releaser: Prepare repository for 0.155.0-DEV

[ci skip]
releaser: Bump versions for release of 0.154.4
2026-08-25 15:58:53 +00:00 · 2026-01-10 15:48:05 +00:00 · 2026-01-10 15:24:22 +00:00 · 2026-01-10 15:45:39 +01:00 · 2026-01-10 15:45:03 +01:00 · 2026-01-10 15:34:51 +01:00
2560 changed files with 81139 additions and 62851 deletions
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ parameters:
 defaults: &defaults
  resource_class: large
  docker:
-      - image: bepsays/ci-hugoreleaser:1.22300.20200
+      - image: bepsays/ci-hugoreleaser:1.22500.20400
 environment: &buildenv
      GOMODCACHE: /root/project/gomodcache
 version: 2
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ jobs:
    environment:
        <<: [*buildenv]
    docker:
-    - image: bepsays/ci-hugoreleaser-linux-arm64:1.22300.20200
+    - image: bepsays/ci-hugoreleaser-linux-arm64:1.22500.20400
    steps:
      - *restore-cache
      - &attach-workspace
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+have_fun: false
+memory_config:
+  disabled: false
+code_review:
+  disable: false
+  comment_severity_threshold: HIGH
+  max_review_comments: -1
+  pull_request_opened:
+    help: true
+    summary: false
+    code_review: false
+    include_drafts: false
+ignore_patterns: []
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+🛑 Before submitting this PR
+
+All PRs must be linked to an Issue in this repository, and that Issue must be approved by a project maintainer:
+
+- For a bug, approval means that the "needs triage" label is removed.
+- For a proposal, approval means that the "proposal" label is replaced by an "enhancement" label.
+
+PRs without a linked, approved Issue will be closed immediately.
+
+Please review the contribution guide (CONTRIBUTING.md) to understand commit message guidelines and AI assistance disclosures.
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+name: AI Detection
+on:
+  # Use pull_request_target instead of pull_request (we need the secrets.OPENAI_API_KEY to be available for forks)
+  pull_request_target:
+    types: [opened, ready_for_review]
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+  pull-requests: write
+jobs:
+  detect-ai:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: ${{ !github.event.pull_request.draft }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
+      - name: AI Watchdog
+        uses: bep/ai-watchdog@995475dd81767f8035dc2c943e9230918d06caca # temporary fork (probably)
+        with:
+          openai-api-key: ${{ secrets.OPENAI_API_KEY }}
+          pr-label: AI Suspect
+          fail-when-confident: false
+          # CSV list.
+          pr-user-logins-skip: dependabot[bot],bep,jmooring
@@ -16,20 +16,20 @@ jobs:

    steps:
      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332 # v4.1.7
+        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1

      - name: Docker meta
        id: meta
-        uses: docker/metadata-action@8e5442c4ef9f78752691e2d8f8d19755c6f78e81 # v5.5.1
+        uses: docker/metadata-action@318604b99e75e41977312d83839a89be02ca4893 # v5.9.0
        with:
          images: ${{ env.REGISTRY_IMAGE }}

      - name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@988b5a0280414f521da01fcc63a27aeeb4b104db # v3.6.1
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@e468171a9de216ec08956ac3ada2f0791b6bd435 # v3.11.1

      - name: Login to GHCR
        # Login is only needed when the image is pushed
-        uses: docker/login-action@9780b0c442fbb1117ed29e0efdff1e18412f7567 # v3.3.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@5e57cd118135c172c3672efd75eb46360885c0ef # v3.6.0
        with:
          registry: ghcr.io
          username: ${{ github.repository_owner }}
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ jobs:

      - name: Build and push
        id: build
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@16ebe778df0e7752d2cfcbd924afdbbd89c1a755 # v6.6.1
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@263435318d21b8e681c14492fe198d362a7d2c83 # v6.18.0
        with:
          context: .
          provenance: mode=max
@@ -46,3 +46,4 @@ jobs:
          platforms: linux/amd64,linux/arm64
          tags: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.tags }}
          labels: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.labels }}
+          build-args: HUGO_BUILD_TAGS=extended,withdeploy
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ jobs:
            This pull request has been automatically locked since there
            has not been any recent activity after it was closed.
            Please open a new issue for related bugs.
-      - uses: actions/stale@28ca1036281a5e5922ead5184a1bbf96e5fc984e # v9.0.0
+      - uses: actions/stale@5f858e3efba33a5ca4407a664cc011ad407f2008 # v10.1.0
        with:
          operations-per-run: 999
          days-before-issue-stale: 365
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ jobs:
          stale-pr-message: This PR has been automatically marked as stale because it has not had
            recent activity. The resources of the Hugo team are limited, and so we are asking for your help.

-            Please check https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#code-contribution and verify that this code contribution fits with the description. If yes, tell is in a comment.
+            Please check https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#code-contribution and verify that this code contribution fits with the description. If yes, tell us in a comment.

            This PR will automatically be closed in the near future if no further activity occurs. Thank you for all your contributions.
          stale-issue-label: 'Stale'
@@ -6,17 +6,17 @@ name: Test
 env:
  GOPROXY: https://proxy.golang.org
  GO111MODULE: on
-  SASS_VERSION: 1.63.2
-  DART_SASS_SHA_LINUX: 3ea33c95ad5c35fda6e9a0956199eef38a398f496cfb8750e02479d7d1dd42af
-  DART_SASS_SHA_MACOS: 11c70f259836b250b44a9cb57fed70e030f21f45069b467d371685855f1eb4f0
-  DART_SASS_SHA_WINDOWS: cd8cd36a619dd8e27f93d3186c52d70eb7d69472aa6c85f5094b29693e773f64
+  SASS_VERSION: 1.80.3
+  DART_SASS_SHA_LINUX: 7c933edbad0a7d389192c5b79393485c088bd2c4398e32f5754c32af006a9ffd
+  DART_SASS_SHA_MACOS: 79e060b0e131c3bb3c16926bafc371dc33feab122bfa8c01aa337a072097967b
+  DART_SASS_SHA_WINDOWS: 0bc4708b37cd1bac4740e83ac5e3176e66b774f77fd5dd364da5b5cfc9bfb469
 permissions:
  contents: read
 jobs:
  test:
    strategy:
      matrix:
-        go-version: [1.22.x, 1.23.x]
+        go-version: [1.24.x, 1.25.x]
        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest] # macos disabled for now because of disk space issues.
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    steps:
@@ -24,9 +24,7 @@ jobs:
        name: Free Disk Space (Ubuntu)
        uses: jlumbroso/free-disk-space@54081f138730dfa15788a46383842cd2f914a1be # v1.3.1
        with:
-          # this might remove tools that are actually needed,
-          # if set to "true" but frees about 6 GB
-          tool-cache: false
+          tool-cache: true
          android: true
          dotnet: true
          haskell: true
@@ -34,9 +32,9 @@ jobs:
          docker-images: true
          swap-storage: true
      - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332 # v4.1.7
+        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
      - name: Install Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@0a12ed9d6a96ab950c8f026ed9f722fe0da7ef32 # v5.0.2
+        uses: actions/setup-go@44694675825211faa026b3c33043df3e48a5fa00 # v6.0.0
        with:
          go-version: ${{ matrix.go-version }}
          check-latest: true
@@ -45,18 +43,21 @@ jobs:
            **/go.sum
            **/go.mod
      - name: Install Ruby
-        uses: ruby/setup-ruby@a6e6f86333f0a2523ece813039b8b4be04560854 # v1.190.0
+        uses: ruby/setup-ruby@8aeb6ff8030dd539317f8e1769a044873b56ea71 # v1.268.0
        with:
-          ruby-version: "2.7"
-          bundler-cache: true #
+          ruby-version: "3.4.5"
+      - name: Install Ruby gems
+        run: |
+          gem install asciidoctor -v "2.0.26"
+          gem install asciidoctor-diagram -v "3.1.0"
+      - name: Install GoAT
+        run: go install github.com/blampe/goat/cmd/goat@177de93b192b8ffae608e5d9ec421cc99bf68402
      - name: Install Python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@39cd14951b08e74b54015e9e001cdefcf80e669f # v5.1.1
+        uses: actions/setup-python@e797f83bcb11b83ae66e0230d6156d7c80228e7c # v6.0.0
        with:
          python-version: "3.x"
      - name: Install Mage
        run: go install github.com/magefile/mage@v1.15.0
-      - name: Install asciidoctor
-        uses: reitzig/actions-asciidoctor@c642db5eedd1d729bb8c92034770d0b2f769eda6 # v2.0.2
      - name: Install docutils
        run: |
          pip install docutils
@@ -112,17 +113,17 @@ jobs:
          sass --version;
          mage -v check;
        env:
-          HUGO_BUILD_TAGS: extended
+          HUGO_BUILD_TAGS: extended,withdeploy
      - if: matrix.os == 'windows-latest'
        # See issue #11052. We limit the build to regular test (no -race flag) on Windows for now.
        name: Test
        run: |
          mage -v test;
        env:
-          HUGO_BUILD_TAGS: extended
+          HUGO_BUILD_TAGS: extended,withdeploy
      - name: Build tags
        run: |
-          go install -tags extended,nodeploy
+          go install -tags extended
      - if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest'
        name: Build for dragonfly
        run: |
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@

 *.test
-imports.*
+imports.*
+dist/
+public/
+.DS_Store 
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
->**Note:** We would apprecitate if you hold on with any big refactorings (like renaming deprecated Go packages), mainly because of potential for extra merge work for future coming in in the near future.
+>**Note:** We would appreciate if you hold on with any big refactoring (like renaming deprecated Go packages), mainly because of potential for extra merge work for future coming in in the near future.

 # Contributing to Hugo

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ The Hugo community and maintainers are [very active](https://github.com/gohugoio
 * [Reporting Issues](#reporting-issues)
 * [Submitting Patches](#submitting-patches)
  * [Code Contribution Guidelines](#code-contribution-guidelines)
+  * [AI Assistance Notice](#ai-assistance-notice)
  * [Git Commit Message Guidelines](#git-commit-message-guidelines)
  * [Fetching the Sources From GitHub](#fetching-the-sources-from-github)
  * [Building Hugo with Your Changes](#building-hugo-with-your-changes)
@@ -54,7 +55,7 @@ If it is of some complexity, the contributor is expected to maintain and support

 Any non-trivial code change needs to update an open [issue](https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/issues). A non-trivial code change without an issue reference with one of the labels `bug` or `enhancement` will not be merged.

-Note that we do not accept new features that require [CGO](https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/cgo).
+Note that we do not accept new features that require [CGO](https://go.dev/wiki/cgo).
 We have one exception to this rule which is LibSASS.

 **Bug fixes are, of course, always welcome.**
@@ -79,6 +80,16 @@ To make the contribution process as seamless as possible, we ask for the followi
    * Ensure that `mage check` succeeds. [Travis CI](https://travis-ci.org/gohugoio/hugo) (Windows, Linux and macOS) will fail the build if `mage check` fails.
    * Follow the **Git Commit Message Guidelines** below.

+## AI Assistance Notice
+
+If a substantial part of your contribution is autogenerated with AI, **this must be disclosed in the pull request**, along with the extent to which AI assistance was used.
+
+An example disclosure:
+
+> This PR was written primarily by Claude Code.
+
+When using AI assistance, we expect contributors to understand the code that is produced and be able to answer critical questions about it.
+
 ### Git Commit Message Guidelines

 This [blog article](https://cbea.ms/git-commit/) is a good resource for learning how to write good commit messages,
@@ -93,6 +104,7 @@ Most title/subjects should have a lower-cased prefix with a colon and one whites
 * If this commit touches many packages without a common functional topic, prefix with `all:` (e.g. `all: Reformat Go code`)
 * If this is a documentation update, prefix with `docs:`.
 * If nothing of the above applies, just leave the prefix out.
+* Note that the above excludes nouns seen in other repositories, e.g. "chore:".

 Also, if your commit references one or more GitHub issues, always end your commit message body with *See #1234* or *Fixes #1234*.
 Replace *1234* with the GitHub issue ID. The last example will close the issue when the commit is merged into *master*.
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 # Twitter:      https://twitter.com/gohugoio
 # Website:      https://gohugo.io/

-ARG GO_VERSION="1.23.2"
-ARG ALPINE_VERSION="3.20"
+ARG GO_VERSION="1.25"
+ARG ALPINE_VERSION="3.22"
 ARG DART_SASS_VERSION="1.79.3"

 FROM --platform=$BUILDPLATFORM tonistiigi/xx:1.5.0 AS xx
@@ -19,10 +19,10 @@ RUN apk add clang lld
 COPY --from=xx / /

 ARG TARGETPLATFORM
-RUN xx-apk add musl-dev gcc g++ 
+RUN xx-apk add musl-dev gcc g++

-# Optionally set HUGO_BUILD_TAGS to "none" or "nodeploy" when building like so:
-# docker build --build-arg HUGO_BUILD_TAGS=nodeploy .
+# Optionally set HUGO_BUILD_TAGS to "none" or "withdeploy" when building like so:
+# docker build --build-arg HUGO_BUILD_TAGS=withdeploy .
 #
 # We build the extended version by default.
 ARG HUGO_BUILD_TAGS="extended"
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ RUN mkdir -p /var/hugo/bin /cache && \
    adduser -Sg hugo -u 1000 -h /var/hugo hugo && \
    chown -R hugo: /var/hugo /cache && \
    # For the Hugo's Git integration to work.
-    runuser -u hugo -- git config --global --add safe.directory /project && \ 
+    runuser -u hugo -- git config --global --add safe.directory /project && \
    # See https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/issues/9810
    runuser -u hugo -- git config --global core.quotepath false

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ A fast and flexible static site generator built with love by [bep], [spf13], and
 [![Tests on Linux, MacOS and Windows](https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/workflows/Test/badge.svg)](https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/actions?query=workflow%3ATest)
 [![Go Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/gohugoio/hugo)](https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/gohugoio/hugo)

-[Website] | [Installation] | [Documentation] | [Support] | [Contributing] | <a rel="me" href="https://fosstodon.org/@gohugoio">Mastodon</a> | <a rel="me" href="https://x.com/gohugoiov2">X</a>
+[Website] | [Installation] | [Documentation] | [Support] | [Contributing] | <a rel="me" href="https://fosstodon.org/@gohugoio">Mastodon</a>

 ## Overview

@@ -65,11 +65,24 @@ See the [features] section of the documentation for a comprehensive summary of H

 <p>&nbsp;</p>
 <p float="left">
-  <a href="https://www.linode.com/?utm_campaign=hugosponsor&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hugogithub" target="_blank"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gohugoio/gohugoioTheme/master/assets/images/sponsors/linode-logo_standard_light_medium.png" width="200" alt="Linode"></a>
-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
-  <a href="https://route4me.com/" target="_blank"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gohugoio/gohugoioTheme/master/assets/images/sponsors/Route4MeLogoBlueOnWhite.svg" width="200" alt="Route Planning & Route Optimization Software"></a>
+  <a href="https://www.jetbrains.com/go/?utm_source=OSS&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=hugo" target="_blank"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gohugoio/hugoDocs/master/assets/images/sponsors/goland.svg" width="200" alt="The complete IDE crafted for professional Go developers."></a>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+    <a href="https://cloudcannon.com/hugo-cms/?utm_campaign=HugoSponsorship&utm_source=sponsor&utm_content=gohugo" target="_blank"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gohugoio/hugoDocs/master/assets/images/sponsors/cloudcannon-cms-logo.svg" width="200" alt="CloudCannon"></a>
 </p>

+## Editions
+
+Hugo offers a standard edition with core features, plus extended and extended/deploy editions with more. Use the standard edition unless you need the features below.
+
+Feature|extended edition|extended/deploy edition
+:--|:-:|:-:
+[Transpile Sass to CSS] via embedded LibSass. Note that embedded LibSass was deprecated in v0.153.0 and will be removed in a future release. Use the [Dart Sass] transpiler instead, which is compatible with any edition.|:heavy_check_mark:|:heavy_check_mark:
+Deploy your site directly to a Google Cloud Storage bucket, an AWS S3 bucket, or an Azure Storage container. See&nbsp;[details].|:x:|:heavy_check_mark:
+
+[dart sass]: https://gohugo.io/functions/css/sass/#dart-sass
+[transpile sass to css]: https://gohugo.io/functions/css/sass/
+[details]: https://gohugo.io/hosting-and-deployment/hugo-deploy/
+
 ## Installation

 Install Hugo from a [prebuilt binary], package manager, or package repository. Please see the installation instructions for your operating system:
@@ -81,15 +94,11 @@ Install Hugo from a [prebuilt binary], package manager, or package repository. P

 ## Build from source

-Hugo is available in two editions: standard and extended. With the extended edition you can:
-
- Encode to the WebP format when processing images. You can decode WebP images with either edition.
- Transpile Sass to CSS using the embedded LibSass transpiler. The extended edition is not required to use the Dart Sass transpiler.
-
 Prerequisites to build Hugo from source:

- Standard edition: Go 1.20 or later
- Extended edition: Go 1.20 or later, and GCC
+- Standard edition: Go 1.24.0 or later
+- Extended edition: Go 1.24.0 or later, and GCC
+- Extended/deploy edition: Go 1.24.0 or later, and GCC

 Build the standard edition:

@@ -102,6 +111,13 @@ Build the extended edition:
 ```text
 CGO_ENABLED=1 go install -tags extended github.com/gohugoio/hugo@latest
 ```
+
+Build the extended/deploy edition:
+
+```text
+CGO_ENABLED=1 go install -tags extended,withdeploy github.com/gohugoio/hugo@latest
+```
+
 ## Star History

 [![Star History Chart](https://api.star-history.com/svg?repos=gohugoio/hugo&type=Timeline)](https://star-history.com/#gohugoio/hugo&Timeline)
@@ -140,6 +156,16 @@ If there is sufficient interest, [create a proposal]. Do not submit a pull reque

 For a complete guide to contributing to Hugo, see the [Contribution Guide](CONTRIBUTING.md).

+## License
+
+For the Hugo source code, see [LICENSE](/LICENSE).
+
+We also bundle some libraries in binary/WASM form:
+
+* [libwebp](https://github.com/webmproject/libwebp), [BSD-3-Clause license](https://github.com/webmproject/libwebp?tab=BSD-3-Clause-1-ov-file#readme)
+* [Katex](https://github.com/KaTeX/KaTeX), [MIT license](https://github.com/KaTeX/KaTeX?tab=MIT-1-ov-file#readme)
+* [QuickJS](https://github.com/bellard/quickjs?tab=License-1-ov-file#readme), [License](https://github.com/bellard/quickjs?tab=License-1-ov-file#readme)
+
 ## Dependencies

 Hugo stands on the shoulders of great open source libraries. Run `hugo env --logLevel info` to display a list of dependencies.
@@ -148,153 +174,116 @@ Hugo stands on the shoulders of great open source libraries. Run `hugo env --log
 <summary>See current dependencies</summary>

 ```text
-cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata="v0.2.3"
-cloud.google.com/go/iam="v1.1.5"
-cloud.google.com/go/storage="v1.35.1"
-cloud.google.com/go="v0.110.10"
-github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore="v1.9.0"
-github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azidentity="v1.4.0"
-github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/internal="v1.5.0"
-github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/storage/azblob="v1.2.0"
-github.com/Azure/go-autorest/autorest/to="v0.4.0"
-github.com/AzureAD/microsoft-authentication-library-for-go="v1.2.0"
 github.com/BurntSushi/locker="v0.0.0-20171006230638-a6e239ea1c69"
-github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2="v2.14.0"
-github.com/armon/go-radix="v1.0.1-0.20221118154546-54df44f2176c"
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/aws/protocol/eventstream="v1.5.4"
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config="v1.26.1"
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials="v1.16.12"
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds="v1.14.10"
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/s3/manager="v1.15.7"
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources="v1.3.5"
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2="v2.6.5"
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/ini="v1.7.2"
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/v4a="v1.2.9"
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/cloudfront="v1.35.4"
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding="v1.10.4"
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/checksum="v1.2.9"
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url="v1.10.9"
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/s3shared="v1.16.9"
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/s3="v1.47.5"
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso="v1.18.5"
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc="v1.21.5"
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts="v1.26.5"
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2="v1.26.1"
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go="v1.50.7"
-github.com/aws/smithy-go="v1.20.2"
+github.com/JohannesKaufmann/dom="v0.2.0"
+github.com/JohannesKaufmann/html-to-markdown/v2="v2.5.0"
+github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2="v2.21.1"
+github.com/aymerick/douceur="v0.2.0"
 github.com/bep/clocks="v0.5.0"
 github.com/bep/debounce="v1.2.0"
-github.com/bep/gitmap="v1.1.2"
+github.com/bep/gitmap="v1.9.0"
 github.com/bep/goat="v0.5.0"
-github.com/bep/godartsass/v2="v2.0.0"
-github.com/bep/godartsass="v1.2.0"
-github.com/bep/golibsass="v1.1.1"
-github.com/bep/gowebp="v0.3.0"
-github.com/bep/lazycache="v0.4.0"
+github.com/bep/godartsass/v2="v2.5.0"
+github.com/bep/golibsass="v1.2.0"
+github.com/bep/goportabletext="v0.1.0"
+github.com/bep/helpers="v0.6.0"
+github.com/bep/imagemeta="v0.12.0"
+github.com/bep/lazycache="v0.8.0"
 github.com/bep/logg="v0.4.0"
 github.com/bep/mclib="v1.20400.20402"
-github.com/bep/overlayfs="v0.9.2"
-github.com/bep/simplecobra="v0.4.0"
+github.com/bep/overlayfs="v0.10.0"
+github.com/bep/simplecobra="v0.6.1"
+github.com/bep/textandbinarywriter="v0.0.0-20251212174530-cd9f0732f60f"
 github.com/bep/tmc="v0.5.1"
+github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset="v1.24.4"
+github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2="v2.3.0"
 github.com/clbanning/mxj/v2="v2.7.0"
-github.com/cli/safeexec="v1.0.1"
-github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2="v2.0.3"
+github.com/clipperhouse/displaywidth="v0.6.0"
+github.com/clipperhouse/stringish="v0.1.1"
+github.com/clipperhouse/uax29/v2="v2.3.0"
+github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2="v2.0.6"
 github.com/disintegration/gift="v1.2.1"
-github.com/dlclark/regexp2="v1.11.0"
-github.com/dustin/go-humanize="v1.0.1"
-github.com/evanw/esbuild="v0.21.4"
-github.com/fatih/color="v1.16.0"
+github.com/dlclark/regexp2="v1.11.5"
+github.com/evanw/esbuild="v0.27.2"
+github.com/fatih/color="v1.18.0"
 github.com/frankban/quicktest="v1.14.6"
-github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify="v1.7.0"
-github.com/getkin/kin-openapi="v0.123.0"
-github.com/ghodss/yaml="v1.0.0"
-github.com/go-openapi/jsonpointer="v0.20.2"
-github.com/go-openapi/swag="v0.22.8"
-github.com/gobuffalo/flect="v1.0.2"
+github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify="v1.9.0"
+github.com/getkin/kin-openapi="v0.133.0"
+github.com/go-openapi/jsonpointer="v0.21.0"
+github.com/go-openapi/swag="v0.23.0"
+github.com/gobuffalo/flect="v1.0.3"
 github.com/gobwas/glob="v0.2.3"
-github.com/gohugoio/go-i18n/v2="v2.1.3-0.20230805085216-e63c13218d0e"
-github.com/gohugoio/httpcache="v0.7.0"
-github.com/gohugoio/hugo-goldmark-extensions/extras="v0.2.0"
-github.com/gohugoio/hugo-goldmark-extensions/passthrough="v0.2.0"
+github.com/goccy/go-yaml="v1.19.1"
+github.com/gohugoio/go-i18n/v2="v2.1.3-0.20251018145728-cfcc22d823c6"
+github.com/gohugoio/go-radix="v1.2.0"
+github.com/gohugoio/hashstructure="v0.6.0"
+github.com/gohugoio/httpcache="v0.8.0"
+github.com/gohugoio/hugo-goldmark-extensions/extras="v0.5.0"
+github.com/gohugoio/hugo-goldmark-extensions/passthrough="v0.3.1"
 github.com/gohugoio/locales="v0.14.0"
 github.com/gohugoio/localescompressed="v1.0.1"
-github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5="v5.1.0"
-github.com/golang/groupcache="v0.0.0-20210331224755-41bb18bfe9da"
-github.com/golang/protobuf="v1.5.3"
-github.com/google/go-cmp="v0.6.0"
-github.com/google/s2a-go="v0.1.7"
-github.com/google/uuid="v1.4.0"
-github.com/google/wire="v0.5.0"
-github.com/googleapis/enterprise-certificate-proxy="v0.3.2"
-github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2="v2.12.0"
-github.com/gorilla/websocket="v1.5.1"
-github.com/hairyhenderson/go-codeowners="v0.4.0"
+github.com/google/go-cmp="v0.7.0"
+github.com/gorilla/css="v1.0.1"
+github.com/gorilla/websocket="v1.5.3"
+github.com/hairyhenderson/go-codeowners="v0.7.0"
 github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru/v2="v2.0.7"
-github.com/invopop/yaml="v0.2.0"
 github.com/jdkato/prose="v1.2.1"
-github.com/jmespath/go-jmespath="v0.4.0"
 github.com/josharian/intern="v1.0.0"
 github.com/kr/pretty="v0.3.1"
 github.com/kr/text="v0.2.0"
-github.com/kylelemons/godebug="v1.1.0"
-github.com/kyokomi/emoji/v2="v2.2.12"
+github.com/kyokomi/emoji/v2="v2.2.13"
 github.com/mailru/easyjson="v0.7.7"
 github.com/makeworld-the-better-one/dither/v2="v2.4.0"
 github.com/marekm4/color-extractor="v1.2.1"
 github.com/mattn/go-colorable="v0.1.13"
 github.com/mattn/go-isatty="v0.0.20"
-github.com/mattn/go-runewidth="v0.0.9"
-github.com/mitchellh/hashstructure="v1.1.0"
+github.com/mattn/go-runewidth="v0.0.19"
+github.com/microcosm-cc/bluemonday="v1.0.27"
 github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure="v1.5.1-0.20231216201459-8508981c8b6c"
 github.com/mohae/deepcopy="v0.0.0-20170929034955-c48cc78d4826"
 github.com/muesli/smartcrop="v0.3.0"
-github.com/niklasfasching/go-org="v1.7.0"
-github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter="v0.0.5"
+github.com/niklasfasching/go-org="v1.9.1"
+github.com/oasdiff/yaml3="v0.0.0-20250309153720-d2182401db90"
+github.com/oasdiff/yaml="v0.0.0-20250309154309-f31be36b4037"
+github.com/olekukonko/cat="v0.0.0-20250911104152-50322a0618f6"
+github.com/olekukonko/errors="v1.1.0"
+github.com/olekukonko/ll="v0.1.3"
+github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter="v1.1.2"
 github.com/pbnjay/memory="v0.0.0-20210728143218-7b4eea64cf58"
-github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2="v2.2.2"
+github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2="v2.2.4"
 github.com/perimeterx/marshmallow="v1.1.5"
-github.com/pkg/browser="v0.0.0-20210911075715-681adbf594b8"
+github.com/pkg/browser="v0.0.0-20240102092130-5ac0b6a4141c"
 github.com/pkg/errors="v0.9.1"
-github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal="v1.12.0"
+github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal="v1.14.1"
 github.com/russross/blackfriday/v2="v2.1.0"
-github.com/rwcarlsen/goexif="v0.0.0-20190401172101-9e8deecbddbd"
-github.com/sass/dart-sass/compiler="1.77.5"
-github.com/sass/dart-sass/implementation="1.77.5"
-github.com/sass/dart-sass/protocol="2.7.1"
-github.com/sass/libsass="3.6.5"
-github.com/spf13/afero="v1.11.0"
-github.com/spf13/cast="v1.6.0"
-github.com/spf13/cobra="v1.8.0"
+github.com/sass/dart-sass/compiler="1.97.1"
+github.com/sass/dart-sass/implementation="1.97.1"
+github.com/sass/dart-sass/protocol="3.2.0"
+github.com/spf13/afero="v1.15.0"
+github.com/spf13/cast="v1.10.0"
+github.com/spf13/cobra="v1.10.2"
 github.com/spf13/fsync="v0.10.1"
-github.com/spf13/pflag="v1.0.5"
-github.com/tdewolff/minify/v2="v2.20.20"
-github.com/tdewolff/parse/v2="v2.7.13"
-github.com/webmproject/libwebp="v1.3.2"
-github.com/yuin/goldmark-emoji="v1.0.3"
-github.com/yuin/goldmark="v1.7.4"
-go.opencensus.io="v0.24.0"
+github.com/spf13/pflag="v1.0.9"
+github.com/tdewolff/minify/v2="v2.24.8"
+github.com/tdewolff/parse/v2="v2.8.5"
+github.com/tetratelabs/wazero="v1.10.1"
+github.com/webmproject/libwebp="v1.6.0"
+github.com/woodsbury/decimal128="v1.3.0"
+github.com/yuin/goldmark-emoji="v1.0.6"
+github.com/yuin/goldmark="v1.7.13"
 go.uber.org/automaxprocs="v1.5.3"
-gocloud.dev="v0.36.0"
-golang.org/x/crypto="v0.23.0"
-golang.org/x/exp="v0.0.0-20221031165847-c99f073a8326"
-golang.org/x/image="v0.16.0"
-golang.org/x/mod="v0.17.0"
-golang.org/x/net="v0.25.0"
-golang.org/x/oauth2="v0.15.0"
-golang.org/x/sync="v0.7.0"
-golang.org/x/sys="v0.20.0"
-golang.org/x/text="v0.15.0"
-golang.org/x/time="v0.5.0"
-golang.org/x/tools="v0.20.0"
-golang.org/x/xerrors="v0.0.0-20231012003039-104605ab7028"
-google.golang.org/api="v0.152.0"
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api="v0.0.0-20231120223509-83a465c0220f"
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc="v0.0.0-20231120223509-83a465c0220f"
-google.golang.org/genproto="v0.0.0-20231120223509-83a465c0220f"
-google.golang.org/grpc="v1.59.0"
-google.golang.org/protobuf="v1.33.0"
-gopkg.in/yaml.v2="v2.4.0"
+go.yaml.in/yaml/v3="v3.0.4"
+golang.org/x/crypto="v0.46.0"
+golang.org/x/image="v0.34.0"
+golang.org/x/mod="v0.31.0"
+golang.org/x/net="v0.48.0"
+golang.org/x/sync="v0.19.0"
+golang.org/x/sys="v0.39.0"
+golang.org/x/text="v0.32.0"
+golang.org/x/tools="v0.40.0"
+google.golang.org/protobuf="v1.36.10"
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3="v3.0.1"
+rsc.io/qr="v0.2.0"
 software.sslmate.com/src/go-pkcs12="v0.2.0"
 ```
 </details>
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-
-# allow user to override go executable by running as GOEXE=xxx make ...
-GOEXE="${GOEXE-go}"
-
-# Convenience script to
-# - For a given branch
-# - Run  benchmark tests for a given package
-# - Do the same for master
-# - then compare the two runs with benchcmp
-
-benchFilter=".*"
-
-if (( $# < 2 ));
-  then
-    echo "USAGE: ./bench.sh <git-branch> <package-to-bench> (and <benchmark filter> (regexp, optional))"
-    exit 1
-fi
-
-
-
-if [ $# -eq 3 ]; then
-  benchFilter=$3
-fi
-
-
-BRANCH=$1
-PACKAGE=$2
-
-git checkout $BRANCH
-"${GOEXE}" test -test.run=NONE -bench="$benchFilter" -test.benchmem=true ./$PACKAGE > /tmp/bench-$PACKAGE-$BRANCH.txt
-
-git checkout master
-"${GOEXE}" test -test.run=NONE -bench="$benchFilter" -test.benchmem=true ./$PACKAGE > /tmp/bench-$PACKAGE-master.txt
-
-
-benchcmp /tmp/bench-$PACKAGE-master.txt /tmp/bench-$PACKAGE-$BRANCH.txt
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-# allow user to override go executable by running as GOEXE=xxx make ...
-GOEXE="${GOEXE-go}"
-
-# Send in a regexp matching the benchmarks you want to run, i.e. './benchSite.sh "YAML"'.
-# Note the quotes, which will be needed for more complex expressions.
-# The above will run all variations, but only for front matter YAML.
-
-echo "Running with BenchmarkSiteBuilding/${1}"
-
-"${GOEXE}" test -run="NONE" -bench="BenchmarkSiteBuilding/${1}" -test.benchmem=true ./hugolib -memprofile mem.prof -count 3 -cpuprofile cpu.prof
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-gobench -package=./hugolib -bench="BenchmarkSiteNew/Deep_content_tree"
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-docker run --rm --mount type=bind,source="$(pwd)",target=/hugo -w /hugo  -i -t bepsays/ci-goreleaser:1.11-2 /bin/bash
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ func New(opts Options) *Cache {

 	infol := opts.Log.InfoCommand("dynacache")

-	evictedIdentities := collections.NewStack[KeyIdentity]()
+	evictedIdentities := collections.NewStackThreadSafe[KeyIdentity]()

 	onEvict := func(k, v any) {
 		if !opts.Watching {
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ type Cache struct {
 	partitions map[string]PartitionManager

 	onEvict           func(k, v any)
-	evictedIdentities *collections.Stack[KeyIdentity]
+	evictedIdentities *collections.StackThreadSafe[KeyIdentity]

 	opts  Options
 	infol logg.LevelLogger
@@ -176,11 +176,12 @@ func (c *Cache) ClearMatching(predicatePartition func(k string, p PartitionManag
 }

 // ClearOnRebuild prepares the cache for a new rebuild taking the given changeset into account.
-func (c *Cache) ClearOnRebuild(changeset ...identity.Identity) {
+// predicate is optional and will clear any entry for which it returns true.
+func (c *Cache) ClearOnRebuild(predicate func(k, v any) bool, changeset ...identity.Identity) {
 	g := rungroup.Run[PartitionManager](context.Background(), rungroup.Config[PartitionManager]{
 		NumWorkers: len(c.partitions),
 		Handle: func(ctx context.Context, partition PartitionManager) error {
-			partition.clearOnRebuild(changeset...)
+			partition.clearOnRebuild(predicate, changeset...)
 			return nil
 		},
 	})
@@ -339,7 +340,7 @@ func GetOrCreatePartition[K comparable, V any](c *Cache, name string, opts Optio
 		panic("invalid Weight, must be between 1 and 100")
 	}

-	if partitionNameRe.FindString(name) != name {
+	if !partitionNameRe.MatchString(name) {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("invalid partition name %q", name))
 	}

@@ -430,12 +431,25 @@ func (p *Partition[K, V]) doGetOrCreateWitTimeout(key K, duration time.Duration,
 	errch := make(chan error, 1)

 	go func() {
-		v, _, err := p.c.GetOrCreate(key, create)
-		if err != nil {
-			errch <- err
-			return
-		}
-		resultch <- v
+		var (
+			v   V
+			err error
+		)
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				if rerr, ok := r.(error); ok {
+					err = rerr
+				} else {
+					err = fmt.Errorf("panic: %v", r)
+				}
+			}
+			if err != nil {
+				errch <- err
+			} else {
+				resultch <- v
+			}
+		}()
+		v, _, err = p.c.GetOrCreate(key, create)
 	}()

 	select {
@@ -466,7 +480,12 @@ func (p *Partition[K, V]) clearMatching(predicate func(k, v any) bool) {
 	})
 }

-func (p *Partition[K, V]) clearOnRebuild(changeset ...identity.Identity) {
+func (p *Partition[K, V]) clearOnRebuild(predicate func(k, v any) bool, changeset ...identity.Identity) {
+	if predicate == nil {
+		predicate = func(k, v any) bool {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
 	opts := p.getOptions()
 	if opts.ClearWhen == ClearNever {
 		return
@@ -512,7 +531,7 @@ func (p *Partition[K, V]) clearOnRebuild(changeset ...identity.Identity) {
 	// Second pass needs to be done in a separate loop to catch any
 	// elements marked as stale in the other partitions.
 	p.c.DeleteFunc(func(key K, v V) bool {
-		if shouldDelete(key, v) {
+		if predicate(key, v) || shouldDelete(key, v) {
 			p.trace.Log(
 				logg.StringFunc(
 					func() string {
@@ -588,7 +607,7 @@ type PartitionManager interface {
 	adjustMaxSize(addend int) int
 	getMaxSize() int
 	getOptions() OptionsPartition
-	clearOnRebuild(changeset ...identity.Identity)
+	clearOnRebuild(predicate func(k, v any) bool, changeset ...identity.Identity)
 	clearMatching(predicate func(k, v any) bool)
 	clearStale()
 }
@@ -14,8 +14,11 @@
 package dynacache

 import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"testing"
+	"time"

 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
@@ -144,13 +147,13 @@ func TestClear(t *testing.T) {

 	c.Assert(cache.Keys(predicateAll), qt.HasLen, 4)

-	cache.ClearOnRebuild()
+	cache.ClearOnRebuild(nil)

 	// Stale items are always cleared.
 	c.Assert(cache.Keys(predicateAll), qt.HasLen, 2)

 	cache = newTestCache(t)
-	cache.ClearOnRebuild(identity.StringIdentity("changed"))
+	cache.ClearOnRebuild(nil, identity.StringIdentity("changed"))

 	c.Assert(cache.Keys(nil), qt.HasLen, 1)

@@ -165,6 +168,58 @@ func TestClear(t *testing.T) {
 	cache.adjustCurrentMaxSize()
 }

+func TestPanicInCreate(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	c := qt.New(t)
+	cache := newTestCache(t)
+
+	p1 := GetOrCreatePartition[string, testItem](cache, "/aaaa/bbbb", OptionsPartition{Weight: 30, ClearWhen: ClearOnRebuild})
+
+	willPanic := func(i int) func() {
+		return func() {
+			p1.GetOrCreate(fmt.Sprintf("panic-%d", i), func(key string) (testItem, error) {
+				panic(errors.New(key))
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	// GetOrCreateWitTimeout needs to recover from panics in the create func.
+	willErr := func(i int) error {
+		_, err := p1.GetOrCreateWitTimeout(fmt.Sprintf("error-%d", i), 10*time.Second, func(key string) (testItem, error) {
+			return testItem{}, errors.New(key)
+		})
+		return err
+	}
+
+	for i := range 3 {
+		for range 3 {
+			c.Assert(willPanic(i), qt.PanicMatches, fmt.Sprintf("panic-%d", i))
+			c.Assert(willErr(i), qt.ErrorMatches, fmt.Sprintf("error-%d", i))
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Test the same keys again without the panic.
+	for i := range 3 {
+		for range 3 {
+			v, err := p1.GetOrCreate(fmt.Sprintf("panic-%d", i), func(key string) (testItem, error) {
+				return testItem{
+					name: key,
+				}, nil
+			})
+			c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+			c.Assert(v.name, qt.Equals, fmt.Sprintf("panic-%d", i))
+
+			v, err = p1.GetOrCreateWitTimeout(fmt.Sprintf("error-%d", i), 10*time.Second, func(key string) (testItem, error) {
+				return testItem{
+					name: key,
+				}, nil
+			})
+			c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+			c.Assert(v.name, qt.Equals, fmt.Sprintf("error-%d", i))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func TestAdjustCurrentMaxSize(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	c := qt.New(t)
@@ -51,11 +51,18 @@ const (

 type Configs map[string]FileCacheConfig

+// CacheDirModules returns the compiled path to the modules cache.
 // For internal use.
 func (c Configs) CacheDirModules() string {
 	return c[CacheKeyModules].DirCompiled
 }

+// CacheDirMisc returns the compiled path to the misc cache.
+// For internal use.
+func (c Configs) CacheDirMisc() string {
+	return c[CacheKeyMisc].DirCompiled
+}
+
 var defaultCacheConfigs = Configs{
 	CacheKeyModules: {
 		MaxAge: -1,
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ title: "Home"
 ---
 -- assets/a/pixel.png --
 iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mNkYPhfDwAChwGA60e6kgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==
-- layouts/index.html --
+-- layouts/home.html --
 {{ warnf "HOME!" }}
 {{ $img := resources.GetMatch "**.png" }}
 {{ $img = $img.Resize "3x3" }}
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ dir = ":resourceDir/_gen"
 		caches, err := filecache.NewCaches(p)
 		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 		cache := caches[name]
-		for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+		for i := range 10 {
 			id := fmt.Sprintf("i%d", i)
 			cache.GetOrCreateBytes(id, func() ([]byte, error) {
 				return []byte("abc"), nil
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ dir = ":resourceDir/_gen"
 		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 		c.Assert(count, qt.Equals, 5, msg)

-		for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+		for i := range 10 {
 			id := fmt.Sprintf("i%d", i)
 			v := cache.GetString(id)
 			if i < 5 {
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ dir = ":resourceDir/_gen"
 		c.Assert(count, qt.Equals, 4)

 		// Now only the i5 should be left.
-		for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+		for i := range 10 {
 			id := fmt.Sprintf("i%d", i)
 			v := cache.GetString(id)
 			if i != 5 {
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ dir = ":cacheDir/c"
 		}

 		for _, ca := range []*filecache.Cache{caches.ImageCache(), caches.AssetsCache(), caches.GetJSONCache(), caches.GetCSVCache()} {
-			for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
+			for range 2 {
 				info, r, err := ca.GetOrCreate("a", rf("abc"))
 				c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 				c.Assert(r, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
@@ -193,11 +193,11 @@ dir = "/cache/c"

 	var wg sync.WaitGroup

-	for i := 0; i < 50; i++ {
+	for i := range 50 {
 		wg.Add(1)
 		go func(i int) {
 			defer wg.Done()
-			for j := 0; j < 20; j++ {
+			for range 20 {
 				ca := caches.Get(cacheName)
 				c.Assert(ca, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
 				filename, data := filenameData(i)
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ func newPathsSpec(t *testing.T, fs afero.Fs, configStr string) *helpers.PathSpec
 	cfg, err := config.FromConfigString(configStr, "toml")
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 	acfg := testconfig.GetTestConfig(fs, cfg)
-	p, err := helpers.NewPathSpec(hugofs.NewFrom(fs, acfg.BaseConfig()), acfg, nil)
+	p, err := helpers.NewPathSpec(hugofs.NewFrom(fs, acfg.BaseConfig()), acfg, nil, nil)
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 	return p
 }
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ import (

 // DefaultConfig holds the default configuration for the HTTP cache.
 var DefaultConfig = Config{
+	RespectCacheControlNoStoreInRequest:  true,
+	RespectCacheControlNoStoreInResponse: false,
 	Cache: Cache{
 		For: GlobMatcher{
 			Excludes: []string{"**"},
@@ -42,7 +44,13 @@ var DefaultConfig = Config{

 // Config holds the configuration for the HTTP cache.
 type Config struct {
-	// Configures the HTTP cache behaviour (RFC 9111).
+	// When enabled and there's a Cache-Control: no-store directive in the request, response will never be stored in disk cache.
+	RespectCacheControlNoStoreInRequest bool
+
+	// When enabled and there's a Cache-Control: no-store directive in the response, response will never be stored in disk cache.
+	RespectCacheControlNoStoreInResponse bool
+
+	// Enables HTTP cache behavior (RFC 9111) for these resources.
 	// When this is not enabled for a resource, Hugo will go straight to the file cache.
 	Cache Cache

@@ -52,12 +60,14 @@ type Config struct {
 }

 type Cache struct {
-	// Enable HTTP cache behaviour (RFC 9111) for these rsources.
+	// Enable HTTP cache behavior (RFC 9111) for these resources.
 	For GlobMatcher
 }

 func (c *Config) Compile() (ConfigCompiled, error) {
-	var cc ConfigCompiled
+	cc := ConfigCompiled{
+		Base: *c,
+	}

 	p, err := c.Cache.For.CompilePredicate()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -122,7 +132,12 @@ type GlobMatcher struct {
 	Includes []string
 }

+func (gm GlobMatcher) IsZero() bool {
+	return len(gm.Includes) == 0 && len(gm.Excludes) == 0
+}
+
 type ConfigCompiled struct {
+	Base        Config
 	For         predicate.P[string]
 	PollConfigs []PollConfigCompiled
 }
@@ -155,16 +170,19 @@ func (p PollConfigCompiled) IsZero() bool {
 }

 func (gm *GlobMatcher) CompilePredicate() (func(string) bool, error) {
-	var p predicate.P[string]
+	if gm.IsZero() {
+		panic("no includes or excludes")
+	}
+	var b predicate.PR[string]
 	for _, include := range gm.Includes {
 		g, err := glob.Compile(include, '/')
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		fn := func(s string) bool {
-			return g.Match(s)
+		fn := func(s string) predicate.Match {
+			return predicate.BoolMatch(g.Match(s))
 		}
-		p = p.Or(fn)
+		b = b.Or(fn)
 	}

 	for _, exclude := range gm.Excludes {
@@ -172,16 +190,16 @@ func (gm *GlobMatcher) CompilePredicate() (func(string) bool, error) {
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		fn := func(s string) bool {
-			return !g.Match(s)
+		fn := func(s string) predicate.Match {
+			return predicate.BoolMatch(!g.Match(s))
 		}
-		p = p.And(fn)
+		b = b.And(fn)
 	}

-	return p, nil
+	return b.BoolFunc(), nil
 }

-func DecodeConfig(bcfg config.BaseConfig, m map[string]any) (Config, error) {
+func DecodeConfig(_ config.BaseConfig, m map[string]any) (Config, error) {
 	if len(m) == 0 {
 		return DefaultConfig, nil
 	}
@@ -203,5 +221,20 @@ func DecodeConfig(bcfg config.BaseConfig, m map[string]any) (Config, error) {
 		return c, err
 	}

+	if c.Cache.For.IsZero() {
+		c.Cache.For = DefaultConfig.Cache.For
+	}
+
+	for pci := range c.Polls {
+		if c.Polls[pci].For.IsZero() {
+			c.Polls[pci].For = DefaultConfig.Cache.For
+			c.Polls[pci].Disable = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(c.Polls) == 0 {
+		c.Polls = DefaultConfig.Polls
+	}
+
 	return c, nil
 }
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ import (
 )

 func TestConfigCustom(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	files := `
 -- hugo.toml --
 [httpcache]
@@ -51,6 +53,8 @@ includes = ["**gohugo.io**"]
 }

 func TestConfigDefault(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
 	files := `
 -- hugo.toml --
 `
@@ -62,3 +66,30 @@ func TestConfigDefault(t *testing.T) {
 	b.Assert(compiled.For("https://gohugo.io/foo.jpg"), qt.IsFalse)
 	b.Assert(compiled.PollConfigFor("https://gohugo.io/foo.jpg").Config.Disable, qt.IsTrue)
 }
+
+func TestConfigPollsOnly(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	files := `
+-- hugo.toml --
+[httpcache]
+[[httpcache.polls]]
+low = "5s"
+high = "32s"
+[httpcache.polls.for]
+includes = ["**gohugo.io**"]
+		
+	
+`
+
+	b := hugolib.Test(t, files)
+
+	compiled := b.H.Configs.Base.C.HTTPCache
+
+	b.Assert(compiled.For("https://gohugo.io/posts.json"), qt.IsFalse)
+	b.Assert(compiled.For("https://gohugo.io/foo.jpg"), qt.IsFalse)
+
+	pc := compiled.PollConfigFor("https://gohugo.io/foo.jpg")
+	b.Assert(pc.Config.Low, qt.Equals, 5*time.Second)
+	b.Assert(pc.Config.High, qt.Equals, 32*time.Second)
+	b.Assert(compiled.PollConfigFor("https://example.com/foo.jpg").IsZero(), qt.IsTrue)
+}
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"

 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
 )

 func TestGlobMatcher(t *testing.T) {
@@ -40,3 +41,33 @@ func TestGlobMatcher(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Assert(p("foo/bar/foo.css"), qt.IsFalse)
 	c.Assert(p("foo/bar/foo.xml"), qt.IsTrue)
 }
+
+func TestDefaultConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	_, err := DefaultConfig.Compile()
+	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+}
+
+func TestDecodeConfigInjectsDefaultAndCompiles(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	cfg, err := DecodeConfig(config.BaseConfig{}, map[string]any{})
+	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+	c.Assert(cfg, qt.DeepEquals, DefaultConfig)
+
+	_, err = cfg.Compile()
+	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+
+	cfg, err = DecodeConfig(config.BaseConfig{}, map[string]any{
+		"cache": map[string]any{
+			"polls": []map[string]any{
+				{"disable": true},
+			},
+		},
+	})
+	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+
+	_, err = cfg.Compile()
+	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+}
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"reflect"
 	"regexp"
+	"slices"
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ func (c *Inspector) MethodsFromTypes(include []reflect.Type, exclude []reflect.T
 	}

 	for _, t := range include {
-		for i := 0; i < t.NumMethod(); i++ {
+		for i := range t.NumMethod() {

 			m := t.Method(i)
 			if excludes[m.Name] || seen[m.Name] {
@@ -122,7 +123,7 @@ func (c *Inspector) MethodsFromTypes(include []reflect.Type, exclude []reflect.T

 			method := Method{Owner: t, OwnerName: ownerName, Name: m.Name}

-			for i := 0; i < numIn; i++ {
+			for i := range numIn {
 				in := m.Type.In(i)

 				name, pkg := nameAndPackage(in)
@@ -137,7 +138,7 @@ func (c *Inspector) MethodsFromTypes(include []reflect.Type, exclude []reflect.T
 			numOut := m.Type.NumOut()

 			if numOut > 0 {
-				for i := 0; i < numOut; i++ {
+				for i := range numOut {
 					out := m.Type.Out(i)
 					name, pkg := nameAndPackage(out)

@@ -304,7 +305,7 @@ func (m Method) inOutStr() string {
 	}

 	args := make([]string, len(m.In))
-	for i := 0; i < len(args); i++ {
+	for i := range args {
 		args[i] = fmt.Sprintf("arg%d", i)
 	}
 	return "(" + strings.Join(args, ", ") + ")"
@@ -316,7 +317,7 @@ func (m Method) inStr() string {
 	}

 	args := make([]string, len(m.In))
-	for i := 0; i < len(args); i++ {
+	for i := range args {
 		args[i] = fmt.Sprintf("arg%d %s", i, m.In[i])
 	}
 	return "(" + strings.Join(args, ", ") + ")"
@@ -339,7 +340,7 @@ func (m Method) outStrNamed() string {
 	}

 	outs := make([]string, len(m.Out))
-	for i := 0; i < len(outs); i++ {
+	for i := range outs {
 		outs[i] = fmt.Sprintf("o%d %s", i, m.Out[i])
 	}

@@ -435,7 +436,7 @@ func (m Methods) ToMarshalJSON(receiver, pkgPath string, excludes ...string) (st
 		// Exclude self
 		for i, pkgImp := range pkgImports {
 			if pkgImp == pkgPath {
-				pkgImports = append(pkgImports[:i], pkgImports[i+1:]...)
+				pkgImports = slices.Delete(pkgImports, i, i+1)
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -39,7 +39,6 @@ import (

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hstrings"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/htime"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugo"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/paths"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/types"
@@ -102,9 +101,10 @@ type configKey struct {

 // This is the root command.
 type rootCommand struct {
-	Printf  func(format string, v ...interface{})
-	Println func(a ...interface{})
-	Out     io.Writer
+	Printf  func(format string, v ...any)
+	Println func(a ...any)
+	StdOut  io.Writer
+	StdErr  io.Writer

 	logger loggers.Logger

@@ -141,8 +141,6 @@ type rootCommand struct {

 	logLevel string

-	verbose bool
-	debug   bool
 	quiet   bool
 	devMode bool // Hidden flag.

@@ -359,7 +357,7 @@ func (r *rootCommand) getOrCreateHugo(cfg config.Provider, ignoreModuleDoesNotEx
 }

 func (r *rootCommand) newDepsConfig(conf *commonConfig) deps.DepsCfg {
-	return deps.DepsCfg{Configs: conf.configs, Fs: conf.fs, LogOut: r.logger.Out(), LogLevel: r.logger.Level(), ChangesFromBuild: r.changesFromBuild}
+	return deps.DepsCfg{Configs: conf.configs, Fs: conf.fs, StdOut: r.logger.StdOut(), StdErr: r.logger.StdErr(), LogLevel: r.logger.Level(), ChangesFromBuild: r.changesFromBuild}
 }

 func (r *rootCommand) Name() string {
@@ -403,9 +401,7 @@ func (r *rootCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, args

 	watchGroups := helpers.ExtractAndGroupRootPaths(watchDirs)

-	for _, group := range watchGroups {
-		r.Printf("Watching for changes in %s\n", group)
-	}
+	r.Printf("Watching for changes in %s\n", strings.Join(watchGroups, ", "))
 	watcher, err := b.newWatcher(r.poll, watchDirs...)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -424,21 +420,23 @@ func (r *rootCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, args
 }

 func (r *rootCommand) PreRun(cd, runner *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
-	r.Out = os.Stdout
+	r.StdOut = os.Stdout
+	r.StdErr = os.Stderr
 	if r.quiet {
-		r.Out = io.Discard
+		r.StdOut = io.Discard
+		r.StdErr = io.Discard
 	}
 	// Used by mkcert (server).
-	log.SetOutput(r.Out)
+	log.SetOutput(r.StdOut)

-	r.Printf = func(format string, v ...interface{}) {
+	r.Printf = func(format string, v ...any) {
 		if !r.quiet {
-			fmt.Fprintf(r.Out, format, v...)
+			fmt.Fprintf(r.StdOut, format, v...)
 		}
 	}
-	r.Println = func(a ...interface{}) {
+	r.Println = func(a ...any) {
 		if !r.quiet {
-			fmt.Fprintln(r.Out, a...)
+			fmt.Fprintln(r.StdOut, a...)
 		}
 	}
 	_, running := runner.Command.(*serverCommand)
@@ -447,6 +445,8 @@ func (r *rootCommand) PreRun(cd, runner *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	// Set up the global logger early to allow info deprecations during config load.
+	loggers.SetGlobalLogger(r.logger)

 	r.changesFromBuild = make(chan []identity.Identity, 10)

@@ -482,32 +482,21 @@ func (r *rootCommand) createLogger(running bool) (loggers.Logger, error) {
 			default:
 				return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid log level: %q, must be one of debug, warn, info or error", r.logLevel)
 			}
-		} else {
-			if r.verbose {
-				hugo.Deprecate("--verbose", "use --logLevel info", "v0.114.0")
-				hugo.Deprecate("--verbose", "use --logLevel info", "v0.114.0")
-				level = logg.LevelInfo
-			}
-
-			if r.debug {
-				hugo.Deprecate("--debug", "use --logLevel debug", "v0.114.0")
-				level = logg.LevelDebug
-			}
 		}
 	}

 	optsLogger := loggers.Options{
 		DistinctLevel: logg.LevelWarn,
 		Level:         level,
-		Stdout:        r.Out,
-		Stderr:        r.Out,
+		StdOut:        r.StdOut,
+		StdErr:        r.StdErr,
 		StoreErrors:   running,
 	}

 	return loggers.New(optsLogger), nil
 }

-func (r *rootCommand) Reset() {
+func (r *rootCommand) resetLogs() {
 	r.logger.Reset()
 	loggers.Log().Reset()
 }
@@ -549,6 +538,7 @@ Complete documentation is available at https://gohugo.io/.`
 	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringP("themesDir", "", "", "filesystem path to themes directory")
 	_ = cmd.MarkFlagDirname("themesDir")
 	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringP("ignoreVendorPaths", "", "", "ignores any _vendor for module paths matching the given Glob pattern")
+	cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolP("noBuildLock", "", false, "don't create .hugo_build.lock file")
 	_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("ignoreVendorPaths", cobra.NoFileCompletions)
 	cmd.PersistentFlags().String("clock", "", "set the clock used by Hugo, e.g. --clock 2021-11-06T22:30:00.00+09:00")
 	_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("clock", cobra.NoFileCompletions)
@@ -560,8 +550,6 @@ Complete documentation is available at https://gohugo.io/.`
 	cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&r.quiet, "quiet", false, "build in quiet mode")
 	cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&r.renderToMemory, "renderToMemory", "M", false, "render to memory (mostly useful when running the server)")

-	cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&r.verbose, "verbose", "v", false, "verbose output")
-	cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&r.debug, "debug", "", false, "debug output")
 	cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&r.devMode, "devMode", "", false, "only used for internal testing, flag hidden.")
 	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&r.logLevel, "logLevel", "", "log level (debug|info|warn|error)")
 	_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("logLevel", cobra.FixedCompletions([]string{"debug", "info", "warn", "error"}, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp))
@@ -606,7 +594,6 @@ func applyLocalFlagsBuild(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&r.forceSyncStatic, "forceSyncStatic", false, "copy all files when static is changed.")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolP("noTimes", "", false, "don't sync modification time of files")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolP("noChmod", "", false, "don't sync permission mode of files")
-	cmd.Flags().BoolP("noBuildLock", "", false, "don't create .hugo_build.lock file")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolP("printI18nWarnings", "", false, "print missing translations")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolP("printPathWarnings", "", false, "print warnings on duplicate target paths etc.")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolP("printUnusedTemplates", "", false, "print warnings on unused templates.")
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config/allconfig"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib/sitesmatrix"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/modules"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser/metadecoders"
@@ -43,8 +44,9 @@ func newConfigCommand() *configCommand {
 type configCommand struct {
 	r *rootCommand

-	format string
-	lang   string
+	format    string
+	lang      string
+	printZero bool

 	commands []simplecobra.Commander
 }
@@ -70,7 +72,7 @@ func (c *configCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, arg
 			return fmt.Errorf("language %q not found", c.lang)
 		}
 	} else {
-		config = conf.configs.LanguageConfigSlice[0]
+		config = conf.configs.LanguageConfigMap[conf.configs.Base.DefaultContentLanguage]
 	}

 	var buf bytes.Buffer
@@ -78,7 +80,7 @@ func (c *configCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, arg
 	dec.SetIndent("", "  ")
 	dec.SetEscapeHTML(false)

-	if err := dec.Encode(parser.ReplacingJSONMarshaller{Value: config, KeysToLower: true, OmitEmpty: true}); err != nil {
+	if err := dec.Encode(parser.ReplacingJSONMarshaller{Value: config, KeysToLower: true, OmitEmpty: !c.printZero}); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

@@ -89,7 +91,7 @@ func (c *configCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, arg
 		os.Stdout.Write(buf.Bytes())
 	default:
 		// Decode the JSON to a map[string]interface{} and then unmarshal it again to the correct format.
-		var m map[string]interface{}
+		var m map[string]any
 		if err := json.Unmarshal(buf.Bytes(), &m); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -115,6 +117,7 @@ func (c *configCommand) Init(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&c.format, "format", "toml", "preferred file format (toml, yaml or json)")
 	_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("format", cobra.FixedCompletions([]string{"toml", "yaml", "json"}, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp))
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&c.lang, "lang", "", "the language to display config for. Defaults to the first language defined.")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&c.printZero, "printZero", false, `include config options with zero values (e.g. false, 0, "") in the output`)
 	_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("lang", cobra.NoFileCompletions)
 	applyLocalFlagsBuildConfig(cmd, c.r)

@@ -126,9 +129,9 @@ func (c *configCommand) PreRun(cd, runner *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
 }

 type configModMount struct {
-	Source string `json:"source"`
-	Target string `json:"target"`
-	Lang   string `json:"lang,omitempty"`
+	Source string            `json:"source"`
+	Target string            `json:"target"`
+	Sites  sitesmatrix.Sites `json:"sites,omitzero"`
 }

 type configModMounts struct {
@@ -144,7 +147,7 @@ func (m *configModMounts) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 		mounts = append(mounts, configModMount{
 			Source: mount.Source,
 			Target: mount.Target,
-			Lang:   mount.Lang,
+			Sites:  mount.Sites,
 		})
 	}

@@ -11,21 +11,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-//go:build !nodeploy
-// +build !nodeploy
-
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
+//go:build withdeploy

 package commands

@@ -33,7 +19,6 @@ import (
 	"context"

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/deploy"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/deploy/deployconfig"

 	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
@@ -60,17 +45,7 @@ documentation.
 			return deployer.Deploy(ctx)
 		},
 		withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
-			cmd.ValidArgsFunction = cobra.NoFileCompletions
-			cmd.Flags().String("target", "", "target deployment from deployments section in config file; defaults to the first one")
-			_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("target", cobra.NoFileCompletions)
-			cmd.Flags().Bool("confirm", false, "ask for confirmation before making changes to the target")
-			cmd.Flags().Bool("dryRun", false, "dry run")
-			cmd.Flags().Bool("force", false, "force upload of all files")
-			cmd.Flags().Bool("invalidateCDN", deployconfig.DefaultConfig.InvalidateCDN, "invalidate the CDN cache listed in the deployment target")
-			cmd.Flags().Int("maxDeletes", deployconfig.DefaultConfig.MaxDeletes, "maximum # of files to delete, or -1 to disable")
-			_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("maxDeletes", cobra.NoFileCompletions)
-			cmd.Flags().Int("workers", deployconfig.DefaultConfig.Workers, "number of workers to transfer files. defaults to 10")
-			_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("workers", cobra.NoFileCompletions)
+			applyDeployFlags(cmd, r)
 		},
 	}
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package commands
+
+import (
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/deploy/deployconfig"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+func applyDeployFlags(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
+	cmd.ValidArgsFunction = cobra.NoFileCompletions
+	cmd.Flags().String("target", "", "target deployment from deployments section in config file; defaults to the first one")
+	_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("target", cobra.NoFileCompletions)
+	cmd.Flags().Bool("confirm", false, "ask for confirmation before making changes to the target")
+	cmd.Flags().Bool("dryRun", false, "dry run")
+	cmd.Flags().Bool("force", false, "force upload of all files")
+	cmd.Flags().Bool("invalidateCDN", deployconfig.DefaultConfig.InvalidateCDN, "invalidate the CDN cache listed in the deployment target")
+	cmd.Flags().Int("maxDeletes", deployconfig.DefaultConfig.MaxDeletes, "maximum # of files to delete, or -1 to disable")
+	_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("maxDeletes", cobra.NoFileCompletions)
+	cmd.Flags().Int("workers", deployconfig.DefaultConfig.Workers, "number of workers to transfer files. defaults to 10")
+	_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("workers", cobra.NoFileCompletions)
+}
@@ -11,8 +11,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-//go:build nodeploy
-// +build nodeploy
+//go:build !withdeploy

 // Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
@@ -31,6 +30,7 @@ package commands

 import (
 	"context"
+	"errors"

 	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
@@ -40,9 +40,10 @@ func newDeployCommand() simplecobra.Commander {
 	return &simpleCommand{
 		name: "deploy",
 		run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
-			return nil
+			return errors.New("deploy not supported in this version of Hugo; install a release with 'withdeploy' in the archive filename or build yourself with the 'withdeploy' build tag. Also see https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/pull/12995")
 		},
 		withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
+			applyDeployFlags(cmd, r)
 			cmd.Hidden = true
 		},
 	}
@@ -21,12 +21,14 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"path"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"slices"
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2"
 	"github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2/formatters/html"
 	"github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2/styles"
 	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
+	"github.com/goccy/go-yaml"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugo"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/docshelper"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
@@ -35,7 +37,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra/doc"
-	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
 )

 func newGenCommand() *genCommand {
@@ -49,6 +50,8 @@ func newGenCommand() *genCommand {
 		highlightStyle         string
 		lineNumbersInlineStyle string
 		lineNumbersTableStyle  string
+		omitEmpty              bool
+		omitClassComments      bool
 	)

 	newChromaStyles := func() simplecobra.Commander {
@@ -60,6 +63,10 @@ func newGenCommand() *genCommand {
 See https://xyproto.github.io/splash/docs/all.html for a preview of the available styles`,

 			run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
+				style = strings.ToLower(style)
+				if !slices.Contains(styles.Names(), style) {
+					return fmt.Errorf("invalid style: %s", style)
+				}
 				builder := styles.Get(style).Builder()
 				if highlightStyle != "" {
 					builder.Add(chroma.LineHighlight, highlightStyle)
@@ -74,8 +81,19 @@ See https://xyproto.github.io/splash/docs/all.html for a preview of the availabl
 				if err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
-				formatter := html.New(html.WithAllClasses(true))
-				formatter.WriteCSS(os.Stdout, style)
+
+				if omitEmpty {
+					// See https://github.com/alecthomas/chroma/commit/5b2a4c5a26c503c79bc86ba3c4ae5b330028bd3d
+					hugo.Deprecate("--omitEmpty", "Flag is no longer needed, empty classes are now always omitted.", "v0.149.0")
+				}
+				options := []html.Option{
+					html.WithCSSComments(!omitClassComments),
+				}
+				formatter := html.New(options...)
+
+				w := os.Stdout
+				fmt.Fprintf(w, "/* Generated using: hugo %s */\n\n", strings.Join(os.Args[1:], " "))
+				formatter.WriteCSS(w, style)
 				return nil
 			},
 			withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
@@ -88,6 +106,10 @@ See https://xyproto.github.io/splash/docs/all.html for a preview of the availabl
 				_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("lineNumbersInlineStyle", cobra.NoFileCompletions)
 				cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&lineNumbersTableStyle, "lineNumbersTableStyle", "", `foreground and background colors for table line numbers, e.g. --lineNumbersTableStyle "#fff000 bg:#000fff"`)
 				_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("lineNumbersTableStyle", cobra.NoFileCompletions)
+				cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&omitEmpty, "omitEmpty", false, `omit empty CSS rules (deprecated, no longer needed)`)
+				_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("omitEmpty", cobra.NoFileCompletions)
+				cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&omitClassComments, "omitClassComments", false, `omit CSS class comment prefixes in the generated CSS`)
+				_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("omitClassComments", cobra.NoFileCompletions)
 			},
 		}
 	}
@@ -142,7 +164,7 @@ url: %s

 		return &simpleCommand{
 			name:  "doc",
-			short: "Generate Markdown documentation for the Hugo CLI.",
+			short: "Generate Markdown documentation for the Hugo CLI",
 			long: `Generate Markdown documentation for the Hugo CLI.
 			This command is, mostly, used to create up-to-date documentation
 	of Hugo's command-line interface for https://gohugo.io/.
@@ -167,13 +189,13 @@ url: %s
 				prepender := func(filename string) string {
 					name := filepath.Base(filename)
 					base := strings.TrimSuffix(name, path.Ext(name))
-					url := "/commands/" + strings.ToLower(base) + "/"
+					url := "/docs/reference/commands/" + strings.ToLower(base) + "/"
 					return fmt.Sprintf(gendocFrontmatterTemplate, strings.Replace(base, "_", " ", -1), base, url)
 				}

 				linkHandler := func(name string) string {
 					base := strings.TrimSuffix(name, path.Ext(name))
-					return "/commands/" + strings.ToLower(base) + "/"
+					return "/docs/reference/commands/" + strings.ToLower(base) + "/"
 				}
 				r.Println("Generating Hugo command-line documentation in", gendocdir, "...")
 				doc.GenMarkdownTreeCustom(cd.CobraCommand.Root(), gendocdir, prepender, linkHandler)
@@ -194,7 +216,7 @@ url: %s
 	newDocsHelper := func() simplecobra.Commander {
 		return &simpleCommand{
 			name:  "docshelper",
-			short: "Generate some data files for the Hugo docs.",
+			short: "Generate some data files for the Hugo docs",

 			run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
 				r.Println("Generate docs data to", docsHelperTarget)
@@ -215,7 +237,7 @@ url: %s
 				}

 				// Decode the JSON to a map[string]interface{} and then unmarshal it again to the correct format.
-				var m map[string]interface{}
+				var m map[string]any
 				if err := json.Unmarshal(buf.Bytes(), &m); err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
@@ -227,7 +249,7 @@ url: %s
 					return err
 				}
 				defer f.Close()
-				yamlEnc := yaml.NewEncoder(f)
+				yamlEnc := yaml.NewEncoder(f, yaml.UseSingleQuote(true), yaml.AutoInt())
 				if err := yamlEnc.Encode(m); err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ func flagsToCfgWithAdditionalConfigBase(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, cfg config.P

 	// Flags with a different name in the config.
 	keyMap := map[string]string{
-		"minify":      "minifyOutput",
+		"minify":      "minify.minifyOutput",
 		"destination": "publishDir",
 		"editor":      "newContentEditor",
 	}
@@ -27,10 +27,11 @@ import (
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/bep/logg"
+	"github.com/bep/debounce"
 	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
 	"github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/herrors"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hstrings"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/htime"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugo"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ type hugoBuilder struct {

 	// Currently only set when in "fast render mode".
 	changeDetector *fileChangeDetector
-	visitedURLs    *types.EvictingStringQueue
+	visitedURLs    *types.EvictingQueue[string]

 	fullRebuildSem *semaphore.Weighted
 	debounce       func(f func())
@@ -136,10 +137,6 @@ func (e *hugoBuilderErrState) wasErr() bool {
 	return e.waserr
 }

-func (c *hugoBuilder) errCount() int {
-	return c.r.logger.LoggCount(logg.LevelError) + loggers.Log().LoggCount(logg.LevelError)
-}
-
 // getDirList provides NewWatcher() with a list of directories to watch for changes.
 func (c *hugoBuilder) getDirList() ([]string, error) {
 	h, err := c.hugo()
@@ -147,7 +144,7 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) getDirList() ([]string, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	return helpers.UniqueStringsSorted(h.PathSpec.BaseFs.WatchFilenames()), nil
+	return hstrings.UniqueStringsSorted(h.PathSpec.BaseFs.WatchFilenames()), nil
 }

 func (c *hugoBuilder) initCPUProfile() (func(), error) {
@@ -345,7 +342,6 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) newWatcher(pollIntervalStr string, dirList ...string) (*wa
 		for {
 			select {
 			case changes := <-c.r.changesFromBuild:
-				c.errState.setBuildErr(nil)
 				unlock, err := h.LockBuild()
 				if err != nil {
 					c.r.logger.Errorln("Failed to acquire a build lock: %s", err)
@@ -358,7 +354,7 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) newWatcher(pollIntervalStr string, dirList ...string) (*wa
 				}
 				if c.s != nil && c.s.doLiveReload {
 					doReload := c.changeDetector == nil || len(c.changeDetector.changed()) > 0
-					doReload = doReload || c.showErrorInBrowser && c.errCount() > 0
+					doReload = doReload || c.showErrorInBrowser && c.errState.buildErr() != nil
 					if doReload {
 						livereload.ForceRefresh()
 					}
@@ -372,7 +368,7 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) newWatcher(pollIntervalStr string, dirList ...string) (*wa
 					return
 				}
 				c.handleEvents(watcher, staticSyncer, evs, configSet)
-				if c.showErrorInBrowser && c.errCount() > 0 {
+				if c.showErrorInBrowser && c.errState.buildErr() != nil {
 					// Need to reload browser to show the error
 					livereload.ForceRefresh()
 				}
@@ -419,11 +415,17 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) build() error {
 }

 func (c *hugoBuilder) buildSites(noBuildLock bool) (err error) {
-	h, err := c.hugo()
+	defer func() {
+		c.errState.setBuildErr(err)
+	}()
+
+	var h *hugolib.HugoSites
+	h, err = c.hugo()
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return
 	}
-	return h.Build(hugolib.BuildCfg{NoBuildLock: noBuildLock})
+	err = h.Build(hugolib.BuildCfg{NoBuildLock: noBuildLock})
+	return
 }

 func (c *hugoBuilder) copyStatic() (map[string]uint64, error) {
@@ -462,7 +464,15 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) copyStaticTo(sourceFs *filesystems.SourceFilesystem) (uint
 		infol.Logf("removing all files from destination that don't exist in static dirs")

 		syncer.DeleteFilter = func(f fsync.FileInfo) bool {
-			return f.IsDir() && strings.HasPrefix(f.Name(), ".")
+			name := f.Name()
+
+			// Keep .gitignore and .gitattributes anywhere
+			if name == ".gitignore" || name == ".gitattributes" {
+				return true
+			}
+
+			// Keep Hugo's original dot-directory behavior
+			return f.IsDir() && strings.HasPrefix(name, ".")
 		}
 	}
 	start := time.Now()
@@ -515,6 +525,14 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) doWithPublishDirs(f func(sourceFs *filesystems.SourceFiles
 	return langCount, nil
 }

+func (c *hugoBuilder) progressIntermediate() {
+	terminal.ReportProgress(c.r.StdOut, terminal.ProgressIntermediate, 0)
+}
+
+func (c *hugoBuilder) progressHidden() {
+	terminal.ReportProgress(c.r.StdOut, terminal.ProgressHidden, 0)
+}
+
 func (c *hugoBuilder) fullBuild(noBuildLock bool) error {
 	var (
 		g         errgroup.Group
@@ -619,6 +637,9 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) fullRebuild(changeType string) {
 			// Set the processing on pause until the state is recovered.
 			c.errState.setPaused(true)
 			c.handleBuildErr(err, "Failed to reload config")
+			if c.s.doLiveReload {
+				livereload.ForceRefresh()
+			}
 		} else {
 			c.errState.setPaused(false)
 		}
@@ -660,7 +681,20 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) handleEvents(watcher *watcher.Batcher,
 	var n int
 	for _, ev := range evs {
 		keep := true
-		if ev.Has(fsnotify.Create) || ev.Has(fsnotify.Write) {
+		// Write and rename operations are often followed by CHMOD.
+		// There may be valid use cases for rebuilding the site on CHMOD,
+		// but that will require more complex logic than this simple conditional.
+		// On OS X this seems to be related to Spotlight, see:
+		// https://github.com/go-fsnotify/fsnotify/issues/15
+		// A workaround is to put your site(s) on the Spotlight exception list,
+		// but that may be a little mysterious for most end users.
+		// So, for now, we skip reload on CHMOD.
+		// We do have to check for WRITE though. On slower laptops a Chmod
+		// could be aggregated with other important events, and we still want
+		// to rebuild on those
+		if ev.Op == fsnotify.Chmod {
+			keep = false
+		} else if ev.Has(fsnotify.Create) || ev.Has(fsnotify.Write) {
 			if _, err := os.Stat(ev.Name); err != nil {
 				keep = false
 			}
@@ -802,22 +836,7 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) handleEvents(watcher *watcher.Batcher,
 			continue
 		}

-		// Write and rename operations are often followed by CHMOD.
-		// There may be valid use cases for rebuilding the site on CHMOD,
-		// but that will require more complex logic than this simple conditional.
-		// On OS X this seems to be related to Spotlight, see:
-		// https://github.com/go-fsnotify/fsnotify/issues/15
-		// A workaround is to put your site(s) on the Spotlight exception list,
-		// but that may be a little mysterious for most end users.
-		// So, for now, we skip reload on CHMOD.
-		// We do have to check for WRITE though. On slower laptops a Chmod
-		// could be aggregated with other important events, and we still want
-		// to rebuild on those
-		if ev.Op&(fsnotify.Chmod|fsnotify.Write|fsnotify.Create) == fsnotify.Chmod {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		walkAdder := func(path string, f hugofs.FileMetaInfo) error {
+		walkAdder := func(ctx context.Context, path string, f hugofs.FileMetaInfo) error {
 			if f.IsDir() {
 				c.r.logger.Println("adding created directory to watchlist", path)
 				if err := watcher.Add(path); err != nil {
@@ -917,7 +936,11 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) handleEvents(watcher *watcher.Batcher,

 			changed := c.changeDetector.changed()
 			if c.changeDetector != nil {
-				lrl.Logf("build changed %d files", len(changed))
+				if len(changed) >= 10 {
+					lrl.Logf("build changed %d files", len(changed))
+				} else {
+					lrl.Logf("build changed %d files: %q", len(changed), changed)
+				}
 				if len(changed) == 0 {
 					// Nothing has changed.
 					return
@@ -957,16 +980,19 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) handleEvents(watcher *watcher.Batcher,
 					lrl.Logf("no page to navigate to, force refresh")
 					livereload.ForceRefresh()
 				}
-			} else if len(otherChanges) > 0 {
+			} else if len(otherChanges) > 0 || len(cssChanges) > 0 {
 				if len(otherChanges) == 1 {
 					// Allow single changes to be refreshed without a full page reload.
 					pathToRefresh := h.PathSpec.RelURL(paths.ToSlashTrimLeading(otherChanges[0]), false)
 					lrl.Logf("refreshing %q", pathToRefresh)
 					livereload.RefreshPath(pathToRefresh)
-				} else if len(cssChanges) == 0 {
+				} else if len(cssChanges) == 0 || len(otherChanges) > 1 {
 					lrl.Logf("force refresh")
 					livereload.ForceRefresh()
 				}
+			} else {
+				lrl.Logf("force refresh")
+				livereload.ForceRefresh()
 			}

 			if len(cssChanges) > 0 {
@@ -1019,6 +1045,17 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) hugoTry() *hugolib.HugoSites {
 }

 func (c *hugoBuilder) loadConfig(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, running bool) error {
+	if terminal.PrintANSIColors(os.Stdout) {
+		defer c.progressHidden()
+		// If the configuration takes a while to load, we want to show some progress.
+		// This is typically loading of external modules.
+		d := debounce.New(500 * time.Millisecond)
+		d(func() {
+			c.progressIntermediate()
+		})
+		defer d(func() {})
+	}
+
 	cfg := config.New()
 	cfg.Set("renderToMemory", c.r.renderToMemory)
 	watch := c.r.buildWatch || (c.s != nil && c.s.serverWatch)
@@ -1081,37 +1118,44 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) printChangeDetected(typ string) {
 	c.r.logger.Println(htime.Now().Format(layout))
 }

-func (c *hugoBuilder) rebuildSites(events []fsnotify.Event) error {
+func (c *hugoBuilder) rebuildSites(events []fsnotify.Event) (err error) {
+	defer func() {
+		c.errState.setBuildErr(err)
+	}()
 	if err := c.errState.buildErr(); err != nil {
 		ferrs := herrors.UnwrapFileErrorsWithErrorContext(err)
 		for _, err := range ferrs {
 			events = append(events, fsnotify.Event{Name: err.Position().Filename, Op: fsnotify.Write})
 		}
 	}
-	c.errState.setBuildErr(nil)
-	h, err := c.hugo()
+	var h *hugolib.HugoSites
+	h, err = c.hugo()
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return
 	}
-
-	return h.Build(hugolib.BuildCfg{NoBuildLock: true, RecentlyVisited: c.visitedURLs, ErrRecovery: c.errState.wasErr()}, events...)
+	err = h.Build(hugolib.BuildCfg{NoBuildLock: true, RecentlyTouched: c.visitedURLs, ErrRecovery: c.errState.wasErr()}, events...)
+	return
 }

-func (c *hugoBuilder) rebuildSitesForChanges(ids []identity.Identity) error {
-	c.errState.setBuildErr(nil)
-	h, err := c.hugo()
+func (c *hugoBuilder) rebuildSitesForChanges(ids []identity.Identity) (err error) {
+	defer func() {
+		c.errState.setBuildErr(err)
+	}()
+
+	var h *hugolib.HugoSites
+	h, err = c.hugo()
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return
 	}
 	whatChanged := &hugolib.WhatChanged{}
 	whatChanged.Add(ids...)
-	err = h.Build(hugolib.BuildCfg{NoBuildLock: true, WhatChanged: whatChanged, RecentlyVisited: c.visitedURLs, ErrRecovery: c.errState.wasErr()})
-	c.errState.setBuildErr(err)
-	return err
+	err = h.Build(hugolib.BuildCfg{NoBuildLock: true, WhatChanged: whatChanged, RecentlyTouched: c.visitedURLs, ErrRecovery: c.errState.wasErr()})
+
+	return
 }

 func (c *hugoBuilder) reloadConfig() error {
-	c.r.Reset()
+	c.r.resetLogs()
 	c.r.configVersionID.Add(1)

 	if err := c.withConfE(func(conf *commonConfig) error {
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ func (c *importCommand) importFromJekyll(args []string) error {
 	c.r.Println("Importing...")

 	fileCount := 0
-	callback := func(path string, fi hugofs.FileMetaInfo) error {
+	callback := func(ctx context.Context, path string, fi hugofs.FileMetaInfo) error {
 		if fi.IsDir() {
 			return nil
 		}
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ func newListCommand() *listCommand {
 			return err
 		}

-		writer := csv.NewWriter(r.Out)
+		writer := csv.NewWriter(r.StdOut)
 		defer writer.Flush()

 		writer.Write([]string{
@@ -44,16 +44,16 @@ func newModCommands() *modCommands {

 	npmCommand := &simpleCommand{
 		name:  "npm",
-		short: "Various npm helpers.",
+		short: "Various npm helpers",
 		long:  `Various npm (Node package manager) helpers.`,
 		commands: []simplecobra.Commander{
 			&simpleCommand{
 				name:  "pack",
-				short: "Experimental: Prepares and writes a composite package.json file for your project.",
+				short: "Experimental: Prepares and writes a composite package.json file for your project",
 				long: `Prepares and writes a composite package.json file for your project.

 On first run it creates a "package.hugo.json" in the project root if not already there. This file will be used as a template file
-with the base dependency set. 
+with the base dependency set.

 This set will be merged with all "package.hugo.json" files found in the dependency tree, picking the version closest to the project.

@@ -80,12 +80,12 @@ so this may/will change in future versions of Hugo.
 		commands: []simplecobra.Commander{
 			&simpleCommand{
 				name:  "init",
-				short: "Initialize this project as a Hugo Module.",
+				short: "Initialize this project as a Hugo Module",
 				long: `Initialize this project as a Hugo Module.
 	It will try to guess the module path, but you may help by passing it as an argument, e.g:
-	
+
 		hugo mod init github.com/gohugoio/testshortcodes
-	
+
 	Note that Hugo Modules supports multi-module projects, so you can initialize a Hugo Module
 	inside a subfolder on GitHub, as one example.
 	`,
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ so this may/will change in future versions of Hugo.
 			},
 			&simpleCommand{
 				name:  "verify",
-				short: "Verify dependencies.",
+				short: "Verify dependencies",
 				long:  `Verify checks that the dependencies of the current module, which are stored in a local downloaded source cache, have not been modified since being downloaded.`,
 				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
 					cmd.ValidArgsFunction = cobra.NoFileCompletions
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ so this may/will change in future versions of Hugo.
 			},
 			&simpleCommand{
 				name:  "graph",
-				short: "Print a module dependency graph.",
+				short: "Print a module dependency graph",
 				long: `Print a module dependency graph with information about module status (disabled, vendored).
 Note that for vendored modules, that is the version listed and not the one from go.mod.
 `,
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ Note that for vendored modules, that is the version listed and not the one from
 			},
 			&simpleCommand{
 				name:  "clean",
-				short: "Delete the Hugo Module cache for the current project.",
+				short: "Delete the Hugo Module cache for the current project",
 				long:  `Delete the Hugo Module cache for the current project.`,
 				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
 					cmd.ValidArgsFunction = cobra.NoFileCompletions
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ Note that for vendored modules, that is the version listed and not the one from
 			},
 			&simpleCommand{
 				name:  "tidy",
-				short: "Remove unused entries in go.mod and go.sum.",
+				short: "Remove unused entries in go.mod and go.sum",
 				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
 					cmd.ValidArgsFunction = cobra.NoFileCompletions
 					applyLocalFlagsBuildConfig(cmd, r)
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ Note that for vendored modules, that is the version listed and not the one from
 			},
 			&simpleCommand{
 				name:  "vendor",
-				short: "Vendor all module dependencies into the _vendor directory.",
+				short: "Vendor all module dependencies into the _vendor directory",
 				long: `Vendor all module dependencies into the _vendor directory.
 	If a module is vendored, that is where Hugo will look for it's dependencies.
 	`,
@@ -209,16 +209,16 @@ Note that for vendored modules, that is the version listed and not the one from

 			&simpleCommand{
 				name:  "get",
-				short: "Resolves dependencies in your current Hugo Project.",
+				short: "Resolves dependencies in your current Hugo project",
 				long: `
-Resolves dependencies in your current Hugo Project.
+Resolves dependencies in your current Hugo project.

 Some examples:

 Install the latest version possible for a given module:

    hugo mod get github.com/gohugoio/testshortcodes
-    
+
 Install a specific version:

    hugo mod get github.com/gohugoio/testshortcodes@v0.3.0
@@ -53,7 +53,9 @@ Ensure you run this within the root directory of your site.`,
 					if len(args) < 1 {
 						return newUserError("path needs to be provided")
 					}
-					h, err := r.Hugo(flagsToCfg(cd, nil))
+					cfg := flagsToCfg(cd, nil)
+					cfg.Set("BuildFuture", true)
+					h, err := r.Hugo(cfg)
 					if err != nil {
 						return err
 					}
@@ -76,10 +78,8 @@ Ensure you run this within the root directory of your site.`,
 			&simpleCommand{
 				name:  "site",
 				use:   "site [path]",
-				short: "Create a new site (skeleton)",
-				long: `Create a new site in the provided directory.
-The new site will have the correct structure, but no content or theme yet.
-Use ` + "`hugo new [contentPath]`" + ` to create new content.`,
+				short: "Create a new site",
+				long:  `Create a new site at the specified path.`,
 				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
 					if len(args) < 1 {
 						return newUserError("path needs to be provided")
@@ -124,11 +124,9 @@ Use ` + "`hugo new [contentPath]`" + ` to create new content.`,
 			&simpleCommand{
 				name:  "theme",
 				use:   "theme [name]",
-				short: "Create a new theme (skeleton)",
-				long: `Create a new theme (skeleton) called [name] in ./themes.
-New theme is a skeleton. Please add content to the touched files. Add your
-name to the copyright line in the license and adjust the theme.toml file
-according to your needs.`,
+				short: "Create a new theme",
+				long: `Create a new theme with the specified name in the ./themes directory.
+This generates a functional theme including template examples and sample content.`,
 				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
 					if len(args) < 1 {
 						return newUserError("theme name needs to be provided")
@@ -144,7 +142,7 @@ according to your needs.`,
 					createpath := paths.AbsPathify(conf.configs.Base.WorkingDir, filepath.Join(conf.configs.Base.ThemesDir, args[0]))
 					r.Println("Creating new theme in", createpath)

-					err = skeletons.CreateTheme(createpath, sourceFs)
+					err = skeletons.CreateTheme(createpath, sourceFs, format)
 					if err != nil {
 						return err
 					}
@@ -152,7 +150,14 @@ according to your needs.`,
 					return nil
 				},
 				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
-					cmd.ValidArgsFunction = cobra.NoFileCompletions
+					cmd.ValidArgsFunction = func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string, toComplete string) ([]string, cobra.ShellCompDirective) {
+						if len(args) != 0 {
+							return []string{}, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
+						}
+						return []string{}, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp | cobra.ShellCompDirectiveFilterDirs
+					}
+					cmd.Flags().StringVar(&format, "format", "toml", "preferred file format (toml, yaml or json)")
+					_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("format", cobra.FixedCompletions([]string{"toml", "yaml", "json"}, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp))
 				},
 			},
 		},
@@ -28,13 +28,14 @@ func newReleaseCommand() simplecobra.Commander {
 		step     int
 		skipPush bool
 		try      bool
+		version  string
 	)

 	return &simpleCommand{
 		name:  "release",
-		short: "Release a new version of Hugo.",
+		short: "Release a new version of Hugo",
 		run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
-			rel, err := releaser.New(skipPush, try, step)
+			rel, err := releaser.New(skipPush, try, step, version)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
@@ -47,6 +48,7 @@ func newReleaseCommand() simplecobra.Commander {
 			cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&skipPush, "skip-push", "", false, "skip pushing to remote")
 			cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&try, "try", "", false, "no changes")
 			cmd.PersistentFlags().IntVarP(&step, "step", "", 0, "step to run (1: set new version 2: prepare next dev version)")
+			cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&version, "version", "", "", "version to release (derived from branch name if not set)")
 			_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("step", cobra.FixedCompletions([]string{"1", "2"}, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp))
 		},
 	}
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
+	"maps"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	_ "net/http/pprof"
@@ -32,6 +33,7 @@ import (
 	"path"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"regexp"
+	"sort"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
@@ -40,12 +42,16 @@ import (
 	"time"

 	"github.com/bep/mclib"
+	"github.com/pkg/browser"

 	"github.com/bep/debounce"
 	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
 	"github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/herrors"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugo"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/paths"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/langs"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/tpl/tplimpl"

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/types"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/urls"
@@ -55,7 +61,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib/filesystems"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/livereload"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/tpl"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/transform"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/transform/livereloadinject"
 	"github.com/spf13/afero"
@@ -82,10 +87,14 @@ const (
 	configChangeGoWork = "go work file"
 )

+const (
+	hugoHeaderRedirect = "X-Hugo-Redirect"
+)
+
 func newHugoBuilder(r *rootCommand, s *serverCommand, onConfigLoaded ...func(reloaded bool) error) *hugoBuilder {
-	var visitedURLs *types.EvictingStringQueue
+	var visitedURLs *types.EvictingQueue[string]
 	if s != nil && !s.disableFastRender {
-		visitedURLs = types.NewEvictingStringQueue(20)
+		visitedURLs = types.NewEvictingQueue[string](20)
 	}
 	return &hugoBuilder{
 		r:              r,
@@ -113,7 +122,7 @@ func newServerCommand() *serverCommand {
 		commands: []simplecobra.Commander{
 			&simpleCommand{
 				name:  "trust",
-				short: "Install the local CA in the system trust store.",
+				short: "Install the local CA in the system trust store",
 				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
 					action := "-install"
 					if uninstall {
@@ -189,9 +198,7 @@ func (f *fileChangeDetector) PrepareNew() {
 	}

 	f.prev = make(map[string]uint64)
-	for k, v := range f.current {
-		f.prev[k] = v
-	}
+	maps.Copy(f.prev, f.current)
 	f.current = make(map[string]uint64)
 }

@@ -209,16 +216,17 @@ func (f *fileChangeDetector) changed() []string {
 		}
 	}

-	return f.filterIrrelevant(c)
+	return f.filterIrrelevantAndSort(c)
 }

-func (f *fileChangeDetector) filterIrrelevant(in []string) []string {
+func (f *fileChangeDetector) filterIrrelevantAndSort(in []string) []string {
 	var filtered []string
 	for _, v := range in {
 		if !f.irrelevantRe.MatchString(v) {
 			filtered = append(filtered, v)
 		}
 	}
+	sort.Strings(filtered)
 	return filtered
 }

@@ -304,64 +312,71 @@ func (f *fileServer) createEndpoint(i int) (*http.ServeMux, net.Listener, string
 				w.Header().Set(header.Key, header.Value)
 			}

-			if redirect := serverConfig.MatchRedirect(requestURI); !redirect.IsZero() {
-				// fullName := filepath.Join(dir, filepath.FromSlash(path.Clean("/"+name)))
-				doRedirect := true
-				// This matches Netlify's behavior and is needed for SPA behavior.
-				// See https://docs.netlify.com/routing/redirects/rewrites-proxies/
-				if !redirect.Force {
-					path := filepath.Clean(strings.TrimPrefix(requestURI, baseURL.Path()))
-					if root != "" {
-						path = filepath.Join(root, path)
-					}
-					var fs afero.Fs
-					f.c.withConf(func(conf *commonConfig) {
-						fs = conf.fs.PublishDirServer
-					})
-
-					fi, err := fs.Stat(path)
-
-					if err == nil {
-						if fi.IsDir() {
-							// There will be overlapping directories, so we
-							// need to check for a file.
-							_, err = fs.Stat(filepath.Join(path, "index.html"))
-							doRedirect = err != nil
-						} else {
-							doRedirect = false
+			if canRedirect(requestURI, r) {
+				if redirect := serverConfig.MatchRedirect(requestURI, r.Header); !redirect.IsZero() {
+					doRedirect := true
+					// This matches Netlify's behavior and is needed for SPA behavior.
+					// See https://docs.netlify.com/routing/redirects/rewrites-proxies/
+					if !redirect.Force {
+						path := filepath.Clean(strings.TrimPrefix(requestURI, baseURL.Path()))
+						if root != "" {
+							path = filepath.Join(root, path)
 						}
-					}
-				}
+						var fs afero.Fs
+						f.c.withConf(func(conf *commonConfig) {
+							fs = conf.fs.PublishDirServer
+						})
+
+						fi, err := fs.Stat(path)

-				if doRedirect {
-					switch redirect.Status {
-					case 404:
-						w.WriteHeader(404)
-						file, err := fs.Open(strings.TrimPrefix(redirect.To, baseURL.Path()))
 						if err == nil {
-							defer file.Close()
-							io.Copy(w, file)
-						} else {
-							fmt.Fprintln(w, "<h1>Page Not Found</h1>")
+							if fi.IsDir() {
+								// There will be overlapping directories, so we
+								// need to check for a file.
+								_, err = fs.Stat(filepath.Join(path, "index.html"))
+								doRedirect = err != nil
+							} else {
+								doRedirect = false
+							}
 						}
-						return
-					case 200:
-						if r2 := f.rewriteRequest(r, strings.TrimPrefix(redirect.To, baseURL.Path())); r2 != nil {
-							requestURI = redirect.To
-							r = r2
-						}
-					default:
-						w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "")
-						http.Redirect(w, r, redirect.To, redirect.Status)
-						return
+					}

+					if doRedirect {
+						w.Header().Set(hugoHeaderRedirect, "true")
+						switch redirect.Status {
+						case 404:
+							w.WriteHeader(404)
+							file, err := fs.Open(strings.TrimPrefix(redirect.To, baseURL.Path()))
+							if err == nil {
+								defer file.Close()
+								io.Copy(w, file)
+							} else {
+								fmt.Fprintln(w, "<h1>Page Not Found</h1>")
+							}
+							return
+						case 200:
+							if r2 := f.rewriteRequest(r, strings.TrimPrefix(redirect.To, baseURL.Path())); r2 != nil {
+								requestURI = redirect.To
+								r = r2
+							}
+						default:
+							w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "")
+							http.Redirect(w, r, redirect.To, redirect.Status)
+							return
+
+						}
 					}
 				}
-
 			}

 			if f.c.fastRenderMode && f.c.errState.buildErr() == nil {
-				if strings.HasSuffix(requestURI, "/") || strings.HasSuffix(requestURI, "html") || strings.HasSuffix(requestURI, "htm") {
+				if isNavigation(requestURI, r) {
+					// See issue 14240.
+					// Hugo escapes the URL paths when generating them,
+					// that may not be the case when we receive it back from the browser.
+					// PathEscape will escape if it is not already escaped.
+					requestURI = paths.PathEscape(requestURI)
+
 					if !f.c.visitedURLs.Contains(requestURI) {
 						// If not already on stack, re-render that single page.
 						if err := f.c.partialReRender(requestURI); err != nil {
@@ -448,6 +463,7 @@ type serverCommand struct {
 	// Flags.
 	renderStaticToDisk  bool
 	navigateToChanged   bool
+	openBrowser         bool
 	serverAppend        bool
 	serverInterface     string
 	tlsCertFile         string
@@ -483,9 +499,7 @@ func (c *serverCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, arg

 		watchGroups := helpers.ExtractAndGroupRootPaths(watchDirs)

-		for _, group := range watchGroups {
-			c.r.Printf("Watching for changes in %s\n", group)
-		}
+		c.r.Printf("Watching for changes in %s\n", strings.Join(watchGroups, ", "))
 		watcher, err := c.newWatcher(c.r.poll, watchDirs...)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -539,6 +553,7 @@ of a second, you will be able to save and see your changes nearly instantly.`
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&c.serverAppend, "appendPort", "", true, "append port to baseURL")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&c.disableLiveReload, "disableLiveReload", false, "watch without enabling live browser reload on rebuild")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&c.navigateToChanged, "navigateToChanged", "N", false, "navigate to changed content file on live browser reload")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&c.openBrowser, "openBrowser", "O", false, "open the site in a browser after server startup")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&c.renderStaticToDisk, "renderStaticToDisk", false, "serve static files from disk and dynamic files from memory")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&c.disableFastRender, "disableFastRender", false, "enables full re-renders on changes")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&c.disableBrowserError, "disableBrowserError", false, "do not show build errors in the browser")
@@ -648,9 +663,8 @@ func (c *serverCommand) setServerInfoInConfig() error {
 }

 func (c *serverCommand) getErrorWithContext() any {
-	errCount := c.errCount()
-
-	if errCount == 0 {
+	buildErr := c.errState.buildErr()
+	if buildErr == nil {
 		return nil
 	}

@@ -659,7 +673,7 @@ func (c *serverCommand) getErrorWithContext() any {
 	m["Error"] = cleanErrorLog(c.r.logger.Errors())

 	m["Version"] = hugo.BuildVersionString()
-	ferrors := herrors.UnwrapFileErrorsWithErrorContext(c.errState.buildErr())
+	ferrors := herrors.UnwrapFileErrorsWithErrorContext(buildErr)
 	m["Files"] = ferrors

 	return m
@@ -750,7 +764,7 @@ func (c *serverCommand) createServerPorts(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
 			c.serverPorts = make([]serverPortListener, len(conf.configs.Languages))
 		}
 		currentServerPort := c.serverPort
-		for i := 0; i < len(c.serverPorts); i++ {
+		for i := range c.serverPorts {
 			l, err := net.Listen("tcp", net.JoinHostPort(c.serverInterface, strconv.Itoa(currentServerPort)))
 			if err == nil {
 				c.serverPorts[i] = serverPortListener{ln: l, p: currentServerPort}
@@ -830,22 +844,25 @@ func (c *serverCommand) fixURL(baseURLFromConfig, baseURLFromFlag string, port i
 	return u.String(), nil
 }

-func (c *serverCommand) partialReRender(urls ...string) error {
+func (c *serverCommand) partialReRender(urls ...string) (err error) {
 	defer func() {
 		c.errState.setWasErr(false)
 	}()
-	c.errState.setBuildErr(nil)
-	visited := types.NewEvictingStringQueue(len(urls))
+	visited := types.NewEvictingQueue[string](len(urls))
 	for _, url := range urls {
 		visited.Add(url)
 	}

-	h, err := c.hugo()
+	var h *hugolib.HugoSites
+	h, err = c.hugo()
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return
 	}
+
 	// Note: We do not set NoBuildLock as the file lock is not acquired at this stage.
-	return h.Build(hugolib.BuildCfg{NoBuildLock: false, RecentlyVisited: visited, PartialReRender: true, ErrRecovery: c.errState.wasErr()})
+	err = h.Build(hugolib.BuildCfg{NoBuildLock: false, RecentlyTouched: visited, PartialReRender: true, ErrRecovery: c.errState.wasErr()})
+
+	return
 }

 func (c *serverCommand) serve() error {
@@ -868,7 +885,7 @@ func (c *serverCommand) serve() error {
 		if isMultihost {
 			for _, l := range conf.configs.ConfigLangs() {
 				baseURLs = append(baseURLs, l.BaseURL())
-				roots = append(roots, l.Language().Lang)
+				roots = append(roots, l.Language().(*langs.Language).Lang)
 			}
 		} else {
 			l := conf.configs.GetFirstLanguageConfig()
@@ -886,16 +903,16 @@ func (c *serverCommand) serve() error {
 	// To allow the en user to change the error template while the server is running, we use
 	// the freshest template we can provide.
 	var (
-		errTempl     tpl.Template
-		templHandler tpl.TemplateHandler
+		errTempl     *tplimpl.TemplInfo
+		templHandler *tplimpl.TemplateStore
 	)
-	getErrorTemplateAndHandler := func(h *hugolib.HugoSites) (tpl.Template, tpl.TemplateHandler) {
+	getErrorTemplateAndHandler := func(h *hugolib.HugoSites) (*tplimpl.TemplInfo, *tplimpl.TemplateStore) {
 		if h == nil {
 			return errTempl, templHandler
 		}
-		templHandler := h.Tmpl()
-		errTempl, found := templHandler.Lookup("_server/error.html")
-		if !found {
+		templHandler := h.GetTemplateStore()
+		errTempl := templHandler.LookupByPath("/_server/error.html")
+		if errTempl == nil {
 			panic("template server/error.html not found")
 		}
 		return errTempl, templHandler
@@ -996,6 +1013,13 @@ func (c *serverCommand) serve() error {

 	c.r.Println("Press Ctrl+C to stop")

+	if c.openBrowser {
+		// There may be more than one baseURL in multihost mode, open the first.
+		if err := browser.OpenURL(baseURLs[0].String()); err != nil {
+			c.r.logger.Warnf("Failed to open browser: %s", err)
+		}
+	}
+
 	err = func() error {
 		for {
 			select {
@@ -1016,7 +1040,6 @@ func (c *serverCommand) serve() error {
 	defer cancel()
 	wg2, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
 	for _, srv := range servers {
-		srv := srv
 		wg2.Go(func() error {
 			return srv.Shutdown(ctx)
 		})
@@ -1148,7 +1171,6 @@ func chmodFilter(dst, src os.FileInfo) bool {
 }

 func cleanErrorLog(content string) string {
-	content = strings.ReplaceAll(content, "\n", " ")
 	content = logReplacer.Replace(content)
 	content = logDuplicateTemplateExecuteRe.ReplaceAllString(content, "")
 	content = logDuplicateTemplateParseRe.ReplaceAllString(content, "")
@@ -1216,3 +1238,24 @@ func formatByteCount(b uint64) string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%.1f %cB",
 		float64(b)/float64(div), "kMGTPE"[exp])
 }
+
+func canRedirect(requestURIWithoutQuery string, r *http.Request) bool {
+	if r.Header.Get(hugoHeaderRedirect) != "" {
+		return false
+	}
+	return isNavigation(requestURIWithoutQuery, r)
+}
+
+// Sec-Fetch-Mode should be sent by all recent browser versions, see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Sec-Fetch-Mode#navigate
+// Fall back to the file extension if not set.
+// The main take here is that we don't want to have CSS/JS files etc. partake in this logic.
+func isNavigation(requestURIWithoutQuery string, r *http.Request) bool {
+	return r.Header.Get("Sec-Fetch-Mode") == "navigate" || isPropablyHTMLRequest(requestURIWithoutQuery)
+}
+
+func isPropablyHTMLRequest(requestURIWithoutQuery string) bool {
+	if strings.HasSuffix(requestURIWithoutQuery, "/") || strings.HasSuffix(requestURIWithoutQuery, "html") || strings.HasSuffix(requestURIWithoutQuery, "htm") {
+		return true
+	}
+	return !strings.Contains(requestURIWithoutQuery, ".")
+}
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ package collections
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
+
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hreflect"
 )

 // Append appends from to a slice to and returns the resulting slice.
@@ -25,7 +27,7 @@ func Append(to any, from ...any) (any, error) {
 	if len(from) == 0 {
 		return to, nil
 	}
-	tov, toIsNil := indirect(reflect.ValueOf(to))
+	tov, toIsNil := hreflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(to))

 	toIsNil = toIsNil || to == nil
 	var tot reflect.Type
@@ -100,7 +102,7 @@ func Append(to any, from ...any) (any, error) {
 		fv := reflect.ValueOf(f)
 		if !fv.IsValid() || !fv.Type().AssignableTo(tot) {
 			// Fall back to a []interface{} slice.
-			tov, _ := indirect(reflect.ValueOf(to))
+			tov, _ := hreflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(to))
 			return appendToInterfaceSlice(tov, from...)
 		}
 		tov = reflect.Append(tov, fv)
@@ -117,7 +119,7 @@ func appendToInterfaceSliceFromValues(slice1, slice2 reflect.Value) ([]any, erro
 			tos = append(tos, nil)
 			continue
 		}
-		for i := 0; i < slice.Len(); i++ {
+		for i := range slice.Len() {
 			tos = append(tos, slice.Index(i).Interface())
 		}
 	}
@@ -128,7 +130,7 @@ func appendToInterfaceSliceFromValues(slice1, slice2 reflect.Value) ([]any, erro
 func appendToInterfaceSlice(tov reflect.Value, from ...any) ([]any, error) {
 	var tos []any

-	for i := 0; i < tov.Len(); i++ {
+	for i := range tov.Len() {
 		tos = append(tos, tov.Index(i).Interface())
 	}

@@ -136,17 +138,3 @@ func appendToInterfaceSlice(tov reflect.Value, from ...any) ([]any, error) {

 	return tos, nil
 }
-
-// indirect is borrowed from the Go stdlib: 'text/template/exec.go'
-// TODO(bep) consolidate
-func indirect(v reflect.Value) (rv reflect.Value, isNil bool) {
-	for ; v.Kind() == reflect.Ptr || v.Kind() == reflect.Interface; v = v.Elem() {
-		if v.IsNil() {
-			return v, true
-		}
-		if v.Kind() == reflect.Interface && v.NumMethod() > 0 {
-			break
-		}
-	}
-	return v, false
-}
@@ -77,6 +77,7 @@ func TestAppend(t *testing.T) {
 		{[]string{"a", "b"}, []any{nil}, []any{"a", "b", nil}},
 		{[]string{"a", "b"}, []any{nil, "d", nil}, []any{"a", "b", nil, "d", nil}},
 		{[]any{"a", nil, "c"}, []any{"d", nil, "f"}, []any{"a", nil, "c", "d", nil, "f"}},
+		{[]string{"a", "b"}, []any{}, []string{"a", "b"}},
 	} {

 		result, err := Append(test.start, test.addend...)
@@ -136,3 +136,37 @@ func TestSortedStringSlice(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Assert(s.Count("z"), qt.Equals, 0)
 	c.Assert(s.Count("a"), qt.Equals, 1)
 }
+
+func TestStringSliceToInterfaceSlice(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		in   []string
+		want []any
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "empty slice",
+			in:   []string{},
+			want: []any{},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "single element",
+			in:   []string{"hello"},
+			want: []any{"hello"},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "multiple elements",
+			in:   []string{"a", "b", "c"},
+			want: []any{"a", "b", "c"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := StringSliceToInterfaceSlice(tt.in)
+			c.Assert(got, qt.DeepEquals, tt.want)
+		})
+	}
+}
@@ -13,26 +13,32 @@

 package collections

-import "sync"
+import (
+	"iter"
+	"slices"
+	"sync"

-// Stack is a simple LIFO stack that is safe for concurrent use.
-type Stack[T any] struct {
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hiter"
+)
+
+// StackThreadSafe is a simple LIFO stack that is safe for concurrent use.
+type StackThreadSafe[T any] struct {
 	items []T
 	zero  T
 	mu    sync.RWMutex
 }

-func NewStack[T any]() *Stack[T] {
-	return &Stack[T]{}
+func NewStackThreadSafe[T any]() *StackThreadSafe[T] {
+	return &StackThreadSafe[T]{}
 }

-func (s *Stack[T]) Push(item T) {
+func (s *StackThreadSafe[T]) Push(item T) {
 	s.mu.Lock()
 	defer s.mu.Unlock()
 	s.items = append(s.items, item)
 }

-func (s *Stack[T]) Pop() (T, bool) {
+func (s *StackThreadSafe[T]) Pop() (T, bool) {
 	s.mu.Lock()
 	defer s.mu.Unlock()
 	if len(s.items) == 0 {
@@ -43,7 +49,7 @@ func (s *Stack[T]) Pop() (T, bool) {
 	return item, true
 }

-func (s *Stack[T]) Peek() (T, bool) {
+func (s *StackThreadSafe[T]) Peek() (T, bool) {
 	s.mu.RLock()
 	defer s.mu.RUnlock()
 	if len(s.items) == 0 {
@@ -52,13 +58,18 @@ func (s *Stack[T]) Peek() (T, bool) {
 	return s.items[len(s.items)-1], true
 }

-func (s *Stack[T]) Len() int {
+func (s *StackThreadSafe[T]) Len() int {
 	s.mu.RLock()
 	defer s.mu.RUnlock()
 	return len(s.items)
 }

-func (s *Stack[T]) Drain() []T {
+// All returns all items in the stack, from bottom to top.
+func (s *StackThreadSafe[T]) All() iter.Seq2[int, T] {
+	return hiter.Lock2(slices.All(s.items), s.mu.RLock, s.mu.RUnlock)
+}
+
+func (s *StackThreadSafe[T]) Drain() []T {
 	s.mu.Lock()
 	defer s.mu.Unlock()
 	items := s.items
@@ -66,15 +77,59 @@ func (s *Stack[T]) Drain() []T {
 	return items
 }

-func (s *Stack[T]) DrainMatching(predicate func(T) bool) []T {
+func (s *StackThreadSafe[T]) DrainMatching(predicate func(T) bool) []T {
 	s.mu.Lock()
 	defer s.mu.Unlock()
 	var items []T
 	for i := len(s.items) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
 		if predicate(s.items[i]) {
 			items = append(items, s.items[i])
-			s.items = append(s.items[:i], s.items[i+1:]...)
+			s.items = slices.Delete(s.items, i, i+1)
 		}
 	}
 	return items
 }
+
+// Stack is a simple LIFO stack that is not safe for concurrent use.
+type Stack[T any] struct {
+	items []T
+	zero  T
+}
+
+func NewStack[T any]() *Stack[T] {
+	return &Stack[T]{}
+}
+
+func (s *Stack[T]) Push(item T) {
+	s.items = append(s.items, item)
+}
+
+func (s *Stack[T]) Pop() (T, bool) {
+	if len(s.items) == 0 {
+		return s.zero, false
+	}
+	item := s.items[len(s.items)-1]
+	s.items = s.items[:len(s.items)-1]
+	return item, true
+}
+
+func (s *Stack[T]) Peek() (T, bool) {
+	if len(s.items) == 0 {
+		return s.zero, false
+	}
+	return s.items[len(s.items)-1], true
+}
+
+func (s *Stack[T]) Len() int {
+	return len(s.items)
+}
+
+func (s *Stack[T]) All() iter.Seq2[int, T] {
+	return slices.All(s.items)
+}
+
+func (s *Stack[T]) Drain() []T {
+	items := s.items
+	s.items = nil
+	return items
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+package collections
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+)
+
+func TestNewStack(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	s := NewStackThreadSafe[int]()
+
+	c.Assert(s, qt.IsNotNil)
+}
+
+func TestStackBasic(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	s := NewStackThreadSafe[int]()
+
+	c.Assert(s.Len(), qt.Equals, 0)
+
+	s.Push(1)
+	s.Push(2)
+	s.Push(3)
+
+	c.Assert(s.Len(), qt.Equals, 3)
+
+	top, ok := s.Peek()
+	c.Assert(ok, qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(top, qt.Equals, 3)
+
+	popped, ok := s.Pop()
+	c.Assert(ok, qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(popped, qt.Equals, 3)
+
+	c.Assert(s.Len(), qt.Equals, 2)
+
+	_, _ = s.Pop()
+	_, _ = s.Pop()
+	_, ok = s.Pop()
+
+	c.Assert(ok, qt.Equals, false)
+}
+
+func TestStackDrain(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	s := NewStackThreadSafe[string]()
+	s.Push("a")
+	s.Push("b")
+
+	got := s.Drain()
+
+	c.Assert(got, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"a", "b"})
+	c.Assert(s.Len(), qt.Equals, 0)
+}
+
+func TestStackDrainMatching(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	s := NewStackThreadSafe[int]()
+	s.Push(1)
+	s.Push(2)
+	s.Push(3)
+	s.Push(4)
+
+	got := s.DrainMatching(func(v int) bool { return v%2 == 0 })
+
+	c.Assert(got, qt.DeepEquals, []int{4, 2})
+	c.Assert(s.Drain(), qt.DeepEquals, []int{1, 3})
+}
@@ -21,6 +21,10 @@ const (
 	ErrRemoteGetCSV  = "error-remote-getcsv"

 	WarnFrontMatterParamsOverrides = "warning-frontmatter-params-overrides"
+	WarnRenderShortcodesInHTML     = "warning-rendershortcodes-in-html"
+	WarnGoldmarkRawHTML            = "warning-goldmark-raw-html"
+	WarnPartialSuperfluousPrefix   = "warning-partial-superfluous-prefix"
+	WarnHomePageIsLeafBundle       = "warning-home-page-is-leaf-bundle"
 )

 // Field/method names with special meaning.
@@ -39,7 +43,7 @@ const (
 	ResourceTransformationFingerprint = "fingerprint"
 )

-// IsResourceTransformationLinkChange returns whether the given name is a resource transformation that changes the permalink based on the content.
+// IsResourceTransformationPermalinkHash returns whether the given name is a resource transformation that changes the permalink based on the content.
 func IsResourceTransformationPermalinkHash(name string) bool {
 	return name == ResourceTransformationFingerprint
 }
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import (

 	"github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hashstructure"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugio"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/identity"
 )

@@ -38,6 +39,47 @@ func XXHashFromReader(r io.Reader) (uint64, int64, error) {
 	return h.Sum64(), size, nil
 }

+type Hasher interface {
+	io.StringWriter
+	io.Writer
+	io.ReaderFrom
+	Sum64() uint64
+}
+
+type HashCloser interface {
+	Hasher
+	io.Closer
+}
+
+// XxHasher returns a Hasher that uses xxHash.
+// Remember to call Close when done.
+func XxHasher() HashCloser {
+	h := getXxHashReadFrom()
+	return struct {
+		Hasher
+		io.Closer
+	}{
+		Hasher: h,
+		Closer: hugio.CloserFunc(func() error {
+			putXxHashReadFrom(h)
+			return nil
+		}),
+	}
+}
+
+// XxHashFromReaderHexEncoded calculates the xxHash for the given reader
+// and returns the hash as a hex encoded string.
+func XxHashFromReaderHexEncoded(r io.Reader) (string, error) {
+	h := getXxHashReadFrom()
+	defer putXxHashReadFrom(h)
+	_, err := io.Copy(h, r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	hash := h.Sum(nil)
+	return hex.EncodeToString(hash), nil
+}
+
 // XXHashFromString calculates the xxHash for the given string.
 func XXHashFromString(s string) (uint64, error) {
 	h := xxhash.New()
@@ -70,6 +112,13 @@ func HashString(vs ...any) string {
 	return strconv.FormatUint(hash, 10)
 }

+// HashStringHex returns a hash from the given elements as a hex encoded string.
+// See HashString for more information.
+func HashStringHex(vs ...any) string {
+	hash := HashUint64(vs...)
+	return strconv.FormatUint(hash, 16)
+}
+
 var hashOptsPool = sync.Pool{
 	New: func() any {
 		return &hashstructure.HashOptions{
@@ -103,16 +152,24 @@ func HashUint64(vs ...any) uint64 {
 		o = elements
 	}

-	hashOpts := getHashOpts()
-	defer putHashOpts(hashOpts)
-
-	hash, err := hashstructure.Hash(o, hashOpts)
+	hash, err := Hash(o)
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
 	return hash
 }

+// Hash returns a hash from vs.
+func Hash(vs ...any) (uint64, error) {
+	hashOpts := getHashOpts()
+	defer putHashOpts(hashOpts)
+	var v any = vs
+	if len(vs) == 1 {
+		v = vs[0]
+	}
+	return hashstructure.Hash(v, hashOpts)
+}
+
 type keyer interface {
 	Key() string
 }
@@ -37,12 +37,11 @@ func TestXxHashFromReaderPara(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)

 	var wg sync.WaitGroup
-	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
-		i := i
+	for i := range 10 {
 		wg.Add(1)
 		go func() {
 			defer wg.Done()
-			for j := 0; j < 100; j++ {
+			for j := range 100 {
 				s := strings.Repeat("Hello ", i+j+1*42)
 				r := strings.NewReader(s)
 				got, size, err := XXHashFromReader(r)
@@ -75,8 +74,8 @@ func TestXxHashFromStringHexEncoded(t *testing.T) {

 func BenchmarkXXHashFromReader(b *testing.B) {
 	r := strings.NewReader("Hello World")
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+
+	for b.Loop() {
 		XXHashFromReader(r)
 		r.Seek(0, 0)
 	}
@@ -84,16 +83,16 @@ func BenchmarkXXHashFromReader(b *testing.B) {

 func BenchmarkXXHashFromString(b *testing.B) {
 	s := "Hello World"
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+
+	for b.Loop() {
 		XXHashFromString(s)
 	}
 }

 func BenchmarkXXHashFromStringHexEncoded(b *testing.B) {
 	s := "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+
+	for b.Loop() {
 		XxHashFromStringHexEncoded(s)
 	}
 }
@@ -136,9 +135,20 @@ func BenchmarkHashString(b *testing.B) {

 	for _, test := range tests {
 		b.Run(fmt.Sprintf("n%d", len(test)), func(b *testing.B) {
-			for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+			for b.Loop() {
 				HashString(test)
 			}
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func BenchmarkHashMap(b *testing.B) {
+	m := map[string]any{}
+	for i := range 1000 {
+		m[fmt.Sprintf("key%d", i)] = i
+	}
+
+	for b.Loop() {
+		HashString(m)
+	}
+}
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package hcontext
-
-import "context"
-
-// ContextDispatcher is a generic interface for setting and getting values from a context.
-type ContextDispatcher[T any] interface {
-	Set(ctx context.Context, value T) context.Context
-	Get(ctx context.Context) T
-}
-
-// NewContextDispatcher creates a new ContextDispatcher with the given key.
-func NewContextDispatcher[T any, R comparable](key R) ContextDispatcher[T] {
-	return keyInContext[T, R]{
-		id: key,
-	}
-}
-
-type keyInContext[T any, R comparable] struct {
-	zero T
-	id   R
-}
-
-func (f keyInContext[T, R]) Get(ctx context.Context) T {
-	v := ctx.Value(f.id)
-	if v == nil {
-		return f.zero
-	}
-	return v.(T)
-}
-
-func (f keyInContext[T, R]) Set(ctx context.Context, value T) context.Context {
-	return context.WithValue(ctx, f.id, value)
-}
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package hdebug
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/types"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/htesting"
+)
+
+// Printf is a debug print function that should be removed before committing code to the repository.
+func Printf(format string, args ...any) {
+	panicIfRealCI()
+	if len(args) == 1 && !strings.Contains(format, "%") {
+		format = format + ": %v"
+	}
+	if !strings.HasSuffix(format, "\n") {
+		format = format + "\n"
+	}
+	fmt.Printf(format, args...)
+}
+
+func AssertNotNil(a ...any) {
+	panicIfRealCI()
+	for _, v := range a {
+		if types.IsNil(v) {
+			panic("hdebug.AssertNotNil: value is nil")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func Panicf(format string, args ...any) {
+	panicIfRealCI()
+	// fmt.Println(stack())
+	if len(args) == 1 && !strings.Contains(format, "%") {
+		format = format + ": %v"
+	}
+	if !strings.HasSuffix(format, "\n") {
+		format = format + "\n"
+	}
+	panic(fmt.Sprintf(format, args...))
+}
+
+func panicIfRealCI() {
+	if htesting.IsRealCI() {
+		panic("This debug statement should be removed before committing code!")
+	}
+}
@@ -152,10 +152,7 @@ func locateError(r io.Reader, le FileError, matches LineMatcherFn) *ErrorContext
 	}

 	if ectx.Position.LineNumber > 0 {
-		low := ectx.Position.LineNumber - 3
-		if low < 0 {
-			low = 0
-		}
+		low := max(ectx.Position.LineNumber-3, 0)

 		if ectx.Position.LineNumber > 2 {
 			ectx.LinesPos = 2
@@ -163,10 +160,7 @@ func locateError(r io.Reader, le FileError, matches LineMatcherFn) *ErrorContext
 			ectx.LinesPos = ectx.Position.LineNumber - 1
 		}

-		high := ectx.Position.LineNumber + 2
-		if high > len(lines) {
-			high = len(lines)
-		}
+		high := min(ectx.Position.LineNumber+2, len(lines))

 		ectx.Lines = lines[low:high]

@@ -17,22 +17,13 @@ package herrors
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"io"
 	"os"
 	"regexp"
 	"runtime"
-	"runtime/debug"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 )

-// PrintStackTrace prints the current stacktrace to w.
-func PrintStackTrace(w io.Writer) {
-	buf := make([]byte, 1<<16)
-	runtime.Stack(buf, true)
-	fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s", buf)
-}
-
 // ErrorSender is a, typically, non-blocking error handler.
 type ErrorSender interface {
 	SendError(err error)
@@ -45,7 +36,9 @@ type ErrorSender interface {
 func Recover(args ...any) {
 	if r := recover(); r != nil {
 		fmt.Println("ERR:", r)
-		args = append(args, "stacktrace from panic: \n"+string(debug.Stack()), "\n")
+		buf := make([]byte, 64<<10)
+		buf = buf[:runtime.Stack(buf, false)]
+		args = append(args, "stacktrace from panic: \n"+string(buf), "\n")
 		fmt.Println(args...)
 	}
 }
@@ -133,6 +126,21 @@ func IsNotExist(err error) bool {
 	return false
 }

+// IsExist returns true if the error is a file exists error.
+// Unlike os.IsExist, this also considers wrapped errors.
+func IsExist(err error) bool {
+	if os.IsExist(err) {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	// os.IsExist does not consider wrapped errors.
+	if os.IsExist(errors.Unwrap(err)) {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	return false
+}
+
 var nilPointerErrRe = regexp.MustCompile(`at <(.*)>: error calling (.*?): runtime error: invalid memory address or nil pointer dereference`)

 const deferredPrefix = "__hdeferred/"
@@ -20,8 +20,6 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"path/filepath"

-	godartsassv1 "github.com/bep/godartsass"
-
 	"github.com/bep/godartsass/v2"
 	"github.com/bep/golibsass/libsass/libsasserrors"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/paths"
@@ -112,11 +110,11 @@ func (fe *fileError) UpdateContent(r io.Reader, linematcher LineMatcherFn) FileE

 	fe.errorContext = ectx

-	if ectx.Position.LineNumber > 0 {
+	if ectx.Position.LineNumber > 0 && ectx.Position.LineNumber > fe.position.LineNumber {
 		fe.position.LineNumber = ectx.Position.LineNumber
 	}

-	if ectx.Position.ColumnNumber > 0 {
+	if ectx.Position.ColumnNumber > 0 && ectx.Position.ColumnNumber > fe.position.ColumnNumber {
 		fe.position.ColumnNumber = ectx.Position.ColumnNumber
 	}

@@ -153,8 +151,6 @@ func (e *fileError) causeString() string {
 	// Avoid repeating the file info in the error message.
 	case godartsass.SassError:
 		return v.Message
-	case godartsassv1.SassError:
-		return v.Message
 	case libsasserrors.Error:
 		return v.Message
 	default:
@@ -181,6 +177,7 @@ func NewFileErrorFromName(err error, name string) FileError {
 	// Filetype is used to determine the Chroma lexer to use.
 	fileType, pos := extractFileTypePos(err)
 	pos.Filename = name
+
 	if fileType == "" {
 		_, fileType = paths.FileAndExtNoDelimiter(filepath.Clean(name))
 	}
@@ -238,7 +235,9 @@ func NewFileErrorFromFile(err error, filename string, fs afero.Fs, linematcher L
 		return NewFileErrorFromName(err, realFilename)
 	}
 	defer f.Close()
-	return NewFileErrorFromName(err, realFilename).UpdateContent(f, linematcher)
+	fe := NewFileErrorFromName(err, realFilename)
+	fe = fe.UpdateContent(f, linematcher)
+	return fe
 }

 func openFile(filename string, fs afero.Fs) (afero.File, string, error) {
@@ -262,16 +261,79 @@ func openFile(filename string, fs afero.Fs) (afero.File, string, error) {
 	return f, realFilename, nil
 }

-// Cause returns the underlying error or itself if it does not implement Unwrap.
+// Cause returns the underlying error, that is,
+// it unwraps errors until it finds one that does not implement
+// the Unwrap method.
+// For a shallow variant, see Unwrap.
 func Cause(err error) error {
+	type unwrapper interface {
+		Unwrap() error
+	}
+
+	for err != nil {
+		cause, ok := err.(unwrapper)
+		if !ok {
+			break
+		}
+		err = cause.Unwrap()
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// Unwrap returns the underlying error or itself if it does not implement Unwrap.
+func Unwrap(err error) error {
 	if u := errors.Unwrap(err); u != nil {
 		return u
 	}
 	return err
 }

+// UnwrapFileErrors returns all FileError contained in err.
+func UnwrapFileErrors(err error) []FileError {
+	if err == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	errs := Errors(err)
+	var fileErrors []FileError
+	for _, e := range errs {
+		if v, ok := e.(FileError); ok {
+			fileErrors = append(fileErrors, v)
+		}
+		fileErrors = append(fileErrors, UnwrapFileErrors(errors.Unwrap(e))...)
+	}
+	return fileErrors
+}
+
+// UnwrapFileErrorsWithErrorContext tries to unwrap all FileError in err that has an ErrorContext.
+func UnwrapFileErrorsWithErrorContext(err error) []FileError {
+	errs := UnwrapFileErrors(err)
+	var n int
+	for _, e := range errs {
+		if e.ErrorContext() != nil {
+			errs[n] = e
+			n++
+		}
+	}
+	return errs[:n]
+}
+
+// Errors returns the list of errors contained in err.
+func Errors(err error) []error {
+	if err == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	type unwrapper interface {
+		Unwrap() []error
+	}
+	if u, ok := err.(unwrapper); ok {
+		return u.Unwrap()
+	}
+	return []error{err}
+}
+
 func extractFileTypePos(err error) (string, text.Position) {
-	err = Cause(err)
+	err = Unwrap(err)

 	var fileType string

@@ -306,13 +368,9 @@ func extractFileTypePos(err error) (string, text.Position) {
 	}

 	// Look in the error message for the line number.
-	for _, handle := range lineNumberExtractors {
-		lno, col := handle(err)
-		if lno > 0 {
-			pos.ColumnNumber = col
-			pos.LineNumber = lno
-			break
-		}
+	if lno, col := commonLineNumberExtractor(err); lno > 0 {
+		pos.ColumnNumber = col
+		pos.LineNumber = lno
 	}

 	if fileType == "" && pos.Filename != "" {
@@ -336,30 +394,6 @@ func UnwrapFileError(err error) FileError {
 	return nil
 }

-// UnwrapFileErrors tries to unwrap all FileError.
-func UnwrapFileErrors(err error) []FileError {
-	var errs []FileError
-	for err != nil {
-		if v, ok := err.(FileError); ok {
-			errs = append(errs, v)
-		}
-		err = errors.Unwrap(err)
-	}
-	return errs
-}
-
-// UnwrapFileErrorsWithErrorContext tries to unwrap all FileError in err that has an ErrorContext.
-func UnwrapFileErrorsWithErrorContext(err error) []FileError {
-	var errs []FileError
-	for err != nil {
-		if v, ok := err.(FileError); ok && v.ErrorContext() != nil {
-			errs = append(errs, v)
-		}
-		err = errors.Unwrap(err)
-	}
-	return errs
-}
-
 func extractOffsetAndType(e error) (int, string) {
 	switch v := e.(type) {
 	case *json.UnmarshalTypeError:
@@ -388,14 +422,7 @@ func extractPosition(e error) (pos text.Position) {
 	case godartsass.SassError:
 		span := v.Span
 		start := span.Start
-		filename, _ := paths.UrlToFilename(span.Url)
-		pos.Filename = filename
-		pos.Offset = start.Offset
-		pos.ColumnNumber = start.Column
-	case godartsassv1.SassError:
-		span := v.Span
-		start := span.Start
-		filename, _ := paths.UrlToFilename(span.Url)
+		filename, _ := paths.UrlStringToFilename(span.Url)
 		pos.Filename = filename
 		pos.Offset = start.Offset
 		pos.ColumnNumber = start.Column
@@ -19,17 +19,27 @@ import (
 )

 var lineNumberExtractors = []lineNumberExtractor{
+	// YAML parse errors.
+	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp(`\[(\d+):(\d+)\]`),
+
 	// Template/shortcode parse errors
 	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp(`:(\d+):(\d*):`),
 	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp(`:(\d+):`),

-	// YAML parse errors
-	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp(`line (\d+):`),
-
 	// i18n bundle errors
 	newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp(`\((\d+),\s(\d*)`),
 }

+func commonLineNumberExtractor(e error) (int, int) {
+	for _, handler := range lineNumberExtractors {
+		lno, col := handler(e)
+		if lno > 0 {
+			return lno, col
+		}
+	}
+	return 0, 0
+}
+
 type lineNumberExtractor func(e error) (int, int)

 func newLineNumberErrHandlerFromRegexp(expression string) lineNumberExtractor {
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2021 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -11,26 +11,21 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-//go:build !extended
-// +build !extended
-
-package webp
+package herrors

 import (
-	"image"
-	"io"
+	"errors"
+	"testing"

-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/herrors"
-
-	"github.com/bep/gowebp/libwebp/webpoptions"
+	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
 )

-// Encode is only available in the extended version.
-func Encode(w io.Writer, m image.Image, o webpoptions.EncodingOptions) error {
-	return herrors.ErrFeatureNotAvailable
-}
+func TestCommonLineNumberExtractor(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()

-// Supports returns whether webp encoding is supported in this build.
-func Supports() bool {
-	return false
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	lno, col := commonLineNumberExtractor(errors.New("[4:9] value is not allowed in this context"))
+	c.Assert(lno, qt.Equals, 4)
+	c.Assert(col, qt.Equals, 9)
 }
@@ -26,7 +26,9 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"sync"

-	"github.com/cli/safeexec"
+	"github.com/bep/logg"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config/security"
 )
@@ -86,7 +88,7 @@ var WithEnviron = func(env []string) func(c *commandeer) {
 }

 // New creates a new Exec using the provided security config.
-func New(cfg security.Config, workingDir string) *Exec {
+func New(cfg security.Config, workingDir string, log loggers.Logger) *Exec {
 	var baseEnviron []string
 	for _, v := range os.Environ() {
 		k, _ := config.SplitEnvVar(v)
@@ -96,9 +98,11 @@ func New(cfg security.Config, workingDir string) *Exec {
 	}

 	return &Exec{
-		sc:          cfg,
-		workingDir:  workingDir,
-		baseEnviron: baseEnviron,
+		sc:                cfg,
+		workingDir:        workingDir,
+		infol:             log.InfoCommand("exec"),
+		baseEnviron:       baseEnviron,
+		newNPXRunnerCache: maps.NewCache[string, func(arg ...any) (Runner, error)](),
 	}
 }

@@ -108,28 +112,18 @@ func IsNotFound(err error) bool {
 	return errors.As(err, &notFoundErr)
 }

-// SafeCommand is a wrapper around os/exec Command which uses a LookPath
-// implementation that does not search in current directory before looking in PATH.
-// See https://github.com/cli/safeexec and the linked issues.
-func SafeCommand(name string, arg ...string) (*exec.Cmd, error) {
-	bin, err := safeexec.LookPath(name)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return exec.Command(bin, arg...), nil
-}
-
 // Exec enforces a security policy for commands run via os/exec.
 type Exec struct {
 	sc         security.Config
 	workingDir string
+	infol      logg.LevelLogger

 	// os.Environ filtered by the Exec.OsEnviron whitelist filter.
 	baseEnviron []string

-	npxInit      sync.Once
-	npxAvailable bool
+	newNPXRunnerCache *maps.Cache[string, func(arg ...any) (Runner, error)]
+	npxInit           sync.Once
+	npxAvailable      bool
 }

 func (e *Exec) New(name string, arg ...any) (Runner, error) {
@@ -155,25 +149,86 @@ func (e *Exec) new(name string, fullyQualifiedName string, arg ...any) (Runner,
 	return cm.command(arg...)
 }

+type binaryLocation int
+
+func (b binaryLocation) String() string {
+	switch b {
+	case binaryLocationNodeModules:
+		return "node_modules/.bin"
+	case binaryLocationNpx:
+		return "npx"
+	case binaryLocationPath:
+		return "PATH"
+	}
+	return "unknown"
+}
+
+const (
+	binaryLocationNodeModules binaryLocation = iota + 1
+	binaryLocationNpx
+	binaryLocationPath
+)
+
 // Npx will in order:
 // 1. Try fo find the binary in the WORKINGDIR/node_modules/.bin directory.
 // 2. If not found, and npx is available, run npx --no-install <name> <args>.
 // 3. Fall back to the PATH.
+// If name is "tailwindcss", we will try the PATH as the second option.
 func (e *Exec) Npx(name string, arg ...any) (Runner, error) {
-	// npx is slow, so first try the common case.
-	nodeBinFilename := filepath.Join(e.workingDir, nodeModulesBinPath, name)
-	_, err := safeexec.LookPath(nodeBinFilename)
-	if err == nil {
-		return e.new(name, nodeBinFilename, arg...)
+	if err := e.sc.CheckAllowedExec(name); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}
-	e.checkNpx()
-	if e.npxAvailable {
-		r, err := e.npx(name, arg...)
-		if err == nil {
-			return r, nil
+
+	newRunner, err := e.newNPXRunnerCache.GetOrCreate(name, func() (func(...any) (Runner, error), error) {
+		type tryFunc func() func(...any) (Runner, error)
+		tryFuncs := map[binaryLocation]tryFunc{
+			binaryLocationNodeModules: func() func(...any) (Runner, error) {
+				nodeBinFilename := filepath.Join(e.workingDir, nodeModulesBinPath, name)
+				_, err := exec.LookPath(nodeBinFilename)
+				if err != nil {
+					return nil
+				}
+				return func(arg2 ...any) (Runner, error) {
+					return e.new(name, nodeBinFilename, arg2...)
+				}
+			},
+			binaryLocationNpx: func() func(...any) (Runner, error) {
+				e.checkNpx()
+				if !e.npxAvailable {
+					return nil
+				}
+				return func(arg2 ...any) (Runner, error) {
+					return e.npx(name, arg2...)
+				}
+			},
+			binaryLocationPath: func() func(...any) (Runner, error) {
+				if _, err := exec.LookPath(name); err != nil {
+					return nil
+				}
+				return func(arg2 ...any) (Runner, error) {
+					return e.New(name, arg2...)
+				}
+			},
 		}
+
+		locations := []binaryLocation{binaryLocationNodeModules, binaryLocationNpx, binaryLocationPath}
+		if name == "tailwindcss" {
+			// See https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/issues/13221#issuecomment-2574801253
+			locations = []binaryLocation{binaryLocationNodeModules, binaryLocationPath, binaryLocationNpx}
+		}
+		for _, loc := range locations {
+			if f := tryFuncs[loc](); f != nil {
+				e.infol.Logf("resolve %q using %s", name, loc)
+				return f, nil
+			}
+		}
+		return nil, &NotFoundError{name: name, method: fmt.Sprintf("in %s", locations[len(locations)-1])}
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}
-	return e.New(name, arg...)
+
+	return newRunner(arg...)
 }

 const (
@@ -278,7 +333,7 @@ func (c *commandeer) command(arg ...any) (*cmdWrapper, error) {
 		bin = c.fullyQualifiedName
 	} else {
 		var err error
-		bin, err = safeexec.LookPath(c.name)
+		bin, err = exec.LookPath(c.name)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, &NotFoundError{
 				name:   c.name,
@@ -316,7 +371,7 @@ func InPath(binaryName string) bool {
 	if strings.Contains(binaryName, "/") {
 		panic("binary name should not contain any slash")
 	}
-	_, err := safeexec.LookPath(binaryName)
+	_, err := exec.LookPath(binaryName)
 	return err == nil
 }

@@ -326,7 +381,7 @@ func LookPath(binaryName string) string {
 	if strings.Contains(binaryName, "/") {
 		panic("binary name should not contain any slash")
 	}
-	s, err := safeexec.LookPath(binaryName)
+	s, err := exec.LookPath(binaryName)
 	if err != nil {
 		return ""
 	}
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+// Package himage provides some high level image types and interfaces.
+package himage
+
+import "image"
+
+// AnimatedImage represents an animated image.
+// This is currently supported for GIF and WebP images.
+type AnimatedImage interface {
+	image.Image        // The first frame.
+	GetRaw() any       // *gif.GIF or *WEBP.
+	GetLoopCount() int // Number of times to loop the animation. 0 means infinite.
+	ImageFrames
+}
+
+// ImageFrames provides access to the frames of an animated image.
+type ImageFrames interface {
+	GetFrames() []image.Image
+
+	// Frame durations in milliseconds.
+	// Note that Gif frame durations are in 100ths of a second,
+	// so they need to be multiplied by 10 to get milliseconds and vice versa.
+	GetFrameDurations() []int
+
+	SetFrames(frames []image.Image)
+	SetWidthHeight(width, height int)
+}
+
+// ImageConfigProvider provides access to the image.Config of an image.
+type ImageConfigProvider interface {
+	GetImageConfig() image.Config
+}
+
+// FrameDurationsToGifDelays converts frame durations in milliseconds to
+// GIF delays in 100ths of a second.
+func FrameDurationsToGifDelays(frameDurations []int) []int {
+	delays := make([]int, len(frameDurations))
+	for i, fd := range frameDurations {
+		delays[i] = fd / 10
+		if delays[i] == 0 && fd > 0 {
+			delays[i] = 1
+		}
+	}
+	return delays
+}
+
+// GifDelaysToFrameDurations converts GIF delays in 100ths of a second to
+// frame durations in milliseconds.
+func GifDelaysToFrameDurations(delays []int) []int {
+	frameDurations := make([]int, len(delays))
+	for i, d := range delays {
+		frameDurations[i] = d * 10
+	}
+	return frameDurations
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+package hiter
+
+// Common iterator functions.
+// Some of these are are based on this discsussion: https://github.com/golang/go/issues/61898
+
+import "iter"
+
+// Concat returns an iterator over the concatenation of the sequences.
+// Any nil sequences are ignored.
+func Concat[V any](seqs ...iter.Seq[V]) iter.Seq[V] {
+	return func(yield func(V) bool) {
+		for _, seq := range seqs {
+			if seq == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			for e := range seq {
+				if !yield(e) {
+					return
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Concat2 returns an iterator over the concatenation of the sequences.
+// Any nil sequences are ignored.
+func Concat2[K, V any](seqs ...iter.Seq2[K, V]) iter.Seq2[K, V] {
+	return func(yield func(K, V) bool) {
+		for _, seq := range seqs {
+			if seq == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			for k, v := range seq {
+				if !yield(k, v) {
+					return
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Lock returns an iterator that locks before iterating and unlocks after.
+func Lock[V any](seq iter.Seq[V], lock, unlock func()) iter.Seq[V] {
+	return func(yield func(V) bool) {
+		lock()
+		defer unlock()
+		for e := range seq {
+			if !yield(e) {
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Lock2 returns an iterator that locks before iterating and unlocks after.
+func Lock2[K, V any](seq iter.Seq2[K, V], lock, unlock func()) iter.Seq2[K, V] {
+	return func(yield func(K, V) bool) {
+		lock()
+		defer unlock()
+		for k, v := range seq {
+			if !yield(k, v) {
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package hreflect
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"reflect"
+)
+
+var (
+	typeInt64   = reflect.TypeFor[int64]()
+	typeFloat64 = reflect.TypeFor[float64]()
+	typeString  = reflect.TypeFor[string]()
+)
+
+// ToInt64 converts v to int64 if possible, returning an error if not.
+func ToInt64E(v reflect.Value) (int64, error) {
+	if v, ok := ConvertIfPossible(v, typeInt64); ok {
+		return v.Int(), nil
+	}
+	return 0, errConvert(v, "int64")
+}
+
+// ToInt64 converts v to int64 if possible. It panics if the conversion is not possible.
+func ToInt64(v reflect.Value) int64 {
+	vv, err := ToInt64E(v)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return vv
+}
+
+// ToFloat64E converts v to float64 if possible, returning an error if not.
+func ToFloat64E(v reflect.Value) (float64, error) {
+	if v, ok := ConvertIfPossible(v, typeFloat64); ok {
+		return v.Float(), nil
+	}
+	return 0, errConvert(v, "float64")
+}
+
+// ToFloat64 converts v to float64 if possible, panicking if not.
+func ToFloat64(v reflect.Value) float64 {
+	vv, err := ToFloat64E(v)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return vv
+}
+
+// ToStringE converts v to string if possible, returning an error if not.
+func ToStringE(v reflect.Value) (string, error) {
+	vv, err := ToStringValueE(v)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return vv.String(), nil
+}
+
+func ToStringValueE(v reflect.Value) (reflect.Value, error) {
+	if v, ok := ConvertIfPossible(v, typeString); ok {
+		return v, nil
+	}
+	return reflect.Value{}, errConvert(v, "string")
+}
+
+// ToString converts v to string if possible, panicking if not.
+func ToString(v reflect.Value) string {
+	vv, err := ToStringE(v)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return vv
+}
+
+func errConvert(v reflect.Value, s string) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("unable to convert value of type %q to %q", v.Type().String(), s)
+}
+
+// ConvertIfPossible tries to convert val to typ if possible.
+// This is currently only implemented for int kinds,
+// added to handle the move to a new YAML library which produces uint64 for unsigned integers.
+// We can expand on this later if needed.
+// This conversion is lossless.
+// See Issue 14079.
+func ConvertIfPossible(val reflect.Value, typ reflect.Type) (reflect.Value, bool) {
+	switch val.Kind() {
+	case reflect.Ptr, reflect.Interface:
+		if val.IsNil() {
+			// Return typ's zero value.
+			return reflect.Zero(typ), true
+		}
+		val = val.Elem()
+	}
+
+	if val.Type().AssignableTo(typ) {
+		// No conversion needed.
+		return val, true
+	}
+
+	if IsInt(typ.Kind()) {
+		return convertToIntIfPossible(val, typ)
+	}
+	if IsFloat(typ.Kind()) {
+		return convertToFloatIfPossible(val, typ)
+	}
+	if IsUint(typ.Kind()) {
+		return convertToUintIfPossible(val, typ)
+	}
+	if IsString(typ.Kind()) && IsString(val.Kind()) {
+		return val.Convert(typ), true
+	}
+
+	return reflect.Value{}, false
+}
+
+func convertToUintIfPossible(val reflect.Value, typ reflect.Type) (reflect.Value, bool) {
+	if IsInt(val.Kind()) {
+		i := val.Int()
+		if i < 0 {
+			return reflect.Value{}, false
+		}
+		u := uint64(i)
+		if typ.OverflowUint(u) {
+			return reflect.Value{}, false
+		}
+		return reflect.ValueOf(u).Convert(typ), true
+	}
+	if IsUint(val.Kind()) {
+		if typ.OverflowUint(val.Uint()) {
+			return reflect.Value{}, false
+		}
+		return val.Convert(typ), true
+	}
+	if IsFloat(val.Kind()) {
+		f := val.Float()
+		if f < 0 || f > float64(math.MaxUint64) {
+			return reflect.Value{}, false
+		}
+		if f != math.Trunc(f) {
+			return reflect.Value{}, false
+		}
+		u := uint64(f)
+		if typ.OverflowUint(u) {
+			return reflect.Value{}, false
+		}
+		return reflect.ValueOf(u).Convert(typ), true
+	}
+	return reflect.Value{}, false
+}
+
+func convertToFloatIfPossible(val reflect.Value, typ reflect.Type) (reflect.Value, bool) {
+	if IsInt(val.Kind()) {
+		i := val.Int()
+		f := float64(i)
+		if typ.OverflowFloat(f) {
+			return reflect.Value{}, false
+		}
+		return reflect.ValueOf(f).Convert(typ), true
+	}
+	if IsUint(val.Kind()) {
+		u := val.Uint()
+		f := float64(u)
+		if typ.OverflowFloat(f) {
+			return reflect.Value{}, false
+		}
+		return reflect.ValueOf(f).Convert(typ), true
+	}
+	if IsFloat(val.Kind()) {
+		if typ.OverflowFloat(val.Float()) {
+			return reflect.Value{}, false
+		}
+		return val.Convert(typ), true
+	}
+
+	return reflect.Value{}, false
+}
+
+func convertToIntIfPossible(val reflect.Value, typ reflect.Type) (reflect.Value, bool) {
+	if IsInt(val.Kind()) {
+		if typ.OverflowInt(val.Int()) {
+			return reflect.Value{}, false
+		}
+		return val.Convert(typ), true
+	}
+	if IsUint(val.Kind()) {
+		if val.Uint() > uint64(math.MaxInt64) {
+			return reflect.Value{}, false
+		}
+		if typ.OverflowInt(int64(val.Uint())) {
+			return reflect.Value{}, false
+		}
+		return val.Convert(typ), true
+	}
+	if IsFloat(val.Kind()) {
+		f := val.Float()
+		if f < float64(math.MinInt64) || f > float64(math.MaxInt64) {
+			return reflect.Value{}, false
+		}
+		if f != math.Trunc(f) {
+			return reflect.Value{}, false
+		}
+		if typ.OverflowInt(int64(f)) {
+			return reflect.Value{}, false
+		}
+		return reflect.ValueOf(int64(f)).Convert(typ), true
+
+	}
+
+	return reflect.Value{}, false
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package hreflect
+
+import (
+	"math"
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+
+	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/htesting/hqt"
+)
+
+func TestToFuncs(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	c.Assert(ToInt64(reflect.ValueOf(int(42))), qt.Equals, int64(42))
+	c.Assert(ToFloat64(reflect.ValueOf(float32(3.14))), hqt.IsSameFloat64, float64(3.14))
+	c.Assert(ToString(reflect.ValueOf("hello")), qt.Equals, "hello")
+}
+
+func TestConvertIfPossible(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	for _, test := range []struct {
+		name     string
+		value    any
+		typ      any
+		expected any
+		ok       bool
+	}{
+		// From uint to int.
+		{
+			name:  "uint64(math.MaxUint64) to int16",
+			value: uint64(math.MaxUint64),
+			typ:   int16(0),
+			ok:    false, // overflow
+		},
+
+		{
+			name:  "uint64(math.MaxUint64) to int64",
+			value: uint64(math.MaxUint64),
+			typ:   int64(0),
+			ok:    false, // overflow
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "uint64(math.MaxInt16) to int16",
+			value:    uint64(math.MaxInt16),
+			typ:      int64(0),
+			ok:       true,
+			expected: int64(math.MaxInt16),
+		},
+		// From int to int.
+		{
+			name:  "int64(math.MaxInt64) to int16",
+			value: int64(math.MaxInt64),
+			typ:   int16(0),
+			ok:    false, // overflow
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "int64(math.MaxInt16) to int",
+			value:    int64(math.MaxInt16),
+			typ:      int(0),
+			ok:       true,
+			expected: int(math.MaxInt16),
+		},
+
+		{
+			name:     "int64(math.MaxInt16) to int",
+			value:    int64(math.MaxInt16),
+			typ:      int(0),
+			ok:       true,
+			expected: int(math.MaxInt16),
+		},
+		// From float64 to int.
+		{
+			name:  "float64(1.5) to int",
+			value: float64(1.5),
+			typ:   int(0),
+			ok:    false, // loss of precision
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "float64(1.0) to int",
+			value:    float64(1.0),
+			typ:      int(0),
+			ok:       true,
+			expected: int(1),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "float64(math.MaxInt16+1) to int16",
+			value: float64(math.MaxInt16 + 1),
+			typ:   int16(0),
+			ok:    false, // overflow
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "float64(math.MaxFloat64) to int64",
+			value: float64(math.MaxFloat64),
+			typ:   int64(0),
+			ok:    false, // overflow
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "float64(32767) to int16",
+			value:    float64(32767),
+			typ:      int16(0),
+			ok:       true,
+			expected: int16(32767),
+		},
+		// From float32 to int.
+		{
+			name:  "float32(1.5) to int",
+			value: float32(1.5),
+			typ:   int(0),
+			ok:    false, // loss of precision
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "float32(1.0) to int",
+			value:    float32(1.0),
+			typ:      int(0),
+			ok:       true,
+			expected: int(1),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "float32(math.MaxFloat32) to int16",
+			value: float32(math.MaxFloat32),
+			typ:   int16(0),
+			ok:    false, // overflow
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "float32(math.MaxFloat32) to int64",
+			value: float32(math.MaxFloat32),
+			typ:   int64(0),
+			ok:    false, // overflow
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "float32(math.MaxInt16) to int16",
+			value:    float32(math.MaxInt16),
+			typ:      int16(0),
+			ok:       true,
+			expected: int16(32767),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "float32(math.MaxInt16+1) to int16",
+			value: float32(math.MaxInt16 + 1),
+			typ:   int16(0),
+			ok:    false, // overflow
+		},
+		// Int to float.
+		{
+			name:     "int16(32767) to float32",
+			value:    int16(32767),
+			typ:      float32(0),
+			ok:       true,
+			expected: float32(32767),
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "int64(32767) to float32",
+			value:    int64(32767),
+			typ:      float32(0),
+			ok:       true,
+			expected: float32(32767),
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "int64(math.MaxInt64) to float32",
+			value:    int64(math.MaxInt64),
+			typ:      float32(0),
+			ok:       true,
+			expected: float32(math.MaxInt64),
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "int64(math.MaxInt64) to float64",
+			value:    int64(math.MaxInt64),
+			typ:      float64(0),
+			ok:       true,
+			expected: float64(math.MaxInt64),
+		},
+		// Int to uint.
+		{
+			name:     "int16(32767) to uint16",
+			value:    int16(32767),
+			typ:      uint16(0),
+			ok:       true,
+			expected: uint16(32767),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "int16(32767) to uint8",
+			value: int16(32767),
+			typ:   uint8(0),
+			ok:    false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "float64(3.14) to uint64",
+			value: float64(3.14),
+			typ:   uint64(0),
+			ok:    false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "float64(3.0) to uint64",
+			value:    float64(3.0),
+			typ:      uint64(0),
+			ok:       true,
+			expected: uint64(3),
+		},
+		// From uint to float.
+		{
+			name:     "uint64(math.MaxInt16) to float64",
+			value:    uint64(math.MaxInt16),
+			typ:      float64(0),
+			ok:       true,
+			expected: float64(math.MaxInt16),
+		},
+		// Float to float.
+		{
+			name:     "float64(3.14) to float32",
+			value:    float64(3.14),
+			typ:      float32(0),
+			ok:       true,
+			expected: float32(3.14),
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "float32(3.14) to float64",
+			value:    float32(3.14),
+			typ:      float64(0),
+			ok:       true,
+			expected: float64(3.14),
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "float64(3.14) to float64",
+			value:    float64(3.14),
+			typ:      float64(0),
+			ok:       true,
+			expected: float64(3.14),
+		},
+	} {
+
+		v, ok := ConvertIfPossible(reflect.ValueOf(test.value), reflect.TypeOf(test.typ))
+		c.Assert(ok, qt.Equals, test.ok, qt.Commentf("test case: %s", test.name))
+		if test.ok {
+			c.Assert(v.Interface(), hqt.IsSameNumber, test.expected, qt.Commentf("test case: %s", test.name))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertIfPossibleMisc(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+	type s string
+
+	var (
+		i          = int32(42)
+		i64        = int64(i)
+		iv     any = i
+		ip         = &i
+		inil   any = (*int32)(nil)
+		shello     = s("hello")
+	)
+
+	convertOK := func(v any, typ any) any {
+		rv, ok := ConvertIfPossible(reflect.ValueOf(v), reflect.TypeOf(typ))
+		c.Assert(ok, qt.IsTrue)
+		return rv.Interface()
+	}
+
+	c.Assert(convertOK(shello, ""), qt.Equals, "hello")
+	c.Assert(convertOK(ip, int64(0)), qt.Equals, i64)
+	c.Assert(convertOK(iv, int64(0)), qt.Equals, i64)
+	c.Assert(convertOK(inil, int64(0)), qt.Equals, int64(0))
+}
+
+func BenchmarkToInt64(b *testing.B) {
+	v := reflect.ValueOf(int(42))
+	for b.Loop() {
+		ToInt64(v)
+	}
+}
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Some functions in this file (see comments) is based on the Go source code,
-// copyright The Go Authors and  governed by a BSD-style license.
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -27,6 +25,11 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/types"
 )

+// IsInterfaceOrPointer returns whether the given kind is an interface or a pointer.
+func IsInterfaceOrPointer(kind reflect.Kind) bool {
+	return kind == reflect.Interface || kind == reflect.Ptr
+}
+
 // TODO(bep) replace the private versions in /tpl with these.
 // IsNumber returns whether the given kind is a number.
 func IsNumber(kind reflect.Kind) bool {
@@ -63,6 +66,11 @@ func IsFloat(kind reflect.Kind) bool {
 	}
 }

+// IsString returns whether the given kind is a string.
+func IsString(kind reflect.Kind) bool {
+	return kind == reflect.String
+}
+
 // IsTruthful returns whether in represents a truthful value.
 // See IsTruthfulValue
 func IsTruthful(in any) bool {
@@ -74,8 +82,30 @@ func IsTruthful(in any) bool {
 	}
 }

+// IsMap reports whether v is a map.
+func IsMap(v any) bool {
+	return reflect.ValueOf(v).Kind() == reflect.Map
+}
+
+// IsSlice reports whether v is a slice.
+func IsSlice(v any) bool {
+	return reflect.ValueOf(v).Kind() == reflect.Slice
+}
+
 var zeroType = reflect.TypeOf((*types.Zeroer)(nil)).Elem()

+var isZeroCache sync.Map
+
+func implementsIsZero(tp reflect.Type) bool {
+	v, ok := isZeroCache.Load(tp)
+	if ok {
+		return v.(bool)
+	}
+	implements := tp.Implements(zeroType)
+	isZeroCache.Store(tp, implements)
+	return implements
+}
+
 // IsTruthfulValue returns whether the given value has a meaningful truth value.
 // This is based on template.IsTrue in Go's stdlib, but also considers
 // IsZero and any interface value will be unwrapped before it's considered
@@ -84,14 +114,18 @@ var zeroType = reflect.TypeOf((*types.Zeroer)(nil)).Elem()
 // Based on:
 // https://github.com/golang/go/blob/178a2c42254166cffed1b25fb1d3c7a5727cada6/src/text/template/exec.go#L306
 func IsTruthfulValue(val reflect.Value) (truth bool) {
-	val = indirectInterface(val)
+	val, isNil := Indirect(val)

 	if !val.IsValid() {
-		// Something like var x interface{}, never set. It's a form of nil.
+		// Something like: var x any, never set. It's a form of nil.
 		return
 	}

-	if val.Type().Implements(zeroType) {
+	if val.Kind() == reflect.Pointer && isNil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if implementsIsZero(val.Type()) {
 		return !val.Interface().(types.Zeroer).IsZero()
 	}

@@ -124,15 +158,31 @@ type methodKey struct {
 	name string
 }

-type methods struct {
-	sync.RWMutex
-	cache map[methodKey]int
+var (
+	methodIndexCache sync.Map
+	methodCache      sync.Map
+)
+
+// GetMethodByNameForType returns the method with the given name for the given type,
+// or a zero Method if no such method exists.
+// It panics if tp is an interface type.
+// It caches the lookup.
+func GetMethodByNameForType(tp reflect.Type, name string) reflect.Method {
+	if tp.Kind() == reflect.Interface {
+		// Func field is nil for interface types.
+		panic("not supported for interface types")
+	}
+	k := methodKey{tp, name}
+	v, found := methodCache.Load(k)
+	if found {
+		return v.(reflect.Method)
+	}
+	m, _ := tp.MethodByName(name)
+	methodCache.Store(k, m)
+	return m
 }

-var methodCache = &methods{cache: make(map[methodKey]int)}
-
-// GetMethodByName is the same as reflect.Value.MethodByName, but it caches the
-// type lookup.
+// GetMethodByName is the same as reflect.Value.MethodByName, but it caches the lookup.
 func GetMethodByName(v reflect.Value, name string) reflect.Value {
 	index := GetMethodIndexByName(v.Type(), name)

@@ -147,22 +197,16 @@ func GetMethodByName(v reflect.Value, name string) reflect.Value {
 // -1 if no such method exists.
 func GetMethodIndexByName(tp reflect.Type, name string) int {
 	k := methodKey{tp, name}
-	methodCache.RLock()
-	index, found := methodCache.cache[k]
-	methodCache.RUnlock()
+	v, found := methodIndexCache.Load(k)
 	if found {
-		return index
+		return v.(int)
 	}
-
-	methodCache.Lock()
-	defer methodCache.Unlock()
-
 	m, ok := tp.MethodByName(name)
-	index = m.Index
+	index := m.Index
 	if !ok {
 		index = -1
 	}
-	methodCache.cache[k] = index
+	methodIndexCache.Store(k, index)

 	if !ok {
 		return -1
@@ -223,6 +267,28 @@ func AsTime(v reflect.Value, loc *time.Location) (time.Time, bool) {
 	return time.Time{}, false
 }

+// ToSliceAny converts the given value to a slice of any if possible.
+func ToSliceAny(v any) ([]any, bool) {
+	if v == nil {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	switch vv := v.(type) {
+	case []any:
+		return vv, true
+	default:
+		vvv := reflect.ValueOf(v)
+		if vvv.Kind() == reflect.Slice {
+			out := make([]any, vvv.Len())
+			for i := range vvv.Len() {
+				out[i] = vvv.Index(i).Interface()
+			}
+			return out, true
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, false
+}
+
+// CallMethodByName calls the method with the given name on v.
 func CallMethodByName(cxt context.Context, name string, v reflect.Value) []reflect.Value {
 	fn := v.MethodByName(name)
 	var args []reflect.Value
@@ -240,15 +306,51 @@ func CallMethodByName(cxt context.Context, name string, v reflect.Value) []refle
 	return fn.Call(args)
 }

-// Based on: https://github.com/golang/go/blob/178a2c42254166cffed1b25fb1d3c7a5727cada6/src/text/template/exec.go#L931
-func indirectInterface(v reflect.Value) reflect.Value {
-	if v.Kind() != reflect.Interface {
-		return v
+// Indirect unwraps interfaces and pointers until it finds a non-interface/pointer value.
+// If a nil is encountered, the second return value is true.
+// If a pointer to a struct is encountered, it is not unwrapped.
+func Indirect(v reflect.Value) (vv reflect.Value, isNil bool) {
+	for ; IsInterfaceOrPointer(v.Kind()); v = v.Elem() {
+		if IsNil(v) {
+			return v, true
+		}
+		if v.Kind() != reflect.Interface {
+			// A pointer.
+			if v.NumMethod() > 0 {
+				break
+			}
+			if v.Elem().Kind() == reflect.Struct {
+				// Avoid unwrapping pointers to structs.
+				break
+			}
+		}
 	}
-	if v.IsNil() {
-		return reflect.Value{}
+	return v, false
+}
+
+// IndirectElem is like Indirect, but if the final value is a pointer, it unwraps it.
+func IndirectElem(v reflect.Value) (vv reflect.Value, isNil bool) {
+	vv, isNil = Indirect(v)
+	if isNil {
+		return vv, isNil
 	}
-	return v.Elem()
+	if vv.Kind() == reflect.Pointer {
+		vv = vv.Elem()
+	}
+	return vv, isNil
+}
+
+// IsNil reports whether v is nil.
+// Based on reflect.Value.IsNil, but also considers invalid values as nil.
+func IsNil(v reflect.Value) bool {
+	if !v.IsValid() {
+		return true
+	}
+	switch v.Kind() {
+	case reflect.Chan, reflect.Func, reflect.Interface, reflect.Map, reflect.Ptr, reflect.Slice:
+		return v.IsNil()
+	}
+	return false
 }

 var contextInterface = reflect.TypeOf((*context.Context)(nil)).Elem()
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2019 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -20,15 +20,32 @@ import (
 	"time"

 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/htesting/hqt"
 )

+type zeroStruct struct {
+	zero bool
+}
+
+func (z zeroStruct) IsZero() bool {
+	return z.zero
+}
+
 func TestIsTruthful(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)

+	var nilpointerZero *zeroStruct
+
 	c.Assert(IsTruthful(true), qt.Equals, true)
 	c.Assert(IsTruthful(false), qt.Equals, false)
 	c.Assert(IsTruthful(time.Now()), qt.Equals, true)
 	c.Assert(IsTruthful(time.Time{}), qt.Equals, false)
+	c.Assert(IsTruthful(&zeroStruct{zero: false}), qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(IsTruthful(&zeroStruct{zero: true}), qt.Equals, false)
+	c.Assert(IsTruthful(zeroStruct{zero: false}), qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(IsTruthful(zeroStruct{zero: true}), qt.Equals, false)
+	c.Assert(IsTruthful(nil), qt.Equals, false)
+	c.Assert(IsTruthful(nilpointerZero), qt.Equals, false)
 }

 func TestGetMethodByName(t *testing.T) {
@@ -50,18 +67,103 @@ func TestIsContextType(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Assert(IsContextType(reflect.TypeOf(valueCtx)), qt.IsTrue)
 }

+func TestToSliceAny(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	checkOK := func(in any, expected []any) {
+		out, ok := ToSliceAny(in)
+		c.Assert(ok, qt.Equals, true)
+		c.Assert(out, qt.DeepEquals, expected)
+	}
+
+	checkOK([]any{1, 2, 3}, []any{1, 2, 3})
+	checkOK([]int{1, 2, 3}, []any{1, 2, 3})
+}
+
+type testIndirectStruct struct {
+	S string
+}
+
+func (t *testIndirectStruct) GetS() string {
+	return t.S
+}
+
+func (t testIndirectStruct) Foo() string {
+	return "bar"
+}
+
+type testIndirectStructNoMethods struct {
+	S string
+}
+
+func TestIsNil(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	var (
+		nilPtr      *testIndirectStruct
+		nilIface    any = nil
+		nonNilIface any = &testIndirectStruct{S: "hello"}
+	)
+
+	c.Assert(IsNil(reflect.ValueOf(nilPtr)), qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(IsNil(reflect.ValueOf(nilIface)), qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(IsNil(reflect.ValueOf(nonNilIface)), qt.Equals, false)
+}
+
+func TestIndirectInterface(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	var (
+		structWithMethods               = testIndirectStruct{S: "hello"}
+		structWithMethodsPointer        = &testIndirectStruct{S: "hello"}
+		structWithMethodsPointerAny any = structWithMethodsPointer
+		structPointerToPointer          = &structWithMethodsPointer
+		structNoMethodsPtr              = &testIndirectStructNoMethods{S: "no methods"}
+		structNoMethods                 = testIndirectStructNoMethods{S: "no methods"}
+		intValue                        = 32
+		intPtr                          = &intValue
+		nilPtr                      *testIndirectStruct
+		nilIface                    any = nil
+	)
+
+	ind := func(v any) any {
+		c.Helper()
+		vv, isNil := Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(v))
+		c.Assert(isNil, qt.IsFalse)
+		return vv.Interface()
+	}
+
+	c.Assert(ind(intValue), hqt.IsSameType, 32)
+	c.Assert(ind(intPtr), hqt.IsSameType, 32)
+	c.Assert(ind(structNoMethodsPtr), hqt.IsSameType, structNoMethodsPtr)
+	c.Assert(ind(structWithMethods), hqt.IsSameType, structWithMethods)
+	c.Assert(ind(structNoMethods), hqt.IsSameType, structNoMethods)
+	c.Assert(ind(structPointerToPointer), hqt.IsSameType, &testIndirectStruct{})
+	c.Assert(ind(structWithMethodsPointer), hqt.IsSameType, &testIndirectStruct{})
+	c.Assert(ind(structWithMethodsPointerAny), hqt.IsSameType, structWithMethodsPointer)
+
+	vv, isNil := Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(nilPtr))
+	c.Assert(isNil, qt.IsTrue)
+	c.Assert(vv, qt.Equals, reflect.ValueOf(nilPtr))
+
+	vv, isNil = Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(nilIface))
+	c.Assert(isNil, qt.IsFalse)
+	c.Assert(vv, qt.Equals, reflect.ValueOf(nilIface))
+}
+
 func BenchmarkIsContextType(b *testing.B) {
+	const size = 1000
 	type k string
 	b.Run("value", func(b *testing.B) {
 		ctx := context.Background()
-		ctxs := make([]reflect.Type, b.N)
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		ctxs := make([]reflect.Type, size)
+		for i := range size {
 			ctxs[i] = reflect.TypeOf(context.WithValue(ctx, k("key"), i))
 		}

-		b.ResetTimer()
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-			if !IsContextType(ctxs[i]) {
+		for i := 0; b.Loop(); i++ {
+			idx := i % size
+			if !IsContextType(ctxs[idx]) {
 				b.Fatal("not context")
 			}
 		}
@@ -69,7 +171,7 @@ func BenchmarkIsContextType(b *testing.B) {

 	b.Run("background", func(b *testing.B) {
 		var ctxt reflect.Type = reflect.TypeOf(context.Background())
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			if !IsContextType(ctxt) {
 				b.Fatal("not context")
 			}
@@ -77,14 +179,25 @@ func BenchmarkIsContextType(b *testing.B) {
 	})
 }

-func BenchmarkIsTruthFul(b *testing.B) {
-	v := reflect.ValueOf("Hugo")
+func BenchmarkIsTruthFulValue(b *testing.B) {
+	var (
+		stringHugo  = reflect.ValueOf("Hugo")
+		stringEmpty = reflect.ValueOf("")
+		zero        = reflect.ValueOf(time.Time{})
+		timeNow     = reflect.ValueOf(time.Now())
+		boolTrue    = reflect.ValueOf(true)
+		boolFalse   = reflect.ValueOf(false)
+		nilPointer  = reflect.ValueOf((*zeroStruct)(nil))
+	)

-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		if !IsTruthfulValue(v) {
-			b.Fatal("not truthful")
-		}
+	for b.Loop() {
+		IsTruthfulValue(stringHugo)
+		IsTruthfulValue(stringEmpty)
+		IsTruthfulValue(zero)
+		IsTruthfulValue(timeNow)
+		IsTruthfulValue(boolTrue)
+		IsTruthfulValue(boolFalse)
+		IsTruthfulValue(nilPointer)
 	}
 }

@@ -110,14 +223,38 @@ func (t *testStruct) Method5() string {
 	return "Hugo"
 }

+func BenchmarkGetMethodByNameForType(b *testing.B) {
+	tp := reflect.TypeFor[*testStruct]()
+	methods := []string{"Method1", "Method2", "Method3", "Method4", "Method5"}
+
+	for b.Loop() {
+		for _, method := range methods {
+			_ = GetMethodByNameForType(tp, method)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func BenchmarkGetMethodByName(b *testing.B) {
 	v := reflect.ValueOf(&testStruct{})
 	methods := []string{"Method1", "Method2", "Method3", "Method4", "Method5"}

-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		for _, method := range methods {
 			_ = GetMethodByName(v, method)
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func BenchmarkGetMethodByNamePara(b *testing.B) {
+	v := reflect.ValueOf(&testStruct{})
+	methods := []string{"Method1", "Method2", "Method3", "Method4", "Method5"}
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
+		for pb.Next() {
+			for _, method := range methods {
+				_ = GetMethodByName(v, method)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2019 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-package maps
+package hstore

 import (
 	"reflect"
@@ -22,31 +22,18 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/math"
 )

-// Scratch is a writable context used for stateful operations in Page/Node rendering.
+type StoreProvider interface {
+	// Store returns a Scratch that can be used to store temporary state.
+	// Store is not reset on server rebuilds.
+	Store() *Scratch
+}
+
+// Scratch is a writable context used for stateful build operations
 type Scratch struct {
 	values map[string]any
 	mu     sync.RWMutex
 }

-// Scratcher provides a scratching service.
-type Scratcher interface {
-	// Scratch returns a "scratch pad" that can be used to store state.
-	Scratch() *Scratch
-}
-
-type scratcher struct {
-	s *Scratch
-}
-
-func (s scratcher) Scratch() *Scratch {
-	return s.s
-}
-
-// NewScratcher creates a new Scratcher.
-func NewScratcher() Scratcher {
-	return scratcher{s: NewScratch()}
-}
-
 // Add will, for single values, add (using the + operator) the addend to the existing addend (if found).
 // Supports numeric values and strings.
 //
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-package maps
+package hstore

 import (
 	"reflect"
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ func TestScratchInParallel(t *testing.T) {
 	for i := 1; i <= 10; i++ {
 		wg.Add(1)
 		go func(j int) {
-			for k := 0; k < 10; k++ {
+			for k := range 10 {
 				newVal := int64(k + j)

 				_, err := scratch.Add(key, newVal)
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ func TestScratchSetInMap(t *testing.T) {
 	scratch.SetInMap("key", "zyx", "Zyx")
 	scratch.SetInMap("key", "abc", "Abc (updated)")
 	scratch.SetInMap("key", "def", "Def")
-	c.Assert(scratch.GetSortedMapValues("key"), qt.DeepEquals, []any{0: "Abc (updated)", 1: "Def", 2: "Lux", 3: "Zyx"})
+	c.Assert(scratch.GetSortedMapValues("key"), qt.DeepEquals, any([]any{"Abc (updated)", "Def", "Lux", "Zyx"}))
 }

 func TestScratchDeleteInMap(t *testing.T) {
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ func TestScratchDeleteInMap(t *testing.T) {
 	scratch.DeleteInMap("key", "abc")
 	scratch.SetInMap("key", "def", "Def")
 	scratch.DeleteInMap("key", "lmn") // Do nothing
-	c.Assert(scratch.GetSortedMapValues("key"), qt.DeepEquals, []any{0: "Def", 1: "Lux", 2: "Zyx"})
+	c.Assert(scratch.GetSortedMapValues("key"), qt.DeepEquals, any([]any{"Def", "Lux", "Zyx"}))
 }

 func TestScratchGetSortedMapValues(t *testing.T) {
@@ -214,8 +214,8 @@ func TestScratchGetSortedMapValues(t *testing.T) {
 func BenchmarkScratchGet(b *testing.B) {
 	scratch := NewScratch()
 	scratch.Add("A", 1)
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+
+	for b.Loop() {
 		scratch.Get("A")
 	}
 }
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ package hstrings
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"regexp"
+	"slices"
+	"sort"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"

@@ -50,12 +52,7 @@ func (s StringEqualFold) Eq(s2 any) bool {

 // EqualAny returns whether a string is equal to any of the given strings.
 func EqualAny(a string, b ...string) bool {
-	for _, s := range b {
-		if a == s {
-			return true
-		}
-	}
-	return false
+	return slices.Contains(b, a)
 }

 // regexpCache represents a cache of regexp objects protected by a mutex.
@@ -100,17 +97,22 @@ func GetOrCompileRegexp(pattern string) (re *regexp.Regexp, err error) {
 	return reCache.getOrCompileRegexp(pattern)
 }

-// InSlice checks if a string is an element of a slice of strings
-// and returns a boolean value.
-func InSlice(arr []string, el string) bool {
-	for _, v := range arr {
-		if v == el {
+// HasAnyPrefix checks if the string s has any of the prefixes given.
+func HasAnyPrefix(s string, prefixes ...string) bool {
+	for _, p := range prefixes {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(s, p) {
 			return true
 		}
 	}
 	return false
 }

+// InSlice checks if a string is an element of a slice of strings
+// and returns a boolean value.
+func InSlice(arr []string, el string) bool {
+	return slices.Contains(arr, el)
+}
+
 // InSlicEqualFold checks if a string is an element of a slice of strings
 // and returns a boolean value.
 // It uses strings.EqualFold to compare.
@@ -137,7 +139,61 @@ func ToString(v any) (string, bool) {
 	return "", false
 }

-type Tuple struct {
-	First  string
-	Second string
+// UniqueStrings returns a new slice with any duplicates removed.
+func UniqueStrings(s []string) []string {
+	unique := make([]string, 0, len(s))
+	for i, val := range s {
+		var seen bool
+		for j := range i {
+			if s[j] == val {
+				seen = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if !seen {
+			unique = append(unique, val)
+		}
+	}
+	return unique
+}
+
+// UniqueStringsReuse returns a slice with any duplicates removed.
+// It will modify the input slice.
+func UniqueStringsReuse(s []string) []string {
+	result := s[:0]
+	for i, val := range s {
+		var seen bool
+
+		for j := range i {
+			if s[j] == val {
+				seen = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+
+		if !seen {
+			result = append(result, val)
+		}
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+// UniqueStringsSorted returns a sorted slice with any duplicates removed.
+// It will modify the input slice.
+func UniqueStringsSorted(s []string) []string {
+	if len(s) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	ss := sort.StringSlice(s)
+	ss.Sort()
+	i := 0
+	for j := 1; j < len(s); j++ {
+		if !ss.Less(i, j) {
+			continue
+		}
+		i++
+		s[i] = s[j]
+	}
+
+	return s[:i+1]
 }
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 package hstrings

 import (
+	"reflect"
 	"regexp"
 	"testing"

@@ -43,14 +44,91 @@ func TestGetOrCompileRegexp(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Assert(re.MatchString("123"), qt.Equals, true)
 }

+func TestUniqueStrings(t *testing.T) {
+	in := []string{"a", "b", "a", "b", "c", "", "a", "", "d"}
+	output := UniqueStrings(in)
+	expected := []string{"a", "b", "c", "", "d"}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(output, expected) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected %#v, got %#v\n", expected, output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestUniqueStringsReuse(t *testing.T) {
+	in := []string{"a", "b", "a", "b", "c", "", "a", "", "d"}
+	output := UniqueStringsReuse(in)
+	expected := []string{"a", "b", "c", "", "d"}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(output, expected) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected %#v, got %#v\n", expected, output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestUniqueStringsSorted(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+	in := []string{"a", "a", "b", "c", "b", "", "a", "", "d"}
+	output := UniqueStringsSorted(in)
+	expected := []string{"", "a", "b", "c", "d"}
+	c.Assert(output, qt.DeepEquals, expected)
+	c.Assert(UniqueStringsSorted(nil), qt.IsNil)
+}
+
+// Note that these cannot use b.Loop() because of golang/go#27217.
+func BenchmarkUniqueStrings(b *testing.B) {
+	input := []string{"a", "b", "d", "e", "d", "h", "a", "i"}
+
+	b.Run("Safe", func(b *testing.B) {
+		for b.Loop() {
+			result := UniqueStrings(input)
+			if len(result) != 6 {
+				b.Fatalf("invalid count: %d", len(result))
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("Reuse slice", func(b *testing.B) {
+		inputs := make([][]string, b.N)
+		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+			inputc := make([]string, len(input))
+			copy(inputc, input)
+			inputs[i] = inputc
+		}
+		b.ResetTimer()
+		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+			inputc := inputs[i]
+
+			result := UniqueStringsReuse(inputc)
+			if len(result) != 6 {
+				b.Fatalf("invalid count: %d", len(result))
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("Reuse slice sorted", func(b *testing.B) {
+		inputs := make([][]string, b.N)
+		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+			inputc := make([]string, len(input))
+			copy(inputc, input)
+			inputs[i] = inputc
+		}
+		b.ResetTimer()
+		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+			inputc := inputs[i]
+
+			result := UniqueStringsSorted(inputc)
+			if len(result) != 6 {
+				b.Fatalf("invalid count: %d", len(result))
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}
+
 func BenchmarkGetOrCompileRegexp(b *testing.B) {
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		GetOrCompileRegexp(`\d+`)
 	}
 }

 func BenchmarkCompileRegexp(b *testing.B) {
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		regexp.MustCompile(`\d+`)
 	}
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package hsync
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+)
+
+// OnceMore is similar to sync.Once.
+//
+// Additional features are:
+// * it can be reset, so the action can be repeated if needed
+// * it has methods to check if it's done or in progress
+type OnceMore struct {
+	_    doNotCopy
+	done atomic.Bool
+	mu   sync.Mutex
+}
+
+func (t *OnceMore) Do(f func()) {
+	if t.Done() {
+		return
+	}
+
+	t.mu.Lock()
+	defer t.mu.Unlock()
+
+	// Double check
+	if t.Done() {
+		return
+	}
+
+	defer t.done.Store(true)
+	f()
+}
+
+func (t *OnceMore) Done() bool {
+	return t.done.Load()
+}
+
+func (t *OnceMore) Reset() {
+	t.mu.Lock()
+	t.done.Store(false)
+	t.mu.Unlock()
+}
+
+type ValueResetter[T any] struct {
+	reset func()
+	f     func(context.Context) T
+}
+
+func (v *ValueResetter[T]) Value(ctx context.Context) T {
+	return v.f(ctx)
+}
+
+func (v *ValueResetter[T]) Reset() {
+	v.reset()
+}
+
+// OnceMoreValue returns a function that invokes f only once and returns the value
+// returned by f. The returned function may be called concurrently.
+//
+// If f panics, the returned function will panic with the same value on every call.
+func OnceMoreValue[T any](f func(context.Context) T) ValueResetter[T] {
+	v := struct {
+		f      func(context.Context) T
+		once   OnceMore
+		ok     bool
+		p      any
+		result T
+	}{
+		f: f,
+	}
+	ff := func(ctx context.Context) T {
+		v.once.Do(func() {
+			v.ok = false
+			defer func() {
+				v.p = recover()
+				if !v.ok {
+					panic(v.p)
+				}
+			}()
+			v.result = v.f(ctx)
+			v.ok = true
+		})
+		if !v.ok {
+			panic(v.p)
+		}
+		return v.result
+	}
+
+	return ValueResetter[T]{
+		reset: v.once.Reset,
+		f:     ff,
+	}
+}
+
+type FuncResetter struct {
+	f     func(context.Context) error
+	reset func()
+}
+
+func (v *FuncResetter) Do(ctx context.Context) error {
+	return v.f(ctx)
+}
+
+func (v *FuncResetter) Reset() {
+	v.reset()
+}
+
+func OnceMoreFunc(f func(context.Context) error) FuncResetter {
+	v := struct {
+		f    func(context.Context) error
+		once OnceMore
+		ok   bool
+		err  error
+		p    any
+	}{
+		f: f,
+	}
+	ff := func(ctx context.Context) error {
+		v.once.Do(func() {
+			v.ok = false
+			defer func() {
+				v.p = recover()
+				if !v.ok {
+					panic(v.p)
+				}
+			}()
+			v.err = v.f(ctx)
+			v.ok = true
+		})
+		if !v.ok {
+			panic(v.p)
+		}
+		return v.err
+	}
+
+	return FuncResetter{
+		f:     ff,
+		reset: v.once.Reset,
+	}
+}
+
+type doNotCopy struct{}
+
+// Lock is a no-op used by -copylocks checker from `go vet`.
+func (*doNotCopy) Lock()   {}
+func (*doNotCopy) Unlock() {}
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package hsync
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+
+	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+)
+
+func TestOnceMoreValue(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	var counter int
+	f := func(context.Context) int {
+		counter++
+		return counter
+	}
+
+	omf := OnceMoreValue(f)
+	for range 10 {
+		c.Assert(omf.Value(context.Background()), qt.Equals, 1)
+	}
+	omf.Reset()
+	for range 10 {
+		c.Assert(omf.Value(context.Background()), qt.Equals, 2)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOnceMoreFunc(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	var counter int
+	f := func(context.Context) error {
+		counter++
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	omf := OnceMoreFunc(f)
+	for range 10 {
+		c.Assert(omf.Do(context.Background()), qt.IsNil)
+		c.Assert(counter, qt.Equals, 1)
+	}
+	omf.Reset()
+	for range 10 {
+		c.Assert(omf.Do(context.Background()), qt.IsNil)
+		c.Assert(counter, qt.Equals, 2)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkOnceMoreValue(b *testing.B) {
+	var counter int
+	f := func(context.Context) int {
+		counter++
+		return counter
+	}
+
+	for b.Loop() {
+		omf := OnceMoreValue(f)
+		for range 10 {
+			omf.Value(context.Background())
+		}
+		omf.Reset()
+		for range 10 {
+			omf.Value(context.Background())
+		}
+	}
+}
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ func TestApplyWithContext(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()

 	files := `
-- config.toml --
+-- hugo.toml --
 defaultContentLanguage = 'it'
-- layouts/index.html --
+-- layouts/home.html --
 {{ $dates := slice
  "2022-01-03"
  "2022-02-01"
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ func BenchmarkTimeFormatter(b *testing.B) {
 	june06, _ := time.Parse("2006-Jan-02", "2018-Jun-06")

 	b.Run("Native", func(b *testing.B) {
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			got := june06.Format("Monday Jan 2 2006")
 			if got != "Wednesday Jun 6 2018" {
 				b.Fatalf("invalid format, got %q", got)
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ func BenchmarkTimeFormatter(b *testing.B) {
 	b.Run("Localized", func(b *testing.B) {
 		f := NewTimeFormatter(translators.GetTranslator("nn"))
 		b.ResetTimer()
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			got := f.Format(june06, "Monday Jan 2 2006")
 			if got != "onsdag juni 6 2018" {
 				b.Fatalf("invalid format, got %q", got)
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ func BenchmarkTimeFormatter(b *testing.B) {
 	b.Run("Localized Custom", func(b *testing.B) {
 		f := NewTimeFormatter(translators.GetTranslator("nn"))
 		b.ResetTimer()
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			got := f.Format(june06, ":date_medium")
 			if got != "6. juni 2018" {
 				b.Fatalf("invalid format, got %q", got)
@@ -46,18 +46,18 @@ func TestHasBytesWriter(t *testing.T) {
 		return strings.Repeat("ab cfo", r.Intn(33))
 	}

-	for i := 0; i < 22; i++ {
+	for range 22 {
 		h, w := neww()
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, rndStr()+"abc __foobar"+rndStr())
+		fmt.Fprint(w, rndStr()+"abc __foobar"+rndStr())
 		c.Assert(h.Patterns[0].Match, qt.Equals, true)

 		h, w = neww()
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, rndStr()+"abc __f")
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, "oo bar"+rndStr())
+		fmt.Fprint(w, rndStr()+"abc __f")
+		fmt.Fprint(w, "oo bar"+rndStr())
 		c.Assert(h.Patterns[0].Match, qt.Equals, true)

 		h, w = neww()
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, rndStr()+"abc __moo bar")
+		fmt.Fprint(w, rndStr()+"abc __moo bar")
 		c.Assert(h.Patterns[0].Match, qt.Equals, false)
 	}

@@ -32,6 +32,37 @@ type ReadSeekCloser interface {
 	io.Closer
 }

+// Sizer provides the size of, typically, a io.Reader.
+// As implemented by e.g. os.File and io.SectionReader.
+type Sizer interface {
+	Size() int64
+}
+
+type SizeReader interface {
+	io.Reader
+	Sizer
+}
+
+// ToSizeReader converts the given io.Reader to a SizeReader.
+// Note that if r is not a SizeReader, the entire content will be read into memory
+func ToSizeReader(r io.Reader) (SizeReader, error) {
+	if sr, ok := r.(SizeReader); ok {
+		return sr, nil
+	}
+	b, err := io.ReadAll(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return bytes.NewReader(b), nil
+}
+
+// CloserFunc is an adapter to allow the use of ordinary functions as io.Closers.
+type CloserFunc func() error
+
+func (f CloserFunc) Close() error {
+	return f()
+}
+
 // ReadSeekCloserProvider provides a ReadSeekCloser.
 type ReadSeekCloserProvider interface {
 	ReadSeekCloser() (ReadSeekCloser, error)
@@ -74,13 +105,13 @@ type StringReader interface {
 	ReadString() string
 }

-// NewReadSeekerNoOpCloserFromString uses strings.NewReader to create a new ReadSeekerNoOpCloser
+// NewReadSeekerNoOpCloserFromBytes uses bytes.NewReader to create a new ReadSeekerNoOpCloser
 // from the given bytes slice.
 func NewReadSeekerNoOpCloserFromBytes(content []byte) readSeekerNopCloser {
 	return readSeekerNopCloser{bytes.NewReader(content)}
 }

-// NewReadSeekCloser creates a new ReadSeekCloser from the given ReadSeeker.
+// NewOpenReadSeekCloser creates a new ReadSeekCloser from the given ReadSeeker.
 // The ReadSeeker will be seeked to the beginning before returned.
 func NewOpenReadSeekCloser(r ReadSeekCloser) OpenReadSeekCloser {
 	return func() (ReadSeekCloser, error) {
@@ -25,16 +25,17 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"time"

-	godartsassv1 "github.com/bep/godartsass"
 	"github.com/bep/logg"
-	"github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure"

 	"github.com/bep/godartsass/v2"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hcontext"
+
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hexec"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hstore"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/version"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs/files"

+	"github.com/bep/helpers/contexthelpers"
 	"github.com/spf13/afero"

 	iofs "io/fs"
@@ -55,6 +56,8 @@ var (
 	vendorInfo string
 )

+var _ hstore.StoreProvider = (*HugoInfo)(nil)
+
 // HugoInfo contains information about the current Hugo environment
 type HugoInfo struct {
 	CommitHash string
@@ -72,12 +75,14 @@ type HugoInfo struct {
 	conf ConfigProvider
 	deps []*Dependency

+	store *hstore.Scratch
+
 	// Context gives access to some of the context scoped variables.
 	Context Context
 }

 // Version returns the current version as a comparable version string.
-func (i HugoInfo) Version() VersionString {
+func (i HugoInfo) Version() version.VersionString {
 	return CurrentVersion.Version()
 }

@@ -116,6 +121,10 @@ func (i HugoInfo) Deps() []*Dependency {
 	return i.deps
 }

+func (i HugoInfo) Store() *hstore.Scratch {
+	return i.store
+}
+
 // Deprecated: Use hugo.IsMultihost instead.
 func (i HugoInfo) IsMultiHost() bool {
 	Deprecate("hugo.IsMultiHost", "Use hugo.IsMultihost instead.", "v0.124.0")
@@ -132,9 +141,13 @@ func (i HugoInfo) IsMultilingual() bool {
 	return i.conf.IsMultilingual()
 }

-type contextKey string
+type contextKey uint8

-var markupScope = hcontext.NewContextDispatcher[string](contextKey("markupScope"))
+const (
+	contextKeyMarkupScope contextKey = iota
+)
+
+var markupScope = contexthelpers.NewContextDispatcher[string](contextKeyMarkupScope)

 type Context struct{}

@@ -185,6 +198,7 @@ func NewInfo(conf ConfigProvider, deps []*Dependency) HugoInfo {
 		Environment: conf.Environment(),
 		conf:        conf,
 		deps:        deps,
+		store:       hstore.NewScratch(),
 		GoVersion:   goVersion,
 	}
 }
@@ -296,19 +310,18 @@ func GetDependencyList() []string {

 // GetDependencyListNonGo returns a list of non-Go dependencies.
 func GetDependencyListNonGo() []string {
-	var deps []string
+	deps := []string{formatDep("github.com/webmproject/libwebp", "v1.6.0")} // via WASM. TODO(bep) get versions from the plugin setup.

 	if IsExtended {
 		deps = append(
 			deps,
 			formatDep("github.com/sass/libsass", "3.6.6"),
-			formatDep("github.com/webmproject/libwebp", "v1.3.2"),
 		)
 	}

 	if dartSass := dartSassVersion(); dartSass.ProtocolVersion != "" {
 		dartSassPath := "github.com/sass/dart-sass-embedded"
-		if IsDartSassV2() {
+		if IsDartSassGeV2() {
 			dartSassPath = "github.com/sass/dart-sass"
 		}
 		deps = append(deps,
@@ -355,22 +368,15 @@ type Dependency struct {
 }

 func dartSassVersion() godartsass.DartSassVersion {
-	if DartSassBinaryName == "" {
+	if DartSassBinaryName == "" || !IsDartSassGeV2() {
 		return godartsass.DartSassVersion{}
 	}
-	if IsDartSassV2() {
-		v, _ := godartsass.Version(DartSassBinaryName)
-		return v
-	}
-
-	v, _ := godartsassv1.Version(DartSassBinaryName)
-	var vv godartsass.DartSassVersion
-	mapstructure.WeakDecode(v, &vv)
-	return vv
+	v, _ := godartsass.Version(DartSassBinaryName)
+	return v
 }

 // DartSassBinaryName is the name of the Dart Sass binary to use.
-// TODO(beop) find a better place for this.
+// TODO(bep) find a better place for this.
 var DartSassBinaryName string

 func init() {
@@ -395,7 +401,10 @@ var (
 	dartSassBinaryNamesV2 = []string{"dart-sass", "sass"}
 )

-func IsDartSassV2() bool {
+// TODO(bep) we eventually want to remove this, but keep it for a while to throw an informative error.
+// We stopped supporting the old binary in Hugo 0.139.0.
+func IsDartSassGeV2() bool {
+	// dart-sass-embedded was the first version of the embedded Dart Sass before it was moved into the main project.
 	return !strings.Contains(DartSassBinaryName, "embedded")
 }

@@ -407,36 +416,96 @@ func IsDartSassV2() bool {
 // 2. Their theme to work for at least the last few Hugo versions.
 func Deprecate(item, alternative string, version string) {
 	level := deprecationLogLevelFromVersion(version)
-	DeprecateLevel(item, alternative, version, level)
+	deprecateLevel(item, alternative, version, level)
+}
+
+// See Deprecate for details.
+func DeprecateWithLogger(item, alternative string, version string, log logg.Logger) {
+	level := deprecationLogLevelFromVersion(version)
+	deprecateLevelWithLogger(item, alternative, version, level, log)
+}
+
+// DeprecateLevelMin informs about a deprecation starting at the given version, but with a minimum log level.
+func DeprecateLevelMin(item, alternative string, version string, minLevel logg.Level) {
+	level := max(deprecationLogLevelFromVersion(version), minLevel)
+	deprecateLevel(item, alternative, version, level)
+}
+
+// deprecateLevel informs about a deprecation logging at the given level.
+func deprecateLevel(item, alternative, version string, level logg.Level) {
+	deprecateLevelWithLogger(item, alternative, version, level, loggers.Log().Logger())
 }

 // DeprecateLevel informs about a deprecation logging at the given level.
-func DeprecateLevel(item, alternative, version string, level logg.Level) {
+func deprecateLevelWithLogger(item, alternative, version string, level logg.Level, log logg.Logger) {
 	var msg string
 	if level == logg.LevelError {
-		msg = fmt.Sprintf("%s was deprecated in Hugo %s and will be removed in Hugo %s. %s", item, version, CurrentVersion.Next().ReleaseVersion(), alternative)
+		msg = fmt.Sprintf("%s was deprecated in Hugo %s and subsequently removed. %s", item, version, alternative)
 	} else {
 		msg = fmt.Sprintf("%s was deprecated in Hugo %s and will be removed in a future release. %s", item, version, alternative)
 	}

-	loggers.Log().Logger().WithLevel(level).WithField(loggers.FieldNameCmd, "deprecated").Logf(msg)
+	log.WithLevel(level).WithField(loggers.FieldNameCmd, "deprecated").Logf("%s", msg)
 }

-// We ususally do about one minor version a month.
+// We usually do about one minor version a month.
 // We want people to run at least the current and previous version without any warnings.
 // We want people who don't update Hugo that often to see the warnings and errors before we remove the feature.
 func deprecationLogLevelFromVersion(ver string) logg.Level {
-	from := MustParseVersion(ver)
+	from := version.MustParseVersion(ver)
 	to := CurrentVersion
 	minorDiff := to.Minor - from.Minor
 	switch {
-	case minorDiff >= 12:
-		// Start failing the build after about a year.
+	case minorDiff >= 15:
+		// Start failing the build after about 15 months.
 		return logg.LevelError
-	case minorDiff >= 6:
-		// Start printing warnings after about six months.
+	case minorDiff >= 3:
+		// Start printing warnings after about 3 months.
 		return logg.LevelWarn
 	default:
 		return logg.LevelInfo
 	}
 }
+
+// BuildVersionString creates a version string. This is what you see when
+// running "hugo version".
+func BuildVersionString() string {
+	// program := "Hugo Static Site Generator"
+	program := "hugo"
+
+	version := "v" + CurrentVersion.String()
+
+	bi := getBuildInfo()
+	if bi == nil {
+		return version
+	}
+	if bi.Revision != "" {
+		version += "-" + bi.Revision
+	}
+	if IsExtended {
+		version += "+extended"
+	}
+	if IsWithdeploy {
+		version += "+withdeploy"
+	}
+
+	osArch := bi.GoOS + "/" + bi.GoArch
+
+	date := bi.RevisionTime
+	if date == "" {
+		// Accept vendor-specified build date if .git/ is unavailable.
+		date = buildDate
+	}
+	if date == "" {
+		date = "unknown"
+	}
+
+	versionString := fmt.Sprintf("%s %s %s BuildDate=%s",
+		program, version, osArch, date)
+
+	if vendorInfo != "" {
+		versionString += " VendorInfo=" + vendorInfo
+	}
+
+	return versionString
+}
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ baseURL = 'https://en.example.org/'
 ---
 title: home
 ---
-- layouts/index.html --
+-- layouts/home.html --
 multilingual={{ hugo.IsMultilingual }}
 multihost={{ hugo.IsMultihost }}
  `
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import (

 	"github.com/bep/logg"
 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/version"
 )

 func TestHugoInfo(t *testing.T) {
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ func TestHugoInfo(t *testing.T) {
 	hugoInfo := NewInfo(conf, nil)

 	c.Assert(hugoInfo.Version(), qt.Equals, CurrentVersion.Version())
-	c.Assert(fmt.Sprintf("%T", VersionString("")), qt.Equals, fmt.Sprintf("%T", hugoInfo.Version()))
+	c.Assert(fmt.Sprintf("%T", version.VersionString("")), qt.Equals, fmt.Sprintf("%T", hugoInfo.Version()))
 	c.Assert(hugoInfo.WorkingDir(), qt.Equals, "/mywork")

 	bi := getBuildInfo()
@@ -57,12 +58,16 @@ func TestDeprecationLogLevelFromVersion(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Assert(deprecationLogLevelFromVersion("0.55.0"), qt.Equals, logg.LevelError)
 	ver := CurrentVersion
 	c.Assert(deprecationLogLevelFromVersion(ver.String()), qt.Equals, logg.LevelInfo)
-	ver.Minor -= 1
-	c.Assert(deprecationLogLevelFromVersion(ver.String()), qt.Equals, logg.LevelInfo)
-	ver.Minor -= 6
+	ver.Minor -= 3
 	c.Assert(deprecationLogLevelFromVersion(ver.String()), qt.Equals, logg.LevelWarn)
-	ver.Minor -= 6
+	ver.Minor -= 4
+	c.Assert(deprecationLogLevelFromVersion(ver.String()), qt.Equals, logg.LevelWarn)
+	ver.Minor -= 13
 	c.Assert(deprecationLogLevelFromVersion(ver.String()), qt.Equals, logg.LevelError)
+
+	// Added just to find the threshold for where we can remove deprecated items.
+	// Subtract 5 from the minor version of the first ERRORed version => 0.122.0.
+	c.Assert(deprecationLogLevelFromVersion("0.127.0"), qt.Equals, logg.LevelError)
 }

 func TestMarkupScope(t *testing.T) {
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
 // limitations under the License.

 //go:build extended
-// +build extended

 package hugo

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
 // limitations under the License.

 //go:build !extended
-// +build !extended

 package hugo

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2019 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -11,4 +11,8 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-package tplimpl
+//go:build withdeploy
+
+package hugo
+
+var IsWithdeploy = true
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+//go:build !withdeploy
+
+package hugo
+
+var IsWithdeploy = false
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -13,11 +13,13 @@

 package hugo

+import "github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/version"
+
 // CurrentVersion represents the current build version.
 // This should be the only one.
-var CurrentVersion = Version{
+var CurrentVersion = version.Version{
 	Major:      0,
-	Minor:      137,
+	Minor:      155,
 	PatchLevel: 0,
 	Suffix:     "-DEV",
 }
@@ -18,18 +18,19 @@ package loggers
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
+	"regexp"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"

 	"github.com/bep/logg"
 )

-// newNoColoursHandler creates a new NoColoursHandler
-func newNoColoursHandler(outWriter, errWriter io.Writer, noLevelPrefix bool, predicate func(*logg.Entry) bool) *noColoursHandler {
+// newNoAnsiEscapeHandler creates a new noAnsiEscapeHandler
+func newNoAnsiEscapeHandler(outWriter, errWriter io.Writer, noLevelPrefix bool, predicate func(*logg.Entry) bool) *noAnsiEscapeHandler {
 	if predicate == nil {
 		predicate = func(e *logg.Entry) bool { return true }
 	}
-	return &noColoursHandler{
+	return &noAnsiEscapeHandler{
 		noLevelPrefix: noLevelPrefix,
 		outWriter:     outWriter,
 		errWriter:     errWriter,
@@ -37,15 +38,15 @@ func newNoColoursHandler(outWriter, errWriter io.Writer, noLevelPrefix bool, pre
 	}
 }

-type noColoursHandler struct {
+type noAnsiEscapeHandler struct {
 	mu            sync.Mutex
-	outWriter     io.Writer // Defaults to os.Stdout.
-	errWriter     io.Writer // Defaults to os.Stderr.
+	outWriter     io.Writer
+	errWriter     io.Writer
 	predicate     func(*logg.Entry) bool
 	noLevelPrefix bool
 }

-func (h *noColoursHandler) HandleLog(e *logg.Entry) error {
+func (h *noAnsiEscapeHandler) HandleLog(e *logg.Entry) error {
 	if !h.predicate(e) {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -71,10 +72,12 @@ func (h *noColoursHandler) HandleLog(e *logg.Entry) error {
 		prefix = prefix + ": "
 	}

+	msg := stripANSI(e.Message)
+
 	if h.noLevelPrefix {
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s%s", prefix, e.Message)
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s%s", prefix, msg)
 	} else {
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s %s%s", levelString[e.Level], prefix, e.Message)
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s %s%s", levelString[e.Level], prefix, msg)
 	}

 	for _, field := range e.Fields {
@@ -88,3 +91,10 @@ func (h *noColoursHandler) HandleLog(e *logg.Entry) error {

 	return nil
 }
+
+var ansiRe = regexp.MustCompile(`\x1b\[[0-9;]*m`)
+
+// stripANSI removes ANSI escape codes from s.
+func stripANSI(s string) string {
+	return ansiRe.ReplaceAllString(s, "")
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Some functions in this file (see comments) is based on the Go source code,
+// copyright The Go Authors and  governed by a BSD-style license.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package loggers
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/bep/logg"
+	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/terminal"
+)
+
+func TestNoAnsiEscapeHandler(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	test := func(s string) {
+		c.Assert(stripANSI(terminal.Notice(s)), qt.Equals, s)
+	}
+	test(`error in "file.md:1:2"`)
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	h := newNoAnsiEscapeHandler(&buf, &buf, false, nil)
+	h.HandleLog(&logg.Entry{Message: terminal.Notice(`error in "file.md:1:2"`), Level: logg.LevelInfo})
+
+	c.Assert(buf.String(), qt.Equals, "INFO  error in \"file.md:1:2\"\n")
+}
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ var (
 // Options defines options for the logger.
 type Options struct {
 	Level              logg.Level
-	Stdout             io.Writer
-	Stderr             io.Writer
+	StdOut             io.Writer
+	StdErr             io.Writer
 	DistinctLevel      logg.Level
 	StoreErrors        bool
 	HandlerPost        func(e *logg.Entry) error
@@ -48,21 +48,22 @@ type Options struct {

 // New creates a new logger with the given options.
 func New(opts Options) Logger {
-	if opts.Stdout == nil {
-		opts.Stdout = os.Stdout
+	if opts.StdOut == nil {
+		opts.StdOut = os.Stdout
 	}
-	if opts.Stderr == nil {
-		opts.Stderr = os.Stdout
+	if opts.StdErr == nil {
+		opts.StdErr = os.Stderr
 	}
+
 	if opts.Level == 0 {
 		opts.Level = logg.LevelWarn
 	}

 	var logHandler logg.Handler
-	if terminal.PrintANSIColors(os.Stdout) {
-		logHandler = newDefaultHandler(opts.Stdout, opts.Stderr)
+	if terminal.PrintANSIColors(os.Stderr) {
+		logHandler = newDefaultHandler(opts.StdErr, opts.StdErr)
 	} else {
-		logHandler = newNoColoursHandler(opts.Stdout, opts.Stderr, false, nil)
+		logHandler = newNoAnsiEscapeHandler(opts.StdErr, opts.StdErr, false, nil)
 	}

 	errorsw := &strings.Builder{}
@@ -95,7 +96,7 @@ func New(opts Options) Logger {
 	}

 	if opts.StoreErrors {
-		h := newNoColoursHandler(io.Discard, errorsw, true, func(e *logg.Entry) bool {
+		h := newNoAnsiEscapeHandler(io.Discard, errorsw, true, func(e *logg.Entry) bool {
 			return e.Level >= logg.LevelError
 		})

@@ -137,7 +138,8 @@ func New(opts Options) Logger {
 		logCounters: logCounters,
 		errors:      errorsw,
 		reset:       reset,
-		out:         opts.Stdout,
+		stdOut:      opts.StdOut,
+		stdErr:      opts.StdErr,
 		level:       opts.Level,
 		logger:      logger,
 		tracel:      l.WithLevel(logg.LevelTrace),
@@ -153,8 +155,6 @@ func NewDefault() Logger {
 	opts := Options{
 		DistinctLevel: logg.LevelWarn,
 		Level:         logg.LevelWarn,
-		Stdout:        os.Stdout,
-		Stderr:        os.Stdout,
 	}
 	return New(opts)
 }
@@ -163,8 +163,6 @@ func NewTrace() Logger {
 	opts := Options{
 		DistinctLevel: logg.LevelWarn,
 		Level:         logg.LevelTrace,
-		Stdout:        os.Stdout,
-		Stderr:        os.Stdout,
 	}
 	return New(opts)
 }
@@ -189,7 +187,8 @@ type Logger interface {
 	Level() logg.Level
 	LoggCount(logg.Level) int
 	Logger() logg.Logger
-	Out() io.Writer
+	StdOut() io.Writer
+	StdErr() io.Writer
 	Printf(format string, v ...any)
 	Println(v ...any)
 	PrintTimerIfDelayed(start time.Time, name string)
@@ -207,7 +206,8 @@ type logAdapter struct {
 	logCounters *logLevelCounter
 	errors      *strings.Builder
 	reset       func()
-	out         io.Writer
+	stdOut      io.Writer
+	stdErr      io.Writer
 	level       logg.Level
 	logger      logg.Logger
 	tracel      logg.LevelLogger
@@ -259,8 +259,12 @@ func (l *logAdapter) Logger() logg.Logger {
 	return l.logger
 }

-func (l *logAdapter) Out() io.Writer {
-	return l.out
+func (l *logAdapter) StdOut() io.Writer {
+	return l.stdOut
+}
+
+func (l *logAdapter) StdErr() io.Writer {
+	return l.stdErr
 }

 // PrintTimerIfDelayed prints a time statement to the FEEDBACK logger
@@ -271,7 +275,7 @@ func (l *logAdapter) PrintTimerIfDelayed(start time.Time, name string) {
 	if milli < 500 {
 		return
 	}
-	l.Printf("%s in %v ms", name, milli)
+	fmt.Fprintf(l.stdErr, "%s in %v ms", name, milli)
 }

 func (l *logAdapter) Printf(format string, v ...any) {
@@ -279,11 +283,11 @@ func (l *logAdapter) Printf(format string, v ...any) {
 	if !strings.HasSuffix(format, "\n") {
 		format += "\n"
 	}
-	fmt.Fprintf(l.out, format, v...)
+	fmt.Fprintf(l.stdOut, format, v...)
 }

 func (l *logAdapter) Println(v ...any) {
-	fmt.Fprintln(l.out, v...)
+	fmt.Fprintln(l.stdOut, v...)
 }

 func (l *logAdapter) Reset() {
@@ -31,13 +31,13 @@ func TestLogDistinct(t *testing.T) {
 	opts := loggers.Options{
 		DistinctLevel: logg.LevelWarn,
 		StoreErrors:   true,
-		Stdout:        io.Discard,
-		Stderr:        io.Discard,
+		StdOut:        io.Discard,
+		StdErr:        io.Discard,
 	}

 	l := loggers.New(opts)

-	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+	for range 10 {
 		l.Errorln("error 1")
 		l.Errorln("error 2")
 		l.Warnln("warn 1")
@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ func TestHookLast(t *testing.T) {
 		HandlerPost: func(e *logg.Entry) error {
 			panic(e.Message)
 		},
-		Stdout: io.Discard,
-		Stderr: io.Discard,
+		StdOut: io.Discard,
+		StdErr: io.Discard,
 	}

 	l := loggers.New(opts)
@@ -70,8 +70,8 @@ func TestOptionStoreErrors(t *testing.T) {

 	opts := loggers.Options{
 		StoreErrors: true,
-		Stderr:      &sb,
-		Stdout:      &sb,
+		StdErr:      &sb,
+		StdOut:      &sb,
 	}

 	l := loggers.New(opts)
@@ -131,13 +131,13 @@ func TestReset(t *testing.T) {
 	opts := loggers.Options{
 		StoreErrors:   true,
 		DistinctLevel: logg.LevelWarn,
-		Stdout:        io.Discard,
-		Stderr:        io.Discard,
+		StdOut:        io.Discard,
+		StdErr:        io.Discard,
 	}

 	l := loggers.New(opts)

-	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+	for range 3 {
 		l.Errorln("error 1")
 		l.Errorln("error 2")
 		l.Errorln("error 1")
@@ -21,7 +21,15 @@ import (
 	"github.com/bep/logg"
 )

-func InitGlobalLogger(level logg.Level, panicOnWarnings bool) {
+// SetGlobalLogger sets the global logger.
+// This is used in a few places in Hugo, e.g. deprecated functions.
+func SetGlobalLogger(logger Logger) {
+	logMu.Lock()
+	defer logMu.Unlock()
+	log = logger
+}
+
+func initGlobalLogger(level logg.Level, panicOnWarnings bool) {
 	logMu.Lock()
 	defer logMu.Unlock()
 	var logHookLast func(e *logg.Entry) error
@@ -50,5 +58,5 @@ func Log() Logger {
 var log Logger

 func init() {
-	InitGlobalLogger(logg.LevelWarn, false)
+	initGlobalLogger(logg.LevelWarn, false)
 }
@@ -13,17 +13,34 @@

 package maps

-import "sync"
+import (
+	"sync"
+)

 // Cache is a simple thread safe cache backed by a map.
 type Cache[K comparable, T any] struct {
-	m map[K]T
+	m                  map[K]T
+	opts               CacheOptions
+	hasBeenInitialized bool
 	sync.RWMutex
 }

-// NewCache creates a new Cache.
+// CacheOptions are the options for the Cache.
+type CacheOptions struct {
+	// If set, the cache will not grow beyond this size.
+	Size uint64
+}
+
+var defaultCacheOptions = CacheOptions{}
+
+// NewCache creates a new Cache with default options.
 func NewCache[K comparable, T any]() *Cache[K, T] {
-	return &Cache[K, T]{m: make(map[K]T)}
+	return &Cache[K, T]{m: make(map[K]T), opts: defaultCacheOptions}
+}
+
+// NewCacheWithOptions creates a new Cache with the given options.
+func NewCacheWithOptions[K comparable, T any](opts CacheOptions) *Cache[K, T] {
+	return &Cache[K, T]{m: make(map[K]T), opts: opts}
 }

 // Delete deletes the given key from the cache.
@@ -34,11 +51,16 @@ func (c *Cache[K, T]) Get(key K) (T, bool) {
 		return zero, false
 	}
 	c.RLock()
-	v, found := c.m[key]
+	v, found := c.get(key)
 	c.RUnlock()
 	return v, found
 }

+func (c *Cache[K, T]) get(key K) (T, bool) {
+	v, found := c.m[key]
+	return v, found
+}
+
 // GetOrCreate gets the value for the given key if it exists, or creates it if not.
 func (c *Cache[K, T]) GetOrCreate(key K, create func() (T, error)) (T, error) {
 	c.RLock()
@@ -57,23 +79,90 @@ func (c *Cache[K, T]) GetOrCreate(key K, create func() (T, error)) (T, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return v, err
 	}
+	c.clearIfNeeded()
 	c.m[key] = v
 	return v, nil
 }

+// Contains returns whether the given key exists in the cache.
+func (c *Cache[K, T]) Contains(key K) bool {
+	c.RLock()
+	_, found := c.m[key]
+	c.RUnlock()
+	return found
+}
+
+// InitAndGet initializes the cache if not already done and returns the value for the given key.
+// The init state will be reset on Reset or Drain.
+func (c *Cache[K, T]) InitAndGet(key K, init func(get func(key K) (T, bool), set func(key K, value T)) error) (T, error) {
+	var v T
+	c.RLock()
+	if !c.hasBeenInitialized {
+		c.RUnlock()
+		if err := func() error {
+			c.Lock()
+			defer c.Unlock()
+			// Double check in case another goroutine has initialized it in the meantime.
+			if !c.hasBeenInitialized {
+				err := init(c.get, c.set)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				c.hasBeenInitialized = true
+			}
+			return nil
+		}(); err != nil {
+			return v, err
+		}
+		// Reacquire the read lock.
+		c.RLock()
+	}
+
+	v = c.m[key]
+	c.RUnlock()
+
+	return v, nil
+}
+
 // Set sets the given key to the given value.
 func (c *Cache[K, T]) Set(key K, value T) {
 	c.Lock()
-	c.m[key] = value
+	c.set(key, value)
 	c.Unlock()
 }

+// SetIfAbsent sets the given key to the given value if the key does not already exist in the cache.
+func (c *Cache[K, T]) SetIfAbsent(key K, value T) {
+	c.RLock()
+	if _, found := c.get(key); !found {
+		c.RUnlock()
+		c.Set(key, value)
+	} else {
+		c.RUnlock()
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *Cache[K, T]) clearIfNeeded() {
+	if c.opts.Size > 0 && uint64(len(c.m)) >= c.opts.Size {
+		// clear the map
+		clear(c.m)
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *Cache[K, T]) set(key K, value T) {
+	c.clearIfNeeded()
+	c.m[key] = value
+}
+
 // ForEeach calls the given function for each key/value pair in the cache.
-func (c *Cache[K, T]) ForEeach(f func(K, T)) {
+// If the function returns false, the iteration stops.
+func (c *Cache[K, T]) ForEeach(f func(K, T) bool) {
 	c.RLock()
 	defer c.RUnlock()
 	for k, v := range c.m {
-		f(k, v)
+		if !f(k, v) {
+			return
+		}
 	}
 }

@@ -81,6 +170,7 @@ func (c *Cache[K, T]) Drain() map[K]T {
 	c.Lock()
 	m := c.m
 	c.m = make(map[K]T)
+	c.hasBeenInitialized = false
 	c.Unlock()
 	return m
 }
@@ -93,7 +183,8 @@ func (c *Cache[K, T]) Len() int {

 func (c *Cache[K, T]) Reset() {
 	c.Lock()
-	c.m = make(map[K]T)
+	clear(c.m)
+	c.hasBeenInitialized = false
 	c.Unlock()
 }

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package maps
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+)
+
+func TestCacheSize(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	cache := NewCacheWithOptions[string, string](CacheOptions{Size: 10})
+
+	for i := range 30 {
+		cache.Set(string(rune('a'+i)), "value")
+	}
+
+	c.Assert(len(cache.m), qt.Equals, 10)
+
+	for i := 20; i < 50; i++ {
+		cache.GetOrCreate(string(rune('a'+i)), func() (string, error) {
+			return "value", nil
+		})
+	}
+
+	c.Assert(len(cache.m), qt.Equals, 10)
+
+	for i := 100; i < 200; i++ {
+		cache.SetIfAbsent(string(rune('a'+i)), "value")
+	}
+
+	c.Assert(len(cache.m), qt.Equals, 10)
+
+	cache.InitAndGet("foo", func(
+		get func(key string) (string, bool), set func(key string, value string),
+	) error {
+		for i := 50; i < 100; i++ {
+			set(string(rune('a'+i)), "value")
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	c.Assert(len(cache.m), qt.Equals, 10)
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package maps
+
+import (
+	"iter"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+func NewMap[K comparable, T any]() *Map[K, T] {
+	return &Map[K, T]{
+		m: make(map[K]T),
+	}
+}
+
+// Map is a thread safe map backed by a Go map.
+type Map[K comparable, T any] struct {
+	m  map[K]T
+	mu sync.RWMutex
+}
+
+// Get gets the value for the given key.
+// It returns the zero value of T if the key is not found.
+func (m *Map[K, T]) Get(key K) T {
+	v, _ := m.Lookup(key)
+	return v
+}
+
+// Lookup looks up the given key in the map.
+// It returns the value and a boolean indicating whether the key was found.
+func (m *Map[K, T]) Lookup(key K) (T, bool) {
+	m.mu.RLock()
+	v, found := m.m[key]
+	m.mu.RUnlock()
+	return v, found
+}
+
+// GetOrCreate gets the value for the given key if it exists, or creates it if not.
+func (m *Map[K, T]) GetOrCreate(key K, create func() (T, error)) (T, error) {
+	v, found := m.Lookup(key)
+	if found {
+		return v, nil
+	}
+	m.mu.Lock()
+	defer m.mu.Unlock()
+	v, found = m.m[key]
+	if found {
+		return v, nil
+	}
+	v, err := create()
+	if err != nil {
+		return v, err
+	}
+	m.m[key] = v
+	return v, nil
+}
+
+// Set sets the given key to the given value.
+func (m *Map[K, T]) Set(key K, value T) {
+	m.mu.Lock()
+	m.m[key] = value
+	m.mu.Unlock()
+}
+
+// Delete deletes the given key from the map.
+// It returns true if the key was found and deleted, false otherwise.
+func (m *Map[K, T]) Delete(key K) bool {
+	m.mu.Lock()
+	defer m.mu.Unlock()
+	if _, found := m.m[key]; found {
+		delete(m.m, key)
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// WithWriteLock executes the given function with a write lock on the map.
+func (m *Map[K, T]) WithWriteLock(f func(m map[K]T) error) error {
+	m.mu.Lock()
+	defer m.mu.Unlock()
+	return f(m.m)
+}
+
+// SetIfAbsent sets the given key to the given value if the key does not already exist in the map.
+// It returns true if the value was set, false otherwise.
+func (m *Map[K, T]) SetIfAbsent(key K, value T) bool {
+	m.mu.RLock()
+	if _, found := m.m[key]; !found {
+		m.mu.RUnlock()
+		return m.doSetIfAbsent(key, value)
+	}
+	m.mu.RUnlock()
+	return false
+}
+
+func (m *Map[K, T]) doSetIfAbsent(key K, value T) bool {
+	m.mu.Lock()
+	defer m.mu.Unlock()
+	if _, found := m.m[key]; !found {
+		m.m[key] = value
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// All returns an iterator over all key/value pairs in the map.
+// A read lock is held during the iteration.
+func (m *Map[K, T]) All() iter.Seq2[K, T] {
+	return func(yield func(K, T) bool) {
+		m.mu.RLock()
+		defer m.mu.RUnlock()
+		for k, v := range m.m {
+			if !yield(k, v) {
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package maps
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+)
+
+func TestMap(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	m := NewMap[string, int]()
+
+	m.Set("b", 42)
+	v, found := m.Lookup("b")
+	c.Assert(found, qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, 42)
+	v = m.Get("b")
+	c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, 42)
+	v, found = m.Lookup("c")
+	c.Assert(found, qt.Equals, false)
+	c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, 0)
+	v = m.Get("c")
+	c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, 0)
+	v, err := m.GetOrCreate("d", func() (int, error) {
+		return 100, nil
+	})
+	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+	c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, 100)
+	v, found = m.Lookup("d")
+	c.Assert(found, qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, 100)
+
+	v, err = m.GetOrCreate("d", func() (int, error) {
+		return 200, nil
+	})
+	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+	c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, 100)
+
+	wasSet := m.SetIfAbsent("e", 300)
+	c.Assert(wasSet, qt.Equals, true)
+	v, found = m.Lookup("e")
+	c.Assert(found, qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, 300)
+
+	wasSet = m.SetIfAbsent("e", 400)
+	c.Assert(wasSet, qt.Equals, false)
+	v, found = m.Lookup("e")
+	c.Assert(found, qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, 300)
+
+	m.WithWriteLock(func(m map[string]int) error {
+		m["f"] = 500
+		return nil
+	})
+	v, found = m.Lookup("f")
+	c.Assert(found, qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, 500)
+}
@@ -98,6 +98,8 @@ func ToSliceStringMap(in any) ([]map[string]any, error) {
 		return v, nil
 	case Params:
 		return []map[string]any{v}, nil
+	case map[string]any:
+		return []map[string]any{v}, nil
 	case []any:
 		var s []map[string]any
 		for _, entry := range v {
@@ -73,10 +73,14 @@ func TestPrepareParams(t *testing.T) {
 	for i, test := range tests {
 		t.Run(fmt.Sprint(i), func(t *testing.T) {
 			// PrepareParams modifies input.
+			prepareClone := PrepareParamsClone(test.input)
 			PrepareParams(test.input)
 			if !reflect.DeepEqual(test.expected, test.input) {
 				t.Errorf("[%d] Expected\n%#v, got\n%#v\n", i, test.expected, test.input)
 			}
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(test.expected, prepareClone) {
+				t.Errorf("[%d] Expected\n%#v, got\n%#v\n", i, test.expected, prepareClone)
+			}
 		})
 	}
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package maps
+
+import (
+	"slices"
+
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hashing"
+)
+
+// Ordered is a map that can be iterated in the order of insertion.
+// Note that insertion order is not affected if a key is re-inserted into the map.
+// In a nil map, all operations are no-ops.
+// This is not thread safe.
+type Ordered[K comparable, T any] struct {
+	// The keys in the order they were added.
+	keys []K
+	// The values.
+	values map[K]T
+}
+
+// NewOrdered creates a new Ordered map.
+func NewOrdered[K comparable, T any]() *Ordered[K, T] {
+	return &Ordered[K, T]{values: make(map[K]T)}
+}
+
+// Set sets the value for the given key.
+// Note that insertion order is not affected if a key is re-inserted into the map.
+func (m *Ordered[K, T]) Set(key K, value T) {
+	if m == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	// Check if key already exists.
+	if _, found := m.values[key]; !found {
+		m.keys = append(m.keys, key)
+	}
+	m.values[key] = value
+}
+
+// Get gets the value for the given key.
+func (m *Ordered[K, T]) Get(key K) (T, bool) {
+	if m == nil {
+		var v T
+		return v, false
+	}
+	value, found := m.values[key]
+	return value, found
+}
+
+// Has returns whether the given key exists in the map.
+func (m *Ordered[K, T]) Has(key K) bool {
+	if m == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	_, found := m.values[key]
+	return found
+}
+
+// Delete deletes the value for the given key.
+func (m *Ordered[K, T]) Delete(key K) {
+	if m == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	delete(m.values, key)
+	for i, k := range m.keys {
+		if k == key {
+			m.keys = slices.Delete(m.keys, i, i+1)
+			break
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Clone creates a shallow copy of the map.
+func (m *Ordered[K, T]) Clone() *Ordered[K, T] {
+	if m == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	clone := NewOrdered[K, T]()
+	for _, k := range m.keys {
+		clone.Set(k, m.values[k])
+	}
+	return clone
+}
+
+// Keys returns the keys in the order they were added.
+func (m *Ordered[K, T]) Keys() []K {
+	if m == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return m.keys
+}
+
+// Values returns the values in the order they were added.
+func (m *Ordered[K, T]) Values() []T {
+	if m == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	var values []T
+	for _, k := range m.keys {
+		values = append(values, m.values[k])
+	}
+	return values
+}
+
+// Len returns the number of items in the map.
+func (m *Ordered[K, T]) Len() int {
+	if m == nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return len(m.keys)
+}
+
+// Range calls f sequentially for each key and value present in the map.
+// If f returns false, range stops the iteration.
+// TODO(bep) replace with iter.Seq2 when we bump go Go 1.24.
+func (m *Ordered[K, T]) Range(f func(key K, value T) bool) {
+	if m == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	for _, k := range m.keys {
+		if !f(k, m.values[k]) {
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Hash calculates a hash from the values.
+func (m *Ordered[K, T]) Hash() (uint64, error) {
+	if m == nil {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+	return hashing.Hash(m.values)
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package maps
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+)
+
+func TestOrdered(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	m := NewOrdered[string, int]()
+	m.Set("a", 1)
+	m.Set("b", 2)
+	m.Set("c", 3)
+
+	c.Assert(m.Keys(), qt.DeepEquals, []string{"a", "b", "c"})
+	c.Assert(m.Values(), qt.DeepEquals, []int{1, 2, 3})
+
+	v, found := m.Get("b")
+	c.Assert(found, qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, 2)
+
+	m.Set("b", 22)
+	c.Assert(m.Keys(), qt.DeepEquals, []string{"a", "b", "c"})
+	c.Assert(m.Values(), qt.DeepEquals, []int{1, 22, 3})
+
+	m.Delete("b")
+
+	c.Assert(m.Keys(), qt.DeepEquals, []string{"a", "c"})
+	c.Assert(m.Values(), qt.DeepEquals, []int{1, 3})
+}
+
+func TestOrderedHash(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	m := NewOrdered[string, int]()
+	m.Set("a", 1)
+	m.Set("b", 2)
+	m.Set("c", 3)
+
+	h1, err := m.Hash()
+	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+
+	m.Set("d", 4)
+
+	h2, err := m.Hash()
+	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+
+	c.Assert(h1, qt.Not(qt.Equals), h2)
+
+	m = NewOrdered[string, int]()
+	m.Set("b", 2)
+	m.Set("a", 1)
+	m.Set("c", 3)
+
+	h3, err := m.Hash()
+	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+	// Order does not matter.
+	c.Assert(h1, qt.Equals, h3)
+}
+
+func TestOrderedNil(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	var m *Ordered[string, int]
+
+	m.Set("a", 1)
+	c.Assert(m.Keys(), qt.IsNil)
+	c.Assert(m.Values(), qt.IsNil)
+	v, found := m.Get("a")
+	c.Assert(found, qt.Equals, false)
+	c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, 0)
+	m.Delete("a")
+	var b bool
+	m.Range(func(k string, v int) bool {
+		b = true
+		return true
+	})
+	c.Assert(b, qt.Equals, false)
+	c.Assert(m.Len(), qt.Equals, 0)
+	c.Assert(m.Clone(), qt.IsNil)
+	h, err := m.Hash()
+	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+	c.Assert(h, qt.Equals, uint64(0))
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package maps
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"slices"
+
+	"github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset"
+)
+
+type OrderedIntSet struct {
+	keys   []int
+	values *bitset.BitSet
+}
+
+// NewOrderedIntSet creates a new OrderedIntSet.
+// Note that this is backed by https://github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset
+func NewOrderedIntSet(vals ...int) *OrderedIntSet {
+	m := &OrderedIntSet{
+		keys:   make([]int, 0, len(vals)),
+		values: bitset.New(uint(len(vals))),
+	}
+	for _, v := range vals {
+		m.Set(v)
+	}
+	return m
+}
+
+// Set sets the value for the given key.
+// Note that insertion order is not affected if a key is re-inserted into the set.
+func (m *OrderedIntSet) Set(key int) {
+	if m == nil {
+		panic("nil OrderedIntSet")
+	}
+	keyu := uint(key)
+	if m.values.Test(keyu) {
+		return
+	}
+	m.values.Set(keyu)
+	m.keys = append(m.keys, key)
+}
+
+// SetFrom sets the values from another OrderedIntSet.
+func (m *OrderedIntSet) SetFrom(other *OrderedIntSet) {
+	if m == nil || other == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	for _, key := range other.keys {
+		m.Set(key)
+	}
+}
+
+func (m *OrderedIntSet) Clone() *OrderedIntSet {
+	if m == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	newSet := &OrderedIntSet{
+		keys:   slices.Clone(m.keys),
+		values: m.values.Clone(),
+	}
+	return newSet
+}
+
+// Next returns the next key in the set possibly including the given key.
+// It returns -1 if the key is not found or if there are no keys greater than the given key.
+func (m *OrderedIntSet) Next(i int) int {
+	n, ok := m.values.NextSet(uint(i))
+	if !ok {
+		return -1
+	}
+	return int(n)
+}
+
+// The reason we don't use iter.Seq is https://github.com/golang/go/issues/69015
+// This is 70% faster than using iter.Seq2[int, int] for the keys.
+// It returns false if the iteration was stopped early.
+func (m *OrderedIntSet) ForEachKey(yield func(int) bool) bool {
+	if m == nil {
+		return true
+	}
+	for _, key := range m.keys {
+		if !yield(key) {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func (m *OrderedIntSet) Has(key int) bool {
+	if m == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return m.values.Test(uint(key))
+}
+
+func (m *OrderedIntSet) Len() int {
+	if m == nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return len(m.keys)
+}
+
+// KeysSorted returns the keys in sorted order.
+func (m *OrderedIntSet) KeysSorted() []int {
+	if m == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	keys := slices.Clone(m.keys)
+	slices.Sort(keys)
+	return m.keys
+}
+
+func (m *OrderedIntSet) String() string {
+	if m == nil {
+		return "[]"
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%v", m.keys)
+}
+
+func (m *OrderedIntSet) Values() *bitset.BitSet {
+	if m == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return m.values
+}
+
+func (m *OrderedIntSet) IsSuperSet(other *OrderedIntSet) bool {
+	if m == nil || other == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return m.values.IsSuperSet(other.values)
+}
+
+// Words returns the bitset as array of 64-bit words, giving direct access to the internal representation.
+// It is not a copy, so changes to the returned slice will affect the bitset.
+// It is meant for advanced users.
+func (m *OrderedIntSet) Words() []uint64 {
+	if m == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return m.values.Words()
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package maps
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+)
+
+func TestOrderedIntSet(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	m := NewOrderedIntSet(2, 1, 3, 7)
+
+	c.Assert(m.Len(), qt.Equals, 4)
+	c.Assert(m.Has(1), qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(m.Has(4), qt.Equals, false)
+	c.Assert(m.String(), qt.Equals, "[2 1 3 7]")
+	m.Set(4)
+	c.Assert(m.Len(), qt.Equals, 5)
+	c.Assert(m.Has(4), qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(m.Next(0), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(m.Next(1), qt.Equals, 1)
+	c.Assert(m.Next(2), qt.Equals, 2)
+	c.Assert(m.Next(3), qt.Equals, 3)
+	c.Assert(m.Next(4), qt.Equals, 4)
+	c.Assert(m.Next(7), qt.Equals, 7)
+	c.Assert(m.Next(8), qt.Equals, -1)
+	c.Assert(m.String(), qt.Equals, "[2 1 3 7 4]")
+
+	var nilset *OrderedIntSet
+	c.Assert(nilset.Len(), qt.Equals, 0)
+	c.Assert(nilset.Has(1), qt.Equals, false)
+	c.Assert(nilset.String(), qt.Equals, "[]")
+
+	var collected []int
+	m.ForEachKey(func(key int) bool {
+		collected = append(collected, key)
+		return true
+	})
+	c.Assert(collected, qt.DeepEquals, []int{2, 1, 3, 7, 4})
+}
+
+func BenchmarkOrderedIntSet(b *testing.B) {
+	smallSet := NewOrderedIntSet()
+	for i := range 8 {
+		smallSet.Set(i)
+	}
+	mediumSet := NewOrderedIntSet()
+	for i := range 64 {
+		mediumSet.Set(i)
+	}
+	largeSet := NewOrderedIntSet()
+	for i := range 1024 {
+		largeSet.Set(i)
+	}
+
+	b.Run("New", func(b *testing.B) {
+		for b.Loop() {
+			NewOrderedIntSet(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("Has small", func(b *testing.B) {
+		for i := 0; b.Loop(); i++ {
+			smallSet.Has(i % 32)
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("Has medium", func(b *testing.B) {
+		for i := 0; b.Loop(); i++ {
+			mediumSet.Has(i % 32)
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("Next", func(b *testing.B) {
+		for i := 0; b.Loop(); i++ {
+			mediumSet.Next(i % 32)
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("ForEachKey small", func(b *testing.B) {
+		for b.Loop() {
+			smallSet.ForEachKey(func(key int) bool {
+				return true
+			})
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("ForEachKey medium", func(b *testing.B) {
+		for b.Loop() {
+			mediumSet.ForEachKey(func(key int) bool {
+				return true
+			})
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("ForEachKey large", func(b *testing.B) {
+		for b.Loop() {
+			largeSet.ForEachKey(func(key int) bool {
+				return true
+			})
+		}
+	})
+}
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 package maps

 import (
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"

@@ -40,6 +41,14 @@ func (p Params) GetNested(indices ...string) any {
 // SetParams overwrites values in dst with values in src for common or new keys.
 // This is done recursively.
 func SetParams(dst, src Params) {
+	setParams(dst, src, 0)
+}
+
+func setParams(dst, src Params, depth int) {
+	const maxDepth = 1000
+	if depth > maxDepth {
+		panic(errors.New("max depth exceeded"))
+	}
 	for k, v := range src {
 		vv, found := dst[k]
 		if !found {
@@ -48,7 +57,7 @@ func SetParams(dst, src Params) {
 			switch vvv := vv.(type) {
 			case Params:
 				if pv, ok := v.(Params); ok {
-					SetParams(vvv, pv)
+					setParams(vvv, pv, depth+1)
 				} else {
 					dst[k] = v
 				}
@@ -101,7 +110,6 @@ func (p Params) merge(ps ParamsMergeStrategy, pp Params) {
 	noUpdate = noUpdate || (ps != "" && ps == ParamsMergeStrategyShallow)

 	for k, v := range pp {
-
 		if k == MergeStrategyKey {
 			continue
 		}
@@ -179,6 +187,56 @@ func getNested(m map[string]any, indices []string) (any, string, map[string]any)
 	}
 }

+// CreateNestedParamsFromSegements creates empty nested maps for the given keySegments in the target map.
+func CreateNestedParamsFromSegements(target Params, keySegments ...string) Params {
+	if len(keySegments) == 0 {
+		return target
+	}
+
+	m := target
+	for i, key := range keySegments {
+		v, found := m[key]
+		if !found {
+			nm := Params{}
+			m[key] = nm
+			m = nm
+			if i == len(keySegments)-1 {
+				return nm
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		m = v.(Params)
+	}
+
+	return m
+}
+
+// CreateNestedParamsSepString creates empty nested maps for the given keyStr in the target map
+// It returns the last map created.
+func CreateNestedParamsSepString(keyStr, separator string, target Params) Params {
+	keySegments := strings.Split(keyStr, separator)
+	return CreateNestedParamsFromSegements(target, keySegments...)
+}
+
+// SetNestedParamIfNotSet sets the value for the given keyStr in the target map if it does not exist.
+// It assumes that all but the last key in keyStr is a Params map or should be one.
+func SetNestedParamIfNotSet(keyStr, separator string, value any, target Params) Params {
+	keySegments := strings.Split(keyStr, separator)
+	if len(keySegments) == 0 {
+		return target
+	}
+	base := keySegments[:len(keySegments)-1]
+	last := keySegments[len(keySegments)-1]
+
+	m := CreateNestedParamsFromSegements(target, base...)
+
+	if _, ok := m[last]; !ok {
+		m[last] = value
+	}
+
+	return target
+}
+
 // GetNestedParam gets the first match of the keyStr in the candidates given.
 // It will first try the exact match and then try to find it as a nested map value,
 // using the given separator, e.g. "mymap.name".
@@ -266,9 +324,17 @@ func CleanConfigStringMapString(m map[string]string) map[string]string {
 // CleanConfigStringMap is the same as CleanConfigStringMapString but for
 // map[string]any.
 func CleanConfigStringMap(m map[string]any) map[string]any {
+	return doCleanConfigStringMap(m, 0)
+}
+
+func doCleanConfigStringMap(m map[string]any, depth int) map[string]any {
 	if len(m) == 0 {
 		return m
 	}
+	const maxDepth = 1000
+	if depth > maxDepth {
+		panic(errors.New("max depth exceeded"))
+	}
 	if _, found := m[MergeStrategyKey]; !found {
 		return m
 	}
@@ -280,9 +346,9 @@ func CleanConfigStringMap(m map[string]any) map[string]any {
 		}
 		switch v2 := v.(type) {
 		case map[string]any:
-			m2[k] = CleanConfigStringMap(v2)
+			m2[k] = doCleanConfigStringMap(v2, depth+1)
 		case Params:
-			var p Params = CleanConfigStringMap(v2)
+			var p Params = doCleanConfigStringMap(v2, depth+1)
 			m2[k] = p
 		case map[string]string:
 			m2[k] = CleanConfigStringMapString(v2)
@@ -303,7 +369,7 @@ func toMergeStrategy(v any) ParamsMergeStrategy {
 }

 // PrepareParams
-// * makes all the keys in the given map lower cased and will do so
+// * makes all the keys in the given map lower cased and will do so recursively.
 // * This will modify the map given.
 // * Any nested map[interface{}]interface{}, map[string]interface{},map[string]string  will be converted to Params.
 // * Any _merge value will be converted to proper type and value.
@@ -343,3 +409,65 @@ func PrepareParams(m Params) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+// CloneParamsDeep does a deep clone of the given Params,
+// meaning that any nested Params will be cloned as well.
+func CloneParamsDeep(m Params) Params {
+	return cloneParamsDeep(m, 0)
+}
+
+func cloneParamsDeep(m Params, depth int) Params {
+	const maxDepth = 1000
+	if depth > maxDepth {
+		panic(errors.New("max depth exceeded"))
+	}
+	m2 := make(Params)
+	for k, v := range m {
+		switch vv := v.(type) {
+		case Params:
+			m2[k] = cloneParamsDeep(vv, depth+1)
+		default:
+			m2[k] = v
+		}
+	}
+	return m2
+}
+
+// PrepareParamsClone is like PrepareParams, but it does not modify the input.
+func PrepareParamsClone(m Params) Params {
+	m2 := make(Params)
+	for k, v := range m {
+		var retyped bool
+		lKey := strings.ToLower(k)
+		if lKey == MergeStrategyKey {
+			v = toMergeStrategy(v)
+			retyped = true
+		} else {
+			switch vv := v.(type) {
+			case map[any]any:
+				var p Params = cast.ToStringMap(v)
+				v = PrepareParamsClone(p)
+				retyped = true
+			case map[string]any:
+				var p Params = v.(map[string]any)
+				v = PrepareParamsClone(p)
+				retyped = true
+			case map[string]string:
+				p := make(Params)
+				for k, v := range vv {
+					p[k] = v
+				}
+				v = p
+				PrepareParams(p)
+				retyped = true
+			}
+		}
+
+		if retyped || k != lKey {
+			m2[lKey] = v
+		} else {
+			m2[k] = v
+		}
+	}
+	return m2
+}
@@ -167,3 +167,35 @@ func TestParamsIsZero(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Assert(Params{"_merge": "foo", "foo": "bar"}.IsZero(), qt.IsFalse)
 	c.Assert(Params{"_merge": "foo"}.IsZero(), qt.IsTrue)
 }
+
+func TestSetNestedParamIfNotSet(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	m := Params{}
+
+	SetNestedParamIfNotSet("a.b.c", ".", "value", m)
+	c.Assert(m, qt.DeepEquals, Params{
+		"a": Params{
+			"b": Params{
+				"c": "value",
+			},
+		},
+	})
+
+	m = Params{
+		"a": Params{
+			"b": Params{
+				"c": "existingValue",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	SetNestedParamIfNotSet("a.b.c", ".", "value", m)
+	c.Assert(m, qt.DeepEquals, Params{
+		"a": Params{
+			"b": Params{
+				"c": "existingValue",
+			},
+		},
+	})
+}
@@ -26,29 +26,32 @@ func DoArithmetic(a, b any, op rune) (any, error) {
 	var ai, bi int64
 	var af, bf float64
 	var au, bu uint64
+	var isInt, isFloat, isUint bool
 	switch av.Kind() {
 	case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64:
 		ai = av.Int()
 		switch bv.Kind() {
 		case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64:
+			isInt = true
 			bi = bv.Int()
 		case reflect.Float32, reflect.Float64:
+			isFloat = true
 			af = float64(ai) // may overflow
-			ai = 0
 			bf = bv.Float()
 		case reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64:
 			bu = bv.Uint()
 			if ai >= 0 {
+				isUint = true
 				au = uint64(ai)
-				ai = 0
 			} else {
+				isInt = true
 				bi = int64(bu) // may overflow
-				bu = 0
 			}
 		default:
 			return nil, errors.New("can't apply the operator to the values")
 		}
 	case reflect.Float32, reflect.Float64:
+		isFloat = true
 		af = av.Float()
 		switch bv.Kind() {
 		case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64:
@@ -66,17 +69,18 @@ func DoArithmetic(a, b any, op rune) (any, error) {
 		case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64:
 			bi = bv.Int()
 			if bi >= 0 {
+				isUint = true
 				bu = uint64(bi)
-				bi = 0
 			} else {
+				isInt = true
 				ai = int64(au) // may overflow
-				au = 0
 			}
 		case reflect.Float32, reflect.Float64:
+			isFloat = true
 			af = float64(au) // may overflow
-			au = 0
 			bf = bv.Float()
 		case reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64:
+			isUint = true
 			bu = bv.Uint()
 		default:
 			return nil, errors.New("can't apply the operator to the values")
@@ -94,38 +98,32 @@ func DoArithmetic(a, b any, op rune) (any, error) {

 	switch op {
 	case '+':
-		if ai != 0 || bi != 0 {
+		if isInt {
 			return ai + bi, nil
-		} else if af != 0 || bf != 0 {
+		} else if isFloat {
 			return af + bf, nil
-		} else if au != 0 || bu != 0 {
-			return au + bu, nil
 		}
-		return 0, nil
+		return au + bu, nil
 	case '-':
-		if ai != 0 || bi != 0 {
+		if isInt {
 			return ai - bi, nil
-		} else if af != 0 || bf != 0 {
+		} else if isFloat {
 			return af - bf, nil
-		} else if au != 0 || bu != 0 {
-			return au - bu, nil
 		}
-		return 0, nil
+		return au - bu, nil
 	case '*':
-		if ai != 0 || bi != 0 {
+		if isInt {
 			return ai * bi, nil
-		} else if af != 0 || bf != 0 {
+		} else if isFloat {
 			return af * bf, nil
-		} else if au != 0 || bu != 0 {
-			return au * bu, nil
 		}
-		return 0, nil
+		return au * bu, nil
 	case '/':
-		if bi != 0 {
+		if isInt && bi != 0 {
 			return ai / bi, nil
-		} else if bf != 0 {
+		} else if isFloat && bf != 0 {
 			return af / bf, nil
-		} else if bu != 0 {
+		} else if isUint && bu != 0 {
 			return au / bu, nil
 		}
 		return nil, errors.New("can't divide the value by 0")
@@ -30,10 +30,12 @@ func TestDoArithmetic(t *testing.T) {
 		expect any
 	}{
 		{3, 2, '+', int64(5)},
+		{0, 0, '+', int64(0)},
 		{3, 2, '-', int64(1)},
 		{3, 2, '*', int64(6)},
 		{3, 2, '/', int64(1)},
 		{3.0, 2, '+', float64(5)},
+		{0.0, 0, '+', float64(0.0)},
 		{3.0, 2, '-', float64(1)},
 		{3.0, 2, '*', float64(6)},
 		{3.0, 2, '/', float64(1.5)},
@@ -42,18 +44,22 @@ func TestDoArithmetic(t *testing.T) {
 		{3, 2.0, '*', float64(6)},
 		{3, 2.0, '/', float64(1.5)},
 		{3.0, 2.0, '+', float64(5)},
+		{0.0, 0.0, '+', float64(0.0)},
 		{3.0, 2.0, '-', float64(1)},
 		{3.0, 2.0, '*', float64(6)},
 		{3.0, 2.0, '/', float64(1.5)},
 		{uint(3), uint(2), '+', uint64(5)},
+		{uint(0), uint(0), '+', uint64(0)},
 		{uint(3), uint(2), '-', uint64(1)},
 		{uint(3), uint(2), '*', uint64(6)},
 		{uint(3), uint(2), '/', uint64(1)},
 		{uint(3), 2, '+', uint64(5)},
+		{uint(0), 0, '+', uint64(0)},
 		{uint(3), 2, '-', uint64(1)},
 		{uint(3), 2, '*', uint64(6)},
 		{uint(3), 2, '/', uint64(1)},
 		{3, uint(2), '+', uint64(5)},
+		{0, uint(0), '+', uint64(0)},
 		{3, uint(2), '-', uint64(1)},
 		{3, uint(2), '*', uint64(6)},
 		{3, uint(2), '/', uint64(1)},
@@ -66,16 +72,15 @@ func TestDoArithmetic(t *testing.T) {
 		{-3, uint(2), '*', int64(-6)},
 		{-3, uint(2), '/', int64(-1)},
 		{uint(3), 2.0, '+', float64(5)},
+		{uint(0), 0.0, '+', float64(0)},
 		{uint(3), 2.0, '-', float64(1)},
 		{uint(3), 2.0, '*', float64(6)},
 		{uint(3), 2.0, '/', float64(1.5)},
 		{3.0, uint(2), '+', float64(5)},
+		{0.0, uint(0), '+', float64(0)},
 		{3.0, uint(2), '-', float64(1)},
 		{3.0, uint(2), '*', float64(6)},
 		{3.0, uint(2), '/', float64(1.5)},
-		{0, 0, '+', 0},
-		{0, 0, '-', 0},
-		{0, 0, '*', 0},
 		{"foo", "bar", '+', "foobar"},
 		{3, 0, '/', false},
 		{3.0, 0, '/', false},
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ func TestPara(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Run("Order", func(c *qt.C) {
 		n := 500
 		ints := make([]int, n)
-		for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		for i := range n {
 			ints[i] = i
 		}

@@ -51,8 +51,7 @@ func TestPara(t *testing.T) {

 		var result []int
 		var mu sync.Mutex
-		for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
-			i := i
+		for i := range n {
 			r.Run(func() error {
 				mu.Lock()
 				defer mu.Unlock()
@@ -78,7 +77,7 @@ func TestPara(t *testing.T) {

 		var counter int64

-		for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		for range n {
 			r.Run(func() error {
 				atomic.AddInt64(&counter, 1)
 				time.Sleep(1 * time.Millisecond)
@@ -115,8 +115,8 @@ func ReplaceExtension(path string, newExt string) string {

 func makePathRelative(inPath string, possibleDirectories ...string) (string, error) {
 	for _, currentPath := range possibleDirectories {
-		if strings.HasPrefix(inPath, currentPath) {
-			return strings.TrimPrefix(inPath, currentPath), nil
+		if after, ok := strings.CutPrefix(inPath, currentPath); ok {
+			return after, nil
 		}
 	}
 	return inPath, errors.New("can't extract relative path, unknown prefix")
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
				`@@ -1 +0,0 @@`
				`gobench -package=./hugolib -bench="BenchmarkSiteNew/Deep_content_tree"`
				`@@ -1 +0,0 @@`
				`docker run --rm --mount type=bind,source="$(pwd)",target=/hugo -w /hugo -i -t bepsays/ci-goreleaser:1.11-2 /bin/bash`