-
-func (f keyInContext[T, R]) Get(ctx context.Context) T {
-	v := ctx.Value(f.id)
-	if v == nil {
-		return f.zero
-	}
-	return v.(T)
-}
-
-func (f keyInContext[T, R]) Set(ctx context.Context, value T) context.Context {
-	return context.WithValue(ctx, f.id, value)
-}

common/hdebug/debug.go

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package hdebug
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/types"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/htesting"
+)
+
+// Printf is a debug print function that should be removed before committing code to the repository.
+func Printf(format string, args ...any) {
+	panicIfRealCI()
+	if len(args) == 1 && !strings.Contains(format, "%") {
+		format = format + ": %v"
+	}
+	if !strings.HasSuffix(format, "\n") {
+		format = format + "\n"
+	}
+	fmt.Printf(format, args...)
+}
+
+func AssertNotNil(a ...any) {
+	panicIfRealCI()
+	for _, v := range a {
+		if types.IsNil(v) {
+			panic("hdebug.AssertNotNil: value is nil")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func Panicf(format string, args ...any) {
+	panicIfRealCI()
+	// fmt.Println(stack())
+	if len(args) == 1 && !strings.Contains(format, "%") {
+		format = format + ": %v"
+	}
+	if !strings.HasSuffix(format, "\n") {
+		format = format + "\n"
+	}
+	panic(fmt.Sprintf(format, args...))
+}
+
+func panicIfRealCI() {
+	if htesting.IsRealCI() {
+		panic("This debug statement should be removed before committing code!")
+	}
+}

common/herrors/errors.go

@@ -17,22 +17,13 @@ package herrors
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"io"
 	"os"
 	"regexp"
 	"runtime"
-	"runtime/debug"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 )
 
-// PrintStackTrace prints the current stacktrace to w.
-func PrintStackTrace(w io.Writer) {
-	buf := make([]byte, 1<<16)
-	runtime.Stack(buf, true)
-	fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s", buf)
-}
-
 // ErrorSender is a, typically, non-blocking error handler.
 type ErrorSender interface {
 	SendError(err error)
@@ -45,7 +36,9 @@ type ErrorSender interface {
 func Recover(args ...any) {
 	if r := recover(); r != nil {
 		fmt.Println("ERR:", r)
-		args = append(args, "stacktrace from panic: \n"+string(debug.Stack()), "\n")
+		buf := make([]byte, 64<<10)
+		buf = buf[:runtime.Stack(buf, false)]
+		args = append(args, "stacktrace from panic: \n"+string(buf), "\n")
 		fmt.Println(args...)
 	}
 }

common/herrors/file_error.go

@@ -110,11 +110,11 @@ func (fe *fileError) UpdateContent(r io.Reader, linematcher LineMatcherFn) FileE
 
 	fe.errorContext = ectx
 
-	if ectx.Position.LineNumber > 0 {
+	if ectx.Position.LineNumber > 0 && ectx.Position.LineNumber > fe.position.LineNumber {
 		fe.position.LineNumber = ectx.Position.LineNumber
 	}
 
-	if ectx.Position.ColumnNumber > 0 {
+	if ectx.Position.ColumnNumber > 0 && ectx.Position.ColumnNumber > fe.position.ColumnNumber {
 		fe.position.ColumnNumber = ectx.Position.ColumnNumber
 	}
 
@@ -177,6 +177,7 @@ func NewFileErrorFromName(err error, name string) FileError {
 	// Filetype is used to determine the Chroma lexer to use.
 	fileType, pos := extractFileTypePos(err)
 	pos.Filename = name
+
 	if fileType == "" {
 		_, fileType = paths.FileAndExtNoDelimiter(filepath.Clean(name))
 	}
@@ -234,7 +235,9 @@ func NewFileErrorFromFile(err error, filename string, fs afero.Fs, linematcher L
 		return NewFileErrorFromName(err, realFilename)
 	}
 	defer f.Close()
-	return NewFileErrorFromName(err, realFilename).UpdateContent(f, linematcher)
+	fe := NewFileErrorFromName(err, realFilename)
+	fe = fe.UpdateContent(f, linematcher)
+	return fe
 }
 
 func openFile(filename string, fs afero.Fs) (afero.File, string, error) {
@@ -285,6 +288,50 @@ func Unwrap(err error) error {
 	return err
 }
 
+// UnwrapFileErrors returns all FileError contained in err.
+func UnwrapFileErrors(err error) []FileError {
+	if err == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	errs := Errors(err)
+	var fileErrors []FileError
+	for _, e := range errs {
+		if v, ok := e.(FileError); ok {
+			fileErrors = append(fileErrors, v)
+		}
+		fileErrors = append(fileErrors, UnwrapFileErrors(errors.Unwrap(e))...)
+	}
+	return fileErrors
+}
+
+// UnwrapFileErrorsWithErrorContext tries to unwrap all FileError in err that has an ErrorContext.
+func UnwrapFileErrorsWithErrorContext(err error) []FileError {
+	errs := UnwrapFileErrors(err)
+	var n int
+	for _, e := range errs {
+		if e.ErrorContext() != nil {
+			errs[n] = e
+			n++
+		}
+	}
+	return errs[:n]
+}
+
+// Errors returns the list of errors contained in err.
+func Errors(err error) []error {
+	if err == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	type unwrapper interface {
+		Unwrap() []error
+	}
+	if u, ok := err.(unwrapper); ok {
+		return u.Unwrap()
+	}
+	return []error{err}
+}
+
 func extractFileTypePos(err error) (string, text.Position) {
 	err = Unwrap(err)
 
@@ -321,13 +368,9 @@ func extractFileTypePos(err error) (string, text.Position) {
 	}
 
 	// Look in the error message for the line number.
-	for _, handle := range lineNumberExtractors {
-		lno, col := handle(err)
-		if lno > 0 {
-			pos.ColumnNumber = col
-			pos.LineNumber = lno
-			break
-		}
+	if lno, col := commonLineNumberExtractor(err); lno > 0 {
+		pos.ColumnNumber = col
+		pos.LineNumber = lno
 	}
 
 	if fileType == "" && pos.Filename != "" {
@@ -351,30 +394,6 @@ func UnwrapFileError(err error) FileError {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// UnwrapFileErrors tries to unwrap all FileError.
-func UnwrapFileErrors(err error) []FileError {
-	var errs []FileError
-	for err != nil {
-		if v, ok := err.(FileError); ok {
-			errs = append(errs, v)
-		}
-		err = errors.Unwrap(err)
-	}
-	return errs
-}
-
-// UnwrapFileErrorsWithErrorContext tries to unwrap all FileError in err that has an ErrorContext.
-func UnwrapFileErrorsWithErrorContext(err error) []FileError {
-	var errs []FileError
-	for err != nil {
-		if v, ok := err.(FileError); ok && v.ErrorContext() != nil {
-			errs = append(errs, v)
-		}
-		err = errors.Unwrap(err)
-	}
-	return errs
-}
-
 func extractOffsetAndType(e error) (int, string) {
 	switch v := e.(type) {
 	case *json.UnmarshalTypeError:

common/herrors/line_number_extractors.go

@@ -19,17 +19,27 @@ import (
 )
 
 var lineNumberExtractors = []lineNumberExtractor{
+	// YAML parse errors.
+	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp(`\[(\d+):(\d+)\]`),
+
 	// Template/shortcode parse errors
 	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp(`:(\d+):(\d*):`),
 	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp(`:(\d+):`),
 
-	// YAML parse errors
-	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp(`line (\d+):`),
-
 	// i18n bundle errors
 	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp(`\((\d+),\s(\d*)`),
 }
 
+func commonLineNumberExtractor(e error) (int, int) {
+	for _, handler := range lineNumberExtractors {
+		lno, col := handler(e)
+		if lno > 0 {
+			return lno, col
+		}
+	}
+	return 0, 0
+}
+
 type lineNumberExtractor func(e error) (int, int)
 
 func newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp(expression string) lineNumberExtractor {

common/herrors/line_number_extractors_test.go

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 // Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
-// Portions Copyright The Go Authors.
-
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 // You may obtain a copy of the License at
@@ -13,26 +11,21 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-package tplimpl_test
+package herrors
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"testing"
 
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib"
+	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
 )
 
-func TestLegacyPartialIssue13599(t *testing.T) {
+func TestCommonLineNumberExtractor(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
-	files := `
--- hugo.toml --
--- layouts/partials/mypartial.html --
-Mypartial.
--- layouts/_default/index.html --
-mypartial:   {{ template "partials/mypartial.html" . }}
+	c := qt.New(t)
 
-`
-	b := hugolib.Test(t, files)
-
-	b.AssertFileContent("public/index.html", "Mypartial.")
+	lno, col := commonLineNumberExtractor(errors.New("[4:9] value is not allowed in this context"))
+	c.Assert(lno, qt.Equals, 4)
+	c.Assert(col, qt.Equals, 9)
 }

common/hexec/exec.go

@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/bep/logg"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hmaps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config/security"
 )
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ func New(cfg security.Config, workingDir string, log loggers.Logger) *Exec {
 		workingDir:        workingDir,
 		infol:             log.InfoCommand("exec"),
 		baseEnviron:       baseEnviron,
-		newNPXRunnerCache: maps.NewCache[string, func(arg ...any) (Runner, error)](),
+		newNPXRunnerCache: hmaps.NewCache[string, func(arg ...any) (Runner, error)](),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ type Exec struct {
 	// os.Environ filtered by the Exec.OsEnviron whitelist filter.
 	baseEnviron []string
 
-	newNPXRunnerCache *maps.Cache[string, func(arg ...any) (Runner, error)]
+	newNPXRunnerCache *hmaps.Cache[string, func(arg ...any) (Runner, error)]
 	npxInit           sync.Once
 	npxAvailable      bool
 }

common/himage/image.go

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+// Package himage provides some high level image types and interfaces.
+package himage
+
+import "image"
+
+// AnimatedImage represents an animated image.
+// This is currently supported for GIF and WebP images.
+type AnimatedImage interface {
+	image.Image        // The first frame.
+	GetRaw() any       // *gif.GIF or *WEBP.
+	GetLoopCount() int // Number of times to loop the animation. 0 means infinite.
+	ImageFrames
+}
+
+// ImageFrames provides access to the frames of an animated image.
+type ImageFrames interface {
+	GetFrames() []image.Image
+
+	// Frame durations in milliseconds.
+	// Note that Gif frame durations are in 100ths of a second,
+	// so they need to be multiplied by 10 to get milliseconds and vice versa.
+	GetFrameDurations() []int
+
+	SetFrames(frames []image.Image)
+	SetWidthHeight(width, height int)
+}
+
+// ImageConfigProvider provides access to the image.Config of an image.
+type ImageConfigProvider interface {
+	GetImageConfig() image.Config
+}
+
+// FrameDurationsToGifDelays converts frame durations in milliseconds to
+// GIF delays in 100ths of a second.
+func FrameDurationsToGifDelays(frameDurations []int) []int {
+	delays := make([]int, len(frameDurations))
+	for i, fd := range frameDurations {
+		delays[i] = fd / 10
+		if delays[i] == 0 && fd > 0 {
+			delays[i] = 1
+		}
+	}
+	return delays
+}
+
+// GifDelaysToFrameDurations converts GIF delays in 100ths of a second to
+// frame durations in milliseconds.
+func GifDelaysToFrameDurations(delays []int) []int {
+	frameDurations := make([]int, len(delays))
+	for i, d := range delays {
+		frameDurations[i] = d * 10
+	}
+	return frameDurations
+}

common/hiter/iter.go

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+package hiter
+
+// Common iterator functions.
+// Some of these are are based on this discsussion: https://github.com/golang/go/issues/61898
+
+import "iter"
+
+// Concat returns an iterator over the concatenation of the sequences.
+// Any nil sequences are ignored.
+func Concat[V any](seqs ...iter.Seq[V]) iter.Seq[V] {
+	return func(yield func(V) bool) {
+		for _, seq := range seqs {
+			if seq == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			for e := range seq {
+				if !yield(e) {
+					return
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Concat2 returns an iterator over the concatenation of the sequences.
+// Any nil sequences are ignored.
+func Concat2[K, V any](seqs ...iter.Seq2[K, V]) iter.Seq2[K, V] {
+	return func(yield func(K, V) bool) {
+		for _, seq := range seqs {
+			if seq == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			for k, v := range seq {
+				if !yield(k, v) {
+					return
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Lock returns an iterator that locks before iterating and unlocks after.
+func Lock[V any](seq iter.Seq[V], lock, unlock func()) iter.Seq[V] {
+	return func(yield func(V) bool) {
+		lock()
+		defer unlock()
+		for e := range seq {
+			if !yield(e) {
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Lock2 returns an iterator that locks before iterating and unlocks after.
+func Lock2[K, V any](seq iter.Seq2[K, V], lock, unlock func()) iter.Seq2[K, V] {
+	return func(yield func(K, V) bool) {
+		lock()
+		defer unlock()
+		for k, v := range seq {
+			if !yield(k, v) {
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}

common/hmaps/cache.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2026 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-package maps
+package hmaps
 
 import (
 	"sync"
@@ -20,13 +20,27 @@ import (
 // Cache is a simple thread safe cache backed by a map.
 type Cache[K comparable, T any] struct {
 	m                  map[K]T
+	opts               CacheOptions
 	hasBeenInitialized bool
 	sync.RWMutex
 }
 
-// NewCache creates a new Cache.
+// CacheOptions are the options for the Cache.
+type CacheOptions struct {
+	// If set, the cache will not grow beyond this size.
+	Size uint64
+}
+
+var defaultCacheOptions = CacheOptions{}
+
+// NewCache creates a new Cache with default options.
 func NewCache[K comparable, T any]() *Cache[K, T] {
-	return &Cache[K, T]{m: make(map[K]T)}
+	return &Cache[K, T]{m: make(map[K]T), opts: defaultCacheOptions}
+}
+
+// NewCacheWithOptions creates a new Cache with the given options.
+func NewCacheWithOptions[K comparable, T any](opts CacheOptions) *Cache[K, T] {
+	return &Cache[K, T]{m: make(map[K]T), opts: opts}
 }
 
 // Delete deletes the given key from the cache.
@@ -65,6 +79,7 @@ func (c *Cache[K, T]) GetOrCreate(key K, create func() (T, error)) (T, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return v, err
 	}
+	c.clearIfNeeded()
 	c.m[key] = v
 	return v, nil
 }
@@ -127,7 +142,15 @@ func (c *Cache[K, T]) SetIfAbsent(key K, value T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func (c *Cache[K, T]) clearIfNeeded() {
+	if c.opts.Size > 0 && uint64(len(c.m)) >= c.opts.Size {
+		// clear the map
+		clear(c.m)
+	}
+}
+
 func (c *Cache[K, T]) set(key K, value T) {
+	c.clearIfNeeded()
 	c.m[key] = value
 }
 

common/hmaps/cache_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// Copyright 2026 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package hmaps
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+)
+
+func TestCacheSize(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	cache := NewCacheWithOptions[string, string](CacheOptions{Size: 10})
+
+	for i := range 30 {
+		cache.Set(string(rune('a'+i)), "value")
+	}
+
+	c.Assert(len(cache.m), qt.Equals, 10)
+
+	for i := 20; i < 50; i++ {
+		cache.GetOrCreate(string(rune('a'+i)), func() (string, error) {
+			return "value", nil
+		})
+	}
+
+	c.Assert(len(cache.m), qt.Equals, 10)
+
+	for i := 100; i < 200; i++ {
+		cache.SetIfAbsent(string(rune('a'+i)), "value")
+	}
+
+	c.Assert(len(cache.m), qt.Equals, 10)
+
+	cache.InitAndGet("foo", func(
+		get func(key string) (string, bool), set func(key string, value string),
+	) error {
+		for i := 50; i < 100; i++ {
+			set(string(rune('a'+i)), "value")
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	c.Assert(len(cache.m), qt.Equals, 10)
+}

common/hmaps/map.go

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+// Copyright 2026 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package hmaps
+
+import (
+	"iter"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+func NewMap[K comparable, T any]() *Map[K, T] {
+	return &Map[K, T]{
+		m: make(map[K]T),
+	}
+}
+
+// Map is a thread safe map backed by a Go map.
+type Map[K comparable, T any] struct {
+	m  map[K]T
+	mu sync.RWMutex
+}
+
+// Get gets the value for the given key.
+// It returns the zero value of T if the key is not found.
+func (m *Map[K, T]) Get(key K) T {
+	v, _ := m.Lookup(key)
+	return v
+}
+
+// Lookup looks up the given key in the map.
+// It returns the value and a boolean indicating whether the key was found.
+func (m *Map[K, T]) Lookup(key K) (T, bool) {
+	m.mu.RLock()
+	v, found := m.m[key]
+	m.mu.RUnlock()
+	return v, found
+}
+
+// GetOrCreate gets the value for the given key if it exists, or creates it if not.
+func (m *Map[K, T]) GetOrCreate(key K, create func() (T, error)) (T, error) {
+	v, found := m.Lookup(key)
+	if found {
+		return v, nil
+	}
+	m.mu.Lock()
+	defer m.mu.Unlock()
+	v, found = m.m[key]
+	if found {
+		return v, nil
+	}
+	v, err := create()
+	if err != nil {
+		return v, err
+	}
+	m.m[key] = v
+	return v, nil
+}
+
+// Set sets the given key to the given value.
+func (m *Map[K, T]) Set(key K, value T) {
+	m.mu.Lock()
+	m.m[key] = value
+	m.mu.Unlock()
+}
+
+// Delete deletes the given key from the map.
+// It returns true if the key was found and deleted, false otherwise.
+func (m *Map[K, T]) Delete(key K) bool {
+	m.mu.Lock()
+	defer m.mu.Unlock()
+	if _, found := m.m[key]; found {
+		delete(m.m, key)
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// WithWriteLock executes the given function with a write lock on the map.
+func (m *Map[K, T]) WithWriteLock(f func(m map[K]T) error) error {
+	m.mu.Lock()
+	defer m.mu.Unlock()
+	return f(m.m)
+}
+
+// SetIfAbsent sets the given key to the given value if the key does not already exist in the map.
+// It returns true if the value was set, false otherwise.
+func (m *Map[K, T]) SetIfAbsent(key K, value T) bool {
+	m.mu.RLock()
+	if _, found := m.m[key]; !found {
+		m.mu.RUnlock()
+		return m.doSetIfAbsent(key, value)
+	}
+	m.mu.RUnlock()
+	return false
+}
+
+func (m *Map[K, T]) doSetIfAbsent(key K, value T) bool {
+	m.mu.Lock()
+	defer m.mu.Unlock()
+	if _, found := m.m[key]; !found {
+		m.m[key] = value
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// All returns an iterator over all key/value pairs in the map.
+// A read lock is held during the iteration.
+func (m *Map[K, T]) All() iter.Seq2[K, T] {
+	return func(yield func(K, T) bool) {
+		m.mu.RLock()
+		defer m.mu.RUnlock()
+		for k, v := range m.m {
+			if !yield(k, v) {
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}

common/hmaps/map_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+// Copyright 2026 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package hmaps
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+)
+
+func TestMap(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	m := NewMap[string, int]()
+
+	m.Set("b", 42)
+	v, found := m.Lookup("b")
+	c.Assert(found, qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, 42)
+	v = m.Get("b")
+	c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, 42)
+	v, found = m.Lookup("c")
+	c.Assert(found, qt.Equals, false)
+	c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, 0)
+	v = m.Get("c")
+	c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, 0)
+	v, err := m.GetOrCreate("d", func() (int, error) {
+		return 100, nil
+	})
+	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+	c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, 100)
+	v, found = m.Lookup("d")
+	c.Assert(found, qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, 100)
+
+	v, err = m.GetOrCreate("d", func() (int, error) {
+		return 200, nil
+	})
+	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+	c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, 100)
+
+	wasSet := m.SetIfAbsent("e", 300)
+	c.Assert(wasSet, qt.Equals, true)
+	v, found = m.Lookup("e")
+	c.Assert(found, qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, 300)
+
+	wasSet = m.SetIfAbsent("e", 400)
+	c.Assert(wasSet, qt.Equals, false)
+	v, found = m.Lookup("e")
+	c.Assert(found, qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, 300)
+
+	m.WithWriteLock(func(m map[string]int) error {
+		m["f"] = 500
+		return nil
+	})
+	v, found = m.Lookup("f")
+	c.Assert(found, qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, 500)
+}

common/hmaps/maps.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2026 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-package maps
+package hmaps
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
@@ -98,6 +98,8 @@ func ToSliceStringMap(in any) ([]map[string]any, error) {
 		return v, nil
 	case Params:
 		return []map[string]any{v}, nil
+	case map[string]any:
+		return []map[string]any{v}, nil
 	case []any:
 		var s []map[string]any
 		for _, entry := range v {

common/hmaps/maps_test.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2026 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-package maps
+package hmaps
 
 import (
 	"fmt"

common/hmaps/ordered.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2026 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-package maps
+package hmaps
 
 import (
 	"slices"

common/hmaps/ordered_test.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2026 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-package maps
+package hmaps
 
 import (
 	"testing"

common/hmaps/orderedintset.go

@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+// Copyright 2026 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package hmaps
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"slices"
+
+	"github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset"
+)
+
+type OrderedIntSet struct {
+	keys   []int
+	values *bitset.BitSet
+}
+
+// NewOrderedIntSet creates a new OrderedIntSet.
+// Note that this is backed by https://github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset
+func NewOrderedIntSet(vals ...int) *OrderedIntSet {
+	m := &OrderedIntSet{
+		keys:   make([]int, 0, len(vals)),
+		values: bitset.New(uint(len(vals))),
+	}
+	for _, v := range vals {
+		m.Set(v)
+	}
+	return m
+}
+
+// Set sets the value for the given key.
+// Note that insertion order is not affected if a key is re-inserted into the set.
+func (m *OrderedIntSet) Set(key int) {
+	if m == nil {
+		panic("nil OrderedIntSet")
+	}
+	keyu := uint(key)
+	if m.values.Test(keyu) {
+		return
+	}
+	m.values.Set(keyu)
+	m.keys = append(m.keys, key)
+}
+
+// SetFrom sets the values from another OrderedIntSet.
+func (m *OrderedIntSet) SetFrom(other *OrderedIntSet) {
+	if m == nil || other == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	for _, key := range other.keys {
+		m.Set(key)
+	}
+}
+
+func (m *OrderedIntSet) Clone() *OrderedIntSet {
+	if m == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	newSet := &OrderedIntSet{
+		keys:   slices.Clone(m.keys),
+		values: m.values.Clone(),
+	}
+	return newSet
+}
+
+// Next returns the next key in the set possibly including the given key.
+// It returns -1 if the key is not found or if there are no keys greater than the given key.
+func (m *OrderedIntSet) Next(i int) int {
+	n, ok := m.values.NextSet(uint(i))
+	if !ok {
+		return -1
+	}
+	return int(n)
+}
+
+// The reason we don't use iter.Seq is https://github.com/golang/go/issues/69015
+// This is 70% faster than using iter.Seq2[int, int] for the keys.
+// It returns false if the iteration was stopped early.
+func (m *OrderedIntSet) ForEachKey(yield func(int) bool) bool {
+	if m == nil {
+		return true
+	}
+	for _, key := range m.keys {
+		if !yield(key) {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func (m *OrderedIntSet) Has(key int) bool {
+	if m == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return m.values.Test(uint(key))
+}
+
+func (m *OrderedIntSet) Len() int {
+	if m == nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return len(m.keys)
+}
+
+// KeysSorted returns the keys in sorted order.
+func (m *OrderedIntSet) KeysSorted() []int {
+	if m == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	keys := slices.Clone(m.keys)
+	slices.Sort(keys)
+	return m.keys
+}
+
+func (m *OrderedIntSet) String() string {
+	if m == nil {
+		return "[]"
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%v", m.keys)
+}
+
+func (m *OrderedIntSet) Values() *bitset.BitSet {
+	if m == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return m.values
+}
+
+func (m *OrderedIntSet) IsSuperSet(other *OrderedIntSet) bool {
+	if m == nil || other == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return m.values.IsSuperSet(other.values)
+}
+
+// Words returns the bitset as array of 64-bit words, giving direct access to the internal representation.
+// It is not a copy, so changes to the returned slice will affect the bitset.
+// It is meant for advanced users.
+func (m *OrderedIntSet) Words() []uint64 {
+	if m == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return m.values.Words()
+}

common/hmaps/orderedintset_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+// Copyright 2026 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package hmaps
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+)
+
+func TestOrderedIntSet(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	m := NewOrderedIntSet(2, 1, 3, 7)
+
+	c.Assert(m.Len(), qt.Equals, 4)
+	c.Assert(m.Has(1), qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(m.Has(4), qt.Equals, false)
+	c.Assert(m.String(), qt.Equals, "[2 1 3 7]")
+	m.Set(4)
+	c.Assert(m.Len(), qt.Equals, 5)
+	c.Assert(m.Has(4), qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(m.Next(0), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(m.Next(1), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(m.Next(2), qt.Equals, 2)
+	c.Assert(m.Next(3), qt.Equals, 3)
+	c.Assert(m.Next(4), qt.Equals, 4)
+	c.Assert(m.Next(7), qt.Equals, 7)
+	c.Assert(m.Next(8), qt.Equals, -1)
+	c.Assert(m.String(), qt.Equals, "[2 1 3 7 4]")
+
+	var nilset *OrderedIntSet
+	c.Assert(nilset.Len(), qt.Equals, 0)
+	c.Assert(nilset.Has(1), qt.Equals, false)
+	c.Assert(nilset.String(), qt.Equals, "[]")
+
+	var collected []int
+	m.ForEachKey(func(key int) bool {
+		collected = append(collected, key)
+		return true
+	})
+	c.Assert(collected, qt.DeepEquals, []int{2, 1, 3, 7, 4})
+}
+
+func BenchmarkOrderedIntSet(b *testing.B) {
+	smallSet := NewOrderedIntSet()
+	for i := range 8 {
+		smallSet.Set(i)
+	}
+	mediumSet := NewOrderedIntSet()
+	for i := range 64 {
+		mediumSet.Set(i)
+	}
+	largeSet := NewOrderedIntSet()
+	for i := range 1024 {
+		largeSet.Set(i)
+	}
+
+	b.Run("New", func(b *testing.B) {
+		for b.Loop() {
+			NewOrderedIntSet(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("Has small", func(b *testing.B) {
+		for i := 0; b.Loop(); i++ {
+			smallSet.Has(i % 32)
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("Has medium", func(b *testing.B) {
+		for i := 0; b.Loop(); i++ {
+			mediumSet.Has(i % 32)
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("Next", func(b *testing.B) {
+		for i := 0; b.Loop(); i++ {
+			mediumSet.Next(i % 32)
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("ForEachKey small", func(b *testing.B) {
+		for b.Loop() {
+			smallSet.ForEachKey(func(key int) bool {
+				return true
+			})
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("ForEachKey medium", func(b *testing.B) {
+		for b.Loop() {
+			mediumSet.ForEachKey(func(key int) bool {
+				return true
+			})
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("ForEachKey large", func(b *testing.B) {
+		for b.Loop() {
+			largeSet.ForEachKey(func(key int) bool {
+				return true
+			})
+		}
+	})
+}

common/hmaps/params.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2019 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2026 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -11,9 +11,10 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-package maps
+package hmaps
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 
@@ -40,6 +41,14 @@ func (p Params) GetNested(indices ...string) any {
 // SetParams overwrites values in dst with values in src for common or new keys.
 // This is done recursively.
 func SetParams(dst, src Params) {
+	setParams(dst, src, 0)
+}
+
+func setParams(dst, src Params, depth int) {
+	const maxDepth = 1000
+	if depth > maxDepth {
+		panic(errors.New("max depth exceeded"))
+	}
 	for k, v := range src {
 		vv, found := dst[k]
 		if !found {
@@ -48,7 +57,7 @@ func SetParams(dst, src Params) {
 			switch vvv := vv.(type) {
 			case Params:
 				if pv, ok := v.(Params); ok {
-					SetParams(vvv, pv)
+					setParams(vvv, pv, depth+1)
 				} else {
 					dst[k] = v
 				}
@@ -101,7 +110,6 @@ func (p Params) merge(ps ParamsMergeStrategy, pp Params) {
 	noUpdate = noUpdate || (ps != "" && ps == ParamsMergeStrategyShallow)
 
 	for k, v := range pp {
-
 		if k == MergeStrategyKey {
 			continue
 		}
@@ -179,6 +187,56 @@ func getNested(m map[string]any, indices []string) (any, string, map[string]any)
 	}
 }
 
+// CreateNestedParamsFromSegements creates empty nested maps for the given keySegments in the target map.
+func CreateNestedParamsFromSegements(target Params, keySegments ...string) Params {
+	if len(keySegments) == 0 {
+		return target
+	}
+
+	m := target
+	for i, key := range keySegments {
+		v, found := m[key]
+		if !found {
+			nm := Params{}
+			m[key] = nm
+			m = nm
+			if i == len(keySegments)-1 {
+				return nm
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		m = v.(Params)
+	}
+
+	return m
+}
+
+// CreateNestedParamsSepString creates empty nested maps for the given keyStr in the target map
+// It returns the last map created.
+func CreateNestedParamsSepString(keyStr, separator string, target Params) Params {
+	keySegments := strings.Split(keyStr, separator)
+	return CreateNestedParamsFromSegements(target, keySegments...)
+}
+
+// SetNestedParamIfNotSet sets the value for the given keyStr in the target map if it does not exist.
+// It assumes that all but the last key in keyStr is a Params map or should be one.
+func SetNestedParamIfNotSet(keyStr, separator string, value any, target Params) Params {
+	keySegments := strings.Split(keyStr, separator)
+	if len(keySegments) == 0 {
+		return target
+	}
+	base := keySegments[:len(keySegments)-1]
+	last := keySegments[len(keySegments)-1]
+
+	m := CreateNestedParamsFromSegements(target, base...)
+
+	if _, ok := m[last]; !ok {
+		m[last] = value
+	}
+
+	return target
+}
+
 // GetNestedParam gets the first match of the keyStr in the candidates given.
 // It will first try the exact match and then try to find it as a nested map value,
 // using the given separator, e.g. "mymap.name".
@@ -266,9 +324,17 @@ func CleanConfigStringMapString(m map[string]string) map[string]string {
 // CleanConfigStringMap is the same as CleanConfigStringMapString but for
 // map[string]any.
 func CleanConfigStringMap(m map[string]any) map[string]any {
+	return doCleanConfigStringMap(m, 0)
+}
+
+func doCleanConfigStringMap(m map[string]any, depth int) map[string]any {
 	if len(m) == 0 {
 		return m
 	}
+	const maxDepth = 1000
+	if depth > maxDepth {
+		panic(errors.New("max depth exceeded"))
+	}
 	if _, found := m[MergeStrategyKey]; !found {
 		return m
 	}
@@ -280,9 +346,9 @@ func CleanConfigStringMap(m map[string]any) map[string]any {
 		}
 		switch v2 := v.(type) {
 		case map[string]any:
-			m2[k] = CleanConfigStringMap(v2)
+			m2[k] = doCleanConfigStringMap(v2, depth+1)
 		case Params:
-			var p Params = CleanConfigStringMap(v2)
+			var p Params = doCleanConfigStringMap(v2, depth+1)
 			m2[k] = p
 		case map[string]string:
 			m2[k] = CleanConfigStringMapString(v2)
@@ -344,6 +410,29 @@ func PrepareParams(m Params) {
 	}
 }
 
+// CloneParamsDeep does a deep clone of the given Params,
+// meaning that any nested Params will be cloned as well.
+func CloneParamsDeep(m Params) Params {
+	return cloneParamsDeep(m, 0)
+}
+
+func cloneParamsDeep(m Params, depth int) Params {
+	const maxDepth = 1000
+	if depth > maxDepth {
+		panic(errors.New("max depth exceeded"))
+	}
+	m2 := make(Params)
+	for k, v := range m {
+		switch vv := v.(type) {
+		case Params:
+			m2[k] = cloneParamsDeep(vv, depth+1)
+		default:
+			m2[k] = v
+		}
+	}
+	return m2
+}
+
 // PrepareParamsClone is like PrepareParams, but it does not modify the input.
 func PrepareParamsClone(m Params) Params {
 	m2 := make(Params)

common/hmaps/params_test.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2019 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2026 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-package maps
+package hmaps
 
 import (
 	"testing"
@@ -167,3 +167,35 @@ func TestParamsIsZero(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Assert(Params{"_merge": "foo", "foo": "bar"}.IsZero(), qt.IsFalse)
 	c.Assert(Params{"_merge": "foo"}.IsZero(), qt.IsTrue)
 }
+
+func TestSetNestedParamIfNotSet(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	m := Params{}
+
+	SetNestedParamIfNotSet("a.b.c", ".", "value", m)
+	c.Assert(m, qt.DeepEquals, Params{
+		"a": Params{
+			"b": Params{
+				"c": "value",
+			},
+		},
+	})
+
+	m = Params{
+		"a": Params{
+			"b": Params{
+				"c": "existingValue",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	SetNestedParamIfNotSet("a.b.c", ".", "value", m)
+	c.Assert(m, qt.DeepEquals, Params{
+		"a": Params{
+			"b": Params{
+				"c": "existingValue",
+			},
+		},
+	})
+}

common/hreflect/convert.go

@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package hreflect
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"reflect"
+)
+
+var (
+	typeInt64   = reflect.TypeFor[int64]()
+	typeFloat64 = reflect.TypeFor[float64]()
+	typeString  = reflect.TypeFor[string]()
+)
+
+// ToInt64 converts v to int64 if possible, returning an error if not.
+func ToInt64E(v reflect.Value) (int64, error) {
+	if v, ok := ConvertIfPossible(v, typeInt64); ok {
+		return v.Int(), nil
+	}
+	return 0, errConvert(v, "int64")
+}
+
+// ToInt64 converts v to int64 if possible. It panics if the conversion is not possible.
+func ToInt64(v reflect.Value) int64 {
+	vv, err := ToInt64E(v)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return vv
+}
+
+// ToFloat64E converts v to float64 if possible, returning an error if not.
+func ToFloat64E(v reflect.Value) (float64, error) {
+	if v, ok := ConvertIfPossible(v, typeFloat64); ok {
+		return v.Float(), nil
+	}
+	return 0, errConvert(v, "float64")
+}
+
+// ToFloat64 converts v to float64 if possible, panicking if not.
+func ToFloat64(v reflect.Value) float64 {
+	vv, err := ToFloat64E(v)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return vv
+}
+
+// ToStringE converts v to string if possible, returning an error if not.
+func ToStringE(v reflect.Value) (string, error) {
+	vv, err := ToStringValueE(v)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return vv.String(), nil
+}
+
+func ToStringValueE(v reflect.Value) (reflect.Value, error) {
+	if v, ok := ConvertIfPossible(v, typeString); ok {
+		return v, nil
+	}
+	return reflect.Value{}, errConvert(v, "string")
+}
+
+// ToString converts v to string if possible, panicking if not.
+func ToString(v reflect.Value) string {
+	vv, err := ToStringE(v)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return vv
+}
+
+func errConvert(v reflect.Value, s string) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("unable to convert value of type %q to %q", v.Type().String(), s)
+}
+
+// ConvertIfPossible tries to convert val to typ if possible.
+// This is currently only implemented for int kinds,
+// added to handle the move to a new YAML library which produces uint64 for unsigned integers.
+// We can expand on this later if needed.
+// This conversion is lossless.
+// See Issue 14079.
+func ConvertIfPossible(val reflect.Value, typ reflect.Type) (reflect.Value, bool) {
+	switch val.Kind() {
+	case reflect.Ptr, reflect.Interface:
+		if val.IsNil() {
+			// Return typ's zero value.
+			return reflect.Zero(typ), true
+		}
+		val = val.Elem()
+	}
+
+	if val.Type().AssignableTo(typ) {
+		// No conversion needed.
+		return val, true
+	}
+
+	if IsInt(typ.Kind()) {
+		return convertToIntIfPossible(val, typ)
+	}
+	if IsFloat(typ.Kind()) {
+		return convertToFloatIfPossible(val, typ)
+	}
+	if IsUint(typ.Kind()) {
+		return convertToUintIfPossible(val, typ)
+	}
+	if IsString(typ.Kind()) && IsString(val.Kind()) {
+		return val.Convert(typ), true
+	}
+
+	return reflect.Value{}, false
+}
+
+func convertToUintIfPossible(val reflect.Value, typ reflect.Type) (reflect.Value, bool) {
+	if IsInt(val.Kind()) {
+		i := val.Int()
+		if i < 0 {
+			return reflect.Value{}, false
+		}
+		u := uint64(i)
+		if typ.OverflowUint(u) {
+			return reflect.Value{}, false
+		}
+		return reflect.ValueOf(u).Convert(typ), true
+	}
+	if IsUint(val.Kind()) {
+		if typ.OverflowUint(val.Uint()) {
+			return reflect.Value{}, false
+		}
+		return val.Convert(typ), true
+	}
+	if IsFloat(val.Kind()) {
+		f := val.Float()
+		if f < 0 || f > float64(math.MaxUint64) {
+			return reflect.Value{}, false
+		}
+		if f != math.Trunc(f) {
+			return reflect.Value{}, false
+		}
+		u := uint64(f)
+		if typ.OverflowUint(u) {
+			return reflect.Value{}, false
+		}
+		return reflect.ValueOf(u).Convert(typ), true
+	}
+	return reflect.Value{}, false
+}
+
+func convertToFloatIfPossible(val reflect.Value, typ reflect.Type) (reflect.Value, bool) {
+	if IsInt(val.Kind()) {
+		i := val.Int()
+		f := float64(i)
+		if typ.OverflowFloat(f) {
+			return reflect.Value{}, false
+		}
+		return reflect.ValueOf(f).Convert(typ), true
+	}
+	if IsUint(val.Kind()) {
+		u := val.Uint()
+		f := float64(u)
+		if typ.OverflowFloat(f) {
+			return reflect.Value{}, false
+		}
+		return reflect.ValueOf(f).Convert(typ), true
+	}
+	if IsFloat(val.Kind()) {
+		if typ.OverflowFloat(val.Float()) {
+			return reflect.Value{}, false
+		}
+		return val.Convert(typ), true
+	}
+
+	return reflect.Value{}, false
+}
+
+func convertToIntIfPossible(val reflect.Value, typ reflect.Type) (reflect.Value, bool) {
+	if IsInt(val.Kind()) {
+		if typ.OverflowInt(val.Int()) {
+			return reflect.Value{}, false
+		}
+		return val.Convert(typ), true
+	}
+	if IsUint(val.Kind()) {
+		if val.Uint() > uint64(math.MaxInt64) {
+			return reflect.Value{}, false
+		}
+		if typ.OverflowInt(int64(val.Uint())) {
+			return reflect.Value{}, false
+		}
+		return val.Convert(typ), true
+	}
+	if IsFloat(val.Kind()) {
+		f := val.Float()
+		if f < float64(math.MinInt64) || f > float64(math.MaxInt64) {
+			return reflect.Value{}, false
+		}
+		if f != math.Trunc(f) {
+			return reflect.Value{}, false
+		}
+		if typ.OverflowInt(int64(f)) {
+			return reflect.Value{}, false
+		}
+		return reflect.ValueOf(int64(f)).Convert(typ), true
+
+	}
+
+	return reflect.Value{}, false
+}

common/hreflect/convert_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package hreflect
+
+import (
+	"math"
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+
+	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/htesting/hqt"
+)
+
+func TestToFuncs(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	c.Assert(ToInt64(reflect.ValueOf(int(42))), qt.Equals, int64(42))
+	c.Assert(ToFloat64(reflect.ValueOf(float32(3.14))), hqt.IsSameFloat64, float64(3.14))
+	c.Assert(ToString(reflect.ValueOf("hello")), qt.Equals, "hello")
+}
+
+func TestConvertIfPossible(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	for _, test := range []struct {
+		name     string
+		value    any
+		typ      any
+		expected any
+		ok       bool
+	}{
+		// From uint to int.
+		{
+			name:  "uint64(math.MaxUint64) to int16",
+			value: uint64(math.MaxUint64),
+			typ:   int16(0),
+			ok:    false, // overflow
+		},
+
+		{
+			name:  "uint64(math.MaxUint64) to int64",
+			value: uint64(math.MaxUint64),
+			typ:   int64(0),
+			ok:    false, // overflow
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "uint64(math.MaxInt16) to int16",
+			value:    uint64(math.MaxInt16),
+			typ:      int64(0),
+			ok:       true,
+			expected: int64(math.MaxInt16),
+		},
+		// From int to int.
+		{
+			name:  "int64(math.MaxInt64) to int16",
+			value: int64(math.MaxInt64),
+			typ:   int16(0),
+			ok:    false, // overflow
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "int64(math.MaxInt16) to int",
+			value:    int64(math.MaxInt16),
+			typ:      int(0),
+			ok:       true,
+			expected: int(math.MaxInt16),
+		},
+
+		{
+			name:     "int64(math.MaxInt16) to int",
+			value:    int64(math.MaxInt16),
+			typ:      int(0),
+			ok:       true,
+			expected: int(math.MaxInt16),
+		},
+		// From float64 to int.
+		{
+			name:  "float64(1.5) to int",
+			value: float64(1.5),
+			typ:   int(0),
+			ok:    false, // loss of precision
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "float64(1.0) to int",
+			value:    float64(1.0),
+			typ:      int(0),
+			ok:       true,
+			expected: int(1),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "float64(math.MaxInt16+1) to int16",
+			value: float64(math.MaxInt16 + 1),
+			typ:   int16(0),
+			ok:    false, // overflow
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "float64(math.MaxFloat64) to int64",
+			value: float64(math.MaxFloat64),
+			typ:   int64(0),
+			ok:    false, // overflow
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "float64(32767) to int16",
+			value:    float64(32767),
+			typ:      int16(0),
+			ok:       true,
+			expected: int16(32767),
+		},
+		// From float32 to int.
+		{
+			name:  "float32(1.5) to int",
+			value: float32(1.5),
+			typ:   int(0),
+			ok:    false, // loss of precision
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "float32(1.0) to int",
+			value:    float32(1.0),
+			typ:      int(0),
+			ok:       true,
+			expected: int(1),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "float32(math.MaxFloat32) to int16",
+			value: float32(math.MaxFloat32),
+			typ:   int16(0),
+			ok:    false, // overflow
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "float32(math.MaxFloat32) to int64",
+			value: float32(math.MaxFloat32),
+			typ:   int64(0),
+			ok:    false, // overflow
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "float32(math.MaxInt16) to int16",
+			value:    float32(math.MaxInt16),
+			typ:      int16(0),
+			ok:       true,
+			expected: int16(32767),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "float32(math.MaxInt16+1) to int16",
+			value: float32(math.MaxInt16 + 1),
+			typ:   int16(0),
+			ok:    false, // overflow
+		},
+		// Int to float.
+		{
+			name:     "int16(32767) to float32",
+			value:    int16(32767),
+			typ:      float32(0),
+			ok:       true,
+			expected: float32(32767),
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "int64(32767) to float32",
+			value:    int64(32767),
+			typ:      float32(0),
+			ok:       true,
+			expected: float32(32767),
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "int64(math.MaxInt64) to float32",
+			value:    int64(math.MaxInt64),
+			typ:      float32(0),
+			ok:       true,
+			expected: float32(math.MaxInt64),
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "int64(math.MaxInt64) to float64",
+			value:    int64(math.MaxInt64),
+			typ:      float64(0),
+			ok:       true,
+			expected: float64(math.MaxInt64),
+		},
+		// Int to uint.
+		{
+			name:     "int16(32767) to uint16",
+			value:    int16(32767),
+			typ:      uint16(0),
+			ok:       true,
+			expected: uint16(32767),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "int16(32767) to uint8",
+			value: int16(32767),
+			typ:   uint8(0),
+			ok:    false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "float64(3.14) to uint64",
+			value: float64(3.14),
+			typ:   uint64(0),
+			ok:    false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "float64(3.0) to uint64",
+			value:    float64(3.0),
+			typ:      uint64(0),
+			ok:       true,
+			expected: uint64(3),
+		},
+		// From uint to float.
+		{
+			name:     "uint64(math.MaxInt16) to float64",
+			value:    uint64(math.MaxInt16),
+			typ:      float64(0),
+			ok:       true,
+			expected: float64(math.MaxInt16),
+		},
+		// Float to float.
+		{
+			name:     "float64(3.14) to float32",
+			value:    float64(3.14),
+			typ:      float32(0),
+			ok:       true,
+			expected: float32(3.14),
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "float32(3.14) to float64",
+			value:    float32(3.14),
+			typ:      float64(0),
+			ok:       true,
+			expected: float64(3.14),
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "float64(3.14) to float64",
+			value:    float64(3.14),
+			typ:      float64(0),
+			ok:       true,
+			expected: float64(3.14),
+		},
+	} {
+
+		v, ok := ConvertIfPossible(reflect.ValueOf(test.value), reflect.TypeOf(test.typ))
+		c.Assert(ok, qt.Equals, test.ok, qt.Commentf("test case: %s", test.name))
+		if test.ok {
+			c.Assert(v.Interface(), hqt.IsSameNumber, test.expected, qt.Commentf("test case: %s", test.name))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertIfPossibleMisc(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+	type s string
+
+	var (
+		i          = int32(42)
+		i64        = int64(i)
+		iv     any = i
+		ip         = &i
+		inil   any = (*int32)(nil)
+		shello     = s("hello")
+	)
+
+	convertOK := func(v any, typ any) any {
+		rv, ok := ConvertIfPossible(reflect.ValueOf(v), reflect.TypeOf(typ))
+		c.Assert(ok, qt.IsTrue)
+		return rv.Interface()
+	}
+
+	c.Assert(convertOK(shello, ""), qt.Equals, "hello")
+	c.Assert(convertOK(ip, int64(0)), qt.Equals, i64)
+	c.Assert(convertOK(iv, int64(0)), qt.Equals, i64)
+	c.Assert(convertOK(inil, int64(0)), qt.Equals, int64(0))
+}
+
+func BenchmarkToInt64(b *testing.B) {
+	v := reflect.ValueOf(int(42))
+	for b.Loop() {
+		ToInt64(v)
+	}
+}

common/hreflect/helpers.go

@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Some functions in this file (see comments) is based on the Go source code,
-// copyright The Go Authors and  governed by a BSD-style license.
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -22,11 +20,16 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hmaps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/htime"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/types"
 )
 
+// IsInterfaceOrPointer returns whether the given kind is an interface or a pointer.
+func IsInterfaceOrPointer(kind reflect.Kind) bool {
+	return kind == reflect.Interface || kind == reflect.Ptr
+}
+
 // TODO(bep) replace the private versions in /tpl with these.
 // IsNumber returns whether the given kind is a number.
 func IsNumber(kind reflect.Kind) bool {
@@ -63,6 +66,11 @@ func IsFloat(kind reflect.Kind) bool {
 	}
 }
 
+// IsString returns whether the given kind is a string.
+func IsString(kind reflect.Kind) bool {
+	return kind == reflect.String
+}
+
 // IsTruthful returns whether in represents a truthful value.
 // See IsTruthfulValue
 func IsTruthful(in any) bool {
@@ -86,6 +94,18 @@ func IsSlice(v any) bool {
 
 var zeroType = reflect.TypeOf((*types.Zeroer)(nil)).Elem()
 
+var isZeroCache sync.Map
+
+func implementsIsZero(tp reflect.Type) bool {
+	v, ok := isZeroCache.Load(tp)
+	if ok {
+		return v.(bool)
+	}
+	implements := tp.Implements(zeroType)
+	isZeroCache.Store(tp, implements)
+	return implements
+}
+
 // IsTruthfulValue returns whether the given value has a meaningful truth value.
 // This is based on template.IsTrue in Go's stdlib, but also considers
 // IsZero and any interface value will be unwrapped before it's considered
@@ -94,14 +114,18 @@ var zeroType = reflect.TypeOf((*types.Zeroer)(nil)).Elem()
 // Based on:
 // https://github.com/golang/go/blob/178a2c42254166cffed1b25fb1d3c7a5727cada6/src/text/template/exec.go#L306
 func IsTruthfulValue(val reflect.Value) (truth bool) {
-	val = indirectInterface(val)
+	val, isNil := Indirect(val)
 
 	if !val.IsValid() {
-		// Something like var x interface{}, never set. It's a form of nil.
+		// Something like: var x any, never set. It's a form of nil.
 		return
 	}
 
-	if val.Type().Implements(zeroType) {
+	if val.Kind() == reflect.Pointer && isNil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if implementsIsZero(val.Type()) {
 		return !val.Interface().(types.Zeroer).IsZero()
 	}
 
@@ -134,10 +158,31 @@ type methodKey struct {
 	name string
 }
 
-var methodCache sync.Map
+var (
+	methodIndexCache sync.Map
+	methodCache      sync.Map
+)
 
-// GetMethodByName is the same as reflect.Value.MethodByName, but it caches the
-// type lookup.
+// GetMethodByNameForType returns the method with the given name for the given type,
+// or a zero Method if no such method exists.
+// It panics if tp is an interface type.
+// It caches the lookup.
+func GetMethodByNameForType(tp reflect.Type, name string) reflect.Method {
+	if tp.Kind() == reflect.Interface {
+		// Func field is nil for interface types.
+		panic("not supported for interface types")
+	}
+	k := methodKey{tp, name}
+	v, found := methodCache.Load(k)
+	if found {
+		return v.(reflect.Method)
+	}
+	m, _ := tp.MethodByName(name)
+	methodCache.Store(k, m)
+	return m
+}
+
+// GetMethodByName is the same as reflect.Value.MethodByName, but it caches the lookup.
 func GetMethodByName(v reflect.Value, name string) reflect.Value {
 	index := GetMethodIndexByName(v.Type(), name)
 
@@ -152,7 +197,7 @@ func GetMethodByName(v reflect.Value, name string) reflect.Value {
 // -1 if no such method exists.
 func GetMethodIndexByName(tp reflect.Type, name string) int {
 	k := methodKey{tp, name}
-	v, found := methodCache.Load(k)
+	v, found := methodIndexCache.Load(k)
 	if found {
 		return v.(int)
 	}
@@ -161,7 +206,7 @@ func GetMethodIndexByName(tp reflect.Type, name string) int {
 	if !ok {
 		index = -1
 	}
-	methodCache.Store(k, index)
+	methodIndexCache.Store(k, index)
 
 	if !ok {
 		return -1
@@ -243,6 +288,7 @@ func ToSliceAny(v any) ([]any, bool) {
 	return nil, false
 }
 
+// CallMethodByName calls the method with the given name on v.
 func CallMethodByName(cxt context.Context, name string, v reflect.Value) []reflect.Value {
 	fn := v.MethodByName(name)
 	var args []reflect.Value
@@ -260,20 +306,56 @@ func CallMethodByName(cxt context.Context, name string, v reflect.Value) []refle
 	return fn.Call(args)
 }
 
-// Based on: https://github.com/golang/go/blob/178a2c42254166cffed1b25fb1d3c7a5727cada6/src/text/template/exec.go#L931
-func indirectInterface(v reflect.Value) reflect.Value {
-	if v.Kind() != reflect.Interface {
-		return v
+// Indirect unwraps interfaces and pointers until it finds a non-interface/pointer value.
+// If a nil is encountered, the second return value is true.
+// If a pointer to a struct is encountered, it is not unwrapped.
+func Indirect(v reflect.Value) (vv reflect.Value, isNil bool) {
+	for ; IsInterfaceOrPointer(v.Kind()); v = v.Elem() {
+		if IsNil(v) {
+			return v, true
+		}
+		if v.Kind() != reflect.Interface {
+			// A pointer.
+			if v.NumMethod() > 0 {
+				break
+			}
+			if v.Elem().Kind() == reflect.Struct {
+				// Avoid unwrapping pointers to structs.
+				break
+			}
+		}
 	}
-	if v.IsNil() {
-		return reflect.Value{}
+	return v, false
+}
+
+// IndirectElem is like Indirect, but if the final value is a pointer, it unwraps it.
+func IndirectElem(v reflect.Value) (vv reflect.Value, isNil bool) {
+	vv, isNil = Indirect(v)
+	if isNil {
+		return vv, isNil
 	}
-	return v.Elem()
+	if vv.Kind() == reflect.Pointer {
+		vv = vv.Elem()
+	}
+	return vv, isNil
+}
+
+// IsNil reports whether v is nil.
+// Based on reflect.Value.IsNil, but also considers invalid values as nil.
+func IsNil(v reflect.Value) bool {
+	if !v.IsValid() {
+		return true
+	}
+	switch v.Kind() {
+	case reflect.Chan, reflect.Func, reflect.Interface, reflect.Map, reflect.Ptr, reflect.Slice:
+		return v.IsNil()
+	}
+	return false
 }
 
 var contextInterface = reflect.TypeOf((*context.Context)(nil)).Elem()
 
-var isContextCache = maps.NewCache[reflect.Type, bool]()
+var isContextCache = hmaps.NewCache[reflect.Type, bool]()
 
 type k string
 

common/hreflect/helpers_test.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2019 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -20,15 +20,32 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/htesting/hqt"
 )
 
+type zeroStruct struct {
+	zero bool
+}
+
+func (z zeroStruct) IsZero() bool {
+	return z.zero
+}
+
 func TestIsTruthful(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)
 
+	var nilpointerZero *zeroStruct
+
 	c.Assert(IsTruthful(true), qt.Equals, true)
 	c.Assert(IsTruthful(false), qt.Equals, false)
 	c.Assert(IsTruthful(time.Now()), qt.Equals, true)
 	c.Assert(IsTruthful(time.Time{}), qt.Equals, false)
+	c.Assert(IsTruthful(&zeroStruct{zero: false}), qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(IsTruthful(&zeroStruct{zero: true}), qt.Equals, false)
+	c.Assert(IsTruthful(zeroStruct{zero: false}), qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(IsTruthful(zeroStruct{zero: true}), qt.Equals, false)
+	c.Assert(IsTruthful(nil), qt.Equals, false)
+	c.Assert(IsTruthful(nilpointerZero), qt.Equals, false)
 }
 
 func TestGetMethodByName(t *testing.T) {
@@ -63,18 +80,90 @@ func TestToSliceAny(t *testing.T) {
 	checkOK([]int{1, 2, 3}, []any{1, 2, 3})
 }
 
+type testIndirectStruct struct {
+	S string
+}
+
+func (t *testIndirectStruct) GetS() string {
+	return t.S
+}
+
+func (t testIndirectStruct) Foo() string {
+	return "bar"
+}
+
+type testIndirectStructNoMethods struct {
+	S string
+}
+
+func TestIsNil(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	var (
+		nilPtr      *testIndirectStruct
+		nilIface    any = nil
+		nonNilIface any = &testIndirectStruct{S: "hello"}
+	)
+
+	c.Assert(IsNil(reflect.ValueOf(nilPtr)), qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(IsNil(reflect.ValueOf(nilIface)), qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(IsNil(reflect.ValueOf(nonNilIface)), qt.Equals, false)
+}
+
+func TestIndirectInterface(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	var (
+		structWithMethods               = testIndirectStruct{S: "hello"}
+		structWithMethodsPointer        = &testIndirectStruct{S: "hello"}
+		structWithMethodsPointerAny any = structWithMethodsPointer
+		structPointerToPointer          = &structWithMethodsPointer
+		structNoMethodsPtr              = &testIndirectStructNoMethods{S: "no methods"}
+		structNoMethods                 = testIndirectStructNoMethods{S: "no methods"}
+		intValue                        = 32
+		intPtr                          = &intValue
+		nilPtr                      *testIndirectStruct
+		nilIface                    any = nil
+	)
+
+	ind := func(v any) any {
+		c.Helper()
+		vv, isNil := Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(v))
+		c.Assert(isNil, qt.IsFalse)
+		return vv.Interface()
+	}
+
+	c.Assert(ind(intValue), hqt.IsSameType, 32)
+	c.Assert(ind(intPtr), hqt.IsSameType, 32)
+	c.Assert(ind(structNoMethodsPtr), hqt.IsSameType, structNoMethodsPtr)
+	c.Assert(ind(structWithMethods), hqt.IsSameType, structWithMethods)
+	c.Assert(ind(structNoMethods), hqt.IsSameType, structNoMethods)
+	c.Assert(ind(structPointerToPointer), hqt.IsSameType, &testIndirectStruct{})
+	c.Assert(ind(structWithMethodsPointer), hqt.IsSameType, &testIndirectStruct{})
+	c.Assert(ind(structWithMethodsPointerAny), hqt.IsSameType, structWithMethodsPointer)
+
+	vv, isNil := Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(nilPtr))
+	c.Assert(isNil, qt.IsTrue)
+	c.Assert(vv, qt.Equals, reflect.ValueOf(nilPtr))
+
+	vv, isNil = Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(nilIface))
+	c.Assert(isNil, qt.IsFalse)
+	c.Assert(vv, qt.Equals, reflect.ValueOf(nilIface))
+}
+
 func BenchmarkIsContextType(b *testing.B) {
+	const size = 1000
 	type k string
 	b.Run("value", func(b *testing.B) {
 		ctx := context.Background()
-		ctxs := make([]reflect.Type, b.N)
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		ctxs := make([]reflect.Type, size)
+		for i := range size {
 			ctxs[i] = reflect.TypeOf(context.WithValue(ctx, k("key"), i))
 		}
 
-		b.ResetTimer()
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-			if !IsContextType(ctxs[i]) {
+		for i := 0; b.Loop(); i++ {
+			idx := i % size
+			if !IsContextType(ctxs[idx]) {
 				b.Fatal("not context")
 			}
 		}
@@ -82,7 +171,7 @@ func BenchmarkIsContextType(b *testing.B) {
 
 	b.Run("background", func(b *testing.B) {
 		var ctxt reflect.Type = reflect.TypeOf(context.Background())
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			if !IsContextType(ctxt) {
 				b.Fatal("not context")
 			}
@@ -90,14 +179,25 @@ func BenchmarkIsContextType(b *testing.B) {
 	})
 }
 
-func BenchmarkIsTruthFul(b *testing.B) {
-	v := reflect.ValueOf("Hugo")
+func BenchmarkIsTruthFulValue(b *testing.B) {
+	var (
+		stringHugo  = reflect.ValueOf("Hugo")
+		stringEmpty = reflect.ValueOf("")
+		zero        = reflect.ValueOf(time.Time{})
+		timeNow     = reflect.ValueOf(time.Now())
+		boolTrue    = reflect.ValueOf(true)
+		boolFalse   = reflect.ValueOf(false)
+		nilPointer  = reflect.ValueOf((*zeroStruct)(nil))
+	)
 
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		if !IsTruthfulValue(v) {
-			b.Fatal("not truthful")
-		}
+	for b.Loop() {
+		IsTruthfulValue(stringHugo)
+		IsTruthfulValue(stringEmpty)
+		IsTruthfulValue(zero)
+		IsTruthfulValue(timeNow)
+		IsTruthfulValue(boolTrue)
+		IsTruthfulValue(boolFalse)
+		IsTruthfulValue(nilPointer)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -123,12 +223,22 @@ func (t *testStruct) Method5() string {
 	return "Hugo"
 }
 
+func BenchmarkGetMethodByNameForType(b *testing.B) {
+	tp := reflect.TypeFor[*testStruct]()
+	methods := []string{"Method1", "Method2", "Method3", "Method4", "Method5"}
+
+	for b.Loop() {
+		for _, method := range methods {
+			_ = GetMethodByNameForType(tp, method)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func BenchmarkGetMethodByName(b *testing.B) {
 	v := reflect.ValueOf(&testStruct{})
 	methods := []string{"Method1", "Method2", "Method3", "Method4", "Method5"}
 
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		for _, method := range methods {
 			_ = GetMethodByName(v, method)
 		}

common/hstore/scratch.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2019 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-package maps
+package hstore
 
 import (
 	"reflect"

common/hstore/scratch_test.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-package maps
+package hstore
 
 import (
 	"reflect"
@@ -214,8 +214,8 @@ func TestScratchGetSortedMapValues(t *testing.T) {
 func BenchmarkScratchGet(b *testing.B) {
 	scratch := NewScratch()
 	scratch.Add("A", 1)
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+
+	for b.Loop() {
 		scratch.Get("A")
 	}
 }

common/hstrings/strings.go

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"regexp"
 	"slices"
+	"sort"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 
@@ -96,6 +97,16 @@ func GetOrCompileRegexp(pattern string) (re *regexp.Regexp, err error) {
 	return reCache.getOrCompileRegexp(pattern)
 }
 
+// HasAnyPrefix checks if the string s has any of the prefixes given.
+func HasAnyPrefix(s string, prefixes ...string) bool {
+	for _, p := range prefixes {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(s, p) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
 // InSlice checks if a string is an element of a slice of strings
 // and returns a boolean value.
 func InSlice(arr []string, el string) bool {
@@ -128,7 +139,61 @@ func ToString(v any) (string, bool) {
 	return "", false
 }
 
-type (
-	Strings2 [2]string
-	Strings3 [3]string
-)
+// UniqueStrings returns a new slice with any duplicates removed.
+func UniqueStrings(s []string) []string {
+	unique := make([]string, 0, len(s))
+	for i, val := range s {
+		var seen bool
+		for j := range i {
+			if s[j] == val {
+				seen = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if !seen {
+			unique = append(unique, val)
+		}
+	}
+	return unique
+}
+
+// UniqueStringsReuse returns a slice with any duplicates removed.
+// It will modify the input slice.
+func UniqueStringsReuse(s []string) []string {
+	result := s[:0]
+	for i, val := range s {
+		var seen bool
+
+		for j := range i {
+			if s[j] == val {
+				seen = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+
+		if !seen {
+			result = append(result, val)
+		}
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+// UniqueStringsSorted returns a sorted slice with any duplicates removed.
+// It will modify the input slice.
+func UniqueStringsSorted(s []string) []string {
+	if len(s) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	ss := sort.StringSlice(s)
+	ss.Sort()
+	i := 0
+	for j := 1; j < len(s); j++ {
+		if !ss.Less(i, j) {
+			continue
+		}
+		i++
+		s[i] = s[j]
+	}
+
+	return s[:i+1]
+}

common/hstrings/strings_test.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 package hstrings
 
 import (
+	"reflect"
 	"regexp"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -43,14 +44,91 @@ func TestGetOrCompileRegexp(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Assert(re.MatchString("123"), qt.Equals, true)
 }
 
+func TestUniqueStrings(t *testing.T) {
+	in := []string{"a", "b", "a", "b", "c", "", "a", "", "d"}
+	output := UniqueStrings(in)
+	expected := []string{"a", "b", "c", "", "d"}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(output, expected) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected %#v, got %#v\n", expected, output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestUniqueStringsReuse(t *testing.T) {
+	in := []string{"a", "b", "a", "b", "c", "", "a", "", "d"}
+	output := UniqueStringsReuse(in)
+	expected := []string{"a", "b", "c", "", "d"}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(output, expected) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected %#v, got %#v\n", expected, output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestUniqueStringsSorted(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+	in := []string{"a", "a", "b", "c", "b", "", "a", "", "d"}
+	output := UniqueStringsSorted(in)
+	expected := []string{"", "a", "b", "c", "d"}
+	c.Assert(output, qt.DeepEquals, expected)
+	c.Assert(UniqueStringsSorted(nil), qt.IsNil)
+}
+
+// Note that these cannot use b.Loop() because of golang/go#27217.
+func BenchmarkUniqueStrings(b *testing.B) {
+	input := []string{"a", "b", "d", "e", "d", "h", "a", "i"}
+
+	b.Run("Safe", func(b *testing.B) {
+		for b.Loop() {
+			result := UniqueStrings(input)
+			if len(result) != 6 {
+				b.Fatalf("invalid count: %d", len(result))
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("Reuse slice", func(b *testing.B) {
+		inputs := make([][]string, b.N)
+		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+			inputc := make([]string, len(input))
+			copy(inputc, input)
+			inputs[i] = inputc
+		}
+		b.ResetTimer()
+		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+			inputc := inputs[i]
+
+			result := UniqueStringsReuse(inputc)
+			if len(result) != 6 {
+				b.Fatalf("invalid count: %d", len(result))
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("Reuse slice sorted", func(b *testing.B) {
+		inputs := make([][]string, b.N)
+		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+			inputc := make([]string, len(input))
+			copy(inputc, input)
+			inputs[i] = inputc
+		}
+		b.ResetTimer()
+		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+			inputc := inputs[i]
+
+			result := UniqueStringsSorted(inputc)
+			if len(result) != 6 {
+				b.Fatalf("invalid count: %d", len(result))
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}
+
 func BenchmarkGetOrCompileRegexp(b *testing.B) {
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		GetOrCompileRegexp(`\d+`)
 	}
 }
 
 func BenchmarkCompileRegexp(b *testing.B) {
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		regexp.MustCompile(`\d+`)
 	}
 }

common/hsync/oncemore.go

@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package hsync
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+)
+
+// OnceMore is similar to sync.Once.
+//
+// Additional features are:
+// * it can be reset, so the action can be repeated if needed
+// * it has methods to check if it's done or in progress
+type OnceMore struct {
+	_    doNotCopy
+	done atomic.Bool
+	mu   sync.Mutex
+}
+
+func (t *OnceMore) Do(f func()) {
+	if t.Done() {
+		return
+	}
+
+	t.mu.Lock()
+	defer t.mu.Unlock()
+
+	// Double check
+	if t.Done() {
+		return
+	}
+
+	defer t.done.Store(true)
+	f()
+}
+
+func (t *OnceMore) Done() bool {
+	return t.done.Load()
+}
+
+func (t *OnceMore) Reset() {
+	t.mu.Lock()
+	t.done.Store(false)
+	t.mu.Unlock()
+}
+
+type ValueResetter[T any] struct {
+	reset func()
+	f     func(context.Context) T
+}
+
+func (v *ValueResetter[T]) Value(ctx context.Context) T {
+	return v.f(ctx)
+}
+
+func (v *ValueResetter[T]) Reset() {
+	v.reset()
+}
+
+// OnceMoreValue returns a function that invokes f only once and returns the value
+// returned by f. The returned function may be called concurrently.
+//
+// If f panics, the returned function will panic with the same value on every call.
+func OnceMoreValue[T any](f func(context.Context) T) ValueResetter[T] {
+	v := struct {
+		f      func(context.Context) T
+		once   OnceMore
+		ok     bool
+		p      any
+		result T
+	}{
+		f: f,
+	}
+	ff := func(ctx context.Context) T {
+		v.once.Do(func() {
+			v.ok = false
+			defer func() {
+				v.p = recover()
+				if !v.ok {
+					panic(v.p)
+				}
+			}()
+			v.result = v.f(ctx)
+			v.ok = true
+		})
+		if !v.ok {
+			panic(v.p)
+		}
+		return v.result
+	}
+
+	return ValueResetter[T]{
+		reset: v.once.Reset,
+		f:     ff,
+	}
+}
+
+type FuncResetter struct {
+	f     func(context.Context) error
+	reset func()
+}
+
+func (v *FuncResetter) Do(ctx context.Context) error {
+	return v.f(ctx)
+}
+
+func (v *FuncResetter) Reset() {
+	v.reset()
+}
+
+func OnceMoreFunc(f func(context.Context) error) FuncResetter {
+	v := struct {
+		f    func(context.Context) error
+		once OnceMore
+		ok   bool
+		err  error
+		p    any
+	}{
+		f: f,
+	}
+	ff := func(ctx context.Context) error {
+		v.once.Do(func() {
+			v.ok = false
+			defer func() {
+				v.p = recover()
+				if !v.ok {
+					panic(v.p)
+				}
+			}()
+			v.err = v.f(ctx)
+			v.ok = true
+		})
+		if !v.ok {
+			panic(v.p)
+		}
+		return v.err
+	}
+
+	return FuncResetter{
+		f:     ff,
+		reset: v.once.Reset,
+	}
+}
+
+type doNotCopy struct{}
+
+// Lock is a no-op used by -copylocks checker from `go vet`.
+func (*doNotCopy) Lock()   {}
+func (*doNotCopy) Unlock() {}

common/hsync/oncemore_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package hsync
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+
+	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+)
+
+func TestOnceMoreValue(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	var counter int
+	f := func(context.Context) int {
+		counter++
+		return counter
+	}
+
+	omf := OnceMoreValue(f)
+	for range 10 {
+		c.Assert(omf.Value(context.Background()), qt.Equals, 1)
+	}
+	omf.Reset()
+	for range 10 {
+		c.Assert(omf.Value(context.Background()), qt.Equals, 2)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOnceMoreFunc(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	var counter int
+	f := func(context.Context) error {
+		counter++
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	omf := OnceMoreFunc(f)
+	for range 10 {
+		c.Assert(omf.Do(context.Background()), qt.IsNil)
+		c.Assert(counter, qt.Equals, 1)
+	}
+	omf.Reset()
+	for range 10 {
+		c.Assert(omf.Do(context.Background()), qt.IsNil)
+		c.Assert(counter, qt.Equals, 2)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkOnceMoreValue(b *testing.B) {
+	var counter int
+	f := func(context.Context) int {
+		counter++
+		return counter
+	}
+
+	for b.Loop() {
+		omf := OnceMoreValue(f)
+		for range 10 {
+			omf.Value(context.Background())
+		}
+		omf.Reset()
+		for range 10 {
+			omf.Value(context.Background())
+		}
+	}
+}

common/htime/htime_integration_test.go

@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ func TestApplyWithContext(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	files := `
--- config.toml --
+-- hugo.toml --
 defaultContentLanguage = 'it'
--- layouts/index.html --
+-- layouts/home.html --
 {{ $dates := slice
   "2022-01-03"
   "2022-02-01"

common/htime/time_test.go

@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ func BenchmarkTimeFormatter(b *testing.B) {
 	june06, _ := time.Parse("2006-Jan-02", "2018-Jun-06")
 
 	b.Run("Native", func(b *testing.B) {
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			got := june06.Format("Monday Jan 2 2006")
 			if got != "Wednesday Jun 6 2018" {
 				b.Fatalf("invalid format, got %q", got)
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ func BenchmarkTimeFormatter(b *testing.B) {
 	b.Run("Localized", func(b *testing.B) {
 		f := NewTimeFormatter(translators.GetTranslator("nn"))
 		b.ResetTimer()
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			got := f.Format(june06, "Monday Jan 2 2006")
 			if got != "onsdag juni 6 2018" {
 				b.Fatalf("invalid format, got %q", got)
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ func BenchmarkTimeFormatter(b *testing.B) {
 	b.Run("Localized Custom", func(b *testing.B) {
 		f := NewTimeFormatter(translators.GetTranslator("nn"))
 		b.ResetTimer()
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			got := f.Format(june06, ":date_medium")
 			if got != "6. juni 2018" {
 				b.Fatalf("invalid format, got %q", got)

common/hugio/readers.go

@@ -32,6 +32,37 @@ type ReadSeekCloser interface {
 	io.Closer
 }
 
+// Sizer provides the size of, typically, a io.Reader.
+// As implemented by e.g. os.File and io.SectionReader.
+type Sizer interface {
+	Size() int64
+}
+
+type SizeReader interface {
+	io.Reader
+	Sizer
+}
+
+// ToSizeReader converts the given io.Reader to a SizeReader.
+// Note that if r is not a SizeReader, the entire content will be read into memory
+func ToSizeReader(r io.Reader) (SizeReader, error) {
+	if sr, ok := r.(SizeReader); ok {
+		return sr, nil
+	}
+	b, err := io.ReadAll(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return bytes.NewReader(b), nil
+}
+
+// CloserFunc is an adapter to allow the use of ordinary functions as io.Closers.
+type CloserFunc func() error
+
+func (f CloserFunc) Close() error {
+	return f()
+}
+
 // ReadSeekCloserProvider provides a ReadSeekCloser.
 type ReadSeekCloserProvider interface {
 	ReadSeekCloser() (ReadSeekCloser, error)

common/hugo/hugo.go

@@ -28,12 +28,14 @@ import (
 	"github.com/bep/logg"
 
 	"github.com/bep/godartsass/v2"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hcontext"
+
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hexec"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hstore"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/version"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs/files"
 
+	"github.com/bep/helpers/contexthelpers"
 	"github.com/spf13/afero"
 
 	iofs "io/fs"
@@ -54,7 +56,7 @@ var (
 	vendorInfo string
 )
 
-var _ maps.StoreProvider = (*HugoInfo)(nil)
+var _ hstore.StoreProvider = (*HugoInfo)(nil)
 
 // HugoInfo contains information about the current Hugo environment
 type HugoInfo struct {
@@ -73,14 +75,14 @@ type HugoInfo struct {
 	conf ConfigProvider
 	deps []*Dependency
 
-	store *maps.Scratch
+	store *hstore.Scratch
 
 	// Context gives access to some of the context scoped variables.
 	Context Context
 }
 
 // Version returns the current version as a comparable version string.
-func (i HugoInfo) Version() VersionString {
+func (i HugoInfo) Version() version.VersionString {
 	return CurrentVersion.Version()
 }
 
@@ -119,7 +121,7 @@ func (i HugoInfo) Deps() []*Dependency {
 	return i.deps
 }
 
-func (i HugoInfo) Store() *maps.Scratch {
+func (i HugoInfo) Store() *hstore.Scratch {
 	return i.store
 }
 
@@ -145,7 +147,7 @@ const (
 	contextKeyMarkupScope contextKey = iota
 )
 
-var markupScope = hcontext.NewContextDispatcher[string](contextKeyMarkupScope)
+var markupScope = contexthelpers.NewContextDispatcher[string](contextKeyMarkupScope)
 
 type Context struct{}
 
@@ -196,7 +198,7 @@ func NewInfo(conf ConfigProvider, deps []*Dependency) HugoInfo {
 		Environment: conf.Environment(),
 		conf:        conf,
 		deps:        deps,
-		store:       maps.NewScratch(),
+		store:       hstore.NewScratch(),
 		GoVersion:   goVersion,
 	}
 }
@@ -308,13 +310,12 @@ func GetDependencyList() []string {
 
 // GetDependencyListNonGo returns a list of non-Go dependencies.
 func GetDependencyListNonGo() []string {
-	var deps []string
+	deps := []string{formatDep("github.com/webmproject/libwebp", "v1.6.0")} // via WASM. TODO(bep) get versions from the plugin setup.
 
 	if IsExtended {
 		deps = append(
 			deps,
 			formatDep("github.com/sass/libsass", "3.6.6"),
-			formatDep("github.com/webmproject/libwebp", "v1.3.2"),
 		)
 	}
 
@@ -451,7 +452,7 @@ func deprecateLevelWithLogger(item, alternative, version string, level logg.Leve
 // We want people to run at least the current and previous version without any warnings.
 // We want people who don't update Hugo that often to see the warnings and errors before we remove the feature.
 func deprecationLogLevelFromVersion(ver string) logg.Level {
-	from := MustParseVersion(ver)
+	from := version.MustParseVersion(ver)
 	to := CurrentVersion
 	minorDiff := to.Minor - from.Minor
 	switch {
@@ -465,3 +466,46 @@ func deprecationLogLevelFromVersion(ver string) logg.Level {
 		return logg.LevelInfo
 	}
 }
+
+// BuildVersionString creates a version string. This is what you see when
+// running "hugo version".
+func BuildVersionString() string {
+	// program := "Hugo Static Site Generator"
+	program := "hugo"
+
+	version := "v" + CurrentVersion.String()
+
+	bi := getBuildInfo()
+	if bi == nil {
+		return version
+	}
+	if bi.Revision != "" {
+		version += "-" + bi.Revision
+	}
+	if IsExtended {
+		version += "+extended"
+	}
+	if IsWithdeploy {
+		version += "+withdeploy"
+	}
+
+	osArch := bi.GoOS + "/" + bi.GoArch
+
+	date := bi.RevisionTime
+	if date == "" {
+		// Accept vendor-specified build date if .git/ is unavailable.
+		date = buildDate
+	}
+	if date == "" {
+		date = "unknown"
+	}
+
+	versionString := fmt.Sprintf("%s %s %s BuildDate=%s",
+		program, version, osArch, date)
+
+	if vendorInfo != "" {
+		versionString += " VendorInfo=" + vendorInfo
+	}
+
+	return versionString
+}

common/hugo/hugo_integration_test.go

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ baseURL = 'https://en.example.org/'
 ---
 title: home
 ---
--- layouts/index.html --
+-- layouts/home.html --
 multilingual={{ hugo.IsMultilingual }}
 multihost={{ hugo.IsMultihost }}
   `

common/hugo/hugo_test.go

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/bep/logg"
 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/version"
 )
 
 func TestHugoInfo(t *testing.T) {
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ func TestHugoInfo(t *testing.T) {
 	hugoInfo := NewInfo(conf, nil)
 
 	c.Assert(hugoInfo.Version(), qt.Equals, CurrentVersion.Version())
-	c.Assert(fmt.Sprintf("%T", VersionString("")), qt.Equals, fmt.Sprintf("%T", hugoInfo.Version()))
+	c.Assert(fmt.Sprintf("%T", version.VersionString("")), qt.Equals, fmt.Sprintf("%T", hugoInfo.Version()))
 	c.Assert(hugoInfo.WorkingDir(), qt.Equals, "/mywork")
 
 	bi := getBuildInfo()

common/hugo/version_current.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -13,11 +13,13 @@
 
 package hugo
 
+import "github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/version"
+
 // CurrentVersion represents the current build version.
 // This should be the only one.
-var CurrentVersion = Version{
+var CurrentVersion = version.Version{
 	Major:      0,
-	Minor:      149,
-	PatchLevel: 0,
-	Suffix:     "-DEV",
+	Minor:      155,
+	PatchLevel: 2,
+	Suffix:     "",
 }

common/loggers/logger.go

@@ -173,6 +173,7 @@ func LevelLoggerToWriter(l logg.LevelLogger) io.Writer {
 
 type Logger interface {
 	Debug() logg.LevelLogger
+	DebugCommand(command string) logg.LevelLogger
 	Debugf(format string, v ...any)
 	Debugln(v ...any)
 	Error() logg.LevelLogger
@@ -221,6 +222,10 @@ func (l *logAdapter) Debug() logg.LevelLogger {
 	return l.debugl
 }
 
+func (l *logAdapter) DebugCommand(command string) logg.LevelLogger {
+	return l.debugl.WithField(FieldNameCmd, command)
+}
+
 func (l *logAdapter) Debugf(format string, v ...any) {
 	l.debugl.Logf(format, v...)
 }

common/para/para_test.go

@@ -52,7 +52,6 @@ func TestPara(t *testing.T) {
 		var result []int
 		var mu sync.Mutex
 		for i := range n {
-			i := i
 			r.Run(func() error {
 				mu.Lock()
 				defer mu.Unlock()

common/paths/path.go

@@ -115,8 +115,8 @@ func ReplaceExtension(path string, newExt string) string {
 
 func makePathRelative(inPath string, possibleDirectories ...string) (string, error) {
 	for _, currentPath := range possibleDirectories {
-		if strings.HasPrefix(inPath, currentPath) {
-			return strings.TrimPrefix(inPath, currentPath), nil
+		if after, ok := strings.CutPrefix(inPath, currentPath); ok {
+			return after, nil
 		}
 	}
 	return inPath, errors.New("can't extract relative path, unknown prefix")

common/paths/path_test.go

@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ func BenchmarkSanitize(b *testing.B) {
 
 	// This should not allocate any memory.
 	b.Run("All allowed", func(b *testing.B) {
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			got := Sanitize(allAlowedPath)
 			if got != allAlowedPath {
 				b.Fatal(got)
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ func BenchmarkSanitize(b *testing.B) {
 
 	// This will allocate some memory.
 	b.Run("Spaces", func(b *testing.B) {
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			got := Sanitize(spacePath)
 			if got != "foo-bar" {
 				b.Fatal(got)
@@ -311,3 +311,61 @@ func TestIsSameFilePath(t *testing.T) {
 		c.Assert(IsSameFilePath(filepath.FromSlash(this.a), filepath.FromSlash(this.b)), qt.Equals, this.expected, qt.Commentf("a: %s b: %s", this.a, this.b))
 	}
 }
+
+func BenchmarkAddLeadingSlash(b *testing.B) {
+	const (
+		noLeadingSlash   = "a/b/c"
+		withLeadingSlash = "/a/b/c"
+	)
+
+	// This should not allocate any memory.
+	b.Run("With leading slash", func(b *testing.B) {
+		for b.Loop() {
+			got := AddLeadingSlash(withLeadingSlash)
+			if got != withLeadingSlash {
+				b.Fatal(got)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	// This will allocate some memory.
+	b.Run("Without leading slash", func(b *testing.B) {
+		for b.Loop() {
+			got := AddLeadingSlash(noLeadingSlash)
+			if got != "/a/b/c" {
+				b.Fatal(got)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("Blank string", func(b *testing.B) {
+		for b.Loop() {
+			got := AddLeadingSlash("")
+			if got != "/" {
+				b.Fatal(got)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestPathEscape(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	for _, this := range []struct {
+		input    string
+		expected string
+	}{
+		{"/tags/欢迎", "/tags/%E6%AC%A2%E8%BF%8E"},
+		{"/path with spaces", "/path%20with%20spaces"},
+		{"/simple-path", "/simple-path"},
+		{"/path/with/slash", "/path/with/slash"},
+		{"/path/with special&chars", "/path/with%20special&chars"},
+	} {
+		in := this.input
+		for range 2 {
+			result := PathEscape(in)
+			c.Assert(result, qt.Equals, this.expected, qt.Commentf("input: %q", this.input))
+			in = result // test idempotency
+		}
+	}
+}

common/paths/pathparser.go

@@ -14,23 +14,27 @@
 package paths
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"path"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"runtime"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hmaps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/types"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs/files"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib/sitesmatrix"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/identity"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources/kinds"
 )
 
 const (
-	identifierBaseof = "baseof"
+	identifierBaseof         = "baseof"
+	identifierCurstomWrapper = "_"
 )
 
-// PathParser parses a path into a Path.
+// PathParser parses and manages paths.
 type PathParser struct {
 	// Maps the language code to its index in the languages/sites slice.
 	LanguageIndex map[string]int
@@ -44,6 +48,19 @@ type PathParser struct {
 
 	// Reports whether the given ext is a content file.
 	IsContentExt func(string) bool
+
+	// The configured sites matrix.
+	ConfiguredDimensions *sitesmatrix.ConfiguredDimensions
+
+	// Below gets created on demand.
+	initOnce         sync.Once
+	sitesMatrixCache *hmaps.Cache[string, sitesmatrix.VectorStore] // Maps language index to sites matrix vector store.
+}
+
+func (pp *PathParser) init() {
+	pp.initOnce.Do(func() {
+		pp.sitesMatrixCache = hmaps.NewCache[string, sitesmatrix.VectorStore]()
+	})
 }
 
 // NormalizePathString returns a normalized path string using the very basic Hugo rules.
@@ -57,6 +74,32 @@ func NormalizePathStringBasic(s string) string {
 	return s
 }
 
+func (pp *PathParser) SitesMatrixFromPath(p *Path) sitesmatrix.VectorStore {
+	pp.init()
+	lang := p.Lang()
+	v, _ := pp.sitesMatrixCache.GetOrCreate(lang, func() (sitesmatrix.VectorStore, error) {
+		builder := sitesmatrix.NewIntSetsBuilder(pp.ConfiguredDimensions)
+		if lang != "" {
+			if idx, ok := pp.LanguageIndex[lang]; ok {
+				builder.WithLanguageIndices(idx)
+			}
+		}
+
+		switch p.Component() {
+		case files.ComponentFolderContent:
+			builder.WithDefaultsIfNotSet()
+		case files.ComponentFolderLayouts:
+			builder.WithAllIfNotSet()
+		case files.ComponentFolderStatic:
+			builder.WithDefaultsAndAllLanguagesIfNotSet()
+		}
+
+		return builder.Build(), nil
+	})
+
+	return v
+}
+
 // ParseIdentity parses component c with path s into a StringIdentity.
 func (pp *PathParser) ParseIdentity(c, s string) identity.StringIdentity {
 	p := pp.parsePooled(c, s)
@@ -145,6 +188,12 @@ func (pp *PathParser) parseIdentifier(component, s string, p *Path, i, lastDot,
 	id := types.LowHigh[string]{Low: i + 1, High: high}
 	sid := p.s[id.Low:id.High]
 
+	if strings.HasPrefix(sid, identifierCurstomWrapper) && strings.HasSuffix(sid, identifierCurstomWrapper) {
+		p.identifiersKnown = append(p.identifiersKnown, id)
+		p.posIdentifierCustom = len(p.identifiersKnown) - 1
+		found = true
+	}
+
 	if len(p.identifiersKnown) == 0 {
 		// The first is always the extension.
 		p.identifiersKnown = append(p.identifiersKnown, id)
@@ -155,12 +204,12 @@ func (pp *PathParser) parseIdentifier(component, s string, p *Path, i, lastDot,
 			p.posIdentifierOutputFormat = 0
 		}
 	} else {
-
 		var langFound bool
 
 		if mayHaveLang {
 			var disabled bool
 			_, langFound = pp.LanguageIndex[sid]
+
 			if !langFound {
 				disabled = pp.IsLangDisabled != nil && pp.IsLangDisabled(sid)
 				if disabled {
@@ -173,6 +222,7 @@ func (pp *PathParser) parseIdentifier(component, s string, p *Path, i, lastDot,
 				p.identifiersKnown = append(p.identifiersKnown, id)
 				p.posIdentifierLanguage = len(p.identifiersKnown) - 1
 			}
+
 		}
 
 		if !found && mayHaveOutputFormat {
@@ -202,8 +252,14 @@ func (pp *PathParser) parseIdentifier(component, s string, p *Path, i, lastDot,
 		}
 
 		if !found && mayHaveLayout {
-			p.identifiersKnown = append(p.identifiersKnown, id)
-			p.posIdentifierLayout = len(p.identifiersKnown) - 1
+			if p.posIdentifierLayout != -1 {
+				// Move it to identifiersUnknown.
+				p.identifiersUnknown = append(p.identifiersUnknown, p.identifiersKnown[p.posIdentifierLayout])
+				p.identifiersKnown[p.posIdentifierLayout] = id
+			} else {
+				p.identifiersKnown = append(p.identifiersKnown, id)
+				p.posIdentifierLayout = len(p.identifiersKnown) - 1
+			}
 			found = true
 		}
 
@@ -333,7 +389,7 @@ type Type int
 
 const (
 
-	// A generic resource, e.g. a JSON file.
+	// A generic file, e.g. a JSON file.
 	TypeFile Type = iota
 
 	// All below are content files.
@@ -380,6 +436,7 @@ type Path struct {
 	posIdentifierKind         int
 	posIdentifierLayout       int
 	posIdentifierBaseof       int
+	posIdentifierCustom       int
 	disabled                  bool
 
 	trimLeadingSlash bool
@@ -417,6 +474,7 @@ func (p *Path) reset() {
 	p.posIdentifierKind = -1
 	p.posIdentifierLayout = -1
 	p.posIdentifierBaseof = -1
+	p.posIdentifierCustom = -1
 	p.disabled = false
 	p.trimLeadingSlash = false
 	p.unnormalized = nil
@@ -580,6 +638,9 @@ func (p *Path) Unnormalized() *Path {
 
 // PathNoLang returns the Path but with any language identifier removed.
 func (p *Path) PathNoLang() string {
+	if p.identifierIndex(p.posIdentifierLanguage) == -1 {
+		return p.Path()
+	}
 	return p.base(true, false)
 }
 
@@ -633,7 +694,12 @@ func (p *Path) BaseRel(owner *Path) string {
 //
 // For other files (Resources), any extension is kept.
 func (p *Path) Base() string {
-	return p.base(!p.isContentPage(), p.IsBundle())
+	s := p.base(!p.isContentPage(), p.IsBundle())
+	if s == "/" && p.isContentPage() {
+		// The content home page is represented as "".
+		s = ""
+	}
+	return s
 }
 
 // Used in template lookups.
@@ -708,6 +774,10 @@ func (p *Path) Lang() string {
 	return p.identifierAsString(p.posIdentifierLanguage)
 }
 
+func (p *Path) Custom() string {
+	return strings.TrimSuffix(strings.TrimPrefix(p.identifierAsString(p.posIdentifierCustom), identifierCurstomWrapper), identifierCurstomWrapper)
+}
+
 func (p *Path) Identifier(i int) string {
 	return p.identifierAsString(i)
 }
@@ -786,3 +856,12 @@ func HasExt(p string) bool {
 	}
 	return false
 }
+
+// ValidateIdentifier returns true if the given string is a valid identifier according
+// to Hugo's basic path normalization rules.
+func ValidateIdentifier(s string) error {
+	if s == NormalizePathStringBasic(s) {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return fmt.Errorf("must be all lower case and no spaces")
+}

common/paths/pathparser_test.go

@@ -18,27 +18,33 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs/files"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib/sitesmatrix"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources/kinds"
 
 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
 )
 
-var testParser = &PathParser{
-	LanguageIndex: map[string]int{
-		"no": 0,
-		"en": 1,
-		"fr": 2,
-	},
-	IsContentExt: func(ext string) bool {
-		return ext == "md"
-	},
-	IsOutputFormat: func(name, ext string) bool {
-		switch name {
-		case "html", "amp", "csv", "rss":
-			return true
-		}
-		return false
-	},
+func newTestParser() *PathParser {
+	dims := sitesmatrix.NewTestingDimensions([]string{"en", "no", "fr"}, []string{"v1", "v2", "v3"}, []string{"admin", "editor", "viewer", "guest"})
+
+	return &PathParser{
+		LanguageIndex: map[string]int{
+			"no": 0,
+			"en": 1,
+			"fr": 2,
+		},
+		IsContentExt: func(ext string) bool {
+			return ext == "md"
+		},
+		IsOutputFormat: func(name, ext string) bool {
+			switch name {
+			case "html", "amp", "csv", "rss":
+				return true
+			}
+			return false
+		},
+		ConfiguredDimensions: dims,
+	}
 }
 
 func TestParse(t *testing.T) {
@@ -190,7 +196,7 @@ func TestParse(t *testing.T) {
 				c.Assert(p.Identifiers(), qt.DeepEquals, []string{"md"})
 				c.Assert(p.IsBranchBundle(), qt.IsTrue)
 				c.Assert(p.IsBundle(), qt.IsTrue)
-				c.Assert(p.Base(), qt.Equals, "/")
+				c.Assert(p.Base(), qt.Equals, "")
 				c.Assert(p.BaseReTyped("foo"), qt.Equals, "/foo")
 				c.Assert(p.Path(), qt.Equals, "/_index.md")
 				c.Assert(p.Container(), qt.Equals, "")
@@ -266,7 +272,7 @@ func TestParse(t *testing.T) {
 			"Index root no slash",
 			"_index.md",
 			func(c *qt.C, p *Path) {
-				c.Assert(p.Base(), qt.Equals, "/")
+				c.Assert(p.Base(), qt.Equals, "")
 				c.Assert(p.Ext(), qt.Equals, "md")
 				c.Assert(p.Name(), qt.Equals, "_index.md")
 			},
@@ -275,7 +281,7 @@ func TestParse(t *testing.T) {
 			"Index root",
 			"/_index.md",
 			func(c *qt.C, p *Path) {
-				c.Assert(p.Base(), qt.Equals, "/")
+				c.Assert(p.Base(), qt.Equals, "")
 				c.Assert(p.Ext(), qt.Equals, "md")
 				c.Assert(p.Name(), qt.Equals, "_index.md")
 			},
@@ -373,13 +379,24 @@ func TestParse(t *testing.T) {
 				c.Assert(p.IsContentData(), qt.IsFalse)
 			},
 		},
+		{
+			"Custom identifier",
+			"/a/b/p1._myid_.no.md",
+			func(c *qt.C, p *Path) {
+				c.Assert(p.Base(), qt.Equals, "/a/b/p1")
+				c.Assert(p.Lang(), qt.Equals, "no")
+				c.Assert(p.Ext(), qt.Equals, "md")
+				c.Assert(p.Custom(), qt.Equals, "myid")
+			},
+		},
 	}
+	parser := newTestParser()
 	for _, test := range tests {
 		c.Run(test.name, func(c *qt.C) {
-			if test.name != "Home branch cundle" {
-				// return
+			if test.name != "Caret up identifier" {
+				//	return
 			}
-			test.assert(c, testParser.Parse(files.ComponentFolderContent, test.path))
+			test.assert(c, parser.Parse(files.ComponentFolderContent, test.path))
 		})
 	}
 }
@@ -437,8 +454,8 @@ func TestParseLayouts(t *testing.T) {
 			"/mylayout.list.section.no.html",
 			func(c *qt.C, p *Path) {
 				c.Assert(p.Layout(), qt.Equals, "mylayout")
-				c.Assert(p.Identifiers(), qt.DeepEquals, []string{"html", "no", "section", "list", "mylayout"})
-				c.Assert(p.IdentifiersUnknown(), qt.DeepEquals, []string{})
+				c.Assert(p.Identifiers(), qt.DeepEquals, []string{"html", "no", "section", "mylayout"})
+				c.Assert(p.IdentifiersUnknown(), qt.DeepEquals, []string{"list"})
 				c.Assert(p.Base(), qt.Equals, "/mylayout.html")
 				c.Assert(p.Lang(), qt.Equals, "no")
 			},
@@ -461,7 +478,8 @@ func TestParseLayouts(t *testing.T) {
 			"Lang and output format",
 			"/list.no.amp.not.html",
 			func(c *qt.C, p *Path) {
-				c.Assert(p.Identifiers(), qt.DeepEquals, []string{"html", "not", "amp", "no", "list"})
+				c.Assert(p.Identifiers(), qt.DeepEquals, []string{"html", "list", "amp", "no"})
+				c.Assert(p.IdentifiersUnknown(), qt.DeepEquals, []string{"not"})
 				c.Assert(p.OutputFormat(), qt.Equals, "amp")
 				c.Assert(p.Ext(), qt.Equals, "html")
 				c.Assert(p.Lang(), qt.Equals, "no")
@@ -583,14 +601,27 @@ func TestParseLayouts(t *testing.T) {
 				c.Assert(p.NameNoIdentifier(), qt.Equals, "myshortcode")
 			},
 		},
+		{
+			"Not lang",
+			"/foo/index.xy.html",
+			func(c *qt.C, p *Path) {
+				c.Assert(p.Lang(), qt.Equals, "")
+				c.Assert(p.Layout(), qt.Equals, "index")
+				c.Assert(p.NameNoLang(), qt.Equals, "index.xy.html")
+				c.Assert(p.PathNoLang(), qt.Equals, "/foo/index.xy.html")
+				c.Assert(p.Identifiers(), qt.DeepEquals, []string{"html", "index"})
+				c.Assert(p.IdentifiersUnknown(), qt.DeepEquals, []string{"xy"})
+			},
+		},
 	}
 
+	parser := newTestParser()
 	for _, test := range tests {
 		c.Run(test.name, func(c *qt.C) {
-			if test.name != "Shortcode lang layout" {
-				// return
+			if test.name != "Not lang" {
+				return
 			}
-			test.assert(c, testParser.Parse(files.ComponentFolderLayouts, test.path))
+			test.assert(c, parser.Parse(files.ComponentFolderLayouts, test.path))
 		})
 	}
 }
@@ -605,7 +636,27 @@ func TestHasExt(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func BenchmarkParseIdentity(b *testing.B) {
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		testParser.ParseIdentity(files.ComponentFolderAssets, "/a/b.css")
+	parser := newTestParser()
+	for b.Loop() {
+		parser.ParseIdentity(files.ComponentFolderAssets, "/a/b.css")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSitesMatrixFromPath(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	parser := newTestParser()
+	p := parser.Parse(files.ComponentFolderContent, "/a/b/c.fr.md")
+	v := parser.SitesMatrixFromPath(p)
+	c.Assert(v.HasLanguage(2), qt.IsTrue)
+	c.Assert(v.LenVectors(), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(v.VectorSample(), qt.Equals, sitesmatrix.Vector{2, 0, 0})
+}
+
+func BenchmarkSitesMatrixFromPath(b *testing.B) {
+	parser := newTestParser()
+	p := parser.Parse(files.ComponentFolderContent, "/a/b/c.fr.md")
+	for b.Loop() {
+		parser.SitesMatrixFromPath(p)
 	}
 }

common/paths/paths_integration_test.go

@@ -35,9 +35,9 @@ weight = 2
 removePathAccents = true
 -- content/διακριτικός.md --
 -- content/διακριτικός.fr.md --
--- layouts/_default/single.html --
+-- layouts/single.html --
 {{ .Language.Lang }}|Single.
--- layouts/_default/list.html --
+-- layouts/list.html --
 List
 `
 	b := hugolib.Test(t, files)
@@ -64,9 +64,9 @@ disablePathToLower = true
 -- content/MySection/MyPage.fr.md --
 -- content/MySection/MyBundle/index.md --
 -- content/MySection/MyBundle/index.fr.md --
--- layouts/_default/single.html --
+-- layouts/single.html --
 {{ .Language.Lang }}|Single.
--- layouts/_default/list.html --
+-- layouts/list.html --
 {{ .Language.Lang }}|List.
 `
 	b := hugolib.Test(t, files)

common/predicate/predicate.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -13,52 +13,128 @@
 
 package predicate
 
+import (
+	"iter"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/gobwas/glob"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs/hglob"
+)
+
+// Match represents the result of a predicate evaluation.
+type Match interface {
+	OK() bool
+}
+
+var (
+	// Predefined Match values for common cases.
+	True  = BoolMatch(true)
+	False = BoolMatch(false)
+)
+
+// BoolMatch is a simple Match implementation based on a boolean value.
+type BoolMatch bool
+
+func (b BoolMatch) OK() bool {
+	return bool(b)
+}
+
+// breakMatch is a Match implementation that always returns false for OK() and signals to break evaluation.
+type breakMatch struct{}
+
+func (b breakMatch) OK() bool {
+	return false
+}
+
+var matchBreak = breakMatch{}
+
 // P is a predicate function that tests whether a value of type T satisfies some condition.
 type P[T any] func(T) bool
 
-// And returns a predicate that is a short-circuiting logical AND of this and the given predicates.
-func (p P[T]) And(ps ...P[T]) P[T] {
-	return func(v T) bool {
-		for _, pp := range ps {
-			if !pp(v) {
-				return false
-			}
-		}
-		if p == nil {
-			return true
-		}
-		return p(v)
-	}
-}
-
 // Or returns a predicate that is a short-circuiting logical OR of this and the given predicates.
+// Note that P[T] only supports Or. For chained AND/OR logic, use PR[T].
 func (p P[T]) Or(ps ...P[T]) P[T] {
 	return func(v T) bool {
+		if p != nil && p(v) {
+			return true
+		}
 		for _, pp := range ps {
 			if pp(v) {
 				return true
 			}
 		}
-		if p == nil {
-			return false
-		}
-		return p(v)
+		return false
 	}
 }
 
-// Negate returns a predicate that is a logical negation of this predicate.
-func (p P[T]) Negate() P[T] {
+// PR is a predicate function that tests whether a value of type T satisfies some condition and returns a Match result.
+type PR[T any] func(T) Match
+
+// BoolFunc returns a P[T] version of this predicate.
+func (p PR[T]) BoolFunc() P[T] {
 	return func(v T) bool {
-		return !p(v)
+		if p == nil {
+			return false
+		}
+		return p(v).OK()
 	}
 }
 
+// And returns a predicate that is a short-circuiting logical AND of this and the given predicates.
+func (p PR[T]) And(ps ...PR[T]) PR[T] {
+	return func(v T) Match {
+		if p != nil {
+			m := p(v)
+			if !m.OK() || shouldBreak(m) {
+				return matchBreak
+			}
+		}
+		for _, pp := range ps {
+			m := pp(v)
+			if !m.OK() || shouldBreak(m) {
+				return matchBreak
+			}
+		}
+		return BoolMatch(true)
+	}
+}
+
+// Or returns a predicate that is a short-circuiting logical OR of this and the given predicates.
+func (p PR[T]) Or(ps ...PR[T]) PR[T] {
+	return func(v T) Match {
+		if p != nil {
+			m := p(v)
+			if m.OK() {
+				return m
+			}
+			if shouldBreak(m) {
+				return matchBreak
+			}
+		}
+		for _, pp := range ps {
+			m := pp(v)
+			if m.OK() {
+				return m
+			}
+			if shouldBreak(m) {
+				return matchBreak
+			}
+		}
+		return BoolMatch(false)
+	}
+}
+
+func shouldBreak(m Match) bool {
+	_, ok := m.(breakMatch)
+	return ok
+}
+
 // Filter returns a new slice holding only the elements of s that satisfy p.
 // Filter modifies the contents of the slice s and returns the modified slice, which may have a smaller length.
-func (p P[T]) Filter(s []T) []T {
+func (p PR[T]) Filter(s []T) []T {
 	var n int
 	for _, v := range s {
-		if p(v) {
+		if p(v).OK() {
 			s[n] = v
 			n++
 		}
@@ -67,12 +143,159 @@ func (p P[T]) Filter(s []T) []T {
 }
 
 // FilterCopy returns a new slice holding only the elements of s that satisfy p.
-func (p P[T]) FilterCopy(s []T) []T {
+func (p PR[T]) FilterCopy(s []T) []T {
 	var result []T
 	for _, v := range s {
-		if p(v) {
+		if p(v).OK() {
 			result = append(result, v)
 		}
 	}
 	return result
 }
+
+const (
+	rangeOpNone = iota
+	rangeOpLT
+	rangeOpLTE
+	rangeOpGT
+	rangeOpGTE
+	rangeOpEQ
+	rangeOpNE
+)
+
+func cutRangeOp(s string) (op int, rest string) {
+	switch {
+	case strings.HasPrefix(s, ">= "):
+		return rangeOpGTE, s[3:]
+	case strings.HasPrefix(s, "<= "):
+		return rangeOpLTE, s[3:]
+	case strings.HasPrefix(s, "== "):
+		return rangeOpEQ, s[3:]
+	case strings.HasPrefix(s, "!= "):
+		return rangeOpNE, s[3:]
+	case strings.HasPrefix(s, "> "):
+		return rangeOpGT, s[2:]
+	case strings.HasPrefix(s, "< "):
+		return rangeOpLT, s[2:]
+	default:
+		return rangeOpNone, s
+	}
+}
+
+// NewStringPredicateFromGlobs creates a string predicate from the given glob patterns.
+// A glob pattern starting with "!" is a negation pattern which will be ANDed with the rest.
+func NewStringPredicateFromGlobs(patterns []string, getGlob func(pattern string) (glob.Glob, error)) (P[string], error) {
+	var p PR[string]
+	for _, pattern := range patterns {
+		pattern = strings.TrimSpace(pattern)
+		if pattern == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		negate := strings.HasPrefix(pattern, hglob.NegationPrefix)
+		if negate {
+			pattern = pattern[2:]
+			g, err := getGlob(pattern)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			p = p.And(func(s string) Match {
+				return BoolMatch(!g.Match(s))
+			})
+		} else {
+			g, err := getGlob(pattern)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			p = p.Or(func(s string) Match {
+				return BoolMatch(g.Match(s))
+			})
+
+		}
+	}
+
+	return p.BoolFunc(), nil
+}
+
+// NewIndexStringPredicateFromGlobsAndRanges creates an IndexString predicate from the given glob patterns and range patterns.
+// A glob pattern starting with "!" is a negation pattern which will be ANDed with the rest.
+// A range pattern is one of "> value", ">= value", "< value" or "<= value".
+func NewIndexStringPredicateFromGlobsAndRanges(patterns []string, getIndex func(s string) int, getGlob func(pattern string) (glob.Glob, error)) (P[IndexString], error) {
+	var p PR[IndexString]
+	for _, pattern := range patterns {
+		pattern = strings.TrimSpace(pattern)
+		if pattern == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		negate := strings.HasPrefix(pattern, hglob.NegationPrefix)
+		if negate {
+			pattern = pattern[2:]
+			g, err := getGlob(pattern)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			p = p.And(func(s IndexString) Match {
+				return BoolMatch(!g.Match(s.String))
+			})
+		} else {
+			// This can be either a glob or a value prefixed with one of >, >=, < or <=.
+			o, v := cutRangeOp(pattern)
+			if o != rangeOpNone {
+				i := getIndex(v)
+				if i == -1 {
+					// No match possible.
+					p = p.And(func(s IndexString) Match {
+						return BoolMatch(false)
+					})
+					continue
+				}
+				switch o {
+				// The greater values starts at the top with index 0.
+				case rangeOpGT:
+					p = p.And(func(s IndexString) Match {
+						return BoolMatch(s.Index < i)
+					})
+				case rangeOpGTE:
+					p = p.And(func(s IndexString) Match {
+						return BoolMatch(s.Index <= i)
+					})
+				case rangeOpLT:
+					p = p.And(func(s IndexString) Match {
+						return BoolMatch(s.Index > i)
+					})
+				case rangeOpLTE:
+					p = p.And(func(s IndexString) Match {
+						return BoolMatch(s.Index >= i)
+					})
+				case rangeOpEQ:
+					p = p.And(func(s IndexString) Match {
+						return BoolMatch(s.Index == i)
+					})
+				case rangeOpNE:
+					p = p.And(func(s IndexString) Match {
+						return BoolMatch(s.Index != i)
+					})
+				}
+			} else {
+				g, err := getGlob(pattern)
+				if err != nil {
+					return nil, err
+				}
+				p = p.Or(func(s IndexString) Match {
+					return BoolMatch(g.Match(s.String))
+				})
+			}
+
+		}
+	}
+
+	return p.BoolFunc(), nil
+}
+
+type IndexString struct {
+	Index  int
+	String string
+}
+
+type IndexMatcher interface {
+	IndexMatch(match P[IndexString]) (iter.Seq[int], error)
+}

common/predicate/predicate_test.go

@@ -17,38 +17,66 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+	"github.com/gobwas/glob"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/predicate"
 )
 
-func TestAdd(t *testing.T) {
+func TestPredicate(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)
 
-	var p predicate.P[int] = intP1
+	n := func() predicate.PR[int] {
+		var pr predicate.PR[int]
+		return pr
+	}
 
-	c.Assert(p(1), qt.IsTrue)
+	var pr predicate.PR[int]
+	p := pr.BoolFunc()
+	c.Assert(p(1), qt.IsFalse)
+
+	pr = n().Or(intP1).Or(intP2)
+	p = pr.BoolFunc()
+	c.Assert(p(1), qt.IsTrue)  // true || false
+	c.Assert(p(2), qt.IsTrue)  // false || true
+	c.Assert(p(3), qt.IsFalse) // false || false
+
+	pr = pr.And(intP3)
+	p = pr.BoolFunc()
+	c.Assert(p(2), qt.IsFalse)  // true || true && false
+	c.Assert(pr(10), qt.IsTrue) // true || true && true
+
+	pr = pr.And(intP4)
+	p = pr.BoolFunc()
+	c.Assert(p(10), qt.IsTrue)  // true || true && true && true
+	c.Assert(p(2), qt.IsFalse)  // true || true && false && false
+	c.Assert(p(1), qt.IsFalse)  // true || false && false && false
+	c.Assert(p(3), qt.IsFalse)  // false || false && false && false
+	c.Assert(p(4), qt.IsFalse)  // false || false && false && false
+	c.Assert(p(42), qt.IsFalse) // false || false && false && false
+
+	pr = n().And(intP1).And(intP2).And(intP3).And(intP4)
+	p = pr.BoolFunc()
+	c.Assert(p(1), qt.IsFalse)
 	c.Assert(p(2), qt.IsFalse)
+	c.Assert(p(10), qt.IsTrue)
 
-	neg := p.Negate()
-	c.Assert(neg(1), qt.IsFalse)
-	c.Assert(neg(2), qt.IsTrue)
+	pr = n().And(intP1).And(intP2).And(intP3).And(intP4)
+	p = pr.BoolFunc()
+	c.Assert(p(1), qt.IsFalse)
+	c.Assert(p(2), qt.IsFalse)
+	c.Assert(p(10), qt.IsTrue)
 
-	and := p.And(intP2)
-	c.Assert(and(1), qt.IsFalse)
-	c.Assert(and(2), qt.IsFalse)
-	c.Assert(and(10), qt.IsTrue)
-
-	or := p.Or(intP2)
-	c.Assert(or(1), qt.IsTrue)
-	c.Assert(or(2), qt.IsTrue)
-	c.Assert(or(10), qt.IsTrue)
-	c.Assert(or(11), qt.IsFalse)
+	pr = n().Or(intP1).Or(intP2).Or(intP3)
+	p = pr.BoolFunc()
+	c.Assert(p(1), qt.IsTrue)
+	c.Assert(p(10), qt.IsTrue)
+	c.Assert(p(4), qt.IsFalse)
 }
 
 func TestFilter(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)
 
-	var p predicate.P[int] = intP1
-	p = p.Or(intP2)
+	var p predicate.PR[int]
+	p = p.Or(intP1).Or(intP2)
 
 	ints := []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 6, 7, 8, 2}
 
@@ -59,8 +87,8 @@ func TestFilter(t *testing.T) {
 func TestFilterCopy(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)
 
-	var p predicate.P[int] = intP1
-	p = p.Or(intP2)
+	var p predicate.PR[int]
+	p = p.Or(intP1).Or(intP2)
 
 	ints := []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 6, 7, 8, 2}
 
@@ -68,16 +96,187 @@ func TestFilterCopy(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Assert(ints, qt.DeepEquals, []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 6, 7, 8, 2})
 }
 
-var intP1 = func(i int) bool {
+var intP1 = func(i int) predicate.Match {
 	if i == 10 {
-		return true
+		return predicate.True
 	}
-	return i == 1
+	return predicate.BoolMatch(i == 1)
 }
 
-var intP2 = func(i int) bool {
+var intP2 = func(i int) predicate.Match {
 	if i == 10 {
-		return true
+		return predicate.True
 	}
-	return i == 2
+	return predicate.BoolMatch(i == 2)
+}
+
+var intP3 = func(i int) predicate.Match {
+	if i == 10 {
+		return predicate.True
+	}
+	return predicate.BoolMatch(i == 3)
+}
+
+var intP4 = func(i int) predicate.Match {
+	if i == 10 {
+		return predicate.True
+	}
+	return predicate.BoolMatch(i == 4)
+}
+
+func TestNewStringPredicateFromGlobs(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	getGlob := func(pattern string) (glob.Glob, error) {
+		return glob.Compile(pattern)
+	}
+
+	n := func(patterns ...string) predicate.P[string] {
+		p, err := predicate.NewStringPredicateFromGlobs(patterns, getGlob)
+		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+		return p
+	}
+
+	m := n("a", "! ab*", "abc")
+	c.Assert(m("a"), qt.IsTrue)
+	c.Assert(m("ab"), qt.IsFalse)
+	c.Assert(m("abc"), qt.IsFalse)
+
+	m = n()
+	c.Assert(m("anything"), qt.IsFalse)
+}
+
+func TestNewIndexStringPredicateFromGlobsAndRanges(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	// Simulate versions: v4.0.0=0, v3.0.0=1, v2.0.0=2, v1.0.0=3
+	// Lower index = greater value.
+	versions := []string{"v4.0.0", "v3.0.0", "v2.0.0", "v1.0.0"}
+	getIndex := func(s string) int {
+		for i, v := range versions {
+			if v == s {
+				return i
+			}
+		}
+		return -1
+	}
+	getGlob := func(pattern string) (glob.Glob, error) {
+		return glob.Compile(pattern)
+	}
+
+	n := func(patterns ...string) predicate.P[predicate.IndexString] {
+		p, err := predicate.NewIndexStringPredicateFromGlobsAndRanges(patterns, getIndex, getGlob)
+		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+		return p
+	}
+
+	is := func(i int) predicate.IndexString {
+		return predicate.IndexString{Index: i, String: versions[i]}
+	}
+
+	// Test >= v2.0.0 (index 2): should match indices <= 2
+	m := n(">= v2.0.0")
+	c.Assert(m(is(0)), qt.IsTrue)  // v4.0.0
+	c.Assert(m(is(1)), qt.IsTrue)  // v3.0.0
+	c.Assert(m(is(2)), qt.IsTrue)  // v2.0.0
+	c.Assert(m(is(3)), qt.IsFalse) // v1.0.0
+
+	// Test > v2.0.0 (index 2): should match indices < 2
+	m = n("> v2.0.0")
+	c.Assert(m(is(0)), qt.IsTrue)  // v4.0.0
+	c.Assert(m(is(1)), qt.IsTrue)  // v3.0.0
+	c.Assert(m(is(2)), qt.IsFalse) // v2.0.0
+	c.Assert(m(is(3)), qt.IsFalse) // v1.0.0
+
+	// Test < v3.0.0 (index 1): should match indices > 1
+	m = n("< v3.0.0")
+	c.Assert(m(is(0)), qt.IsFalse) // v4.0.0
+	c.Assert(m(is(1)), qt.IsFalse) // v3.0.0
+	c.Assert(m(is(2)), qt.IsTrue)  // v2.0.0
+	c.Assert(m(is(3)), qt.IsTrue)  // v1.0.0
+
+	// Test range: >= v2.0.0 AND <= v3.0.0
+	m = n(">= v2.0.0", "<= v3.0.0")
+	c.Assert(m(is(0)), qt.IsFalse) // v4.0.0 - too high
+	c.Assert(m(is(1)), qt.IsTrue)  // v3.0.0
+	c.Assert(m(is(2)), qt.IsTrue)  // v2.0.0
+	c.Assert(m(is(3)), qt.IsFalse) // v1.0.0 - too low
+
+	// Test glob pattern
+	m = n("v2.*.*")
+	c.Assert(m(is(0)), qt.IsFalse) // v4.0.0
+	c.Assert(m(is(2)), qt.IsTrue)  // v2.0.0
+
+	// Test glob with negation
+	m = n("v*.*.*", "! v3.*.*")
+	c.Assert(m(is(0)), qt.IsTrue)  // v4.0.0
+	c.Assert(m(is(1)), qt.IsFalse) // v3.0.0 - negated
+	c.Assert(m(is(2)), qt.IsTrue)  // v2.0.0
+
+	// Test range with negation: >= v2.0.0 but not v3.0.0
+	m = n(">= v2.0.0", "! v3.0.0")
+	c.Assert(m(is(0)), qt.IsTrue)  // v4.0.0
+	c.Assert(m(is(1)), qt.IsFalse) // v3.0.0 - negated
+	c.Assert(m(is(2)), qt.IsTrue)  // v2.0.0
+	c.Assert(m(is(3)), qt.IsFalse) // v1.0.0 - out of range
+
+	// Test unknown value in range returns no match
+	m = n(">= v99.0.0")
+	c.Assert(m(is(0)), qt.IsFalse)
+	c.Assert(m(is(3)), qt.IsFalse)
+
+	// Test == v2.0.0: should only match v2.0.0
+	m = n("== v2.0.0")
+	c.Assert(m(is(0)), qt.IsFalse) // v4.0.0
+	c.Assert(m(is(1)), qt.IsFalse) // v3.0.0
+	c.Assert(m(is(2)), qt.IsTrue)  // v2.0.0
+	c.Assert(m(is(3)), qt.IsFalse) // v1.0.0
+
+	// Test != v2.0.0: should match everything except v2.0.0
+	m = n("!= v2.0.0")
+	c.Assert(m(is(0)), qt.IsTrue)  // v4.0.0
+	c.Assert(m(is(1)), qt.IsTrue)  // v3.0.0
+	c.Assert(m(is(2)), qt.IsFalse) // v2.0.0
+	c.Assert(m(is(3)), qt.IsTrue)  // v1.0.0
+
+	// Test != with range: >= v2.0.0 AND != v3.0.0
+	m = n(">= v2.0.0", "!= v3.0.0")
+	c.Assert(m(is(0)), qt.IsTrue)  // v4.0.0
+	c.Assert(m(is(1)), qt.IsFalse) // v3.0.0 - excluded by !=
+	c.Assert(m(is(2)), qt.IsTrue)  // v2.0.0
+	c.Assert(m(is(3)), qt.IsFalse) // v1.0.0 - out of range
+}
+
+func BenchmarkPredicate(b *testing.B) {
+	b.Run("and or no match", func(b *testing.B) {
+		var p predicate.PR[int] = intP1
+		p = p.And(intP2).Or(intP3)
+		for b.Loop() {
+			_ = p(3).OK()
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("and and no match", func(b *testing.B) {
+		var p predicate.PR[int] = intP1
+		p = p.And(intP2)
+		for b.Loop() {
+			_ = p(3).OK()
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("and and match", func(b *testing.B) {
+		var p predicate.PR[int] = intP1
+		p = p.And(intP2)
+		for b.Loop() {
+			_ = p(10).OK()
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("or or match", func(b *testing.B) {
+		var p predicate.PR[int] = intP1
+		p = p.Or(intP2).Or(intP3)
+		for b.Loop() {
+			_ = p(2).OK()
+		}
+	})
 }

common/predicate/rangeop_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// Copyright 2026 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package predicate
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+)
+
+func TestCutRangeOp(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	op, rest := cutRangeOp(">= value")
+	c.Assert(op, qt.Equals, rangeOpGTE)
+	c.Assert(rest, qt.Equals, "value")
+
+	op, rest = cutRangeOp("<= value")
+	c.Assert(op, qt.Equals, rangeOpLTE)
+	c.Assert(rest, qt.Equals, "value")
+
+	op, rest = cutRangeOp("> value")
+	c.Assert(op, qt.Equals, rangeOpGT)
+	c.Assert(rest, qt.Equals, "value")
+
+	op, rest = cutRangeOp("< value")
+	c.Assert(op, qt.Equals, rangeOpLT)
+	c.Assert(rest, qt.Equals, "value")
+
+	op, rest = cutRangeOp("== value")
+	c.Assert(op, qt.Equals, rangeOpEQ)
+	c.Assert(rest, qt.Equals, "value")
+
+	op, rest = cutRangeOp("!= value")
+	c.Assert(op, qt.Equals, rangeOpNE)
+	c.Assert(rest, qt.Equals, "value")
+
+	op, rest = cutRangeOp("value")
+	c.Assert(op, qt.Equals, rangeOpNone)
+	c.Assert(rest, qt.Equals, "value")
+}

common/terminal/colors.go

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ package terminal
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 
@@ -72,3 +73,27 @@ func doublePercent(str string) string {
 func singlePercent(str string) string {
 	return strings.Replace(str, "%%", "%", -1)
 }
+
+type ProgressState int
+
+const (
+	ProgressHidden ProgressState = iota
+	ProgressNormal
+	ProgressError
+	ProgressIntermediate
+	ProgressWarning
+)
+
+// ReportProgress writes OSC 9;4 sequence to w.
+func ReportProgress(w io.Writer, state ProgressState, progress float64) {
+	if progress < 0 {
+		progress = 0.0
+	}
+	if progress > 1 {
+		progress = 1.0
+	}
+
+	pi := int(progress * 100)
+
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "\033]9;4;%d;%d\007", state, pi)
+}

common/text/transform_test.go

@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ func BenchmarkVisitLinesAfter(b *testing.B) {
 	
 	line 3`
 
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		VisitLinesAfter(lines, func(s string) {
 		})
 	}

common/types/types.go

@@ -139,7 +139,25 @@ func NewBool(b bool) *bool {
 	return &b
 }
 
+// WeightProvider provides a weight.
+type WeightProvider interface {
+	Weight() int
+}
+
+// Weight0Provider provides a weight that's considered before the WeightProvider in sorting.
+// This allows the weight set on a given term to win.
+type Weight0Provider interface {
+	Weight0() int
+}
+
 // PrintableValueProvider is implemented by types that can provide a printable value.
 type PrintableValueProvider interface {
 	PrintableValue() any
 }
+
+type (
+	Strings2 [2]string
+	Strings3 [3]string
+	Ints2    [2]int
+	Ints3    [3]int
+)

common/version/version.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-package hugo
+package version
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
@@ -37,6 +37,9 @@ type Version struct {
 	// HugoVersionSuffix is the suffix used in the Hugo version string.
 	// It will be blank for release versions.
 	Suffix string
+
+	// Set when parsed from a string,
+	source string
 }
 
 var (
@@ -44,6 +47,10 @@ var (
 	_ compare.Comparer = (*VersionString)(nil)
 )
 
+func (v Version) IsZero() bool {
+	return v.Major == 0 && v.Minor == 0 && v.PatchLevel == 0 && v.Suffix == ""
+}
+
 func (v Version) String() string {
 	return version(v.Major, v.Minor, v.PatchLevel, v.Suffix)
 }
@@ -55,7 +62,7 @@ func (v Version) Version() VersionString {
 
 // Compare implements the compare.Comparer interface.
 func (h Version) Compare(other any) int {
-	return compareVersions(h, other)
+	return CompareVersions(h, other)
 }
 
 // VersionString represents a Hugo version string.
@@ -67,7 +74,7 @@ func (h VersionString) String() string {
 
 // Compare implements the compare.Comparer interface.
 func (h VersionString) Compare(other any) int {
-	return compareVersions(h.Version(), other)
+	return CompareVersions(h.Version(), other)
 }
 
 func (h VersionString) Version() Version {
@@ -83,19 +90,26 @@ func (h VersionString) Eq(other any) bool {
 	return s == h.String()
 }
 
-var versionSuffixes = []string{"-test", "-DEV"}
-
 // ParseVersion parses a version string.
 func ParseVersion(s string) (Version, error) {
+	s = strings.TrimPrefix(strings.TrimSpace(s), "v")
 	var vv Version
-	for _, suffix := range versionSuffixes {
-		if strings.HasSuffix(s, suffix) {
-			vv.Suffix = suffix
-			s = strings.TrimSuffix(s, suffix)
+	hyphen := strings.Index(s, "-")
+	if hyphen > 0 {
+		suffix := s[hyphen:]
+		if len(suffix) > 1 {
+			if suffix[0] == '-' {
+				suffix = suffix[1:]
+			}
+			if len(suffix) > 0 {
+				vv.Suffix = suffix
+				s = s[:hyphen]
+			}
 		}
+		vv.Suffix = suffix
 	}
-
 	vv.Major, vv.Minor, vv.PatchLevel = parseVersion(s)
+	vv.source = s
 
 	return vv, nil
 }
@@ -134,107 +148,70 @@ func (v Version) NextPatchLevel(level int) Version {
 	return prev
 }
 
-// BuildVersionString creates a version string. This is what you see when
-// running "hugo version".
-func BuildVersionString() string {
-	// program := "Hugo Static Site Generator"
-	program := "hugo"
-
-	version := "v" + CurrentVersion.String()
-
-	bi := getBuildInfo()
-	if bi == nil {
-		return version
-	}
-	if bi.Revision != "" {
-		version += "-" + bi.Revision
-	}
-	if IsExtended {
-		version += "+extended"
-	}
-	if IsWithdeploy {
-		version += "+withdeploy"
-	}
-
-	osArch := bi.GoOS + "/" + bi.GoArch
-
-	date := bi.RevisionTime
-	if date == "" {
-		// Accept vendor-specified build date if .git/ is unavailable.
-		date = buildDate
-	}
-	if date == "" {
-		date = "unknown"
-	}
-
-	versionString := fmt.Sprintf("%s %s %s BuildDate=%s",
-		program, version, osArch, date)
-
-	if vendorInfo != "" {
-		versionString += " VendorInfo=" + vendorInfo
-	}
-
-	return versionString
-}
-
 func version(major, minor, patch int, suffix string) string {
+	if suffix != "" {
+		if suffix[0] != '-' {
+			suffix = "-" + suffix
+		}
+	}
 	if patch > 0 || minor > 53 {
 		return fmt.Sprintf("%d.%d.%d%s", major, minor, patch, suffix)
 	}
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%d.%d%s", major, minor, suffix)
 }
 
-// CompareVersion compares the given version string or number against the
-// running Hugo version.
-// It returns -1 if the given version is less than, 0 if equal and 1 if greater than
-// the running version.
-func CompareVersion(version any) int {
-	return compareVersions(CurrentVersion, version)
-}
-
-func compareVersions(inVersion Version, in any) int {
+// CompareVersion compares v1 with v2.
+// It returns -1 if the v2 is less than, 0 if equal and 1 if greater than
+// v1.
+func CompareVersions(v1 Version, v2 any) int {
 	var c int
-	switch d := in.(type) {
+	switch d := v2.(type) {
 	case float64:
-		c = compareFloatWithVersion(d, inVersion)
+		c = compareFloatWithVersion(d, v1)
 	case float32:
-		c = compareFloatWithVersion(float64(d), inVersion)
+		c = compareFloatWithVersion(float64(d), v1)
 	case int:
-		c = compareFloatWithVersion(float64(d), inVersion)
+		c = compareFloatWithVersion(float64(d), v1)
 	case int32:
-		c = compareFloatWithVersion(float64(d), inVersion)
+		c = compareFloatWithVersion(float64(d), v1)
 	case int64:
-		c = compareFloatWithVersion(float64(d), inVersion)
+		c = compareFloatWithVersion(float64(d), v1)
 	case Version:
-		if d.Major == inVersion.Major && d.Minor == inVersion.Minor && d.PatchLevel == inVersion.PatchLevel {
-			return strings.Compare(inVersion.Suffix, d.Suffix)
+		if v1.IsZero() && d.IsZero() {
+			// Fall back to source comparison.
+			return strings.Compare(v1.source, d.source)
 		}
-		if d.Major > inVersion.Major {
+		if d.Major == v1.Major && d.Minor == v1.Minor && d.PatchLevel == v1.PatchLevel {
+			return strings.Compare(v1.Suffix, d.Suffix)
+		}
+		if d.Major > v1.Major {
 			return 1
-		} else if d.Major < inVersion.Major {
+		} else if d.Major < v1.Major {
 			return -1
 		}
-		if d.Minor > inVersion.Minor {
+		if d.Minor > v1.Minor {
 			return 1
-		} else if d.Minor < inVersion.Minor {
+		} else if d.Minor < v1.Minor {
 			return -1
 		}
-		if d.PatchLevel > inVersion.PatchLevel {
+		if d.PatchLevel > v1.PatchLevel {
 			return 1
-		} else if d.PatchLevel < inVersion.PatchLevel {
+		} else if d.PatchLevel < v1.PatchLevel {
 			return -1
 		}
 	default:
-		s, err := cast.ToStringE(in)
+		s, err := cast.ToStringE(v2)
 		if err != nil {
 			return -1
 		}
 
-		v, err := ParseVersion(s)
-		if err != nil {
-			return -1
+		v2v, _ := ParseVersion(s)
+		if v1.IsZero() && v2v.IsZero() {
+			// Fall back to source comparison.
+			return strings.Compare(v1.source, v2v.source)
 		}
-		return inVersion.Compare(v)
+
+		return v1.Compare(v2v)
 
 	}
 

common/version/version_test.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2015 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-package hugo
+package version
 
 import (
 	"testing"
@@ -50,30 +50,45 @@ func TestHugoVersion(t *testing.T) {
 func TestCompareVersions(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)
 
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.20.0"), 0.20), qt.Equals, 0)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.20.0"), float32(0.20)), qt.Equals, 0)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.20.0"), float64(0.20)), qt.Equals, 0)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.19.1"), 0.20), qt.Equals, 1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.19.3"), "0.20.2"), qt.Equals, 1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.1"), 3), qt.Equals, 1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.1"), int32(3)), qt.Equals, 1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.1"), int64(3)), qt.Equals, 1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.20"), "0.20"), qt.Equals, 0)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.20.1"), "0.20.1"), qt.Equals, 0)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.20.1"), "0.20"), qt.Equals, -1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.20.0"), "0.20.1"), qt.Equals, 1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.20.1"), "0.20.2"), qt.Equals, 1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.21.1"), "0.22.1"), qt.Equals, 1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.22.0"), "0.22-DEV"), qt.Equals, -1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.22.0"), "0.22.1-DEV"), qt.Equals, 1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.22.0-DEV"), "0.22"), qt.Equals, 1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.22.1-DEV"), "0.22"), qt.Equals, -1)
-	c.Assert(compareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.22.1-DEV"), "0.22.1-DEV"), qt.Equals, 0)
+	parseIgnoreErr := func(s string) Version {
+		v, _ := ParseVersion(s)
+		return v
+	}
+
+	c.Assert(CompareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.20.0"), 0.20), qt.Equals, 0)
+	c.Assert(CompareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.20.0"), float32(0.20)), qt.Equals, 0)
+	c.Assert(CompareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.20.0"), float64(0.20)), qt.Equals, 0)
+	c.Assert(CompareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.19.1"), 0.20), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(CompareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.19.3"), "0.20.2"), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(CompareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.1"), 3), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(CompareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.1"), int32(3)), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(CompareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.1"), int64(3)), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(CompareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.20"), "0.20"), qt.Equals, 0)
+	c.Assert(CompareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.20.1"), "0.20.1"), qt.Equals, 0)
+	c.Assert(CompareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.20.1"), "0.20"), qt.Equals, -1)
+	c.Assert(CompareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.20.0"), "0.20.1"), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(CompareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.20.1"), "0.20.2"), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(CompareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.21.1"), "0.22.1"), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(CompareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.22.0"), "0.22-DEV"), qt.Equals, -1)
+	c.Assert(CompareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.22.0"), "0.22.1-DEV"), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(CompareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.22.0-DEV"), "0.22"), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(CompareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.22.1-DEV"), "0.22"), qt.Equals, -1)
+	c.Assert(CompareVersions(MustParseVersion("0.22.1-DEV"), "0.22.1-DEV"), qt.Equals, 0)
+
+	c.Assert(CompareVersions(parseIgnoreErr("foobar"), "v1.0.0"), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(CompareVersions(parseIgnoreErr("v1.0.0"), "foobar"), qt.Equals, -1)
+	c.Assert(CompareVersions(parseIgnoreErr("foobar"), "foobar"), qt.Equals, 0)
+	c.Assert(CompareVersions(parseIgnoreErr("foobar"), parseIgnoreErr("foobar")), qt.Equals, 0)
+	c.Assert(CompareVersions(parseIgnoreErr("a"), "b"), qt.Equals, -1)
+	c.Assert(CompareVersions(parseIgnoreErr("a"), parseIgnoreErr("b")), qt.Equals, -1)
+	c.Assert(CompareVersions(parseIgnoreErr("b"), "a"), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(CompareVersions(parseIgnoreErr("b"), parseIgnoreErr("a")), qt.Equals, 1)
 }
 
 func TestParseHugoVersion(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)
 
+	c.Assert(MustParseVersion("v2.3.2").String(), qt.Equals, "2.3.2")
 	c.Assert(MustParseVersion("0.25").String(), qt.Equals, "0.25")
 	c.Assert(MustParseVersion("0.25.2").String(), qt.Equals, "0.25.2")
 	c.Assert(MustParseVersion("0.25-test").String(), qt.Equals, "0.25-test")

compare/compare.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2019 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.

compare/compare_strings_test.go

@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ func TestLexicographicSort(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Assert(s, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"A", "b", "Ba", "ba", "ba", "Bz"})
 }
 
+// // Note that this cannot use b.Loop() because of golang/go#27217.
 func BenchmarkStringSort(b *testing.B) {
 	prototype := []string{"b", "Bz", "zz", "ba", "αβδ αβδ αβδ", "A", "Ba", "ba", "nnnnasdfnnn", "AAgæåz", "αβδC"}
 	b.Run("LessStrings", func(b *testing.B) {

compare/compare_test.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2021 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -11,25 +11,4 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-//go:build extended
-
-package webp
-
-import (
-	"image"
-	"io"
-
-	"github.com/bep/gowebp/libwebp"
-	"github.com/bep/gowebp/libwebp/webpoptions"
-)
-
-// Encode writes the Image m to w in Webp format with the given
-// options.
-func Encode(w io.Writer, m image.Image, o webpoptions.EncodingOptions) error {
-	return libwebp.Encode(w, m, o)
-}
-
-// Supports returns whether webp encoding is supported in this build.
-func Supports() bool {
-	return true
-}
+package compare

config/allconfig/allconfig.go

@@ -29,9 +29,10 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/cache/filecache"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/cache/httpcache"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hmaps"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hstrings"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugo"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/paths"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/urls"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
@@ -40,7 +41,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config/services"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/deploy/deployconfig"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib/roles"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib/segments"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib/sitesmatrix"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib/versions"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/langs"
 	gc "github.com/gohugoio/hugo/markup/goldmark/goldmark_config"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/markup/markup_config"
@@ -55,8 +59,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources/page"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources/page/pagemeta"
 	"github.com/spf13/afero"
-
-	xmaps "golang.org/x/exp/maps"
 )
 
 // InternalConfig is the internal configuration for Hugo, not read from any user provided config file.
@@ -101,7 +103,8 @@ type Config struct {
 	// For internal use only.
 	Internal InternalConfig `mapstructure:"-" json:"-"`
 	// For internal use only.
-	C *ConfigCompiled `mapstructure:"-" json:"-"`
+	C               *ConfigCompiled `mapstructure:"-" json:"-"`
+	isLanguageClone bool
 
 	RootConfig
 
@@ -141,16 +144,25 @@ type Config struct {
 	// The outputformats configuration sections maps a format name (a string) to a configuration object for that format.
 	OutputFormats *config.ConfigNamespace[map[string]output.OutputFormatConfig, output.Formats] `mapstructure:"-"`
 
+	// The languages configuration sections maps a language code (a string) to a configuration object for that language.
+	Languages *config.ConfigNamespace[map[string]langs.LanguageConfig, langs.LanguagesInternal] `mapstructure:"-"`
+
+	// The versions configuration section contains the top level versions configuration options.
+	Versions *config.ConfigNamespace[map[string]versions.VersionConfig, versions.VersionsInternal] `mapstructure:"-"`
+
+	// The roles configuration section contains the top level roles configuration options.
+	Roles *config.ConfigNamespace[map[string]roles.RoleConfig, roles.RolesInternal] `mapstructure:"-"`
+
 	// The outputs configuration section maps a Page Kind (a string) to a slice of output formats.
 	// This can be overridden in the front matter.
 	Outputs map[string][]string `mapstructure:"-"`
 
 	// The cascade configuration section contains the top level front matter cascade configuration options,
 	// a slice of page matcher and params to apply to those pages.
-	Cascade *config.ConfigNamespace[[]page.PageMatcherParamsConfig, *maps.Ordered[page.PageMatcher, page.PageMatcherParamsConfig]] `mapstructure:"-"`
+	Cascade *page.PageMatcherParamsConfigs `mapstructure:"-"`
 
 	// The segments defines segments for the site. Used for partial/segmented builds.
-	Segments *config.ConfigNamespace[map[string]segments.SegmentConfig, segments.Segments] `mapstructure:"-"`
+	Segments *config.ConfigNamespace[map[string]segments.SegmentConfig, *segments.Segments] `mapstructure:"-"`
 
 	// Menu configuration.
 	// <docsmeta>{"refs": ["config:languages:menus"] }</docsmeta>
@@ -200,21 +212,25 @@ type Config struct {
 
 	// User provided parameters.
 	// <docsmeta>{"refs": ["config:languages:params"] }</docsmeta>
-	Params maps.Params `mapstructure:"-"`
-
-	// The languages configuration sections maps a language code (a string) to a configuration object for that language.
-	Languages map[string]langs.LanguageConfig `mapstructure:"-"`
+	Params hmaps.Params `mapstructure:"-"`
 
 	// UglyURLs configuration. Either a boolean or a sections map.
 	UglyURLs any `mapstructure:"-"`
 }
 
+// Early initialization of config.
 type configCompiler interface {
 	CompileConfig(logger loggers.Logger) error
 }
 
+// Late initialization of config.
+type configInitializer interface {
+	InitConfig(logger loggers.Logger, defaultSitesMatrix sitesmatrix.VectorStore, configuredDimensions *sitesmatrix.ConfiguredDimensions) error
+}
+
 func (c Config) cloneForLang() *Config {
 	x := c
+	x.isLanguageClone = true
 	x.C = nil
 	copyStringSlice := func(in []string) []string {
 		if in == nil {
@@ -321,18 +337,6 @@ func (c *Config) CompileConfig(logger loggers.Logger) error {
 	for _, lang := range c.DisableLanguages {
 		disabledLangs[lang] = true
 	}
-	for lang, language := range c.Languages {
-		if !language.Disabled && disabledLangs[lang] {
-			language.Disabled = true
-			c.Languages[lang] = language
-		}
-		if language.Disabled {
-			disabledLangs[lang] = true
-			if lang == c.DefaultContentLanguage {
-				return fmt.Errorf("cannot disable default content language %q", lang)
-			}
-		}
-	}
 
 	for i, s := range c.IgnoreLogs {
 		c.IgnoreLogs[i] = strings.ToLower(s)
@@ -467,10 +471,10 @@ func (c *Config) CompileConfig(logger loggers.Logger) error {
 		gc.RenderHookUseEmbeddedNever,
 	}
 	if !slices.Contains(renderHookUseEmbeddedModes, c.Markup.Goldmark.RenderHooks.Image.UseEmbedded) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("site config markup.goldmark.renderHooks.image must be one of %s", helpers.StringSliceToList(renderHookUseEmbeddedModes, "or"))
+		return fmt.Errorf("site config markup.goldmark.renderHooks.image.useEmbedded must be one of %s", helpers.StringSliceToList(renderHookUseEmbeddedModes, "or"))
 	}
 	if !slices.Contains(renderHookUseEmbeddedModes, c.Markup.Goldmark.RenderHooks.Link.UseEmbedded) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("site config markup.goldmark.renderHooks.link must be one of %s", helpers.StringSliceToList(renderHookUseEmbeddedModes, "or"))
+		return fmt.Errorf("site config markup.goldmark.renderHooks.link.useEmbedded must be one of %s", helpers.StringSliceToList(renderHookUseEmbeddedModes, "or"))
 	}
 
 	c.C = &ConfigCompiled{
@@ -485,7 +489,6 @@ func (c *Config) CompileConfig(logger loggers.Logger) error {
 		CreateTitle:         helpers.GetTitleFunc(c.TitleCaseStyle),
 		IsUglyURLSection:    isUglyURL,
 		IgnoreFile:          ignoreFile,
-		SegmentFilter:       c.Segments.Config.Get(func(s string) { logger.Warnf("Render segment %q not found in configuration", s) }, c.RootConfig.RenderSegments...),
 		MainSections:        c.MainSections,
 		Clock:               clock,
 		HTTPCache:           httpCache,
@@ -525,7 +528,6 @@ type ConfigCompiled struct {
 	CreateTitle         func(s string) string
 	IsUglyURLSection    func(section string) bool
 	IgnoreFile          func(filename string) bool
-	SegmentFilter       segments.SegmentFilter
 	MainSections        []string
 	Clock               time.Time
 	HTTPCache           httpcache.ConfigCompiled
@@ -588,13 +590,31 @@ type RootConfig struct {
 	// Set this to true to put all languages below their language ID.
 	DefaultContentLanguageInSubdir bool
 
+	// The default content role to use for the site.
+	DefaultContentRole string
+
+	// Set this to true to put the default role in a subdirectory.
+	DefaultContentRoleInSubdir bool
+
+	// The default content version to use for the site.
+	DefaultContentVersion string
+
+	// Set to true to render the default version in a subdirectory.
+	DefaultContentVersionInSubdir bool
+
 	// The default output format to use for the site.
 	// If not set, we will use the first output format.
 	DefaultOutputFormat string
 
 	// Disable generation of redirect to the default language when DefaultContentLanguageInSubdir is enabled.
+	// Note that this currently is an alias for DisableDefaultSiteRedirect introduced in v0.154.5.
+	// It's not obvious how a more fine grained setup would work.
 	DisableDefaultLanguageRedirect bool
 
+	// Disable generation of redirects to the default site when DefaultContentRoleInSubdir or DefaultContentVersionInSubdir or DefaultContentLanguageInSubdir is enabled.
+	// The default site is the site is the combination of defaultContentLanguage, defaultContentVersion and defaultContentRole.
+	DisableDefaultSiteRedirect bool
+
 	// Disable creation of alias redirect pages.
 	DisableAliases bool
 
@@ -790,33 +810,31 @@ func (c RootConfig) staticDirs() []string {
 	dirs = append(dirs, c.StaticDir8...)
 	dirs = append(dirs, c.StaticDir9...)
 	dirs = append(dirs, c.StaticDir10...)
-	return helpers.UniqueStringsReuse(dirs)
+	return hstrings.UniqueStringsReuse(dirs)
 }
 
 type Configs struct {
-	Base                *Config
-	LoadingInfo         config.LoadConfigResult
-	LanguageConfigMap   map[string]*Config
-	LanguageConfigSlice []*Config
+	Base              *Config
+	LoadingInfo       config.LoadConfigResult
+	LanguageConfigMap map[string]*Config
 
 	IsMultihost bool
 
 	Modules       modules.Modules
 	ModulesClient *modules.Client
+	FileCaches    filecache.Caches
 
 	// All below is set in Init.
-	Languages             langs.Languages
-	LanguagesDefaultFirst langs.Languages
-	ContentPathParser     *paths.PathParser
+	Languages                 langs.Languages
+	ContentPathParser         *paths.PathParser
+	ConfiguredDimensions      *sitesmatrix.ConfiguredDimensions
+	DefaultContentSitesMatrix *sitesmatrix.IntSets
+	AllSitesMatrix            *sitesmatrix.IntSets
 
 	configLangs []config.AllProvider
 }
 
 func (c *Configs) Validate(logger loggers.Logger) error {
-	c.Base.Cascade.Config.Range(func(p page.PageMatcher, cfg page.PageMatcherParamsConfig) bool {
-		page.CheckCascadePattern(logger, p)
-		return true
-	})
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -835,54 +853,15 @@ func (c *Configs) IsZero() bool {
 	return c == nil || len(c.Languages) == 0
 }
 
-func (c *Configs) Init() error {
+func (c *Configs) Init(sourceFs afero.Fs, logger loggers.Logger) error {
 	var languages langs.Languages
 
-	var langKeys []string
-	var hasEn bool
-
-	const en = "en"
-
-	for k := range c.LanguageConfigMap {
-		langKeys = append(langKeys, k)
-		if k == en {
-			hasEn = true
+	for _, f := range c.Base.Languages.Config.Sorted {
+		v, found := c.LanguageConfigMap[f.Name]
+		if !found {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid language configuration for %q", f.Name)
 		}
-	}
-
-	// Sort the LanguageConfigSlice by language weight (if set) or lang.
-	sort.Slice(langKeys, func(i, j int) bool {
-		ki := langKeys[i]
-		kj := langKeys[j]
-		lki := c.LanguageConfigMap[ki]
-		lkj := c.LanguageConfigMap[kj]
-		li := lki.Languages[ki]
-		lj := lkj.Languages[kj]
-		if li.Weight != lj.Weight {
-			return li.Weight < lj.Weight
-		}
-		return ki < kj
-	})
-
-	// See issue #13646.
-	defaultConfigLanguageFallback := en
-	if !hasEn {
-		// Pick the first one.
-		defaultConfigLanguageFallback = langKeys[0]
-	}
-
-	if c.Base.DefaultContentLanguage == "" {
-		c.Base.DefaultContentLanguage = defaultConfigLanguageFallback
-	}
-
-	for _, k := range langKeys {
-		v := c.LanguageConfigMap[k]
-		if v.DefaultContentLanguage == "" {
-			v.DefaultContentLanguage = defaultConfigLanguageFallback
-		}
-		c.LanguageConfigSlice = append(c.LanguageConfigSlice, v)
-		languageConf := v.Languages[k]
-		language, err := langs.NewLanguage(k, c.Base.DefaultContentLanguage, v.TimeZone, languageConf)
+		language, err := langs.NewLanguage(f.Name, c.Base.DefaultContentLanguage, v.TimeZone, f.LanguageConfig)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -899,25 +878,29 @@ func (c *Configs) Init() error {
 	}
 	languages = languages[:n]
 
-	var languagesDefaultFirst langs.Languages
-	for _, l := range languages {
-		if l.Lang == c.Base.DefaultContentLanguage {
-			languagesDefaultFirst = append(languagesDefaultFirst, l)
-		}
-	}
-	for _, l := range languages {
-		if l.Lang != c.Base.DefaultContentLanguage {
-			languagesDefaultFirst = append(languagesDefaultFirst, l)
-		}
+	c.Languages = languages
+	c.ConfiguredDimensions = &sitesmatrix.ConfiguredDimensions{
+		ConfiguredLanguages: c.Base.Languages.Config,
+		ConfiguredVersions:  c.Base.Versions.Config,
+		ConfiguredRoles:     c.Base.Roles.Config,
 	}
 
-	c.Languages = languages
-	c.LanguagesDefaultFirst = languagesDefaultFirst
+	if err := c.ConfiguredDimensions.Init(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	intSetsCfg := sitesmatrix.IntSetsConfig{
+		ApplyDefaults: sitesmatrix.IntSetsConfigApplyDefaultsIfNotSet,
+	}
+	matrix := sitesmatrix.NewIntSetsBuilder(c.ConfiguredDimensions).WithConfig(intSetsCfg)
+	c.DefaultContentSitesMatrix = matrix.Build()
+	c.AllSitesMatrix = sitesmatrix.NewIntSetsBuilder(c.ConfiguredDimensions).WithAllIfNotSet().Build()
 
 	c.ContentPathParser = &paths.PathParser{
-		LanguageIndex:  languagesDefaultFirst.AsIndexSet(),
-		IsLangDisabled: c.Base.IsLangDisabled,
-		IsContentExt:   c.Base.ContentTypes.Config.IsContentSuffix,
+		ConfiguredDimensions: c.ConfiguredDimensions,
+		LanguageIndex:        languages.AsIndexSet(),
+		IsLangDisabled:       c.Base.IsLangDisabled,
+		IsContentExt:         c.Base.ContentTypes.Config.IsContentSuffix,
 		IsOutputFormat: func(name, ext string) bool {
 			if name == "" {
 				return false
@@ -934,12 +917,25 @@ func (c *Configs) Init() error {
 	}
 
 	c.configLangs = make([]config.AllProvider, len(c.Languages))
-	for i, l := range c.LanguagesDefaultFirst {
+
+	// Config can be shared between languages,
+	// avoid initializing the same config more than once.
+	for i, l := range c.Languages {
+		langConfig := c.LanguageConfigMap[l.Lang]
+		for _, s := range allDecoderSetups {
+			if getInitializer := s.getInitializer; getInitializer != nil {
+				if err := getInitializer(langConfig).InitConfig(logger, nil, c.ConfiguredDimensions); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
 		c.configLangs[i] = ConfigLanguage{
-			m:          c,
-			config:     c.LanguageConfigMap[l.Lang],
-			baseConfig: c.LoadingInfo.BaseConfig,
-			language:   l,
+			m:             c,
+			config:        langConfig,
+			baseConfig:    c.LoadingInfo.BaseConfig,
+			language:      l,
+			languageIndex: i,
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -948,7 +944,7 @@ func (c *Configs) Init() error {
 	}
 
 	// Apply default project mounts.
-	if err := modules.ApplyProjectConfigDefaults(c.Modules[0], c.configLangs...); err != nil {
+	if err := modules.ApplyProjectConfigDefaults(logger.Logger(), c.Modules[0], c.configLangs...); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
@@ -957,7 +953,7 @@ func (c *Configs) Init() error {
 	for _, m := range c.Modules[0].Mounts() {
 		var found bool
 		for _, cm := range c.Base.Module.Mounts {
-			if cm.Source == m.Source && cm.Target == m.Target && cm.Lang == m.Lang {
+			if cm.Equal(m) {
 				found = true
 				break
 			}
@@ -968,7 +964,7 @@ func (c *Configs) Init() error {
 	}
 
 	// Transfer the changed mounts to the language versions (all share the same mount set, but can be displayed in different languages).
-	for _, l := range c.LanguageConfigSlice {
+	for _, l := range c.LanguageConfigMap {
 		l.Module.Mounts = c.Base.Module.Mounts
 	}
 
@@ -985,7 +981,7 @@ func (c Configs) GetFirstLanguageConfig() config.AllProvider {
 
 func (c Configs) GetByLang(lang string) config.AllProvider {
 	for _, l := range c.configLangs {
-		if l.Language().Lang == lang {
+		if l.Language().(*langs.Language).Lang == lang {
 			return l
 		}
 	}
@@ -1028,7 +1024,7 @@ func fromLoadConfigResult(fs afero.Fs, logger loggers.Logger, res config.LoadCon
 		if lang == "" {
 			lang = "en"
 		}
-		res.Cfg.Set("languages", maps.Params{lang: maps.Params{}})
+		res.Cfg.Set("languages", hmaps.Params{lang: hmaps.Params{}})
 	}
 	bcfg := res.BaseConfig
 	cfg := res.Cfg
@@ -1054,14 +1050,14 @@ func fromLoadConfigResult(fs afero.Fs, logger loggers.Logger, res config.LoadCon
 		mergedConfig := config.New()
 		var differentRootKeys []string
 		switch x := v.(type) {
-		case maps.Params:
+		case nil:
+		case hmaps.Params:
 			_, found := x["params"]
 			if !found {
-				x["params"] = maps.Params{
-					maps.MergeStrategyKey: maps.ParamsMergeStrategyDeep,
+				x["params"] = hmaps.Params{
+					hmaps.MergeStrategyKey: hmaps.ParamsMergeStrategyDeep,
 				}
 			}
-
 			for kk, vv := range x {
 				if kk == "_merge" {
 					continue
@@ -1070,19 +1066,35 @@ func fromLoadConfigResult(fs afero.Fs, logger loggers.Logger, res config.LoadCon
 					// baseURL configure don the language level is a multihost setup.
 					isMultihost = true
 				}
+
+				if p, ok := vv.(hmaps.Params); ok {
+					// With the introduction of YAML anchor and alias support, language config entries
+					// may be contain shared references.
+					// This also break potential cycles.
+					vv = hmaps.CloneParamsDeep(p)
+				}
+
+				if kk == "cascade" {
+					// If not set, add the current language to make sure it does not get applied to other languages.
+					page.AddLangToCascadeTargetMap(k, vv.(hmaps.Params))
+					// Always clone cascade config to get the sites matrix right.
+					differentRootKeys = append(differentRootKeys, kk)
+				}
+
 				mergedConfig.Set(kk, vv)
 				rootv := cfg.Get(kk)
 				if rootv != nil && cfg.IsSet(kk) {
 					// This overrides a root key and potentially needs a merge.
 					if !reflect.DeepEqual(rootv, vv) {
 						switch vvv := vv.(type) {
-						case maps.Params:
+						case hmaps.Params:
 							differentRootKeys = append(differentRootKeys, kk)
 
 							// Use the language value as base.
-							mergedConfigEntry := xmaps.Clone(vvv)
+							// Note that this is already cloned above.
+							mergedConfigEntry := vvv
 							// Merge in the root value.
-							maps.MergeParams(mergedConfigEntry, rootv.(maps.Params))
+							hmaps.MergeParams(mergedConfigEntry, rootv.(hmaps.Params))
 
 							mergedConfig.Set(kk, mergedConfigEntry)
 						default:
@@ -1092,7 +1104,7 @@ func fromLoadConfigResult(fs afero.Fs, logger loggers.Logger, res config.LoadCon
 					}
 				} else {
 					switch vv.(type) {
-					case maps.Params:
+					case hmaps.Params:
 						differentRootKeys = append(differentRootKeys, kk)
 					default:
 						// Apply new values to the root.
@@ -1100,7 +1112,7 @@ func fromLoadConfigResult(fs afero.Fs, logger loggers.Logger, res config.LoadCon
 					}
 				}
 			}
-			differentRootKeys = helpers.UniqueStringsSorted(differentRootKeys)
+			differentRootKeys = hstrings.UniqueStringsSorted(differentRootKeys)
 
 			if len(differentRootKeys) == 0 {
 				langConfigMap[k] = all
@@ -1128,7 +1140,8 @@ func fromLoadConfigResult(fs afero.Fs, logger loggers.Logger, res config.LoadCon
 			}
 
 			langConfigMap[k] = clone
-		case maps.ParamsMergeStrategy:
+		case hmaps.ParamsMergeStrategy:
+
 		default:
 			panic(fmt.Sprintf("unknown type in languages config: %T", v))
 
@@ -1142,10 +1155,16 @@ func fromLoadConfigResult(fs afero.Fs, logger loggers.Logger, res config.LoadCon
 		l.CommonDirs.CacheDir = bcfg.CacheDir
 	}
 
+	caches, err := filecache.NewCaches(all.Caches, fs)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create file caches from configuration: %w", err)
+	}
+
 	cm := &Configs{
 		Base:              all,
 		LanguageConfigMap: langConfigMap,
 		LoadingInfo:       res,
+		FileCaches:        caches,
 		IsMultihost:       isMultihost,
 	}
 
@@ -1179,7 +1198,7 @@ func decodeConfigFromParams(fs afero.Fs, logger loggers.Logger, bcfg config.Base
 	})
 
 	for _, v := range decoderSetups {
-		p := decodeConfig{p: p, c: target, fs: fs, bcfg: bcfg}
+		p := decodeConfig{p: p, c: target, fs: fs, bcfg: bcfg, logger: logger}
 		if err := v.decode(v, p); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to decode %q: %w", v.key, err)
 		}

config/allconfig/allconfig_integration_test.go

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ title: "p1"
 ---
 title: "p1"
 ---
--- layouts/_default/single.html --
+-- layouts/single.html --
 Title: {{ .Title }}
 	`
 
@@ -66,10 +66,12 @@ Title: {{ .Title }}
 	b.Assert(modConf.Mounts, qt.HasLen, 8)
 	b.Assert(modConf.Mounts[0].Source, qt.Equals, filepath.FromSlash("content/en"))
 	b.Assert(modConf.Mounts[0].Target, qt.Equals, "content")
-	b.Assert(modConf.Mounts[0].Lang, qt.Equals, "en")
+	b.Assert(modConf.Mounts[0].Lang, qt.Equals, "")
+	b.Assert(modConf.Mounts[0].Sites.Matrix.Languages, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"en"})
 	b.Assert(modConf.Mounts[1].Source, qt.Equals, filepath.FromSlash("content/sv"))
 	b.Assert(modConf.Mounts[1].Target, qt.Equals, "content")
-	b.Assert(modConf.Mounts[1].Lang, qt.Equals, "sv")
+	b.Assert(modConf.Mounts[1].Lang, qt.Equals, "")
+	b.Assert(modConf.Mounts[1].Sites.Matrix.Languages, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"sv"})
 }
 
 func TestConfigAliases(t *testing.T) {
@@ -139,7 +141,7 @@ disableKinds = ["taxonomy", "term"]
 [pagination]
 disableAliases = true
 pagerSize = 2
--- layouts/_default/list.html --
+-- layouts/list.html --
 {{ $paginator := .Paginate  site.RegularPages }}
 {{ template "_internal/pagination.html" . }}
 {{ range $paginator.Pages }}
@@ -189,7 +191,7 @@ func TestInvalidOutputFormat(t *testing.T) {
 disableKinds = ['page','rss','section','sitemap','taxonomy','term']
 [outputs]
 home = ['html','foo']
--- layouts/index.html --
+-- layouts/home.html --
 x
 `
 
@@ -198,28 +200,6 @@ x
 	b.Assert(err.Error(), qt.Contains, `failed to create config: unknown output format "foo" for kind "home"`)
 }
 
-// Issue 13201
-func TestLanguageConfigSlice(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	files := `
--- hugo.toml --
-disableKinds = ['page','rss','section','sitemap','taxonomy','term']
-[languages.en]
-title = 'TITLE_EN'
-weight = 2
-[languages.de]
-title = 'TITLE_DE'
-weight = 1
-[languages.fr]
-title = 'TITLE_FR'
-weight = 3
-`
-
-	b := hugolib.Test(t, files)
-	b.Assert(b.H.Configs.LanguageConfigSlice[0].Title, qt.Equals, `TITLE_DE`)
-}
-
 func TestContentTypesDefault(t *testing.T) {
 	files := `
 -- hugo.toml --

config/allconfig/alldecoders.go

@@ -15,20 +15,25 @@ package allconfig
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"sort"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/cache/filecache"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/langs"
 
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/cache/httpcache"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hmaps"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hstrings"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/types"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config/privacy"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config/security"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config/services"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/deploy/deployconfig"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib/roles"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib/segments"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/langs"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib/versions"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/markup/markup_config"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/media"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/minifiers"
@@ -46,16 +51,18 @@ import (
 )
 
 type decodeConfig struct {
-	p    config.Provider
-	c    *Config
-	fs   afero.Fs
-	bcfg config.BaseConfig
+	p      config.Provider
+	c      *Config
+	fs     afero.Fs
+	bcfg   config.BaseConfig
+	logger loggers.Logger
 }
 
 type decodeWeight struct {
 	key                  string
 	decode               func(decodeWeight, decodeConfig) error
 	getCompiler          func(c *Config) configCompiler
+	getInitializer       func(c *Config) configInitializer
 	weight               int
 	internalOrDeprecated bool // Hide it from the docs.
 }
@@ -69,8 +76,10 @@ var allDecoderSetups = map[string]decodeWeight{
 				return err
 			}
 
-			// This need to match with Lang which is always lower case.
+			// This need to match with the map keys, always lower case.
 			p.c.RootConfig.DefaultContentLanguage = strings.ToLower(p.c.RootConfig.DefaultContentLanguage)
+			p.c.RootConfig.DefaultContentRole = strings.ToLower(p.c.RootConfig.DefaultContentRole)
+			p.c.RootConfig.DefaultContentVersion = strings.ToLower(p.c.RootConfig.DefaultContentVersion)
 
 			return nil
 		},
@@ -140,9 +149,12 @@ var allDecoderSetups = map[string]decodeWeight{
 		key: "segments",
 		decode: func(d decodeWeight, p decodeConfig) error {
 			var err error
-			p.c.Segments, err = segments.DecodeSegments(p.p.GetStringMap(d.key))
+			p.c.Segments, err = segments.DecodeSegments(p.p.GetStringMap(d.key), p.c.RenderSegments, p.logger)
 			return err
 		},
+		getInitializer: func(c *Config) configInitializer {
+			return c.Segments.Config
+		},
 	},
 	"server": {
 		key: "server",
@@ -184,7 +196,7 @@ var allDecoderSetups = map[string]decodeWeight{
 		key: "outputs",
 		decode: func(d decodeWeight, p decodeConfig) error {
 			defaults := createDefaultOutputFormats(p.c.OutputFormats.Config)
-			m := maps.CleanConfigStringMap(p.p.GetStringMap("outputs"))
+			m := hmaps.CleanConfigStringMap(p.p.GetStringMap("outputs"))
 			p.c.Outputs = make(map[string][]string)
 			for k, v := range m {
 				s := types.ToStringSlicePreserveString(v)
@@ -210,10 +222,74 @@ var allDecoderSetups = map[string]decodeWeight{
 			return err
 		},
 	},
+	"languages": {
+		key: "languages",
+		decode: func(d decodeWeight, p decodeConfig) error {
+			m := hmaps.CleanConfigStringMap(p.p.GetStringMap(d.key))
+			if len(m) == 1 {
+				// In v0.112.4 we moved this to the language config, but it's very commmon for mono language sites to have this at the top level.
+				var first hmaps.Params
+				var ok bool
+				for _, v := range m {
+					first, ok = v.(hmaps.Params)
+					if ok {
+						break
+					}
+				}
+				if first != nil {
+					if _, found := first["languagecode"]; !found {
+						first["languagecode"] = p.p.GetString("languagecode")
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			var (
+				err                    error
+				defaultContentLanguage string
+			)
+			p.c.Languages, defaultContentLanguage, err = langs.DecodeConfig(p.c.RootConfig.DefaultContentLanguage, p.c.RootConfig.DisableLanguages, m)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to decode languages config: %w", err)
+			}
+			for k, v := range p.c.Languages.Config.LanguageConfigs {
+				if v.Disabled {
+					p.c.RootConfig.DisableLanguages = append(p.c.RootConfig.DisableLanguages, k)
+				}
+			}
+
+			p.c.RootConfig.DisableLanguages = hstrings.UniqueStringsReuse(p.c.RootConfig.DisableLanguages)
+			sort.Strings(p.c.RootConfig.DisableLanguages)
+			p.c.RootConfig.DefaultContentLanguage = defaultContentLanguage
+			return nil
+		},
+	},
+	"versions": {
+		key: "versions",
+		decode: func(d decodeWeight, p decodeConfig) error {
+			var err error
+			m := hmaps.CleanConfigStringMap(p.p.GetStringMap(d.key))
+			p.c.Versions, err = versions.DecodeConfig(p.c.RootConfig.DefaultContentVersion, m)
+			return err
+		},
+	},
+	"roles": {
+		key: "roles",
+		decode: func(d decodeWeight, p decodeConfig) error {
+			var (
+				err                error
+				defaultContentRole string
+			)
+			m := hmaps.CleanConfigStringMap(p.p.GetStringMap(d.key))
+			p.c.Roles, defaultContentRole, err = roles.DecodeConfig(p.c.RootConfig.DefaultContentRole, m)
+			p.c.RootConfig.DefaultContentRole = defaultContentRole
+
+			return err
+		},
+	},
+
 	"params": {
 		key: "params",
 		decode: func(d decodeWeight, p decodeConfig) error {
-			p.c.Params = maps.CleanConfigStringMap(p.p.GetStringMap("params"))
+			p.c.Params = hmaps.CleanConfigStringMap(p.p.GetStringMap("params"))
 			if p.c.Params == nil {
 				p.c.Params = make(map[string]any)
 			}
@@ -233,7 +309,7 @@ var allDecoderSetups = map[string]decodeWeight{
 		key: "module",
 		decode: func(d decodeWeight, p decodeConfig) error {
 			var err error
-			p.c.Module, err = modules.DecodeConfig(p.p)
+			p.c.Module, err = modules.DecodeConfig(p.logger.Logger(), p.p)
 			return err
 		},
 	},
@@ -259,7 +335,7 @@ var allDecoderSetups = map[string]decodeWeight{
 		key: "taxonomies",
 		decode: func(d decodeWeight, p decodeConfig) error {
 			if p.p.IsSet(d.key) {
-				p.c.Taxonomies = maps.CleanConfigStringMapString(p.p.GetStringMapString(d.key))
+				p.c.Taxonomies = hmaps.CleanConfigStringMapString(p.p.GetStringMapString(d.key))
 			}
 			return nil
 		},
@@ -283,56 +359,15 @@ var allDecoderSetups = map[string]decodeWeight{
 			return nil
 		},
 	},
-	"languages": {
-		key: "languages",
-		decode: func(d decodeWeight, p decodeConfig) error {
-			var err error
-			m := p.p.GetStringMap(d.key)
-			if len(m) == 1 {
-				// In v0.112.4 we moved this to the language config, but it's very commmon for mono language sites to have this at the top level.
-				var first maps.Params
-				var ok bool
-				for _, v := range m {
-					first, ok = v.(maps.Params)
-					if ok {
-						break
-					}
-				}
-				if first != nil {
-					if _, found := first["languagecode"]; !found {
-						first["languagecode"] = p.p.GetString("languagecode")
-					}
-				}
-			}
-			p.c.Languages, err = langs.DecodeConfig(m)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
 
-			// Validate defaultContentLanguage.
-			if p.c.DefaultContentLanguage != "" {
-				var found bool
-				for lang := range p.c.Languages {
-					if lang == p.c.DefaultContentLanguage {
-						found = true
-						break
-					}
-				}
-				if !found {
-					return fmt.Errorf("config value %q for defaultContentLanguage does not match any language definition", p.c.DefaultContentLanguage)
-				}
-			}
-
-			return nil
-		},
-	},
 	"cascade": {
 		key: "cascade",
 		decode: func(d decodeWeight, p decodeConfig) error {
 			var err error
-			p.c.Cascade, err = page.DecodeCascadeConfig(nil, true, p.p.Get(d.key))
+			p.c.Cascade, err = page.DecodeCascadeConfig(p.p.Get(d.key))
 			return err
 		},
+		getInitializer: func(c *Config) configInitializer { return c.Cascade },
 	},
 	"menus": {
 		key: "menus",
@@ -412,7 +447,7 @@ var allDecoderSetups = map[string]decodeWeight{
 	"author": {
 		key: "author",
 		decode: func(d decodeWeight, p decodeConfig) error {
-			p.c.Author = maps.CleanConfigStringMap(p.p.GetStringMap(d.key))
+			p.c.Author = hmaps.CleanConfigStringMap(p.p.GetStringMap(d.key))
 			return nil
 		},
 		internalOrDeprecated: true,
@@ -420,7 +455,7 @@ var allDecoderSetups = map[string]decodeWeight{
 	"social": {
 		key: "social",
 		decode: func(d decodeWeight, p decodeConfig) error {
-			p.c.Social = maps.CleanConfigStringMapString(p.p.GetStringMapString(d.key))
+			p.c.Social = hmaps.CleanConfigStringMapString(p.p.GetStringMapString(d.key))
 			return nil
 		},
 		internalOrDeprecated: true,
@@ -434,8 +469,8 @@ var allDecoderSetups = map[string]decodeWeight{
 				p.c.UglyURLs = vv
 			case string:
 				p.c.UglyURLs = vv == "true"
-			case maps.Params:
-				p.c.UglyURLs = cast.ToStringMapBool(maps.CleanConfigStringMap(vv))
+			case hmaps.Params:
+				p.c.UglyURLs = cast.ToStringMapBool(hmaps.CleanConfigStringMap(vv))
 			default:
 				p.c.UglyURLs = cast.ToStringMapBool(v)
 			}

config/allconfig/configlanguage.go

@@ -19,28 +19,29 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/paths"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/urls"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib/sitesmatrix"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/identity"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/langs"
 )
 
 type ConfigLanguage struct {
-	config     *Config
-	baseConfig config.BaseConfig
-
-	m        *Configs
-	language *langs.Language
+	config        *Config
+	baseConfig    config.BaseConfig
+	m             *Configs
+	language      *langs.Language
+	languageIndex int
 }
 
-func (c ConfigLanguage) Language() *langs.Language {
+func (c ConfigLanguage) Language() any {
 	return c.language
 }
 
-func (c ConfigLanguage) Languages() langs.Languages {
-	return c.m.Languages
+func (c ConfigLanguage) LanguageIndex() int {
+	return c.languageIndex
 }
 
-func (c ConfigLanguage) LanguagesDefaultFirst() langs.Languages {
-	return c.m.LanguagesDefaultFirst
+func (c ConfigLanguage) Languages() any {
+	return c.m.Languages
 }
 
 func (c ConfigLanguage) PathParser() *paths.PathParser {
@@ -48,14 +49,14 @@ func (c ConfigLanguage) PathParser() *paths.PathParser {
 }
 
 func (c ConfigLanguage) LanguagePrefix() string {
-	if c.DefaultContentLanguageInSubdir() && c.DefaultContentLanguage() == c.Language().Lang {
-		return c.Language().Lang
+	if c.DefaultContentLanguageInSubdir() && c.DefaultContentLanguage() == c.language.Lang {
+		return c.language.Lang
 	}
 
-	if !c.IsMultilingual() || c.DefaultContentLanguage() == c.Language().Lang {
+	if !c.IsMultilingual() || c.DefaultContentLanguage() == c.language.Lang {
 		return ""
 	}
-	return c.Language().Lang
+	return c.language.Lang
 }
 
 func (c ConfigLanguage) BaseURL() urls.BaseURL {
@@ -97,6 +98,10 @@ func (c ConfigLanguage) IsLangDisabled(lang string) bool {
 	return c.config.C.DisabledLanguages[lang]
 }
 
+func (c ConfigLanguage) IsKindEnabled(kind string) bool {
+	return !c.config.C.DisabledKinds[kind]
+}
+
 func (c ConfigLanguage) IgnoredLogs() map[string]bool {
 	return c.config.C.IgnoredLogs
 }
@@ -117,6 +122,10 @@ func (c ConfigLanguage) BaseConfig() config.BaseConfig {
 	return c.baseConfig
 }
 
+func (c ConfigLanguage) FileCaches() any {
+	return c.m.FileCaches
+}
+
 func (c ConfigLanguage) Dirs() config.CommonDirs {
 	return c.config.CommonDirs
 }
@@ -129,6 +138,10 @@ func (c ConfigLanguage) WorkingDir() string {
 	return c.m.Base.WorkingDir
 }
 
+func (c ConfigLanguage) CacheDirMisc() string {
+	return c.config.Caches.CacheDirMisc()
+}
+
 func (c ConfigLanguage) Quiet() bool {
 	return c.m.Base.Internal.Quiet
 }
@@ -137,11 +150,11 @@ func (c ConfigLanguage) Watching() bool {
 	return c.m.Base.Internal.Watch
 }
 
-func (c ConfigLanguage) NewIdentityManager(name string, opts ...identity.ManagerOption) identity.Manager {
+func (c ConfigLanguage) NewIdentityManager(opts ...identity.ManagerOption) identity.Manager {
 	if !c.Watching() {
 		return identity.NopManager
 	}
-	return identity.NewManager(name, opts...)
+	return identity.NewManager(opts...)
 }
 
 func (c ConfigLanguage) ContentTypes() config.ContentTypesProvider {
@@ -155,16 +168,24 @@ func (c ConfigLanguage) GetConfigSection(s string) any {
 		return c.config.Security
 	case "build":
 		return c.config.Build
+	case "cascade":
+		return c.config.Cascade
 	case "frontmatter":
 		return c.config.Frontmatter
 	case "caches":
 		return c.config.Caches
 	case "markup":
 		return c.config.Markup
+	case "module":
+		return c.config.Module
 	case "mediaTypes":
 		return c.config.MediaTypes.Config
 	case "outputFormats":
 		return c.config.OutputFormats.Config
+	case "roles":
+		return c.config.Roles.Config
+	case "versions":
+		return c.config.Versions.Config
 	case "permalinks":
 		return c.config.Permalinks
 	case "minify":
@@ -212,6 +233,14 @@ func (c ConfigLanguage) DefaultContentLanguageInSubdir() bool {
 	return c.config.DefaultContentLanguageInSubdir
 }
 
+func (c ConfigLanguage) DefaultContentRoleInSubdir() bool {
+	return c.config.DefaultContentRoleInSubdir
+}
+
+func (c ConfigLanguage) DefaultContentVersionInSubdir() bool {
+	return c.config.DefaultContentVersionInSubdir
+}
+
 func (c ConfigLanguage) SummaryLength() int {
 	return c.config.SummaryLength
 }
@@ -259,3 +288,15 @@ func (c ConfigLanguage) StaticDirs() []string {
 func (c ConfigLanguage) EnableEmoji() bool {
 	return c.config.EnableEmoji
 }
+
+func (c ConfigLanguage) ConfiguredDimensions() *sitesmatrix.ConfiguredDimensions {
+	return c.m.ConfiguredDimensions
+}
+
+func (c ConfigLanguage) DefaultContentsitesMatrix() *sitesmatrix.IntSets {
+	return c.m.DefaultContentSitesMatrix
+}
+
+func (c ConfigLanguage) AllSitesMatrix() *sitesmatrix.IntSets {
+	return c.m.AllSitesMatrix
+}

config/allconfig/docshelper.go

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 package allconfig
 
 import (
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hmaps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/docshelper"
 )
@@ -27,12 +27,12 @@ func init() {
 			if v.internalOrDeprecated {
 				continue
 			}
-			cfg.Set(configRoot, make(maps.Params))
+			cfg.Set(configRoot, make(hmaps.Params))
 		}
-		lang := maps.Params{
-			"en": maps.Params{
-				"menus":  maps.Params{},
-				"params": maps.Params{},
+		lang := hmaps.Params{
+			"en": hmaps.Params{
+				"menus":  hmaps.Params{},
+				"params": hmaps.Params{},
 			},
 		}
 		cfg.Set("languages", lang)

config/allconfig/load.go

@@ -19,19 +19,20 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"runtime/debug"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/gobwas/glob"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/herrors"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hexec"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hmaps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugo"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/paths"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/types"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
-	hglob "github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs/glob"
+	hglob "github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs/hglob"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/modules"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser/metadecoders"
 	"github.com/spf13/afero"
@@ -40,7 +41,14 @@ import (
 //lint:ignore ST1005 end user message.
 var ErrNoConfigFile = errors.New("Unable to locate config file or config directory. Perhaps you need to create a new site.\n       Run `hugo help new` for details.\n")
 
-func LoadConfig(d ConfigSourceDescriptor) (*Configs, error) {
+func LoadConfig(d ConfigSourceDescriptor) (configs *Configs, err error) {
+	defer func() {
+		if r := recover(); r != nil {
+			err = fmt.Errorf("failed to load config: %v", r)
+			debug.PrintStack()
+		}
+	}()
+
 	if len(d.Environ) == 0 && !hugo.IsRunningAsTest() {
 		d.Environ = os.Environ()
 	}
@@ -59,7 +67,7 @@ func LoadConfig(d ConfigSourceDescriptor) (*Configs, error) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to load config: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	configs, err := fromLoadConfigResult(d.Fs, d.Logger, res)
+	configs, err = fromLoadConfigResult(d.Fs, d.Logger, res)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create config from result: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -87,13 +95,13 @@ func LoadConfig(d ConfigSourceDescriptor) (*Configs, error) {
 	configs.Modules = moduleConfig.AllModules
 	configs.ModulesClient = modulesClient
 
-	if err := configs.Init(); err != nil {
+	if err := configs.Init(d.Fs, d.Logger); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to init config: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	loggers.SetGlobalLogger(d.Logger)
 
-	return configs, nil
+	return
 }
 
 // ConfigSourceDescriptor describes where to find the config (e.g. config.toml etc.).
@@ -158,7 +166,7 @@ func (l configLoader) applyConfigAliases() error {
 }
 
 func (l configLoader) applyDefaultConfig() error {
-	defaultSettings := maps.Params{
+	defaultSettings := hmaps.Params{
 		// These dirs are used early/before we build the config struct.
 		"themesDir": "themes",
 		"configDir": "config",
@@ -170,10 +178,16 @@ func (l configLoader) applyDefaultConfig() error {
 }
 
 func (l configLoader) normalizeCfg(cfg config.Provider) error {
-	if b, ok := cfg.Get("minifyOutput").(bool); ok && b {
-		cfg.Set("minify.minifyOutput", true)
-	} else if b, ok := cfg.Get("minify").(bool); ok && b {
-		cfg.Set("minify", maps.Params{"minifyOutput": true})
+	if b, ok := cfg.Get("minifyOutput").(bool); ok {
+		hugo.Deprecate("site config minifyOutput", "Use minify.minifyOutput instead.", "v0.150.0")
+		if b {
+			cfg.Set("minify.minifyOutput", true)
+		}
+	} else if b, ok := cfg.Get("minify").(bool); ok {
+		hugo.Deprecate("site config minify", "Use minify.minifyOutput instead.", "v0.150.0")
+		if b {
+			cfg.Set("minify", hmaps.Params{"minifyOutput": true})
+		}
 	}
 
 	return nil
@@ -206,8 +220,8 @@ func (l configLoader) applyOsEnvOverrides(environ []string) error {
 	var hugoEnv []types.KeyValueStr
 	for _, v := range environ {
 		key, val := config.SplitEnvVar(v)
-		if strings.HasPrefix(key, hugoEnvPrefix) {
-			delimiterAndKey := strings.TrimPrefix(key, hugoEnvPrefix)
+		if after, ok := strings.CutPrefix(key, hugoEnvPrefix); ok {
+			delimiterAndKey := after
 			if len(delimiterAndKey) < 2 {
 				continue
 			}
@@ -226,7 +240,7 @@ func (l configLoader) applyOsEnvOverrides(environ []string) error {
 	}
 
 	for _, env := range hugoEnv {
-		existing, nestedKey, owner, err := maps.GetNestedParamFn(env.Key, delim, l.cfg.Get)
+		existing, nestedKey, owner, err := hmaps.GetNestedParamFn(env.Key, delim, l.cfg.Get)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -280,7 +294,14 @@ func (l *configLoader) envValToVal(k string, v any) any {
 
 func (l *configLoader) envStringToVal(k, v string) any {
 	switch k {
-	case "disablekinds", "disablelanguages":
+	case "disablekinds", "disablelanguages", "ignorefiles", "ignorelogs":
+		v = strings.TrimSpace(v)
+		if strings.HasPrefix(v, "[") && strings.HasSuffix(v, "]") {
+			if parsed, err := metadecoders.Default.UnmarshalStringTo(v, []any{}); err == nil {
+				return parsed
+			}
+		}
+
 		if strings.Contains(v, ",") {
 			return strings.Split(v, ",")
 		} else {
@@ -456,6 +477,7 @@ func (l *configLoader) loadModules(configs *Configs, ignoreModuleDoesNotExist bo
 		PublishDir:               publishDir,
 		Environment:              l.Environment,
 		CacheDir:                 conf.Caches.CacheDirModules(),
+		ModuleQueriesCache:       configs.FileCaches.ModuleQueriesCache(),
 		ModuleConfig:             conf.Module,
 		IgnoreVendor:             ignoreVendor,
 		IgnoreModuleDoesNotExist: ignoreModuleDoesNotExist,
@@ -525,11 +547,12 @@ func (l configLoader) loadConfig(configName string) (string, error) {
 	return filename, nil
 }
 
-func (l configLoader) deleteMergeStrategies() {
-	l.cfg.WalkParams(func(params ...maps.KeyParams) bool {
+func (l configLoader) deleteMergeStrategies() (err error) {
+	l.cfg.WalkParams(func(params ...hmaps.KeyParams) bool {
 		params[len(params)-1].Params.DeleteMergeStrategy()
 		return false
 	})
+	return
 }
 
 func (l configLoader) wrapFileError(err error, filename string) error {